Phenol

Experiment 5
Tests to Detect Phenol
Bromine water Melzer’s Millon’s test
Ferric chloride test Hypochlorite test
test benzaldehyde test (Plugge’s reaction)

Sample → excess Sample → Very Sample → + few Sample → +2 mL Sample → + few

strong bromine dilute FeCL3 (drop drops NH4OH → 2- conc. H2SO4 → drops Millon’s
water by drop) → diluted 4 drops freshly heat for 2 mins → + reagent → heat
HCl or H2SO4 prepared Na/Ca 10 mL water in
hypochlorite cooled solution → +
KOH

(+) yellowish white (+) blue-violet (+) blue (+) violet-blue (+) red
precipitate
Phenol Also known as hydroxybenzene, carbolic acid
Colorless or white crystal, can also occur as pure
liquid. Has an sweet, acrid, tarry odor

USES
● Antiseptic and disinfectant
● Drug precursor
● Industrial purposes (production of resin, coating,
dyes, adhesive, perfume, textiles, lubrication oil)

2
4 0
Phenol MOT
● Cardiac effects may be due to sodium channel
blockage
● Phenol is known to disrupt disulfide bridges in
keratin in the skin
● At 5% concentration, it can denature protein

ADR
● Hypotension
● Tachycardia
● CNS depression
● Nephritis
Phenol S/S of OVERDOSE
● Burning sensation
● Cyanosis (due to methemoglobinemia)
● Bleached white skin (with red, white, or brown
discoloration)
● Urine discoloration (dark, brown, green)
● Hematuria
● Hypothermia
● Nephritis
● Seizures
● Wheezing
● Encephalopathy
Phenol TOXICOKINETICS
● Cellular uptake of phenol is due to its lipophilic
character
● A: Readily absorbed through the lungs (60% to
88%), orally (90%), through mucous membranes,
and dermally ( 0.35 m3/hour)
● D: Not known
● M: Hepatic hydroxylation and sulfate
conjugation
Half-life: 13.86 hours (dermal
exposure) Conjugated phenol: 1 hour
● E: 1 – 4.5 hours
● LETHAL DOSE: 2 g
Phenol TREATMENT
Decontamination
● Oral: Ipecac is contraindicated; lavage within 1
hour with water or polyethylene glycol;
activated charcoal is useful for gastric
decontamination
● Dermal: Remove clothing, wash exposed skin
with isopropyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, or
industrial methylated spirits
● Inhalation: Remove from source and provide
oxygen
● Ocular: Flush eyes with copious amounts of
water (if exposed);
Phenol TREATMENT
Supportive therapy
● I.V. sodium bicarbonate (1-2 mEq/kg) can be
used to treat acidosis

Enhanced elimination
● Charcoal hemoperfusion has been used
successfully and can be considered for blood
phenol levels 175 mcg/mL (associated with a
0.44 mg/kg exposure)

Antidote
● Methylene Blue
 Poison Antidote

Agricultural Poisons

Organophosphate Atropine, Pralidoxime

Carbamate insecticide Atropine

Hydrocarbon insecticide Physostigmine

Parathion Pralidoxime

Paraquat Bentonite, fuller’s earth, Na2SO4

Barium MgSO4, benzodiazepines

DDT Barbiturate

Nitrogen Compounds

Aniline, Nitrobenzene Methylene blue

 Poison Antidote

Alcohols & Glycol

Methanol Ethanol, Fomepizole, Morphine, Vit B9

Ethanol Vit B12

Ethylene glycol Ethanol, Fomepizole, Vit B9

Aldehyde

Formaldehyde Ammonia, NaHCO3

Hydrocarbons

Kerosene Mineral oil

Corrosives

Oxalic acid, phosphate, fluoride Ca gluconate

Ammonia Formaldehyde

Bromine NaCl, NH4Cl

 Poison Antidote

Metallic Poisons

Sb, Au, Bi, W Dimercaprol or BAL

Be, Cd, Mn, Se EDTA

Zn, Cr, Ni BAL, EDTA

Cu BAL, penicillamine

As BAL, DMSA, penicillamine

Tl Prussian blue or ferric ferrocyanide

P CuSO4

Na formaldehyde sulfoxylate
Hg
BAL, DMSA, Penicillamine

BAL, EDTA, DMSA, penicillamine,

Pb
succimer
 Poison Antidote

Alkaloids

Atropine Physostigmine

Nicotine Diazepam

Quinidine NAHCO3

Ergot and derivatives Tolazoline, Na nitroprusside

Caffeine, theophylline Esmolol

Diazepam, Neuromuscular blockers,
Strychnine
Barbiturates, Atropine
 Poison Antidote

Antiseptics

Iodine Starch solution, Na thiosulfate

Bleaching agents Na thiosulfate

Cationic detergents Ordinary soap

Chlorates Methylene blue

Chloramine-T Na nitrite, Na thiosulfate

Phenol Castor oil

Silver salts NaCl, Na thiosulfate, K ferricyanide

 Poison Antidote

Animal and Plant Hazard

Mushrooms Penicilline

Mushrooms: Monomethylhydrazine Pyridoxine, methylene blue

Mushrooms: Muscarine Atropine

Mushrooms: Ibotenic acid, muscimol Physostigmine

Rattle snake bite Antivenom, suction, tourniquet

Black widow spider Antivenom

Scorpions Antiserum
Poison Antidote

Poisonous Gases

Amyl nitrite, Na nitrite, Na thiosulfate,

CN hydroxocobalamin, 100% O2,
hyperbaric O2

Sulfide Amyl nitrite, Na nitrite

CO 100% O2, hyperbaric O2

Cosmetics

Bromates Na thiosulfate

Food poisoning

Botulism ABE botulinus antitoxin

Nitrates Methylene blue

Sulfite Epinephrine
 Poison Antidote

Medicinal Poisons

Acetaminophen N-acetylcysteine (NAC)

Heparin Protamine SO4

Warfarin Vitamin K

Tricyclic antidepressants Physostigmine

Benzodiazepines Flumazenil

β-blockers Glucagon

Ca channel blockers Glucagon, CaCl2

Digoxin Digoxin-specific Fab antibodies

Digitalis KCl
 Poison Antidote

Medicinal Poisons

Opiates Naloxone, Naltrexone, Nalorphine

Atropine + Diphenoxylate Naloxone, Naltrexone, Nalorphine

Bromides NaCl

Amphetamine Chlorpromazine

MgSO4 Ca gluconate

Salicylates, Phenobarbital NaHCO3

Edrophonium Cl, Neostigmine,
Neuromuscular blockers
Pyridostigmine
Iron Deferoxime / deferoxamine

Isoniazid Pyridoxine
Chloroform
Experiment 6
Tests to Detect Chloroform
Chloroform ● Also known as Formyl Trichloride; Freon 20;
Methane Trichloride; TCM; Trichloroform;
Trichloromethane

USES
● Solvent, grain fumigant, found in emulsions,
spirits, tinctures; has been used as an
anesthetic agent, refrigerant, and aerosol
propellant

0
2 0
Chloroform MOT
● A direct depressant on the respiratory center in
the brain stem
● Interferes with gangliosides in neuronal
membranes and phospholipids on surfactant
layer in lungs
● Can cause lipid peroxidation
Chloroform ● S/S of OVERDOSE
● Bradycardia, CNS depression, dizziness,
drowsiness, dry mouth, fibrillation, nausea,
headache, hemolysis, hepatitis, hepatomegaly,
hypotension, tachycardia (ventricular), vomiting
● Burning, corneal injury, conjunctivitis, and
urticaria may occur with eye exposure.
● Acetone breath, cardiac arrest, cardiac
arrhythmias, mydriasis, and nystagmus have
been reported.
Chloroform ● Chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, and
respiratory depression may occur.
● Chronic use may produce degenerative brain
changes and psychotic behavior.
Chloroform TOXICOKINETICS
● A: Well through inhalation, oral, and dermal
exposure
● D: Vd: 2.6 L/kg; throughout and soluble in
adipose tissue
● M: To chlormethanol, hydrochloric acid,
phosgene, chloride, and CO2
● E: Primarily from lungs in the form of chloroform
and CO2
Chloroform TREATMENT
● Decontamination: Emesis within 30 minutes,
lavage (within 1 hour)/ activated charcoal.
Remove from area of exposure and remove
clothing; wash thoroughly.

● Atropine
● Acetylcysteine