Good language sls are essential to your success in waiting on the job, in school or in your personal ife. Writing good sentences, spelling correct, using correct punciuation, and organizing paragraphs effectively ae all anguage skills that help you communicate your ideas, Not only what you wnite but also how som work correspondence, to accident reports, to extended "responses on the GED" test—wil give others an impression of you, ‘well you weit ‘What language sils do you feel confident about when you waite? ‘What language skills do you feel you need help with when you write?You use language sils every day—sometimes in ways you may not leven be aware of. Think about your day-to-day activites. ‘Check the box for each activity you did, Did you notice a misspelled word in a magazine or on a sign? Did you correct something you wrote because it had errors in it? Did you look up a word in a dictionary to see how itwas spelled? Did you look over piece of writing fora friend or coworker to see sithad mistakes? Di you struggle to decide if sentence you wrote needed a comma? ‘write some other activities in which you have used language skills recently. In this unit, you wil earn: ‘how to use the basic parts of speech, including pronouns, verbs, and, adverbs, fo express yourselt clearly and correc. ‘how to write varied, intresting, and correct sentences. ‘thebasicrules for punctuation, spelling, and capitalization. Lesions 29-37: Grammar and Usage Lesions 38-43: ConventionsCONTRACTIONS, HOMONYMS, & CONFUSED WORDS A contraction sa word formed by joining twoother words. An apostrophe () shows where a letter or letters have been let out. Many people use contractions when they speak and write informal letters. Do not use ‘contractions in formal writing such as busines letters or an essay. Contraction ‘Words t Replaces Tm Tam he’s, she's 5 be is hei tis he has, she has, thas u're, we're theyre youre, weare, they re ‘isn’t aren't, wasn't, weren't_| isnot are not wasnot, were not hel she'l, you'll ‘he wil, she wil, you will Til. we'l they’ Twill, we wil, hey wil won't will not doesn't, don’t, didn’t ‘does not, do not, didnot 1 Ta ‘would, Thad ! ve, we've, you've they've | Thave, we have, you have, they have ‘who's who is, who has, | there's ‘theres, there has lets Tecus | > SKILL PRACTICE | ‘Write a contraction to replace the underined words. 1, Tinowa writer who is writing a book about baseball 2. Ihave read about the fist pro baseball player, Al Reach, 3. Hewasnot cheered when he left Brooklyn forthe Pils 4, Fanswere not pleased that player wanted aslary. 5. InReach’s time, players did nor even get pai. ‘Write two sentences—one about something you cannot do and one about something you will nto. Change each word toa contraction. 6 (canno) 7. (vail n0d) : UNITS. LANGUAGE SKILLS.CONTRACTIONS, HOMONYMS, & CONTUSCD WORDS Homonyms Homonyms are words that sound alike but are spelled diferendly and have diferent meanings. Study this list of common homonyms to help you use ‘each word correctly. (Word [Meaning Word [Meaning aisle | aspace between rows forth | forward fle | anistand fourty | number fourina series brake | tostop hole | opening break _ | todestroy;ashortime off whole | complete capital | seatof government Know | toundersand capitol | bulldinginwhichalegslaive | | no | notatall body meets SKILL PRACTICE ‘Some words are not exact homonyms, but thelr sounds and spellings are lose enough to cause problems. | accent your apology. Do not lose your bus pass. We'eallhereexceptim, Do you have anyloose change? Circle the corect word to complete each sentence. Last (week, weak) our state passed a new law allowing more dumps. ‘The government thinks the law is (fle, fare) but others disagree ‘Some of us gathered to meetin the (eapital, capitol city. ‘The meeting was so crowded that even the (eles, alles) were ful, 1 (no, know) we have to work out away to desl with this problem. ‘We need to (lessen, lesson) our need for new dumps. ‘We should be tying o (clothes, close) old dumps, nt open new ones. ‘Wenneed a (hole, whole) new plan for taking care of our environment. Write a sentence sing each word. 9 (accept) es ae Pua ‘CONTRACTIONS, HOMONYMS, & CONFUSED WORDS ot pu sere 153CONTRACTIONS, HOMONYMS, & CONFUSED WORDS Words Often Confused There are many words that cn be confused with similar words, either because they sound the same or have similar shades of meanings. Here are some words thatare often confused. Word ‘Wei Meaning Trample Tew, ewer | pees you cin coun Thave very few books. t—_ 4 Thave fewer books than you do. How many books do youve? lite, Tess, | amounts you cannot count Thave litle patience | CTF ‘Ihave less patience than you do, | ow much patience do you have? | feed] apadeaie eiaboe enon | Thien core well an adver ell abouranaction | You draw wel among | thre ormore ‘The thee fought among temaches between wo . ‘The choice was between the two of them. wg | sete PERE eee eor som, He isthe one wo whom poke. which | use withobjeas ag wich id nek | isbroken gaat | | 0 toward “We are going to the movies. | | (oo ako Tle ther. to0t | | mo the number’ [would ike wo ope please. then at that time We will eat and then go home. | tan | used in comparisons Tam older than my sister P SKILL PRACTICE Ciel the correct word to complete each sentence. 4. Michael Cullen, (who, whlch) opened the frst“warehouse grocery tore,” | did not know that he was making history. ‘Times were hard (then, than), and people were ooking for good prices. Almost at once, his store was doing (good, well) ‘There was alot of competition (among, between) all the grocery stores ‘Many people go (to, too, two) supermarkets everyday. ay aw Do youtlike to shop at supermarkets (to, fo, 00)? \ 15d chechyouransweron pag UNITS LANGUAGE SKILLS BoEUS eue Ys. Xela SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT In some tenses, subjects and verbs mest gre in number A singulat subject musthave singular ver. A plural subjet must havea plural verb, Singular subject and verb: A bigshipsllsinto the harbor. Pluralsubjectand verb: Weare ona bigship 1. Words between the subject and ver do not affet the agreement “The insects onthe oak ree are harmful (The subjects insects, not tree The verbs are. The phrase oth oak re between the subject and ‘eth doesnot affect the agreement.) 2. Usea plural verb forsubjecs joined by and. ‘The door and window are both stick. 3 Usea singular verb for singular subjecs joined by or or nor Use a phral vetb for plual subjects joined by or ornor Lacy buys fresh ol ach morning the sisters or tei fiends buyfiesh rls, Each morning Juli 4, Ifa singular subject and a plural subject are joined by or or nor, the verb ‘must agree with the subject that is loser ti. Neither the loafof bread nor the engs were fresh, Nelther the eggs nor the loaf ofr ch, > SKILL PRACTICE Circle the correct verb to complete each sentence. 1. The sky (appears, appear) blue as we look up from Barth, 2. Themoon and the planet Venus (glow, glows) at night. 3. Neither Pluto nor Saturn (Is, are) easy to find, though. 4. Meteors that shoot across the sky (Is, are) a special eat. Write a sentence using each word or phrase as the subject ofthe sentence. ‘Sample: (Tony or Leo) Either Tony or Leo isaoina tohelp us pant 5. (cars) 6. (buses orthe train) SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT . 155More on Subject-Verb Agreement | Sometimes the subject ofa sentence follows the verb. Changing te order ofthe words in the sentence can help you decide the correct subjectverb agreement. ‘On the wall hangs or hang?) Ray's family potait. Ray's family portrait hangs onthe wall '% Inmany sentences that begin with hee, there, or wher, the sujet follows. the verb. Be careful not to starta sentence with here's (hee i) there's (here is) ot where's (where is) when the subjects plural. Incorrect: Here's the paper rollsfor the cash register. Correct: Here are the paper rolisfor the cash register. Correct: The paper lls for the cash register are here. Incorrect: There's several items on the agenda forthe meeting. Corrects There are several items on the agenda for the meeting. Correct: Several items are on the agenda fr the meeting. Incorrect: Where's the screwdriver and the wrench? Correct: Where are the screwdriver and the wrench? Correct: The screwdriver and the wrench are where? 8. Remember that collective noun names a group of people, places, or things and is offen singular. When the members ofthe group act asone, use a singular verb. ‘The team is running onto the eld, } SL PRACTICE Gice the correct verb to complete each sentence. 156 1. Our family (ts, are) giving a lange parry. 2. Thewhole group (wants, want) tohionor our grandfathe:, who's 75. 3. Here (i, are) the decorations hang. 4 Ontop ofthat shelf (ls, are) the cups Ineed, '5. There (seem, seems) 1 be some crumbs on the table, ‘Complete each sentence. Use correct subject-verb agreement. 6 Here 7. Thejury erconpnge2s. UNITS LANGUAGE SKILLSPRONOUNS PRONOUNS _Apronoun isa word that takes the place ofa noun. ‘When the Johnsons moved, they hired a moving company tohelp them. (The pronouns they and them take the place ofthe noun Johnsons.) Just ike nouns, pronouns can be singular or plural. Pirst-person ‘pronouns refer tothe speaker or speakers; second-person pronoun refer ‘the person or people being spoken to; third-person pronouns refer tothe ‘person, people, or things being spoken about. Singular Phural First-Person: I,me, my, mine ‘we, us, our, ours Second-Person: you, Your, yours you, your, yours Tard-Persont he hi, l/se he hr she, hr ey he ‘These persnal pronouns maybe died in the basie pe: subject objec and possessive Subject Pronouns Asubject pronoun can actas the subject ofa sentence. A subject tells -who or what the sentence is about. The subject pronouns ae you, he, she it, we, and they ‘We are goingta get married (Wetethe subject) ‘need renta truck, (is the subject.) » SKILL PRACTICE ‘White a subject pronoun to replace the underlined word or words. 1. Myflaneé and! aso have to find aband, 2. Mike wants abandto play the hits 3. Mymother doesnot know much sbout music, ————&_Myparents wil pay forpar of the wedding. ‘Write a sentence to go with the one that siven. Use a subject pronoun ‘Sample: My neighborhood is very friendly, / ojo ete 5. My neighbors sometimes help me out 6. My neighbors and l usually get along. - 157> SKILL PRACTICE Object Pronouns Object pronouns are pronouns that are used as the object of a verb or preposition. The object pronouns are me, you him. her, us, and them. 1. Anobject pronoun can bea direct object. A direct object receives the ‘action ofthe verb in the sentence. ‘Imet my new boss today ana Ilike her. (Whom do youlike? Her) ‘Take the glass, and puttin the sink, (Whet should youpput in the sink? i) 2 Anobject pronoun can bean indirect object. An indirect object ells to whom or for whom the action ofa verb is done My sister sent mea git for my birthday, (To whom did she send a ‘ater Me) 8. Anobjectpronoun can be the objet ofa preposition. The object ofa preposition s simply the noun or pronoun that follows preposition. ‘Some common prepositions are about, above, in, by, at, infront of, inside into, and with, ave not spoken to him yet Remember to use an object pronoun correctly even when itispartofa compound object. ‘The award for excellent atendance was given to Ricardo and me, Write the correct object pronoun to complete each sentence. 41. Mygrandmother told my cousin and heard Martin Luther King). speak. (U,me) that she once 2. Sheheard (ey hm) wea she was aitde gl 3. Mybrother and! were excted when she old Gwe, hhowhe sounded. 4. Atone point, she thought he looked dlrety at. (she, her). 'S. He was such good speaker that all the people in the crowd thought he was speaking direct to — (hey, them). Wirite a sentence using each abject pronoun. Sample: (bim)___Igavethetickerstohim 6. (me) 7. (ahem). 8 (us) UNITS LANGUAGE SKILLSPossessive Pronouns ostessive pronouns show ownership. 1 Use the possessive pronouns my, your, his, he, ts, our, and thelr before ‘nouns to show ownership. (These words are somesimes called possessive adjectives) NNicklefthisglove in our ar. ‘Their dog buried its bone. 2. Use the possessive pronouns my, your, his, her, its, our, and their before a gerund. A gerund, such asthe word driving, looks lke the -ing form of verb, butitacts asa noun. ‘Thele driving to Nashville was my idea. He didnot agree with ay changing jobs. 3. Use the possessive pronouns mine, yours, his, hers ts, ours, and theirs alone to show ownership. Isthiscoathis? Mine sinthe closet. ‘Arethose papers ours? No, theyare thes. A possessive pronoun is never written with an apostrophe. Spellings such as their's your's, and our's are incorrect. FL PRACTICE tle the correct word 1 complete each sentence. 41, Antonio seemedto havea problem with (he's his) eyes 2. (Hs, Hm) squirting was obvious to everyone, 3. "Weare worried about (you'r, your) vision,” Tro im 4. “Myeyesare (my, mine), no (your, your's,” he growled 5. He nally listened to (our, ours) concems and went to an eye doctor. |Read each sentence about a man named Kim. Write two sentences comparing ‘yourself with Kim. Use mine in one sentence and my in the other, ‘Sample: Kim's children are young, My children are grownup 6. Kim's homes very messy. 7. Kimn'shometown ig PRONOUNS Cm 0 159Pronoun Antecedents Apronoun gets ls meaning from the noun fo which it refers. This noun is called the antecedent, Pronouns usually have specific antecedents. |, Anantecedentis the word to which a pronoun refers. The antecedent ‘usually comes before the pronoun. ‘Louisa forgot to buy her weekly bus pass. She had to pay cash ‘everyday. (Loulsais the antecedent for her and She) Every cat in the shelter received its shots. (Catls the antecedent for its) Carolyn and left our keys on the desk. We didn't realize that unit ‘much later. (Carolyn and Is the antecedent for our and We.) 2, Sometimes the antecedent comes after the pronoun. ‘Since they moved, Donna and Jim have no called ws. (Dona and Jimisthe antecedent fr they) Because ofits climate, San Diego is my favorite city (San Diego isthe antecedent for ifs) © 55 PRACTICE Cirle the antecedent forthe undertned pronoun in each sentence. 11 Cities that get lot of snow must keep thie snowplows in good condition, 2. When two snowstorms hit town last January, they nearly shut dowm the iy 13. Onis front page, the newspaper had a photo ofa snowplow stuckin thesnow. 4, ‘The mayor knew she had to actfasto clear the snow. 'S. Even though itwashis day ofthe police clef met with the mayor to make plan. 6. My brother worked overtime. He was one fit cy snowplowers Writ a sentence using each pronoun. Cre its antecedent. YOO cect your ansuerson pg 25 UNITS. LANGUAGE SKILLSSKILL PRACTICE PRONOUNS Pronoun Agreement Pronouns and antecedents must match, or agree with one another Apronoun must agree wi ts antecedentin number, perso, and render “Number means that the word are either singular o plural Person refers to est-person, second: person, or thrd-person. Gender refers to whether the words stand formals, females, or ings. Ley gave herbilto the clerk. (Both the antecedent Lucy and the pronoun her ae singula,in the third-person, and used for females) 2 Useaplural pronoun wit two ormore antecedents joined by and “My roommate and disagree about our responsibilities, ‘3 Usea singular pronoun with singular antecedents joined by or or nor. Use plucal pronoun with plural antecedents joined by or nor. Either Steve or Ricard should give uphis eat for the elderly woman. Either the brothers other ilends should give up ther seats forthe laerycouph 4. Besure thatthe pronoun agrees wih the antecedentin person. Tncorrect: students wantto succeed, you must work hard, (The antecedents third-person, but yous second: person.) Correct: ifstudents want to sueced, they must workher. (The antecedent nd pronoun ar bot third-person) ‘Gice the correct pronoun to complete each sentence. 1. -My sister and thave (my, our) own views on women in spors. 2. Inmy opicion, female athletes don't get the recognition (you, they) deserve. 3, Ifa femaleathlete is very talented, (she, they) can become famous. 4, However, male athletes are more likely to be known fr (hla thet) sil ‘5. Myuncle or my brother willbe happy to give (hls, thelr) opinion, ‘Write a sentence witha pronoun that agrees with each antecedent. Underline ‘the pronoun and its antecedent. SC 6 (men) 7. (beef orchcken) wee yoneamunrcon paged — VBPronoun and Verb Agreement ‘A pronoun used as subject must agre withthe ver in number |. These pronouns always use singular verbs: much, nelther, noone, nothing, ‘one other, somebody, someone, something, another, anyhody, anyone, anything, each, ether, everybody, everyone, everything Everythings ne thanks ‘2, These pronouns always use plural verbs: both, few, many, others, several. Both fthe glasses have been wed. {These pronouns use singular or plual verbs, depending on what hey refer to:all some, most any, part none, halk Allofthebooks have been checked out (Allrefes to boot) ‘lof the mk was spilled onthe Boor. (Al/efers to mile) © 5 Gicle the correct verb to complete each sentence. 11. Both of my children (are, i) planning look for famous people in New York. 2. Everyone (has, have) (old them not robe disappointed if they don't see any. 13. AL11:00 p.m. allofthe actors (take, takes) thelr ast bow and leave the theater. 4. Each ofthe actors (gives, give) my children a smile and an autograph, 5. Few (s, are) this nice. 66. Several (has, have) since answered letters fom my children. Complete each sentence. Use is/are or has/have. Sample:Soveralofmyfriends ve 7. Everyone in my family 8 Noonesn my family 9. allofmy fiends 10. several of my coworkers UNITS. LANGUAGE SKILLSINFORMAL LANGUAGE INFORMAL LANGUAGE [Before you write, you need to think about your audience. Ifyou are ‘writing a text or an e-mail oa fiend o: familly member, itis acceptable to Use informal or nonstandard language and syle. You might use contractions, slang words, and incomplete sentences. Informal writing is similar to the way ‘you speak wher you talk: to your friends and family. ‘When you are writing something more formal, however, including a response toa writing prompt on the GED® test, you should use more formal language and syle. In formal writing you want to avoid using contractions, clichés, and slang. Clichés are overused or overworked words or expressions. They stand ‘out as phrases that do not demonstrate any original thought Studying for the exam was a complete waste of time know you are heartbroken now, but time heals all wounds, Mrs. Jones obviously woke up on the wrong side ofthe bed today. Slangis informal or “trendy" language that changes from year to year and is most often used between friends ‘Thisnew video game's epic -My bad —1forgot your birthday. The special effets in that movie were sick ‘Whenever you write in a formal situation, you should tae the ime to reread your writing and look fr words or expressions that arenot typically acceptable in formal writing situations. > SKILL PRACTICE Rewrite each informal sentence so that i s more forma. 1. Ourcitys the most rad cityin the whole wide word! 2. Our claim tofame is our awesome 200 and gobs of nightlife. 3. Ourcityion fi with activity 28/7 44, There sno way your city is more happening than ours. ee 168> SKILL PRACTICE 164 : More on Informal Language Another reason to revise your sentences isto get rid of expressions that are ‘not appropriate to use in formal situations even though they may be used in Jnformal speech. Here is alist of some words and expressions to avoid. ‘Avold: User Avot: Use: Avoid: Use: Avold: Use: Avoid: Use: “Avold: Use: Avold: Uses Avoid: Use: Avoid: ‘Use: ‘What kind ofa movie are you going to see? ‘What kind of movi are you going to see? Being that thave been here longer, can help you ‘Because Thavebeen here longer, Iean help you. Wehad ought toleave now. We ought toleave now. ‘My bos, she says lam a good worker. ‘My bos say Tam a good worker. Try and work more. “rye workmore. “Thishere book wil help you Thisbook wil help you. “The reasonis because the bus waslate. ‘The easonis thatthe bus was ae. [Uke old you, he moved tothe cy. ‘sto you he moved tothe ely {saw on TV where aman was hurt. Tsawon TVthata man was hurt. ‘Write Cif the sentence is correct. Write Ifthe sentence contains informal expressions 11. Belng thatthe food is good, the place is always crowded. ‘The ties say itis the best restaurant in town. ‘You had ought to get there early to get seat. ‘The reason is thatll the food i fresh. Like [told you, the fish is excellent. Allthe takeout food i sted on this here mens, ‘heard on the radio that they are opening a new place. Wehave to ty and get there soon, ev aey es UNITS LANGUAGE SKILLSMISPLACED & DANGLING MODIFIERS | MISPLACED & DANGLING MODIFIERS Amodifie isa descriptive word or phrase. 1, Place a modi as close as possible tothe word or ‘The woman who delivered the package spoke tothe man, ‘The batter with the redshirt hit a home run 2. Amisplaced modifier isa modifier in the wrong place in sentence, Ifthe modifiers fr from the word it describes, the sentence might ‘change meaning or not make sense. Misplaced modifier: The woman spoke tothe man who delivered the package. (The sentence now means thatthe ‘man, notthe woman, delivered the package.) Misplaced modifier, The batter ita home run with the red shirt (The sentence now means that he batter used the red shirt to hit the ball.) a eens onthe sn =e 3. Scarcely people could believe the damage. : ; First alist was given to each owner with many tems ‘Then Marta picked up the clothes fo the children that had been leftin the box. - 8 Thehouse was rebuilt by the owners destroyedby the storm. ‘On your own paper, describe a bad storm that you experienced. You can ‘make up detalls if you need to, Use at least three sentences that have correctly placed modifiers, MISPLACED & DANGLING MODIFIERS * 165LACED & DANGLIN >» SKILL PRACTICE 3. Bvery modifier must describe a specific word in a sentence. Coming up the stairs e heard the clock strike six. (Coming up the stairs describes he) 4. sentence cannot make sense if the modified word is missing. A dangling ‘modifier is a modifier that does not describe anything in the sentence. ‘Watch for dangling modifiers and rewrite them. Dangling modifier: Driving down the road, a bad accident happened. (vo was driving down the road?) Correct: Driving down the road, they saw a bad accident happen. Corrects While they were driving down the road, abad accident happened. Rewrite each sentence to correct the dangling modifier. 1. While passing alarge rock, a clap of thunder mademe scream, 2._Saingup the harbor, the pier wat sen, 13. Flying over the town, the cars and houses looked like toys. 4, While puting the chair together, the screw was lst. 5. Openingthe jar, the sauce spilled al over the oor. 6. Walking up the steps the packages fll. ‘Complete each sentence. Incude a word that can be modified by the phrase thats already writen, Sample: Bagery waltng for news, lumped at the ing of the phone 7. Goingromyetass, 8 Angyatherhusband, 9 ‘Already hungry, _ 40. Withoutthinking = . | 166 cnetyourannrson pages UNITS LANGUAGE SKILLS |isaac’ Illogical Order ‘There are many diferent waye «writer can misplace modifier, which can ‘hen make asentencesound awivard or even logical. Misplaced adjecdves are incoreetly separated fom the nouns they ‘modify and almost always change the intended meaning ofthe sentence. Lookat these examples of adjectives that rein logical order. Moglcalorder: enjoyed ahot bow! of soup forunch today ‘Logical order: —_ I enjoyed a bowl of hot soup for lunch today. Mloglcal order: The broken cil’ toy was al over the for. Logleal order: The child’ broken toy was allover the for. Adverbs can alsa be illogically placed in a sentence, which can lead socontfusion logical order: Wewalked othe movie that was playing slowly. ‘Logical order: —_ We slowly walked to the movie that was playing. The placement of adverbs can slo change the meaning of sentence. 1st Clay was chosen to play soccer. (Just means onl Clay can ply.) ‘Clay was jst chosen to play soccer. ust means that Clay Was chosen now) ‘Clay was chosen to play just soccer. ust means that Cy played only soccer) © 15 Read each sentence. rite Lif the sentence Is logical. Write /it tis Moga, 1. The blue dog’s collar broke when he pulled omit 2 Samnearty drove the car for wo hours a day. 3. Joni aed almost every exam she took. 4. OnlyDad gave me a doar rake the awn. —— 5. Rarey people with eas can walk them oa leashes, MISPLACED & DANGLING MODIFIERS Chee our anaenrsenpageass. 167.COORDINATION & SUBORDINATION Coordination isa way of combining wo complete sentences to create ‘compound sentence. There ae two ways to combine sentences into a single sentence. 1. Join the complete sentences witha comma and a coordinating, ‘conjunction such as and, but, or, so, for, nor, of yet. wanted the job, and she knew she had the sil fort ‘She could accept the job, or she could reectit 2, Join the complete sentences with a semicolon. Use this method when you do not need a connecting word to show how the though are related. ‘Martin read the bookin two hours; he wrote his essay in three. Jess liked the movie; she saw it last Friday. > SKILL PRACTICE ‘Write C5 if the sentence is a compound sentence. Write S if it isnot 1. Reality television shows have earned a bad name, but they don't always deserve 2. Some people watch too much TY; other people take what they watch too seriously. 3. This doesnot make the programs themselves bad. Add another complete sentence to each complete sentence below to create ‘2 compound sentence. Use a coordinating conjunction and a comma. 4, James watches reality TV everyday. 5. Some realty TV shows have been on the ar for many years. 168 : UNITS LANGUAGE SKILLS(erolo) MOE AU ToL NUToNN 3. Usea compound sentence to join related ideas. The sentencewill not _make sense unless the wo ideas are related, NNotelated: Computers became popular in the 1970s, for disco music ‘was popular. Related: Computers became popular inthe 1970s for they had many diferentuses. 44. Usea coordinating conjunction that helps show the relationship between the parts ofa compound sentence. Each ofthese connecting words has a certain meaning, Use the word that shows a logical relationship. Connecting Word Meaning Function ‘and also Joins ideas bat ‘ontheotherhand | contrasts or choice shows choice 0 ‘hus shows result for because showsa reason nor snot joins neguive ideas yet but contrasts © 5 1 Combine the two sentences to create a logical compound sentence. 1. Myfirstweekon the job was a disaster, My boss told meso. 2. Tune really upset. neve things had to get better. 3. Itred ae hard as could. [relly wanted to keep the job. “4, my coworker gave me good advice. felt more contident. 5. Next week has tobe better. think about quiting! COORDINATION & SUBORDINATION « 189PIN AenN Duron Subordination ‘Acause is group of words with its ow subject and verb A clause that ‘canstend alone asa sentences called an independent clause. He woke up at seven o'clock so that he could go fishing, 2 Aciause that cannot stand alone asa sentenceis a dependent clause. ee woke up at seven clock so that he could go ishing '3. Subordination is another way to combine complete sentences ‘Subordination uses subordinating conjunctions to change independent Clauses into dependent clauses. Here are some ofthe most common subordinating conjunctions. ater although as asif because before ‘eventhough if since sothat though unless until when while 4. sentence with both an independent clause and a dependent clauses ‘acomplex sentence. The dependent clause can come atte beginning ‘or the end ofthe sentence. Pu it where it helps you state your point most ‘larly. fthe dependent clause i atthe beginning ofthe sentence, puta ‘comma afte it [Even though his alarm didn't go off, he woke up at seven o'clock He woke up at seven lock eventhough his alarm adn’ go of. © 5) Ph -71Ce Dawa tine under the dependent clause in each complex sentence. This i the ‘lus that cannot stand alone. Then add a comma if needed. 41. Altiough Ihave a cart usualy take the bus. 2. prefer the bus because Leare about the environment. 3._Ifwe don'thelp to reduce pollution the problem will only get worse. Lets actbefor its to0 late, ‘Write directions for walking from one place ta another in your teighhorhood Inckide your favorit shortcuts. Ue at least two dependent cates. VFO cect yur ansunrsn nope 258. UNITS LANGUAGE SKILLSPARALLELISM ot PARALLELISM fi re CATE ‘Your writing willbe clearer ifthe las within each sentence are written {na similar way. Put them allin parallel, or similar, form. For example, allverbs should be inthe same tense and form. To have parallellem, use ‘matching nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs when you write ais. Not parallel: ‘The store i good for fruit, meat, andto buy cheese. The stores good for fruit, meat, and cheese. (nouns) Doctors say should run, swim, and go walking. Doctors say should ran, swim, and walk. (verbs) ‘The meal was tasty, quick, and the food was good for you. ‘The meal was tasty, quick, and healthful, adjectives) Inthe rain Idrive slowly, with care, and defensively. Inthe rain drive lowly, carefully, and defensively. (adverbs) » SKILL PRACTICE Write Pif the sentence has parallelism. Write NP f the sentence does not have parallelism, 1 4 5. 6 2 ating the right foods will help you feel healthier, more attractive, and strongly Fruit, vegetables, and grains are important in a balanced dit. They provide vitamins, minerals, and are low in fat. Meat, fish, and poultry provide ing iron, and B vitamins Fiber, which i good for digestion, f found in plant foods like beans, peas, and whole grain cereals. ‘To ose weight, eat smaller portions and limiting second, helpings. et slowly and be careful be sure to chew your food well. Complete each sentence. Use parallelism, Sample: Three important paths to good health are diet sleep, and 8. Youcan buy food ata grocery store, asnack shop, and 9. When you are sick you should stay home, drink Muids, and 171In addition to using parallel words in ists, use parallel phrases I your “writing. Write each parallel idea in the same grammatical structure. ‘Notparale: ‘The members ofthe council read the letter, discussed its points, and the decision was to ignorelt. ‘Parallet| _Themembers ofthe council ead the letter, dscussed its points, and decided to ignore i. ‘Notparaliel: The council members, the person who wrote the leter, and the audience then gotinto a shouting mateh, Parallel: The council members the Jeter writer, and the audence then i {gotintoa shouting match, i © SL PRACTICE Rewrite each sentence so that it has parallelism. 11. Writing helps people think, speak, and learning. 2. ‘Those who can write well will be leaders in the community, state, and ‘nationally in years to.come. 3. By wnling frequently, reading often, and to scok feedback, writers. can improve 4, Learning to write clearly, correctly, and be effective ia goal “Answer each question with a complete sentence. Use parallelism. 5, What diferent things can you write? 6. Whatare three qualities of good writing? 172 ehecsyoransorsom ge 25. UNITS: LANGUAGE SxiLLs:REVISING SENTENCES Wordiness ‘After you write, evise your sentences o make your meanings clear as posible. Remove any extra words that make tharder for your reader to grasp your point Ifyou are saying the same thing twice, you need to cut ‘some words “Too wordy Please repeat your comment again. ‘Revled: Please repeat your comment. ‘Too wordy: Is that the real uth? IRevied: —Isthatthetrutht Revise each sentence to get rd of the extra words. 41. The baseball game took place at 3 p.m. in the afternoon on Saturday. 2. When the game started to begin, the players relaxed, and the tension sas over with. 3. Thepltcher he did notknow where to throw the ball ‘4. After exch inning they repeated their signals again 5. Inthe lstinning the game ended with a home run with the bases loaded. 6. Uptothis point, no one knows where the next game wil be eld at ‘On your ow paper, describe a sport or game that you know very well Include details. When you are finished, check your writing for extra words. REVISING SENTENCES “ 173Awkward Structure ‘On the language section ofthe GED* Reasoning Through Language Arts test, you will eed to recognize the best way to rewrite sentences that contain ‘common problems with sentence structure, including incomplete sentences ‘and dangling modifers. Some questions will present a sentence that must be ‘rewritten by revising the sentence structure. To answer these questions, think ‘through the process of changinga sentence. | Identify the main person or thing the sentence is about. Make this the subject ofthe sentence. Putit fst. 2. Identify the main action. Make this the verb, Putit next. ‘8. Place modifying words and phrases close to the words they modify. 4 5 Combine related ideas in parallel form. liminate unnecessary words. Unclear sentence: A garage sale canbe held by you in order to get rid of things you don't want, and you can also make some ‘money from things you don't want. Revised sentence: You can hold a garage sale o get ld of things you don't ‘want and to make some money. ‘The revised sentence has a clear subject: you. The ver sin the active ‘ voice: can hold Parallel form is sed: to get and to make. The repeated words ‘things you don’t want are eliminated. © 5 Girl the letter ofthe best revision of each sentence. 11. Garage sales have inexpensive things, and some people need to buy these things ‘A. Garage sales have inexpensive things needed by some people so they buy them. 'B._Soime people rely on garage sales to buy the things they need Inexpensively. 2. Browsing and haggling are enjoyed by people who go to garage sales. |A. People enjoy going to garage sales to browse and haggle People who enjoy browsing and haggling are others who goto garage sales. Revise this sentence to make it clear and direct. Keep the same meaning. \ '3._ ‘Things not needed oF some things you just don’t want anymore can probably be found in your own home. UNITS. LANGUAGE SKILLSRepetition Sometimes closely related sentences repeat words. The repetition does ‘not help make the meaning clear. Instead, itjust makes the writing sound ‘wordy. These sentences can be combined by eliminating the repeated words. Repetition: The newscaster gave her report on the 10o'lock news. Her ‘report gave unemployment figures forthe pas: year. Improved: On the 10 o'clock news, the newscaster reported unemployment ‘figures forthe past year. ‘When you combine sentences to eliminate repetition and wordiness, ‘make sure you keep al the important information from the original sentences. Repetition: —Ourmanager created a plan, and she discussed itwith the team. ‘The team is the group thats responsible for writing company polices Incomplete: Ourmanager discusced a plan with the team that responsible {or writing company policies. Complete: Ourmanager created a plan and discussed it with the team that {s responsible for writing company policies. Girl the letter ofthe best revision of each pair of sentences. 1. Imake an award-winning bread using a special recipe tsa recipe for bread that was handed down by my great grandmother. ‘A. [make an award-winning bread using a special recipe handed down bby my great-grandmother. BI make an award-winning bread using a special recipe, and it was handed down by my great grandmother. 2. Thisrequestis made by me. 1’ ke tis request tobe considered with care, and I'd like what I equest to be respected. AL This request is made by me, and itshould be considered carefully with respect. B. ralike my requestto be considered with care and respect. Combine the sentences to eliminate repetition. 3. The witness sald the accident took place lat week, andi was ona Sunday. “The witness said that the accident involved a red sportscar. Italso Involved abike, REVISING SENTENCES he rmpapon 125— 176 TRANSITION WORDS ‘One way to explain your iets clearly i o include transition words ‘in your paragraphs. Transition words link ideas in specific ways. For ‘example, time-order transition words show the order of ideas through time, ‘Common time-order transition words ae listed below. | fist next before meanwhile second then soon when third last later while fourth afer during earlier Notransiton words: Gonorth on Main Steet for twormils. ‘Tumleft onto King Sueet, ‘Take let by the park. ‘Transition words: Firs, gonorth on Main Steet for two miles. ‘Neat, turn left onto King Street inal, takealeftby the park, > SKILL PRACTICE ‘Write time-order transition words to complete the paragraph. Use each word once when second Inst. «then rst » gonorth to the corner. tur right at the food store. Look for the sign for Smith ate. you see the sign, walka block more ‘urnleft top at the dress ‘hop. Our apartment ison the seeohd Noor. ‘On your own paper, write directions that a frend could use to go from your house or apartment to the nearest grocery store. Be sure to Include ‘me-order transition words to make the rections clear. Begin your directions with the word fire. : UNITS LANGUAGE SKILLSaCe Aen Conjunctive Adverbs ‘Another wayo explain your ideas east include conjunctive adverbs tn your writing Here aresomeexaroples of conjunctive sdverbe ‘leo hence moreover similarly ‘consequently however nevertheless then finaly indeed nonetheless therefore furthermore likewise otherwise thus |. Conjunctive adverbs indicate a connection between two independent Clauses in one sentence. In this case, the conjunctive adverb should be receded by a semicolon and followed by a comma. {wil be renting a small apartment in Brooklys; hence, Iwill nothave alot of extra spending money. 2 Conjunctive adverbs link he ideas in two or more sentences. Again, a ‘comma follows the conjunctive adverb. ‘The forecastis for 12 inches of snow today. Nenetheless, we will nt cancel our field ep. 3. Conjunctive adverbs show a relationship between ideas within an Independent clause ‘Roger maintains, however, that he will not pay you back. SLL PRACTICE — Complete each sentence witha conjunctive adverb. Use each one only once. finally however furthermore nevertheless. thus 1. Samwalted an hourforhelp:_____, someone helped bi, 2. Tamnot very hungry; __, J wilfhave lunch with you. 3, There aremany reasons to takethejob;___, lealy need the money. 4, really want wo take a vacation; —________., Iwill ave up my_ money. 5. Sara really wanted a puppy; ____,herlandlord did not allow pets. Write a sentence using each conjunctive adverb. 6. (moreover) 7 (indeed) B. (consequentiy) "TRANSITION WORDS Checjour ensues 177Logic/Clarity Words ‘Using words and phrases that establish clarty and loge helps the reader better understand the relationship between ideas and fllow the progression of the discussion, They canbe used between sentences or whole paragraphs. Purpose ‘Words ‘introduce {or example, for instance, infact in particular, namely, examples particulary, specifically, suchas, that, to illustrate ‘tostatea purpose | todo this, so that, to this end, fortis purpose, for thatreason, because ofthis tocompare objects | also, by comparison, equally, in the same way, likewise, similarly orideas ‘ocontrast objects | although, but however, in contrast, nevertheless, on the contrary, orideas ‘onthe other hand, rather, sll, though, unlike, whereas, yet ‘toadd thoughts | and, and then yet, als, further, moreover, addtionaly, in orideas addition, besides tw conclude or ‘nbref in conclusion in otter words, summarize {nshort in summary, to um up ‘When deciding which words to use, think about the relationship between your ideas. Driving to work may be faster, bu taking the train is much better for the environment. © 95 Use each ofthe following once to complete the paragraph. forexample inaddition insummary ontheotherhand similarly ‘We should begin a recycling program inthe oie. There are many ways we could reyete.- _— we could provide a bin forreeycled paper nearthe copler.____, we could make changes inthe ‘cafeteria, We could encourage people to bring thelr hunches to workin reusable Dags._, we could encourage eeyeling by adding bins {or people to recycle cans and bottles, we could do ‘nothing and simply contibute tothe poluting of Earth, —_1eare about Fath, and I would like to see us do something about itby starting a recycling program in the office, 4 UNITS LANGUAGE sKiLLsCAPITALIZATION CAPITALIZATION CAPITALIZATION ‘Your writing creates an impression of you In your reader's mind. I'you aré writing a letter or an e-mail as an employee of a company, itals creates an impression of our company. For anything you write—from a personal «e-mail ta formal response toa writing prompt on the GED" test—you want your capitalization to be correct. There are several rules for capitalization Capitalize First Word 11, Use acapital letter fr the Nest word ofa sentence. Dol smell something burning? That papers on fie! Help! Capitalize Names of People 1. Captalize each prof person's mam. Do not capitalize common Tie 6 Guecone SM ohnstone ‘No capt Te man ives net door ome. 2. Captains nd sbbreviaions thatcome befor and ater people’. names, Donotcaptlize when al sta alone. Mc.2aD, Moore. Dr Katherine Lord ‘cpt The doctor hasan office downtown. 34. Captatie words showing amy elatonships when they ae used asatiiecrinplaceofamume, Do notcaptalize when te word Stands alone ‘Aun fae wil not beable to go, but Dad wil. Nocaptal My aunt andy dod wllnot beable o. Capitalize Places 1. Capitalize the names oes, states, and sections ofthe county. ‘Chey and state: Chicego, Ilinois Section: Midwest 179> SKILL PRACTICE 2 Capitalize the names of countries, languages, religions, and tepions. ‘Country: Saudi Arabia’ ‘Language: Arabic Nationality: Arabian Religion: Islam Region: Middle Bast 3. Capitalize the names ofstets, highways, bodies of wate, islands, ‘uildings, monuments, natural landmarks, bridges, and tourist atactions. Street Wall Sreet, Water: Alantic Ocean Island: Prince Edvard sland Building: Empire Sate Building Highway. New Jersey Turnpike Monument Statue of Libery ‘Natural landmark Grand Canyon Bridge: Golden Gate Bridge ‘Tourist ttractons Six Flags, Yellowstone National Park Use the editing marks to show where capital letters are needed (a= letters shouldbe lowercase (A =). 4, writeredj.smith port that people are taking cheaper tripe the Summer. 2. mr.and mrs, mott drove to orlando, lorida, and went camping. 13. last year, the Motts went to sea world, 44. this year, dr. ortega and his family went hiking instead ofgolng to mt. rushmore in south dakota, ‘5. ms, wills visted her friend in Wisconsin rather than ying tothe Island of st kits, {6 misse-klink fom newown, longisland,spenttwo days in maine, 7. shewentto lke mead last yea. ‘8 busch gardens in tampa, lord sl very busy, though. 9. MyDoctorwantsto goto israel and see the dead sea. Complete each sentence. Use capital eters correty. ‘Sample: Mydogisnamed______' 0 __. (name) 10. My dentist is (eile + name) 11. Iwould ove to go 10, {place name) 12. Iwasbomin (country) UNITS LANGUAGE SKILLSCapitalize Things 1. caplatce months day and oldys. Do nt cape seasons theyea, ‘Mont: My binds in November Daplove Fly aternoon. Monts and Day Sturdy 19 olny, voit holiday Tanking. No capital: My birthday is in spring. 2 Cape ine names cf cmpanie nd onpnztons Company Adare Auocaes, Orgartation Veteran Society © Rete each sentence using correct capital letters. 1. last year I worked on senator smith’s campeign. 2. the campaign office was on fith avenue in te chrysler building. 3. adebate was sponsored by a group called independent voters of america at their building onthe hudeon river. 4, laura washington, vice president of the organization, made a speech. Use the editing mais to show where capital letters are needed (a= Alor where letters should be lowercase (A = 2). ‘5. This year, monday, january 18, dr, matin luther king. day willbe a pad holiday. 6. Thisholiday iin the place of columbus day, which we tookas day off on ‘october 10, 7. The plant wll of course, be closed for the usual Fall and Winter holidays—thanksgiving christmas, and new years eve 1 Ifany ofthese holidays fall on a monday or friday, you wil have along weekend, ‘9. This year the Companys independence Day picnic will be on sunday, july? CAPITALIZATION 181182 10. 1willbebackat work on Tuesday, september 6, the day after labor day. 111. Some people want to have the party on Flag day, june 14, instead. 12, There has also been talk ofa halloween party for october 3, which is thursday this year. 13, We could hold the party on friday, october 25, i thats better time. ‘Answer each question with a complete sentence, Use capital letters correctly. 14, Whatare your favorite holidays? ‘Which isthe best day ofthe week for you? 16. whats your favorite season ofthe year? Use the eitng mark to show where capital letters are needed (a = A). harriet quimby was the first woman to earn pilot's license. she was 2 “writ: in new york before she flew a plane. she fll in love wit airplanes in 1910 “whenshe saw her first lying meet, harret became a plot and toured in mexico ‘witha troupe of pilots she decided she would be the fist woman 1 cross the ‘english channel. she took offon april 16, 1912, sitting ona wicker basket inthe ‘cockpit aftera scary fight, she landed on french beach. woe UNITS LANGUAGE SKILLS‘Answer each question with a complete sentence. Use capital letters crrectly. 17, Whateity(o:town) and state do you live int 18. Where do you ike to shop? (use names of stores) Use the editing mark to show where capital letters are needed (a = A) Columbus, oh 43221, dear mr. Potter: ‘my supervisor, dois healy, director of sales here atbradley associates, asked me to send you the enclosed brochure detailing, the services our company provides to computer stores lke yours. interested, you can take advantage of our free trial offer by calling before may 31. We are closed next Monday because of memorial ay. Sincerely, Jammes Hobson james hebson CAPITALIZATION yuan 183SENTENCE FRAGMENTS. & RUN-ON SENTENCES Asentence fragment i a group of words that does nt express @ complete thought. Even ifa fragment begins witha capitalietter and ends with a period itis nota sentence. Some information is missing from it Fragment: Ran away with the bone. (missing subject) Correct: Adogzan away with the bone. Fragment: Helped her get ajob asa cashier (missing a subject) ‘Correct: Her fiend in the diner helped her get ob as cashier. ‘Fragment: The rags under the sink. (missing a verb) ‘Correct: The rags under the sink ate dirty. > SKILL PRACTICE wirtee Cit tne group of words i a complete sentence. Write Fit itis a fragment. 1. "Road rage” isan act of aggression similarto an assault. 2. Taking place after two divers have disagreement, 3, Tailgating yeling curses, and fashing the headlights. 4, Alsofallino this category. 5. Because driving can be very stressful. 6. Some drivers are unable o control themselves, 2 ‘Often these drivers are already angry about a problem at homer work. se your seat belt UNITS) LANGUAGE SxiLLS.SENTENCE FRAGMENTS & RUN-ON SENTENCES ‘There are three ways to test whether a group of words is fragment. Ifyou answer no to one ofthe following questions, you havea fragment. 1 Isthere a verb? Ifthere iso verb, the group of words Isa fragment. All pars of the verb must be present fora sentence to be complete. ‘Tocorrect this typeof fragment, add or complete the verb. ragment: Mark aking a GED* class. Correct: Markistaking a GED" class, 2 Isthere a subject? To find out ifa sentence has a subject, ask who or what Is doing the action. If there is no subject, the group of words isa fragnient. ‘To comect this type of fragment, adda subject. Pragment: Snudied hard for the test. (Who studied?) Corrects Mark studied hard forthe test 3. Does the group of words express a complete thought? Even ifthe group ‘of words has a subject and a verb, tis nota complete sentence iit does not express complete thought. To correct this type of fragment, complete the thought, Fragment: After we studied alot (What isthe complete thought?) Correct: After we studied alot we did wellon the rest. © SILL PRACTICE Explain why each of the following groups of words i a fragment. 1. Inthe last twenty years, the numberof families with adult children living athome. ‘This isa fragment because 2 Increased by 4 percent. “This is afrogment because 3. Compared ta generation ago, fewer young adults. ‘Thisisafragmentbecause A. Can afford to setup their own household ‘This isa fragment because. pa ‘Change each fragment into a complete sentence. 5. My older sister stil living with our parents, 6. Enjoys spending time with them inthe evenings. SENTENCE FRAGMENTS & RUN-ON SENTENCES, m . 185NTENCF FRAGMENTS & RUN-ON| SENTENC! > SKILL PRACTICE, Run-on Sentences ‘Arrun-on sentence istwo or more complete thoughts that are not correctly separated, There are two kinds ofrun-on sentences. 1. One ype ie made up of wo sentences duet aten ‘punctuation. Run-on: ‘Thestorm got worse turned toward the land. Correct: Thestorm got worse. It turned toward theland. [Run-on: ‘TheJapanese subway isthe fastest train travels over 160 miles per hour. Correct: The Japanese subway i the fastest train. Ittravels over 10 miles per hour. 2 The other ypets made up oftwo sentences joined with a comma wien they should bejoined witha semicolon ora comma and a coordinating Conjunction. This type of run-on is sometimes called a comma splice. ‘Run-on: We were not hungry, we ad already had lunch. Correct: We were not hungry; we had already had lunch, ‘Run-on: Youcan visit the White House, you can tour many rooms. (Correct: Youcan visit the White House, and you can tour many rooms. sepactedly ‘Write RO ifthe sentence isa run-on, Write Cif the sentence i corect. —14._Bicteria in food can cause illness you should take care to store food propery. ____.2._Don’tkeep cooked food that’s been standing out fortwo or ‘more hours, don't even taste it Hamburgers should be eaten well-done, cooking kills boeteia Rew eggs are not safe to eat they may contain salmondlia 5. Ita good practice to date your leovers and throw them out after three to ive days 6. Dishes should be washed right away it's better to air-dry them ‘than to use a towel 4 —— 7. Yacan use soap to clean the kitchen counter, but bleach is better. 8 _Isimportant to store food properly and to keep food reparation areas clean. UNITS LANGUAGE SKILLS.Peat enunierait How to Correct Run-on Sentences 1. Use amend punctuation marktoseparte the two complete thoughts. un-on: Domost peoplelike rows don't think so Correct: Do most peoplelik crowds don't thinkso, 2. Useasemicolon to connect two complete thoughts. Run-on: J coulda't waltto jump in the water looked s0 cool ‘Correct: couldn't waittojump in; the water looked s co. 8, Usea comma and a coordinating conjunction—and, but, or 5, for, ‘nor, or et—to connect the two complete thoughts. [Run-ons The sky got darkit started to rain, Correct: The sky gat lark, nd it started to rain, » SKILL PRACTICE Correct each rn-on sentence by using one ofthe three methods described above. ‘1. The Special Olympics started in 1968 tsa sports competition for people ‘with disabilities, 2. More than 7,000 athletes attend they come from 150 nations. 3. Each nation competes in 19 sporting events athletes donot have to enter every event ‘4. Everyone sa winner each athlete gets a ribbon or medal. ‘5. Many people come to watch they are impressed by theathletes. Add another complete thought to each complete thought below. Separate the ‘thoughts with correct punctuation and/or a connecting word. 6. Lenjoy watching the Olympic Games. 7. Winning a gold medal must bea thei SENTENCE FRAGMENTS © KUN-ON SENTENCES ‘Chek yu esas pa 187188 APOSTROPHES WITH POSSESSIVES “The possessive form ofanoun shows that something is owned, andit shows who or what the owners. An apostrophe () shows possesion. 1. Usean apostrophe and sto form the possessive of singular nouns. “Troy drove his wife's car to work yesterday. Tsaw him yesterday at Roberto’ house. ‘The actor shatfel offhishead during the performance. ‘Thatchilstoyis aboutto break. -Athough you donot have o adda second sto names endingin sor ans sound, tsoften preferred. Kansas's weather can be ce nthe spring We signed fr Mr Mats package. Dr. Hagness's office is losing early today. (Last name s Hagnes:) 2. Toshow plural possession, make the noun pluralist, then add an apostrophe (’). Thisholds true for both regular and irregular plural ‘The boys’ shirts were on backward (regular plural) ‘The women's book club is closed to new members. (iregular plural) | designed the actresses’ costumes fr the play. Weare having dinner atthe Changs’ house tonight. ‘3 Usean apostrophe where the noun that should follow is implied ‘This was his mother’s, ‘4. Usean apostrophe for possessive nouns only. Do not use an apostrophe ‘ith plural nouns that are no possessive. _My sisters and the Matas live near each other. ‘The Joneses have two cats and three dogs. 5. To show possession with a compound word, ad an apostrophe and s10 the end ofthe word. ‘The party willbe at my father-in-Jaw’s house. absolutely loved my ssters-n-law’s presents. UNITS. LANGUAGE SKILLS{6 Iftwo people own the same thing, add an apostrophe and safter the ‘second name oly. Ifeach person owns something separately, add an apostrophe and s after both names. “Mary and Peter's houses on Oak Avenue. (The house belongs to ‘both Mary and Peter) Mary’ and Peter's houses are on Oak Avenue. (Mary and Peter ‘each own separate houses.) [Never use an apostrophe with possessive pronouns, such as his, hers, ts, theirs, ours, yours, whose. These words already show possession, so they do not need an apostrophe, » smuipmacrice Gree the correct word to complete the sentence, 1. (Trans, Tran's) workday begins very early. 2. He getsup at sbco'clock to make his (childrens, children’s) breakfast. 13, Atseven o'clock, he drives by his (Erlend, fends’) houses to take them to work. ‘4. By eight o'clock, Tran and his fiends are at workon the (factories, factory's) main oor. '5. Tran enjoys is work painting car (body’s, bodes). "Write a sentence withthe person and objects below. Use the possessive frm. ‘Sample: (my dogs/game) —_vsiogs favorite gam is fot 6. (Me Tis/weater. 7, (Garah and Emma/cousin) 8. (Miybossides) 9. (Mybrothers-n-taw/tickets) 40. (Dr Reyna/schedule) APOSTROPHES WITH POSSESSIVES Checkyourenaerconpager2eozen, 18%COMMAS ‘Commas help to break up sentences to make them easier toread. ‘There are several diferent uses for commas, 1L_ Use cormna to sopart series chee or more nuns vert, adjectives So that our sentences are absolutly clay, itis best pt ‘comma afer the word that appears before te word andr ori the veree } Nouns Remember «nouns person, place o thing. ! Jul brought Aki Maris, a Sit his cos’shous, / ‘My family visited San Francisco, San Diego, and Los Angeles. } Calin, Gre. and Bilal ike wo eat apples, oranges, and bananas ‘Mom sid oul ave segs, eet sew orehicken for dinner Verte Remember, ae san action word ‘Abd ies ply soccer, rum rack and wre renatooka shower, bros er eth and go dressed 10 inate. We need to warm th rea, le the tomatoes, and wash he deuce for dinner. Aajectves Remember, sn adjectveis describing word. There may not alvaqt be ecombining word such sn andor orin asres of ejectves. ‘aon planed yellow, orange, and red lp. The puppy had along, narrow, sd face "Mom vas happy wih hesiny, new, expensive ports cs 2. Donotuse a comma between the two subjects in a compound subject ‘orthe two verbs in a compound predicate, ‘Compound subject: Joe and Paul played cards that day ‘Compound predicate: Hector read magazines and sorted his gear. 190 UNITS LANGUAGE SKILLS.> SKILL PRACTICE commas. [Add commas where they are needed in each sentance If the sentence does not ‘eed commas, mark it witha Cfor correct. 1. Thepploniowas ruined by ants fies and gnats. 2 Dogs how whine or bark when they need to go out. _. 3. Myfavorte restaurant serves breakfast lunch and dinner 4. Mr. Garefa graded the exams and passed them out. ———— 5. SangLzehas traveled to New York City Boston and Pittsburgh onbusiness. 6 Carte directed acted and sangin the community play. 7. wrote edited proofread and printed my article forthe newspaper. 8. Thebus driver waited for Sara and Meredith to run tothe 9 Scoutlikes her tacos hot spicy and crunchy. 10. Youhaveto resteat well and drink pleny of water to get over cold. 11. Mynew girtrend is smart, pretty, and creative. 12, Wegazed in awe atthe huge majestic snowy mountain. i 13, Spotand Tigger play together really wel. Write a sentence with te three words listed, using commas 2s needed. 414, (dhe White House, the Capitol, the Washington Monument) 15. (large, com, orange) 16. (planted, weeded, pruned) 17. (ancient, massive, imposing) 18. (basil, tomatoes, bay leaves) you 7 191Appositives. Appositives are words or word groups that rename or provide more {information about anoun or pronoun. Mrs. Johnson, our neighbor, was taken tothe hospital. (Our neighbor ‘identifies or explains who Mrs. Johnson is.) ‘There are essential and nonessential appositves. An exsential appositive {s necesauy to maintain the meaning ofa sentence, and you donot use ‘commasto setitofffrom the rst ofthe sentence. Often, an essential appositive ‘sa single word closely related tothe preceding word. ‘The baseball player Jackie Robinson realy changed the game. lackie Fokinson is essential inthis sentence, Ifyou read jus, “The baseball player realy changed the game,” you would not know which baseball player ‘changed the game.) Anonessential appositive may be lft out ofa sentence without changing. ‘the basicmeaning of the sentence. Use a comma before and after nonessential ‘appositses. ‘My uncle who livesin California is coming to vist. (The phrase who ‘tvs in California is not essential tothe sentence. You would still know that someone's uncle is coming to visit, whether or notyou know where elves) ‘The historic town, which was nestled in the valle, drew many ‘tourists, (The phrase which was nested inthe valleys not needed forthe sentence to make sense) Parenthetical Expressions ‘Other nonessential elements in a sentence include parenthetical ‘expressions auch as far eomple, however, oF ofcourse. Use commas before and _after these words o set them off rom the rest ofthe sentence. ‘The contract, ofcourse, must be signed in ink. ‘The average temperature, however, has continued tse, Inboth these example, the parenthetical expressions could be leftout ‘and the sentence would stil have the same meaning, UNITS LANGUAGE SKLLSPF SIILL PRACTICE add commas where they are needed in cach sentence. Hthe sentence i correct asi, mark itwith a for correct. 1. Wewill handle his legally of course by going the zoning, board 2. Theship Titanic sank when ithit an joeberg. 3. Thewoman who interviewed you is my aunt, 4, Mymom who is eighty years old ran a marathon last year. '5. Before you donate Pooky your favorite stuffed animal think aboutkeeping it. 6 Thekkd checking tickets atthe door asked for my driver's ecense ———— 7. Thecelt phone should be retumed to Mr. Brown the owner. 8 Theplanea Boeing 747 landed safely in Los Angeles. 9 Thedeveloper however willlikely put up a fight. 10. Iwalkmy dogs Marley and Baley around the park every day. Write @ sentence using each group of words es indicted. 14. (my friend, appositive) —__ ‘12. (however, parenthetical expression), commas or 193,END PUNCTUATION ‘Punctuation is the set of symbols used in writing to guide the reader. ‘You need to let your readers know when you have finished «complete ‘thought. Thats the role of end punctuation. A sentence always ends with a period, a question mark oran exclamation point. Each typeof punctuation signals something different tothe reader. 1. Use periodo ena satement-a sentence that gvesnformation or states fats You can alo sea period to show theendofa command. Tam staying ight nove Open yourbooks to page 156 Tam not gong task again, Peas lean your ron. 2 Uses question mark to end question Most questions begin with | question word suchas who, what where, when, why, and how | However sometimes question word i not wed and the question | mark tells readers that the sentence isa question, | ‘When are you planning tomove? Isheatincudedin the rent? ‘Would you ike cream in yourcofee? Do not wea question markt the end ofan indirect question. Use a period inven. She wondered when her package would arrive. Sul ake how she could ge beter grade on er paper. 3 Use an exclamation plato end a sentence that shows strong emotion Thats amesome! Watch out forthat ruck | HomabSummerishere! (TIP ee >) in more foal wating, 38 in aresponse 03 GED* wit promt you swat to se a pened to end amos a your senenes Yeu or oly ‘ot sng guesore in your rexpone and exaaton mart general to commended becouse ofthe tore hy may mp UNITS. LANGUAGE SKILLSP SKILL PRACTICE Ad the correct punctuation to complete each sentence, 41. Would you keto get dog 2. Hovermy dog 3. Owninga dogisabigresponsibilty 4. Puppies reso dam cute | 5. But, boy, can they chew 6. Ifyou rent, ou have to askyour landlord ifit’s okay to have adog 7. ‘Toadopta dog, younave to answer alot questions | 8 Doyouhavea fenced yard 9. Where willthe dogstay 10. Owning adog canbe very expensive 14, Youll ave to ask your vet how much shots cost 12. Doyoustllwantadog ‘Wit three sentences about dogs. Use correct end punctuation. 13, (statement) 14, (question) 15. (strongemotion) END FUNCTUATION Checkyeuransverconpageast. §— 195:PUNCTUATION IN CLAUSE SEPARATION ‘A good piece of writing includes a variety of sentences. Ifall your sentences are short and simple, your writing will also seem simple and ‘uninteresting. fyou combine ideas into a variety of sentence structures, your ‘writing will be much more interesting to your readers. ‘You cannot jus throw sentences together, however. There are certain rules of sentence structure and punctuation that you need to learn and follow so that you do not introduce errors into your writing, such as un-on sentences, incomplete sentences, and incorrect use of commas. Yow can think of writing as representing spoken words, The rules of punctuation are designed to imitate the natural patterns and pauses that we use when ‘we speak. ‘Aclause isthe basic building block of sentence structure. t includes ‘asubjectand predicate, or verb or verb phrase. Chazishappy. She ate pizza. He recetved a package. ‘An independent clause can stand by self asa complete sentence. Four cars crashed into each other. ‘The farmers’ market opens at a.m. ‘The sunt shining today. ‘Adependent clause cannot stand by itselfas a complete sentence. ‘hile Twas eating because twas along way although Ifelebad ‘There ae two ways to vary sentence structure by combining ideas, or clauses into one sentence. 1. Use compound sentences. 2. Use complexsentences. 196 UNITS. LANGUAGE SKILLSPUNCTUATION IK Punctuation in Compound Sentences Remember that an independent clause can stand on is own as a complete sentence, A compound sentence is made up of tv independent clauses that are closely related. ‘The ob willbe hard, but Lean doit. ‘The complete thoughts in a compound sentence can be joined with a ‘comma and a connecting word called a coordinating conjunction. The most ‘common coordinating conjunctions are and, but, or, and sa. Make sure you use both a comma and a coordinating conjunction. Otherwise, you will havea ‘un-on sentence, which isa mistake n sentence structure. Simple Sentences: Rosa takes care of stray animals. Rosa finds new homes for strays. Compound Sentence: Rosa takes care of stray animals, orshe finds ‘new homes for them. SlmpleSentences: Rosa's favorite petisasad-eyed puppy. Rosa algo loves the whit alley cat she found. Compound Sentence: Rosa's favorite petisa sad-eyed puppy, butshe also loves the white alley eatshe found. SimpleSentences: The cat roamsall over the house. ‘The parakeet has tobe keptin ts cage. ‘Compound Sentence: The cat roamsall over the house, so the parakeet has to be kept ints cage SlmpleSentences: help Rosa with the animals, ‘She pays mea small amount for my work Compound Sentence: Ihelp Rosa with the animals, and she paysmea small amount for my work PUNCTUATION IN CLAUSE SEPARATION 197Ua oN tN > SKILL PRACTICE V9B check ywuransver cn pa ‘Combine each pair of independent causes to make a compound sentence, ‘Use a comma and oe ofthe coordinating conjunctions and, but, or, oF 30 4. Theskies opened up. Lightning streaked across the clouds. 2. Lastyearwe had floods. This year was not as bad. 13, The storm caused severe damage, Several people were injured. ‘4. ‘Windows were shatered by the wind. We went into the basement. 5. Weread books. Sometimes we played cards. Complete each sentence below by adding a related second independent clause to make a compound sentence, Use the conjunction listed above the sentence. The fist sentence is done fr you, ‘The shy looked threatening. 11, 90. ‘The fruitwasripe, 12. oF | should getgae soon, 13, or We could see this movie, UNITS LANGUAGE SKILLSEPARATION Punctuation in Complex Sentences Another way to vary your writing isto use complex sentences. A complex. ‘sentence has two pats: one independent clause and one dependent clause. Remember that an independent clause has a subject and predicate and can stand alone asa complete thought. A dependent clause has a subject and verb, Dbutit cannot standalone because itis not a complete sentence or thought. One ‘way to remember the diferenceis to think of this: A dependent clause depends ‘on the independent clause to complete the sentence or though. ‘A dependent clause may come elther before or after an independent clause. the dependent clause comes fist inthe sentence, place a comma aferit. Wherever you go, you will see tall buildings. ‘You will see al buildings wherever you go. ‘Adependent clause begins with a connecting word called a subordinating conjunction. Here are some common subordinating conjunctions. afer ‘assoonas—evenif ‘though when although asthough eventhough unless whenever as because if until whichever asi before since whatever while Use a conjunction from the box above to combine each par of clauses to make a ‘complex sentence. Use a comma ifthe dependent clause is irs in the sentence. 41. the weather still nice/we will take a drive tothe mountains Hetheweather ic stillnice, we will take a drive to the mountaing 2 you drive on the Blue Ridge Parkway/you can stop at many overlooks 3. most people stop at Mt. Mitchell/that'sthe most specacular view of al 4. you'll want to take pictures/i's hard to get those mountain ranges on fllm 5._ stay on the parkway/you reach the city of Asheville PUNCTUATION IN CLAUSE SEPARATION « a 199UNIT REVIEW LANGUAGE SKILLS » Write a contraction to replace the underlined words. sm studying to bea teacher. 2. The passengers were not happy when the plane did not take of We have not received any compensation from the insurance company. 4. Shewill ever be happy. 5. Manny will not be able to sleep over at Mac's > Write the correct word to complete each sentence. 6. Those don't ft you properly. (dothes, close) 7. Leigh ess, my litle sistest (than, then) 8. Tim's motheris findingithard t, his decision to move away. (accept, except) 9. Thatstoreisopen 7 days 24 hours.a day. (week, weak) 10. Thetwo sisters batted it out then, (among, between) > Write the correct verb to complete each sentence going tothe movie tomorrow. 12. Both ofthem already _______ how itenas. (knows, know) 13. Themovieis about a boy who hisnose ina fght at schoo! (breaks, break) 14. Surprisingly, the principal him another chance. (gives, give) | 15. Bytheend ofthe movie, everyonein theaudience_____ cheering (is, are) 200 UNITS LANGUAGE SKILLS>» Read each sentence. Then write a follow-up sentence using a correct pronoun to go with ‘the undertined noun or nouns. 16. Jetfand Melisa decide to buy a new car. 17. Jeffand Melissa goto thelr bankfor loan. 18. Jef's dad also offers to lend Jeff and Melissa some money. 19, JelPs parents rely on Jeff for rides. > Rewrite each sentence to correct the dangling modifier. 20, Walking home from school, bird landed on a whitefence. 21. While watching'TV, the comedian made me laugh. 22. Making my bed, amouse ran across the room, 23, While cooking dinner, my dog begged for food. 24, ‘Taking shower this morning, the water turned freezing cold » Use one ofthe connecting words ised below to create a complex sentence from each group of words. after it unless because since when before so that ‘whenever 25. Jenwalks her dogat night 26. 1s also pleasant in the morning 2. she treats her dog like a person. UNITS REVIEW ot : 201MINI-TEST ‘Thisis 2 15-minute practice test. After 15 minutes mak the ast number you fished. Then complete ETD the text an chock yur answers. most of your answer wee caret bt you did at fish ty BESS | work tster nox time. >» Mite time-order transition words to complete the paragraph. Use each word once. when second last then first ‘Finding your way around Chicago is not easy. you decide to take atrain, ‘youneed to decide which train ine you need. a you need to find station along that train line. you need to buy a ticket. | _yousee a train coming, beready ogeton,___ get off the train atthe right stop. You can then take the bus or walkto your final destination. » Rewrite each sentence. Correct any errors in capitalization. 4 Rob went to new yorkin September to viet hie uncle 2. Because it was Autumn, sights ike the statue of berty weren't crowded. 3. onlabor day, rob walked through central parkand up fith avenue. 4, Hate rerch food and sawa game at yankee stadium. >If the group of words isa sentence, writ S. fit isa fragment, add words to make ita complete sentence. 5. The apartmenton the fourth floor. 6 Pedro looked atitlast week. 7. Thinking aboutiton the way home from work. UNITS LANGUAGE SKILLS> Correct each run-on sentence by writing it as two complete sentences, 8, Craighas an unusual job he isa chet, 9. He used io workin a store he was a cashier, 10, ‘Then he went to cooking school for wo years, it was along program. » Add punctuation marks and correct capitalization where needed in each sentence. 11. Didyou come to our wedding 112, Myhusband and I were married ata catholic church in Chicago ilinois 13. Itwas the best wedding ever 14, His brothers Ed hal John and joe stood on his sie. 15. Tonthe cher hand had only my sister amy stand by me 16. the wedding was beautiful and al the guestshad a good time 17. Do you know where we went for our Honeymoon, 18. Wewent o Atlantic city niagara falls and New York city 19. Then we visited Millie my aunt on my mother’s side fr afew days 20. Iwas absolutely eshausted » rele the word that shows the correct use of an apostrophe in each sentence. 21. (Sams', Sam's) dog got out today. 22. ‘The (twirs’,twin's) bunkbed broke after they jumped on it 23, (Mannys', Manny's) nev job doesnot stat till next Monday. 24, (Hs, His) shirt ison backwards. 25. The (waltrossos', waltress's tips are not enough for her to feed her kids. (MIN TEST heck your ansuerson ages nine 2036. Sample response: Topic I: How to recyele ‘athome and work; Tople 2: How we can hhelp prevent global warming (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topic: W.2) 7. Sample response Topie Is What are the planets; Topic 2: What Is itlike tobe an astronaut? (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topi: wa) PAGE M47 £8, Response will vary. The opening should Clearly state whether students agree oF disagree withthe old saying. Each Roman ‘numeral should list reason why students agree or disagree, and the supporting ‘details for each reason should be listed onthe A,B. C.lines under each Roman ‘numeral. Finally the conclusion should summarize the points students have ‘made, (DOK Level:2-3; Content Tople: W.2) PAGE 148 Students should make atleast three ofthe following revisions: 1, Revise the second sentence ofthe frst paragraph, which is arun-on sentence. A ‘800d revision could read, “You can buy it at any hardware store, and you can use it for Imost anything.” 2, Insert a comma and clean up the last sentence ofthe frst paragraph. Ifyou use uct tape to seal aleaky window frame, it ‘wll probably outlast your houset 3, Delete the third sentence of the second paragraph. What the study does not cover Isnotrelated othe topic here. 4, Add more explanation and a conclusion tothe second paragraph. (DOK Level: 2; Practice Topic: W3) UNIT 4 MINI-TEST PAGE 149 ‘Students should show evidence of rewriting, drafting, and revising/editing. ‘The final draft ofthe response should Clearly identify which argument is better supported and cite specific evidence from the text Refer to the Scoring Rubric on age 140, UNIT 5: LANGUAGE SKILLS LESSON 29 PAGE 182 1. who's (DOK Level |; Content Tople:1.2.3) 2. Yee (DOK Level 1; Content Topic: 1.2.3) 3. wasn’t (DOK Level: I; Content Topic:.23) 44 weren't (DOK Level: I; Content Topi: L.2.3) 5. didn’t (DOK Level: I; Content Topic: .2.3) Sample responses: 6, Tean’tdance the tango. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.2.3) 7. Iwon'tanswer the phone at night. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic:1.23) PAGE 183 1, week (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: L1.1) 2 fae (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tople: 1.1) 3, capital (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic Lhd) I. alsles (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Tople:L.1.1) know (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topic L1-1) lessen (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topi: Li 1, elose (DOK Level 1-2; Content Tope: L1.1) 8 whole (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: a) Sample responses! 9. Laceept your apology. (DOK Level: 1-2 Content Topic: 1.1) 10, He tried to brake the carn me but couldn't, (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: rp) PAGE 154 1. who (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1-1) 2 then (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: 1) 3. well (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic L.1) 4, among (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Top: Lid) 5, (0 (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1-1) 6. too (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tople: LL) ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONSLESSON 30 PAGE1S5 1. appears (DOK Level: 1; Content Topie: L1.2, 117) 2. glow (DOK Level 1; Content Topic: 1.1.2, 112) 3. bs (DOK Level: I; Content Tople: 12, L417) 4. are (DOK Level: 1; Content Topic: 1.12, 117) Sample responses: 5, Carsclog the roads in my town. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topi: L1.2, L-1.7) 6, The city buses or the train isa convenient way to go towork. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.12, L1.7) PAGE 66. 1. is (DOK Level: I; Content Tople: [1 2,17) 2, wants (DOK Level: Content Topic: L.1.2 117) 8. are (DOK Level 1; Content Topic: L1.2, 117) 4. are (DOK Level 1; Content Topic: L1.2, 117) 8. seem (DOK Level 1; Content Topi: 11.2, £17) ‘Sample responses: 6. Hereisthe money you asked for. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic L1.2, 1.1.7) 17. The jury has not reached a verdict yet. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.12, 17) LESSON 31 PAGE 87 1, We (DOK Level: I; Content Topic: 1.13) 2, He (DOK Level: 1; Content Topic: L.13) 8. She (DOK Level: 1; Content Topic: 1.1.3) 4. They (DOK Level: I; Content Topic: 13) ‘Sample responses: 5. Theyarenlce. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topi: L.1.3) 6. Wehave alotin common, (DOK Level 1-2: Content Topic: 1.) ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS PAGE SE 1, me (DOK Level: 1; Content Tope: L1.) 2 him (DOK Lee! I; Content opi L1.3) 2. us (DOK Lee 1 Content Tope 13) 4 her (DOK Level; Content Top L3) 5. them (DOK Lee Conn Pope 13) sample responses: . Pesce latent. (DOK Level 1-2 Content Topi 12) 2. don't want the ickets, so Lam ving therm toyou. (DOK Leet: 1-2 Content Tope: crs) 8. Our boss gave the tickets tous. (DOK Level: Pascoe Tops 13) PAGE 166 1s his (DOK Lee: 1-2; Conon Top 2) 2 Mts (DOK Lee! 1-2; Content Topi 13) 3. your (DOK Level: 1-2 Conte opt 19) 4. mine, yours (DOK Le 1-2; Content Topic L13) 5 our (DOK eve -2-Content Topi 13) samplererponsee ‘Mine lene orMyhome net, (DOK Tove 1-2 Content Topi L13) 2. Min ema or ty hometown small (DOK Lee 12 Content Topic 13) PAGE 168 1. ies (DOK Lene Content Tp L13) 2 snowstorms (DOK Level Content To: m3 3. netpaper (DOK Lee I Content Top r13) 4 mayor (DOK Level; Content Topi: L13) 5: pole chet (DOK Level; Content Tope: Ti3) 6, brother (DOK evel: Content Top L1.) Samplereepenex 1. My€aDhad ben sitngin the snow for three days, and it was dead. (DOK Leve asConten opis E13) 0. although he was lend las for work ehtereo jumpstart theca. (DOK Lae 2 Corte Topi 13) 253PAGE 161 1, our (DOK Level: I: Content Topi: L.13) 2. they (DOK Level: I; Content Tope: L1.3) 8, she (DOK Level: I: Content Top: L.1.3) 4. thelr (DOK Level; Content Topic: 1.3) 5, hls (DOK Level: 1;Content Topi: L.1.3) Sample responses: 6, The actress was good in her first movie role. (DOK Level:1-2: Content Topic: 1.1.3) 7. Take the beefor chicken out ofthe freezer and thaw it. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 13) PAGE 162 1, are (DOK Level: 1, Content Topi: L.1.3) 2. as (DOK Level: I; Content Topi: 1.13) 3, take (DOK Level: ; Content Tople: 1.1.3) 4. gives (DOK Lavell; Content Topic: L.1.3) 5. are (DOK Level 1; Content Tope L.1.3) 6. have (DOK Level; Content Topi: L1.3) Sample responses: 7. Everyone in my family is going tothe reunion. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Tope 113) ‘Noone in my family has avan. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topi: 1.1.3) 98, Allofmy friends are wonderful people. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tope: 113) 20, Several of my coworkers have the fla. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topi: 1-3) LESSON 32 PAGE 169 Sample responses 1. Our citys considered to be one ofthe best Inthe world. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: L1.4) 2. We have a great 209 and lively nightlife. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic 114) 8. There is always something happeningin ‘our city. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topi: Lia) 4. Nother city can compare to ours. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.4) PAGE 164 1. 1 (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic 1.1.4) 2, € (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topi Ll.) 3. 1 (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic L.14) 4. © (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic L.1.4) 5. 1 (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Tople L1.4) 6. 1 (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic 1.14) 7. € (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topl L.A) 8. 1 (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic L.14) LESSON 33 PAGE 165 1. M (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topi: 1.5) 2. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic L.1.5) 3. M (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topi 1.1.5) 4. € (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tople 115) 5. Content Topic L1.5) 6 M (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Top 1.1.5) 7. M (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topi 1.1.5) 8. M (DOK Level 1-2: Content Topi: L.1.5) Sample response: ‘One night tremendous windsterm ripped through our town. All night Iongthe wind howled around our house. Atone point | heard crunching sound, followed by a loud snap. The next morning we found our small tulip tree uprooted, lying azross our garden. (DOK Level: 2; Content Tople: 1.5) PAGE 166 Sample responses: 1 While Iwas passing alarge rock, clap of thunder made me seream. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topic: 1.1.4) 2. Salling up the harbor, we saw the plee. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tepe: Ld) 3, Aswelew over the town, the cart and houses looked like toys. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: 1.1.4) 4. While Iwas putting the chair together, Iost the serew. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topie: Lia) ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS5, When I opened the jar, the sauce spilled allover the floor, (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.4) 6. Ashe was walking up thesteps the package fell. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tope: 1.4) ‘Sample responses: 7. Going to my class, Imet an old friend. (DOK Level: 2; Content Topic: 1.5) 8, Angry at her husband, the woman stormed. foutafthe house. (DOK Level: 2; Content Topic: L.1.8) 9, Already hungry, the dog sat by hisempty {ood bow. (DOK Level: 2 Content Topi: L138) Without thinking, left the garage door up. (DOK Level:2; Content Topic: 1.1.5) PAGE 167 1, 1 (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topie: 1.1.5) 2. 1 (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: L1.5) 3, L (DOK Level: 1-2; Context Topi: L.15) 4. 1 (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: L.5) 5. 1 (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic L.1.5) 10. LESSON 34 PAGE 168 1, C8 (DOK Level: 1-2; Consent Topic: 1.2.4) 2 CS (DOK Level: 1-2; Coment Topic: 2.4) 8. § (DOK Level: 1-2: Context Topi: 2.4) ‘Sample responses: 4. James watches reality TVevery day, but his ‘roommate only waiches:he news. (DOK Level: 2; Content Topi: 24) 5. Some realty TV shows have been on the air for many years, yet others have just started their run. (DOK Level:2;Content Topic: 124) PAGE 169 ‘Sample responses: 1. My first week on the job was a disaster, and. ‘my boss told me so. (DOK Level: 2; Content Topic: 2.4) 2, Twas really upset, yet Ikew things had to get better. or was really upset, bur knew ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS things had to getbetter. (DOK Lev: 2: Content Topic: L.2:4) 8, Itried as hard as could, for really wanted tokeep thejab, (DOK Level: 2 Content Topi: L.2.4) 4. My coworker gave me good advice so felt ‘more confident. (DOK Level: 2;Covtent Topic: L.2.4) 5. Next week has tobe better, of think ‘about quitting! (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: 1.24) PAGE 170 3, Although Ihave ‘us. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: LI, 124) 2. [prefer the bus because Icare about the ‘environment. (DOK Level: [-2;Content Toptc:Li.6 124) 3, Ifwe dont help to reduce pollution, the ‘problem wil only get worse. (DOK Level: 1-2:Content Topic: L1.6, 2.4) Let's act before it's too late. (DOK Level: 41-2; Content Topic L.1.6, L2.4) Sample response: ‘Walk one block south on Andrews Street ‘until you get to Anchor Lane. Turn right on Anchor. Continue west on Anchor, crossing -Hyridge and Mesa. Keep walking until you get to Washington. Turn right and walk one block the community swimming pool. If ‘you Keep going straight on Anchor, there {san eary shorteut. Ifyou cut through the frst parking loton your right, you'll see the pool. You can't miss tt (DOK Level 2; Content Tople: 1-16, L2.4) . LESSON 35 PAGEI7L 1. NP (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: 1.16) 2. P (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tope: L.1.6) 3, NP (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: 1.) 4. P (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tope: L.1.6) 5. P (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Tope: 1.1.6) 2556. NP (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic L.1.6) 7. NP (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tople:1.1.6) ‘Sample responses: '. You can buy food ata grocery sore, a snack shop, and a restaurant. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.8) 9, When you are sick, you should stay home, drink Muids, and rest. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topie:L1.6) PAGE 172 1, Welting helps people think, speak, and learn, (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic 116) 2, Those who can write well willbe leadersin the community, state, and nation in years tocome. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic 118) 8, By writing frequently, readingoften, and seeking feedback, writers can Improve. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tople: 116) 4. Learning to write clearly, correctly, and effectively Isa goal. (DOK Level: I~ Content Topic: 1.1.6) Sample responses: 5. Tan write letters, messages, and Uists. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tope: 1.6) 6. Three qualities of good writing are precise words, vivid details and correct ‘grammar. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topie: L16) LESSON 36 PAGE 173, Sample responses: 1. The baseball game took place on Saturday a3 pam. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topi. 118) 2, When the game started, the players relaxed. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topi: 118) 8, The pitcher did not know where to throw the ball. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: La) 4, Ate each inning, they repeated their signals. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tope: Lia) 5. The game ended with a home run with the bases loaded. or The game ended with a sgrand slam. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: Lia) 6. Noone knows where the next game willbe Ine, (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: L1.8) Sample respon: Solitaire isa card game I can happlly spend hours playing. This game has two advantages over the other games I play. Fist, solitaire is played by one person, so1 {don’t needa pariner to play. Also, solitaire ‘has many versions. Some are simple ‘games using only one deck of cards, Other versions are complicated and require two decks. The more complex games can continue for a long time. Maybe that's why solitaire is also called “Patience.” (DOK Level:2; Content Topi: 11.8) PAGE ITA LB 2A 8. Sample response: You can probably find things that you don’t need oF just d want anymore in your own home, (DOK Level: 2; Content Topic: .15,1.1.6, Li.8) PAGE ITS LA, 2B 8, Sample response: The witness said last Sunday's accident involved ared sports car and bike. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: 118) LESSON 37 PAGE 176 First, gomorth tothe corner. Second, turn Fight atthe food store. Look forthe eign for ‘Smith Street. When you see the sign, walk a bio:k more. Then turn lft. Last, stop atthe ‘dress shop. Our apartment ison the second ‘ocr. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: 11.9) ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONSSample response: First, wall one block to Price Street. When ‘you pss the gas station, turn eft. Next, tum ight atthe rai tracks. Alter you see the post office, pass the bank and valk four more blocks. The grocery store wil be on thenorthwest comer. (DOK Level 1-2 Comins Tope 9) PAGEI77 1. finally (DOK Level: Content Top 1.8) 2 nevertheless (DOK Level: I: Content Tope L19) 4 furthermore (DOK Lev 1; Content Tope: Lis) 4. thus (DOK Level: Content Topi: 1.18) 5 however (DOK Level I Content Top: 119) Sample responses: 6 Myhirdeessr cut my bangs too short moreover, she dyed my hair the wrong color. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic LL.) 7 Tha only three dollars insay bark account indeed, Ineed ajob! (DCK Level: 1-2; Content Topic:L.18) 4 Sheforgotto add the yeast consequently, the dough did motise. (DOK Leve! 1-2; Content Tope 11.9) PAGE 170 ‘We should begin a recycling program in the ole. There are many ways we could recyde. For example, we could previde a ‘in for recycled paper near the copier. In addition, we could make changes inthe ‘afeteria, We could encourage people to Dring their lunches to workin reusable ‘bags. Similary, we could encourage recyding by ading bins for people to recyde cans and botles. On the other hand, we could do nothing and simply ‘oniribute tothe polluting of Earth. In. summary care about the Earth snd ‘would liks to see us do something bout ‘eby starting a reeyeting program lathe tie, (DOK Leve 1-2; Content Tape Lis) ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS LESSON 38 PAGE 100 1. writer ed j smith reports that people are (aking cheaper trips in the Summer. 2, mand mrs. mott drove to orlando, florida, and went camping. 3, last year, the Motts went to sea world, 4. this year, dr. ortega and his family went biking instead of going to mt. rushmore in south dakota. 5, ms will visited her friend in Wisconsin rather than flying othe sland of st ites. link from newtown, long {sland, spenttwo days in maine, 7. shewent to lake mead last year 8. bosch gardens in tampa, florida, is still very busy, though. 9, My octor wants to go to Isracland see the dead sea. ‘Sample responses: 10, My dentists Dr. Lou Graham. (DOK Level 1-2;Content Topie: 2.1) 11, Iwould ove to goto Jamalca. (DOK Lave: 1-2;Content Topie: 2.1) 12, Iwasborn in Mexico. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topte:L.2.1) PAGES 161-103 1, Last year worked on Senator Smith's campaign. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topie: 121) 2, The campaign office was on Fith Avenue Inthe Chrysler Building. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: L.2.1) 6, miss 2573, Adebate was sponsored by a group called Independent Voters of America at thelr ‘building on the Hudson River. (DOK Level 1-2:Content Topi: 2.1) 4, Laura Washington, vice president ofthe ‘organization, madea speech. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic:2.1) ‘5. Thisyear, monday, anuary 18, dr. martin luther king. day ill bea paid hold 6. Thisholiday is in the place ofcolumbus day, which we tookas a day offon ‘october 10, 7. The plant will, of curse, be closed for the usual Fall and Winer holidays— thanksgiving, christmas, and new year’s 8, Itany ofthese holgaysfall ona monday oF friday, you will hive along weekend. 9. This year the Gompany’s independence Day picnic willbe en sunday, july 7 10, Twillbe back at work on Tuesday, september 6, the dey after labor day. 1. Some people want‘ohave the partyon Flag day june 14, instead, 12, There has also been talk ofahalloween party for october 3), which is a thursday this year. 13, We could hold the party on friday, october 25, ifthat ia better time. Sample responses: 14, My favorite holidays are Thanksgiving and Valentine's Day. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic:.2.1) 15, The best day oftheweek for me is (DOK Lewk 1-2; Content Topi: 16. spring. (DOK Level: 41-2: Content Topi: 1.2.1) 258 barre.quimby was the fist woman to arma plots lene. she wasawaterlnew yotbfoe she ew plans ln ve wh Alpe in 1510 when se sawherfistyng inet cet became apt andouedin tsi wit top of pits she decided se ‘would bethe fist women oc englh channel shook oo stingon weer basen ee copier scary igh shelandedon enh bea (DOK Level 1-2; Content Tope: 2.1) sample responses: Wr lve usin Texas 111k tshop at Whole Foods, Book People, tnd Waterao Records. (DOK Lar 1-2 Content Toi 21) nya supreme cama ne Soatmancer sve pel Coton 24 ty aprior drs ecrot taetereatbadey alten atedieto ‘send you the enclosed brochure detailing the seco company provides computer ‘ors ke yours. nee youeanake tdvantage fore tilt yang eae ny, Weare cond next Monday benef Inemorl ey. sincery, Jimeno [potion fae (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: L.2.1) [ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONSLESSON 39 PAGE 184 1. © (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.22) 2. F (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topie: 22) 3. F (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: 1.22) 4. F (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topie:L22) 5. F (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topie:.22) 6. © (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tople: 1.22) 7. € (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic 1.2.2) Sample responses: ‘8, The minimum driving age in this statets 16, (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.22) ‘9, Many drivers simply drive 100 fast. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: 1.22) PAGE 185, 1. The verb is missing, (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: L22) 2. The subjectis missing. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: L22) 3, The verbismissing. (DOK Level: 1-2 Content Topic: L22) 4. The subjectis missing. (DOK Lave: 1-2: Content Topie:1.22) ‘Sample responses: ‘5, My older sisters stil ving with our Content Tope: 6, She enjoys spending time with them inthe evenings. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tosi: 122) PAGE 196 1. RO (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 22) 2. RO (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: 1.22) 8. RO (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 22) 4. RO (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: 1.22) 5. © (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 2.2) 6. RO (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.22) 7. © (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topi: L.2.2) 8. C (DOK Leve: 1-2; Content Tople:.2.2) PAGE 10 ‘Sample responses: 1. The Special Olympics started in 1968. ports competition for people with ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS disabilities. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Tepte 122,124) 2. More than 7,000 athletes attend, and they ‘come from 150 nations. (DOK Level: 1-2 Content Tople:1.22, 1.24) ‘3, Bach nation competes in 19 sporting ‘events, but athletes do not have to enter every event. (DOK Level 1-2: Content Topi: 2.2.24) 4. Bveryone i a winner, foreach athlete gets ribbon oramedal. (DOK Level: 1-2; (Content Topie:1.22, 2.4) ‘5. Many people come to watch, and they are Impressed by the athletes. (DOK Levet 1-2; Content Tople:L22, 1.2.2) ‘Sample respons 6. Tenjoy watching the Olymple Games, and Fm looking forward to seeing the next igameson TV. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topte: 1.2.2, L2.4) 7. Winning a gold medal must bea thrill.The athletes work so hard forit. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 122,124) LESSON 40 PAGE 199 1, Tran’s (DOK Level 1; Content Tople:1.23) 2. children’s (DOK Level: I; Content Topic: 123) 8, frlends! (DOK Level: I; Content Toptc:L.23) 4. factory's (DOK Level: 1; Content Topic: 123) 5. bodles (DOK Level I; Content Topic: 1.23) Sample responses: 6. Mr. Tils'ssweateris too small for him. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Tople 1.2.3) 17. Sarah and Emma'scousin came to Visit. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic 1.2.3) 8. My boss's deskis always neat. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic 23) 8. My brothers-in-lw’s football tickets are free ifsomeone-wants them. (DOK Level 1-2: Content Topie:.23) 25910. Dr. Reyna’s schedules very busy. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Tepe: 2.3) LESSON 41 PAGE ISL 1. The plenle was rulned by ants, les, and ‘gnats. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 124) 2, Dogs howl, whine, orbark when they need ‘to goout. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topi L24) 3. My favorite restaurant serves breakfast, Junch, and dinner. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: 24) 4. © (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tope: 24) 5, Sang Lee has traveled to New York Clty, Boston, and Pittsburgh on business. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tope: 2.4) 6, Carve directed, acted and sangin the ‘community play, (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 2.4) 17. Iwrote edited, proofead, and printed my article for the newspaper. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: 2.4) 8. € (DOK Level: 1-2;Cantent Topic L2.4) 98, Scoutlikes her tacoshot, spy, and ‘crunchy. (DOK Levet 1-2: Content Tope 124) 10, You have to rest, eat well, and drink plenty ‘of water to get over cold. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: L24) 11, G (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic 2.4) 12, We gazed in awe at the huge, majestic, snowy mountain. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: L.2.4) 13, © (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.2.4) Sample responses: 14, While in Washington, D.C, we visited, the White House, the Capitol, and the Washington Monument. (DOK Level: 2; ‘ante Topi: 1.24) 15, Tove tsit on my large, comfy, orange ‘couch in the morning, (DOK Level: Content Topic: 1.24) 16, Mom planted, weeded, and pruned in her garden. (DOK Level: 2: Content Topic 1.24) 17. The beautiful building was ancient, ‘massive, and imposing. (DOK Level: 2: Content Topic: 1.24) 18, Dad added basi, tomatoes, and bay eaves tomy spaghetti sauce. (DOK Level: 2; Content Topic: 1.24) PAGE 123 1, We will handle this legally, of course, by golngtothe zoningboard. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: L24) 2 © (DOK Level: 1-2; Content opie: 1.2.4) 8. © (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.2.4) 4, My mom, who is eighty years old, ran ‘amarathon last year. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topie: 2.4) 5. Before you donate Pooky, your favorite ‘uffed animal, think about keeping ie (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Tople:L.2.) 6. © (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: L24) 7. The cell phone should be returned to Mr. Brown, the owner. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: L24) 8 The plane, a Boeing 747, landed safely {In Los Angeles. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topi: 1.2.4) 9, The developer, however, will likely put up a fight. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 2.4) 10, Twalk my dogs, Marley and Balley, around the park every day. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.2.4) Sample responses: 11, Lwalked with Harvey, my friend, to schoo! today. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Tople: 12a) 12, Youwill however, have to show your ID at the door. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 124) ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONSLESSON 42 PAGE 195 1, Would you lie to get a dog? (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic 2.4) 2. Tove my dog! or dog. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: 24) 3, Owningadog sa big responsibilty. (DOK ‘Level: 1-2; Content Topic: L24) 4 Puppies areso dam eutet oreute. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: L24) 5. But, boy, can they chew! or chew, (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: L24) 6. Ifyou rent, you have to ask yourlandlord Mies okay to have adog. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.2.4) 7. Toadopt a dog, you have to answer alot of ‘questions. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 12a) 8, Doyouhavea fenced-in yard? (90K Level: 1-2: Content Topic: 1.2.4) 8, Where will the dog stay? (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: 2.4) 10, Owninga dog can be very expensive. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 2:4) 11, Youwill have to ask your vet how much shots cost. (DOK Level: 1-2 Content Topic: 124) 12, Doyou still want adog? (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: L24) Sample responses: 13, There are different breedsof dogs. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topic: 2.4) 14, What kind of dog is your favorite? (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tople:L2.4) 15, Dogs are the best pets ever! (DOK Level 1-2;Content Topic:12.4) LESSON 43 FAGE 198 1, The skies opened vp, and lightning streaked across the clouds. (DOK Level 1-2;Conten: Topic: 19,24) ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS 2. Lastyear we had floods, but this year was not asad. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topic: 119 L24) ‘3, Thestorm caused severe damage, and several people were injured. (DOK Level: 4-2; Content Topic: 1.9, L24) 4. Windows were shattered by the wind, sowe ‘went into the basement. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topic: L.1.8, 24) 5. We read books, or sometimes we played cards. orbooks, and (DOK Levet 1-2: Content Topic: L1.9, 1.24) ‘were closed. (DOK Levet: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.8, L24) 8. The couch was new, so we tried not toget it dicty. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tope L19,L24) 9. The soldiers marched bravely, ut thelr ‘mission filed. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tople:1.1-9,1.24) 10. The sky looked threatening, so welleft the ‘beach early. (DOK Level: !-2; Content Tople: 11.8, 24) 11, The fruit was ripe, so we picked as much as ‘we could. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tople: 113,124) 12, Tshould get gas-soon, or will run ‘out. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tople: 119,124) 13, We could see this movie, or we could see adifferentone. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 11.9, L24) PAGE 19 Sample responses: 2, When you drive on the Blue Ridge Parkway, you.can stop at many averlooks. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic L924) ‘3. Most people stop at Mt. Mitchell because that's the most spectacular view of all. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Tople: L19,L24) 2614 Although you'll want totake pctres, i-shard wo ge those mountain ranges con fim. (DOK Lene 1-2; Content Tope ‘L19,L24) 5 Stayonthe parkway until you reach the city of Asheril. (DOK Level: 1-2: Conent Topic 18,124) UNIT 5 REVIEW PAGES 200-201 1. Ym (DOK Level: 1; Content Topic: 1.23) 2, didn't (DOK Leve: I; Content Topic: 2.3) 3. We've (DOK Level: 1; Content Topic: 2.3) 44, She'll (DOK Level: I; Content Tope: L2.3) 5. won't (DOK Level: I; Content Topic 2.3) 6. clothes (DOK Level: I; Content Topi: L 1.1) 7 than (DOK Level: I; Content Tope: 1.1) ‘accept (DOK Level: I; Content Topic: 1.1) 9. week (DOK Level 1: Content Topic: L.1) 10, between (DOK Level: 1; Content Topic: Lu) AL, are (DOK Lev: 1; Content Topic: L12, 117) 12, Know (DOK Level: I: Content Topi: L.1.2 LL) 18, breaks (DOK Level: 1; Content Tople: 1.2, 117) 14, glves (DOK Level: 1; Content Topic 1.1.2, L127) 15, 1s (DOK Level: 1; Content Topic L.1.2, 1.7) Sample responses: 16. They buya red sportscar. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 22) 17, Itison the corner of Main and Ridge. (DOK ‘Level: 1-2; Content Topic: L22) He sayshe is happy tohelp. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 22) 19, He gives his parents a ride to the farmers’ market every Saturday. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic:L22) 20. Walking home from school, Jake saw a ied land on awhite fence. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.15) x 2. - While Iwas watching TV, the comedian ‘made me laugh. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topi: L.15) ‘Ast was making my bed, a mouse ran across the room. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: L1.5) While I was cooking dinner, my dog begged ‘me for food. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic: 1.15) As Suki was taking a shower this morning, the water turned freezing cold. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.15) 5. Jen walks her dog at night, unless I's raining, (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topie: 118) 3. I¢salso pleasant in the morning whenever ‘the sun is shining. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topi: L.1.6) Because she loves animals, she treats her doglikea person. (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Tope: L1.6) UNIT 5 MINI-TEST PAGES 24 3 Finding your way around Chicago isnot easy you decide to take ara, frst you need to decide which ran line you need. Second, you need o finda station along. ‘hat train line. Then youneed to buy a ticket. When you seeatrain coming, be ready fo get on. Last, geoff the train atthe right top. You can then take the bus or ‘walk to your final destination. (DOK Level 1 Content Topic: 1.6) Rob went to New Yorkin September to vist hsunele. (DOK Level: Content Tope: 121) New Yorkisastate, soitshould be capitalized. Because it was autumn, sights like the Statue of Liberty weren't crowded. (DOK Level: 1: Content Topic 2.1) Autaronisa season, soit should notbe capitalized. The Statue of Libertyis a monument, s0itshould be capitalized. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS3. On Labor Day, Rob walked through Central Park and up Fith Avenue, (DOK Levet: 1: Content Topic 2.1) The fst word ofa sentence should be capitalized. Labor Day is holiday and Rob ia proper name, 0 both should be capitalized. Central Park is landmark and ith Avenue i a street, both should be capitalized 4, He ate French food and saw a game at Yankee Stadium. (DOK Level: I; Content Topic: 1.2.1) French sa proper adjective ‘and Yankee Stadium i tourist atraction, 0 both should be capitalized, Sample responses: 5. The apartment on the fourth floor Is ‘vacant, (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Tope: 1.22) The verb is missing from the original tem, 6. § (DOK Leve: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.22) The sentence has asubject and verb ‘and expresses a complete thought 7. Thinking about it on the way home from ‘work, he decided totake it. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.2.2) The original item does not express a complete thought. 8, Craighas an unusual job He isa ‘chef. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.22) 9, Heused to workin store. He was a ‘cashier. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic 122) 10, Then he went to cooking school for wo years twas along program. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 2.2) 1, Didyou cometo our wedding? (DOK Lael 1-2; Content Topi: 2.4) Questions should ‘end with question marks, 12, Myhusband and I were married ata (Catholic church in Chicago, Ilinois. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topi: 1.2.4) Catholcis a proper adjective, so it should be capitalized ‘Acomma s needed between a city and sate. Minos ie state and should be capitalized, ‘Statements should end with periods 13, Itwasthe best wedding ever! (DOK Leve 1-2; Content Topic: 1.2.4) Exclamatory ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS “ 16, v. 18 19, a. sentences should end with an exclamation ‘mark. ; His brothers Fd, Hal, John, and Joe stood fom his ide. (DOK Leve: 1-2; Content Topi: 1.24) Hal and Joe are proper nares, so they should be capitalized. Items in lt should bbe separated by commas. Jon the other hand, had only my sister ‘Amy stand by me. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.2.4) Parenthetical expressions should be set offby commas. Amyisa proper name, soit should be ceptalized. Statements should end with a period. ‘The wedding was beautiful, ard all the guests had a good time. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 2.4) The ist word of sentence shotld be capitalized. A commais used before a coordinating cojunction ina ‘compound sentence. Satemerts should end. with a perio. Doyouknow where we went for our honeymoon? (DOK Level: 1-2 Content Topic: 2.4) Honeymoonisa common ‘noun, soit should not be capitalized, Questions should end witha question mark. ‘We went to Atlantic City, Niagara Falls, and New York City. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topic: 2.4) Mlantic City, Niagara Falls, land New York City are all placenames and should be capitalized. tems inalist should be separated by commas. Statements should end witha period. Then we visited Mili, my aurt on my mother's side, for afew days. (DOK Level: 41-2; Content Topic: 1.24) Nonsssential positives should be set off wth commas, Statements should end with ageriod. Iwas absolutely echausted! (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 1.24) Exclamatory sentences should end with an exclamation mark. Sam's (DOK Level 1-2: Content Topic: 1.23) Use an apostrophe and sto form the postessive of singular nouns. | | 26322, ewins! (DOK Level 1-2: Content Tople: 1.23) To show plural possession, make the ‘noun pluralist then add an apostrophe. 25, Manny's (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Tope 1.28) Usean apostrophe and so form the possesive of singular nouns. 2A, Hs (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topi: 123) Possesive pronouns, such ashi do nothave sportophes. 25, waltres's (DOK Level: 1-2: Content Topic 1.23) Usean apostrophe and sto form the possessive of singular nouns POSTTEST PAGE 20; 1. R. (DOK Lew 2: Content Topic 2.2) The last sentence of paragraph 6 refers to the feelings of hope in youth, supporting Option B. 2. A. (DOK Level:2-5; Content Tople: ‘A4.3/L4.3) Noone wantsto killthe children (Option B), and the phrase means the oppositeof Options C and D. ‘3. Sample response: He would thank her and follow her plan, because he responds to her crying with kindness and friendship. He doesnot belite her or decide to leave her or show frustration. tis likely that he would respond to her with kindness and {tiendship under other circumstances as ‘well, (DOK Levet 2-3: Content Topie:R.3.2, R27) 4. D. (DOK Level:2-3; Content Topic: R32, 2.7) Tomis saving the candle for later use, ‘which suppoets Option D. 5. B. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: 26) The two stories describe the adventures of young people 6. Responses will ary but should be supported with details from the selection ‘and background knowledge. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: R2.7) 7. D. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic 23.3) The purpose of paragraph 3s to 264 ‘explain why Nuttel’s sister gives him leters of introduction, which supports Option D. 8. D. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topi: 2.6) Nuttel isuncomfortable in the scene, ‘which supportsOption D. ‘9. Sample response: Framton Nuttels visiting Mrs. Sappleton's house because he is spending sometime in the country. His ister wants him to meet the neighbors, 80 she gives him some letters of introduction, ‘one of which isto Mrs. Sappleton. (DOK eve: 1-2; Content Topic: R32) 40. travel (DOK Lave: I; Content Tope: RAI/LA.) 11, swallowed up (DOK Level: 1; Content Topic: R4.1/L41) 412 hurried, moved briskly (DOK Level: I; Content Topic: B4.1/L-4.1) 13, the death of her husband and brothers (DOK Level: 1-2 Content Topic: 221) PAGE2UL 1M ©. (DOK Level 2 Content Topic: 3.2) Roosevelt states, Kzow it will make very itl difference to you whether resign,” ‘which supports Option C. 15, A. (DOK Level2-3; Content Topic: 2.3) According tothe introduction tothe letter, te organization discriminated baged ‘0n race, which supports Option A 16. B. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topic: 6.1) Roosevelt disappointed in the organization and determined not to be associated with their work, which supports Option, AZ. D. (DOK Level 2-3; Content Topic: RA.3/L43) Roosevelt does not want bbe associated with the organization's decision, ‘which supports Option D. 18, Sample response: Eleanor Roosevelt ‘meant that fthe DAR had allowed Marian ‘Anderson to play at Constitution Hall the organization would have been settingan example to others that diseriminatior is not acceptable. The DAR could have shown, anenligitened or new attitude toward [ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONSAfrican Americansnotoften seen at this time in American history. (DOK Level 2; Content Topic: R22) 19, Sample response: She could have writen the DAR a mean-spirited leter,chastsing them for their decision, She could have ‘gone to talk to ther in person tolet them know how she felt about their decision. She could have expressed her opinion to the media. (DOK Level2-3; Content Topi: R27) PAGE 215 20. C. (DOK Level: 1-2 Content Topic: 3.1) The first sentence ofthe selection refers othe failure the Roanoke colony, ‘which they are tryrg to avoid with their settlement 21. A. (DOK Level: 2; Content Topic: R22) A ‘summary gives the main ideas ofa selection, ‘and the main ideasof the selection ae given {in Option A. 22, D. (DOK Level: 1-2 Content Topic: RA.I/Le4.l) The second-to-last sentence discusses the need or better housing, ot shelter, which supports Option D. 23, B. (DOK Level: 1-3: Content Topic: 2.6) The quotaticn helps show that the selection i factual, or informative 24, A. (DOK Level: 2-3: Content Topic: RA.3/L4.3) Toe advertisement described the land as beautiful and wealthy to arract eters, 25, Sample response: The men were adventurers more focused on making ‘fortune than setting a colony. They also did not have farming experience or carpentry skills. (DOK Level:2; Content opie: R22) PAGE 215, 26. chromosome (DOK Level: I; Content Topic: Ral/L4) 27, genome (DOK Level 1; Content Tople Rad/Lal) [ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS 3. DNA (DOK Level: I; Content Topic: RAI/LAL) 28, gene (DOK Level: 1; Content Topic Ral/L4.}) 30, allele (DOK Level: j; Content Tope: sh. 32, 2. 30, 39, Ra.l/L.l) A. (DOK Level:2: Content Topic: R22) The three parts of a nucleotide are listed in the second sentence of paragraph 2. ‘When organisms reproduce, they pass copies oftheir DNAto thelr offspring. ‘This passing of genetic materials is heredity. (DOK Level: 2-3; Content Tope, R22) Genes are specific segments of DNA at specific locationson specific chromosomes. Theespressed taitsofan organism result from protein production bbased on the specificnucleotde sequence of genes, (DOK Level:2-3; Content Topic: hae) Thenudeotiesequenceofagencis veryimportantbectuseitprovidesthe Information forthesymthesis of specific Drotelng whichineumalfectsthetrae Sore en org tei sequence changeotvecorecprotcinmay natbe produced. (DOKLew! 2-3 Content Tope R27) + matter, energy (DGK Level 2: Content Topic: 22) . conversion (DOK Level: 2: Content Topic R22) i theory (DOK Level:2: Content Topic R.2.2) created, destroyed (DOK Leve 2; Content Topic: R22) The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed during ordinary chemical and physical changes. (DOK Level: 2; Content Topic: R22) 265a 43, 45. 46. a7. >. A. (DOK Level: 1-2 Content Tope: R21, Ra.1/L4.1) The rst sentence of paragraph 44 defines an open system, ©. (DOK Level: 2-3: Content Topic 2.7) The entire selection is about the conservation of energy, which supports Option ¢. aa ©. (DOK Level: 1-2 Content Topic: 21) The third bulletin the guidelines supports Option C. 1B. (DOK Level: 1-2; Content Topic: R21) Thefist sentence ofthe guidelines supports Option B, D. (DOK Level: 2-3 Content Tople: 2.7) The second bulletin the guidelines supports Option D. Sample response: lalways liked “Row, Row, Row Your Bost.” Even though itis sily ong, I like how it sounds when people sing tin rounds, with singers starting the songat different ines. Yes, Happy Lands Day Care Center would accept this song. ‘because itis appropriate for children with ‘nothing that wouldseare them. (DOK Level: 2-8; Content Topic R2.7, W2) E219 [A. (DOK Level: 1-3; Content Topi: 25) The second sentence ofthe Introductory paragraph can be used to support Option A. Let Me Hear It Again (DOK Level:2; Content Topic: R22) ‘Sample response: lenjoy reading horror ‘stories the most Hove the way they grab and play with my emotions. Some parts ‘ofthe book make me shiver and shake. A really ood horror story can make me 0 seared that [leave the lights on when I goto bod. (DOK Level 2-3; Content Tope W.2) . (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topi: W.1) The letter acknowledgesthe problems and explains how they willbe fixed. 50, B. (DOK Level 1-25 Content Topic: W.1) The first sentence of the eter supports Option B. 51, D. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topi: W.1) The last sentence ofthe fst paragraph supports Option D. PAGE 223 52, Responses will vary Students should clearly identify which argument is beter supported and cite specific evidence from the text. Refer totheScoring Rubricon oge 140, PAGE 226 153. D. (DOK Level I-2: Content Tope: L..2, 1.1.7) Inthe secondpart ofthe compound sentence, the verb needs to agree withthe subject options 54. A. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topic: L.2, 1.1.2) This sentencedoes not relate to the ‘overall topic and shuld be removed. 55. C. (DOK Level 1-2: Content Topic 24) The original sentenceisafagment. ‘The revision supplies a subject (the, understood you) anda complete verb. 56. D. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topic: 1.24) Sentence 7s punctuated correctly. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topi: L24) A ‘comma is needed after each tem in a series. PAGE 225 158. D. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Tope: 124) The paragraph asa whole isin the present tense, sotheverb inthis sentence should be too. 58. A. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topic 1.24) Howeveris nthe appropriate connecting word to vse here. When makes ‘the meaning ofthe sentence clear. 60. B. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topic: 1.21) Because the specifiename of the companys not used here, te word company should note capitalized, 61. A. (DOK Level 1-2: Content Topic: L.1.1) It you substitute They aein the sentence, it ‘makes sense, so the contraction Is correc. ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS(62. C. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topic: 24) Thereisa shiftin the main idea beginning with sentence9, so anew paragraphis needed here. PAGE 225 68. B. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topic: 1.22) These woindependent clauses should be separated by acomma anda coordinating conjunction. 64, D. (DOK Level 1-2: Content Topic 1.22) Sentence 6 clearly continues the same thought assentence 5, so there should not bea paragraph break between them. 65. A. (DOK Level 1-2: Content Topic: 2.4) A comma s needed after the introductory dependentciause. 6. D. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topi: 1.22) Thelist of actions should be parallel instructure: learn, solv, and work. 62. C. (DOK Level 1-2: Content Topic 1.22) Thenames of months are always capitalized '68, A. (DOK Levet 1-2; Content Tope: 1.22) Paregraph B needs atopic sentence. Option A isbroad enough to introduce the whole paragraph. 169. C. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topic: 1.8) Thesentence contains two Independent clauses. Te most meaningful conjunction to join these clauses so, anda commaisreeded as wel. The conjunction andisnot needed, ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS 70. D. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topic: I-13) It isnot clear enough what the pronoun them refers ton this sentence. In the context of the passage, votersmakes the most sent. PAGE RIB 72, B. (DOK Level 1-2; Gontent Topic: 1.5) Thephrase Around a large areas misplaced. It needs o follow the wordt modifies, distances, 72. D. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topic: 1.22) This paragraphs written in the resent tense, asi the ist part ofthe sentence. It describes the currentsituation with bullding security. 78, B. (DOK Level 1-2: Content Topi 1.24) Option B shows alogical relationship between the ideas. The others donot 74, G. (DOK Level 1-2: Content Topi: 1.13) Read the sentence withou: you and to test which pronoun is correct. PAGE 209 1. C. (DOK Level 1-2 Content Topi: LL) Try reading the sentence with you are instead ofyou've. It doesn't make tens, 0 the contraction must be incorrect. "78. A. (DOK Level 1-2: Content Topic: 1.13) Read the sentence without andIto testwhich pronoun is eoreect. ‘77, B. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topic: L1.3) The pronoun refers to people. ‘7% B. (DOK Level 1-2; Content Topi: £.1.3) The verb must agree with the subject ‘expressions, which is plural 267