INSTITUTE OF ACCOUNTANCY ARUSHA

(IAA)

RESEARH PROPOSAL REPORT

ON

URBANIZATION AND WATER SERVICE DELIVERY IN TANZANIA: A

CASE OF MOROGORO URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
AUTHORITY (MORUWASA)

PREPARED BY:______________________

SUPERVISED BY:

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

FOR THE AWARD OF THE INSTITUTE OF ACCOUNTANCY ARUSHA

2022
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
Introduction
This chapter presents the background of the study, a statement of the problem,
objectives, and research questions, significance of the study and scope of the study
and justification of the study.

Background of the Study

Due to the rapid population growth and uncontrolled residential development
witnessed in most developing countries, the global urban environment is seriously
being degraded in terms of service delivery (UN-Water 2007). Water supply and
sanitation are the public utilities that have been worst hit by this scenario. Though
continuity of water supply and sanitation is taken for granted in most developed
countries, it is a severe problem in many developing countries, where some times
water is only provided for a few hours every day or a few days a week (UN-Water,
2007).
In today’s world, billions people (World Bank 2010), providing this water and
sanitation facilities is already a serious challenge, straining management systems
and institutions. Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia is characterized by poor
levels of access and service quality. Over 40 million people lack access to an
improved water source and more than 110 million of the country’s 240 million
population has no access to improved sanitation. With only 2% access to sewerage
in urban areas is one of the lowest in the world among middle-income countries.
(WHO, 2010)
In the developing countries, urbanization is predicted to reach 64.1% by 2050
(Tribune, 2008). This situation continues to be one of the crucial issues of global
change in the 21st century as it takes a great part in affecting the physical
dimensions of the cities and towns (Abebe, 2013). Urbanization is in an alarming
state in many developing countries because of its associated problems such as
unemployment, economic crisis, health issues, water scarcity, poor sanitation,
increase in urban slums, and degradation of the ecosystem (Olarinoye 2020). It is
also estimated that, 1 billion people live in informal settlements with no access to
many basic requirements including shelter and water services which stand as the
basic needs (United Cities and Local Governments, 2013).
In Africa, the fast speed of urban growth since the 1960 is highly explained by the
application of technologies and the consolidation of modern institutions introduced
through colonialism and trade activities (Bloom, 2008). These factors have
facilitated a secular decline in mortality rates as well as improved access to surplus
food supplies through the increase in production which is mainly supported by the
improved imports and international aid (Fox, 2011). More rapid economic and
demographic growth in most of the countries in Africa has experienced quickly
urbanization in the post-war. In sum, the apparently unique characteristics of
Africa’s urban transition are understandable within the framework of the
urbanization (Harris, 2014)
In Tanzania, cities and towns are quickly urbanizing (Swai, 2019). Future
urbanization in Tanzania is projected to grow up for about 42% by 2030 as well as
there will be 17 million urban dwellers between 2015-2030 with 4.7% yearly
growth (UN-DESA, 2014 in Ministry of Finance and Planning [MOFP], National
Bureau of Statistics [NBS], United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Overseas
Development Institute [ODI], 2018).The situation is mainly manifested by the
migration of people from rural to urban areas and natural population increases
(Wenban-Smith, 2015). The apparent challenge of shortage of opportunities in
rural areas has been identified as the main pushing factos for the Tanzanians to
make movement from rural areas to urban cities and towns as the way forward to
meet their daily basic requirements and improve their livelihoods (Gwaleba,
2018).This situation substitutes intensive challenges to water sector like low water
distributions in urban areas.
Dodoma is a small city located in the middle of Tanzania with a population of 510,
038 people (Dodoma City Profile, 2019). The city was announced as the capital of
the United Republic of Tanzania in 1973 during the early years of the then
President Julius K. Nyerere’s governance, when the then government decided to
transfer its seat from Dar-es-Salaam to a more central location (Msuya et al.,
2020). Prior to this decision, Dar-es-Salaam on the East Coast of Tanzania was the
capital city. However, most government functions remained in Dar-es-Salaam until
the official move in 2016. Since then, Dodoma has experienced a rapid influx of
people, not only of civil servants relocated from Dar-es-Salaam, but also from
other parts of Tanzania who come to the place in search of emerging economic
opportunities (Msuya, 2020).
Huruma estate, that has experienced rapid residential developments in Nairobi,
faces inadequate water supply and sanitation as a major challenge. Being in
Nairobi, it majorly receives its water from Ndakaini Dam Sasumua Dam and Ruiru
dam. These dams’ ability to supply water continues to face great challenges due to
the ever increasing demands. The sewerage system in the estate is in a dying state
as it is already overstretched to its limits. The residents of this area are therefore in
dire need of safe, clean and consistent supply of water and adequate sanitation
facilities.
Statement of the Problem
Considering Tanzania like any other country in the developing world, the
challenges posed by urbanization continue to receive little attention by policy
makers, socioeconomic development actors partly due to widespread belief in an
‘urban advantage’ the idea that compared to rural residents, city dwellers are
invariably better off (World Bank Group, 2021; UNICEF, 2012). In the country,
urbanization trend shot from 0% in 1967 to 40% in 2019 (World Bank Group,
2021.
Recently, Dodoma city has seen rapid urbanization and uneven population growth
(Msuya et al., 2020). According to Wawa (2020); in the city, social services like
transport, energy, communications and water supply are among the city services
that are often inadequately provided. Dodoma is among the fast growing cities in
Tanzania; the reason accounting for this speed is the shifting of the capital
functions from Dar es Salaam to Dodoma (Msuya, 2020). Increased investment in
the area has a significant increase in the population. As a result, it puts pressure on
the existing infrastructures and related public services including water services
from the authorized water supply organization that is DUWASA (Wawa, 2020).
It has been revealed that, urbanization in Dodoma city has posed great challenges
in the city center including inadequate water services to the citizens (Msuya,
2020). The authorized water supply organization that is DUWASA agreed that it
was unable to meet the current demand of water services to its customers due to
increased population growth in the city (DUWASA Annual Report, 2020).
According to DUWASA Annual Report (2019), about 68% of the population of
Dodoma city has water connection from the authority. Notwithstanding, the limited
population that is served, water supply in the city is intermittent. For instance,
since 2016, Dodoma city has been experiencing water crisis thus forcing
DUWASA to embark on water rationing exercises in some sections of the city
(DUWASA Annual Report, 2019),
However, in the city, competition over water service has apparently increased due
to the fact that the population of Dodoma city center has kept on increasing and
there have been improved living standards of the people which all together lead to
greater demand of the water service (UNICEF, 2015). In connection to that, the
potentiality of urbanization in the Dodoma city has tremendously increased cost
based on water treatment, and delivery of water to consumers. Additionally,
urbanization in Dodoma city has resulted into increased large proportions of water
getting lost due to increased leaks, theft, unbilled consumption, and inaccurate
meters thus resulting into low DUWASA revenue collection (Gwaleba, 2018). It is
within the above context that this study was conceived to assess the urbanization
and water service delivery in Dodoma city with the focus on DUWASA as the core
water authority mandated organization.

Objectives of the Study

The Main Objective

To investigate the contribution of urbanization on water service delivery in
Dodoma City
Specific Objectives
i. To assess the condition of water service delivery in the Morogoro
Municipality
ii. To examine the contribution of urbanization on water service delivery in
Municipality
iii. To suggest strategies for urbanization and water service delivery in
Municipality
Research Questions
i. What is the current condition of water service delivery in the Morogoro
Municipality?
ii. What is the contribution of urbanization on water service delivery in the
Municipality Morogoro?
iii. What could be the strategies for urbanization and water service delivery in
the Municipality Morogoro?

Significance of the study

My project aims to improve urban planning for residential settlements that will
respond to inadequate water supply and sanitation facilities by promoting inclusion
and empowerment of the urban poor and other excluded residents in decision
making. The research intends to study various challenges of water supply and
sanitation such as inadequate infrastructure development and demographic
pressures on water and sanitation management, depletion of water resources and
inadequate dump sites in the process of urban supply and deterioration of
infrastructure among others and how they contribute to the problem of inadequate
water supply and sanitation facilities.

Justification of the Study

The focus of this study is the uncontrolled residential developments of Huruma
estate impacts of inadequate water and sanitation have almost culminated into a
crisis. Uncontrolled urban residential development has led to constrains in the
provision of water and sanitation hence deteriorating the living standards of urban
residents. Although the majority of people without safe water and sanitation live in
rural areas, rapid rural to urban migration has compromised the ability of urban
residents to have access to these facilities. Urban planners and decision makers are
always under pressure to improve water and sanitation facilities, since the threat of
epidemic due to waterborne diseases grows when population increases. Failure to
undertake this project, unplanned residential developments will continue piling up
and thus piling more pressure on the existing sanitation facilities and water
resources leading to low standards of living and further degradation of the urban
environment.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study was carried out in Chahi sub-catchment, Kisoro district of Uganda. It
assessed the utilization and management of water resources at household level.
This covered local uses of water resources to the households, water resource
management practices and the coping strategies to the limited water resources. To
achieve this, both surface and underground water resources management issues
were investigated. This is because underground water resources are said to be the
major sources of water in the catchment (Hoellhuber, 2002). Relevant officials and
experts were also consulted and their views incorporated in the study. The study
was limited in the following aspects. Ground water, pollution levels and water
availability per person per year were not available. This made it a bit hard to
expressly ascertain the exact degree to which water resources in the sub-catchment
were threatened. However, the available average national figures for Uganda
describing the state of water resources filled this gap
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
In literature review researcher will include both theoretical and empirical. In
theoretical study different text books, in empirical researcher study different
articles created by former researchers in related topic

The Condition of Water Service Delivery in Public Sector

In India, it is estimated that by 2050, half of India’s population would be living in
urban areas and expecting to face acute water problems (Singh, 2012). In the
country, 85% of the urban population has access to drinking water but only 20% of
the available drinking water meets the health and quality standards set by the
World Health Organisation (Sing, 2012).
In East Africa, studies indicate that the daily supply rates of un-piped water are
nearly a third less than for piped users of low-income communities. The study by
Adams et al. (2018) gives suggestion that an effective improvement of urban water
supply in the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) it needs governance which has got vision,
innovation and strong institutional arrangements that would play potential role in
strengthening public, private and community-based water supply programs. In the
SSA, urban areas face great challenges on water access which is mainly caused by
issue of urbanization and population growth. It is claimed that, the increased
population in the cities seems to cause vandalism of infrastructures and disparities
in the availability of safe drinking water (Dos Santos et al., 2017). This situation is
mainly pronounced in the core urban areas (Adams et al., 2016). The informal
settlements in most of the current urban area has been experiencing poor water
supply services thus posing challenges in the socio-economic development
(Adams, 2017).

The Contribution of Urbanization on Water Service Delivery

In most of the cities and towns, protection of the infrastructures prepared for
treating and transporting water which includes sources, treatment plants, and
distribution systems, is the important step in ensuring the safety of drinking water
to the citizens or public (World Bank Group, 2021). However, it should be noted
that urbanization in most cities worldwide, has increased costs for maintenance of
water storage, treatment, and distribution systems (UN-DESA, 2019). It has also
been revealed that rapid urban growth has resulted into inadequate maintenance of
water supply systems in the cities due to insufficient financial resources and poor
arrangement of the management system (Bodo, 2019). This worsening condition in
the water infrastructure threatens the quality and reliability of all water services in
most of the cities and towns which require sustainable efforts to rescue (Rosegrant
et al., 2013).

In the cities, a great proportion of infrastructures have been used for over 100 years
old. This places an increased risk for leaks, blockages and malfunctions due to the
fact that it increases deterioration and rapid population growth (UN, 2019). For
example, the problems of water mains that break in hundreds of thousands of the
different locations each year in the United States are caused by rapid population
growth (WHO, 2017; UN, 2014). This situation leads to the prevailing problem of
leaving customers without access to water supply services. This situation may
result into supply that involves unsafe water for consumption without special
treatment such as boiling or chlorination (UN, 2014).
In China, studies indicate that water scarcity stand as the one of the most difficult
issues challenging the rapid urbanization. It has even evolved to a common
restriction to urban development in relatively well-urbanized eastern coastal China
(UN-DESA, 2018). Despite the changes, urbanization has brought about increasing
growth of urban water use especially domestic water consumption, thus giving rise
to tension in urban water supply and demand (UN, 2015). It is further argued that
urbanization has brought about great changes in water environment like the
scenario of groundwater depletion, river and spring drying up, sea water intrusion
without ignoring cone of depression expansion and water quality decline
(UNDESA, 2018).

It is asserted that in China, the capacity of growing up of domestic water

consumption and increased industrial water uses helps in the improvement of the
water supply services facilities due to increased total urban water demand (UN,
2019; Bodo, 2018). This also has been playing part of continuous improvement of
urban cities. For example, water shortage that has been facing Shandong and the
similar areas hinders achievement of sustainable urbanization in the country (UN,
2014). This calls for integrated measures for the construction of inter-city water
resource networks and planning urbanization according to local water conditions.
This also helps in readjusting industrial structure, innovating water management,
and paying particular attention to local ecological restoration (UN, 2012).

In Africa, urbanization in the cities has been resulting into high costs for water
supply services. The empirical estimates reveal that in order to achieve universal
access to improved water supply services by 2019, the stock of investment in water
services should reach US $2,240 billion (UN-DESA, 2019; Bodo, 2019:2018).
Considering the given stock of investment in the year 2012, an additional
investment of US$ 590 billion (US$ 134 billion in water supply and US$ 456
billion in sanitation) are given chance in order to meet new water services
infrastructure to reach the desired stock of investment by 2019 (Debashis, 2016).

In Tanzania, urban areas like Dodoma city stand as a place where people think that
they could have chance to meet better life. This notion is carried out by people by
thinking that the area has better opportunities for the employment and jobs as well
as higher salaries (Nyampundu et al., 2020; Wawa, 2020; Msuya et al., 2020).
Other people think that in urban areas there are better services and better lifestyles
in contrast to rural areas. As a result, the rate of people coming in the city appear to
increase (UNICEF, 2015) which results into different challenges in the cities
within country such as suffocating the provision of social services like water
supply management and service delivery (Nyampundu et al., 2020).

Challenges Facing Urban Water Service Delivery Authorities

The cities and towns all over the world are currently facing a range of dynamics
(Segrave, 2017). People living in the cities are mostly faced with difficulties in
efficiently and transparently managing the ever scarcer water resources, poor
delivery of water supply and sanitation services (UN, 2015). It is reported that, to
the great extent, in the cities, there are equal challenges on disposing of waste
water and minimizing negative impacts to the environment (UN, 2012). Globally
and regionally, in order to develop solutions for effective management of urban
water supply and service delivery, due to the increased pressure of rapid urban
growth, there should be strong driven design and management processes of urban
water systems (Elimelech, 2016).

Urbanization will stand as the one of the world’s most significant challenges in the
next few decades in the aspect of socio-economic development (UN-DESA, 2019).
According to the United Nations Population Prospects Report (2016) developing
countries are going to experience higher rate of population growth in urban area
compared to the developed ones. It has also been reported that in the developed
countries urban population is expected to increase, from 0.9 billion in the year
2000 to 1 billion in the year 2030 representing the overall growth rate of 1%
(Brockerhoff, 2015). In less developed countries, urban population would grow
from 1.9 billion in the year 2000 to 3.9 billion in the year 2030 with the average of
2.3% per year (UN, 2016:2015). Most of the cities in developing countries are
already faced by enormous backlogs in shelter, infrastructures, and services as well
as confronted with…. This situation leads to problems like insufficient water
supply, deteriorating sanitation and environmental pollution. The larger population
in any geographical coverage poses challenges to higher demand of water which
may result into simultaneously decreasing the ability of ecosystems to provide
more regular and cleaner supplies (Brockerhoff, 2015).

Urbanization in the cities creates some problems including scarcity of water, solid
wastes, as well as tremendous impact on the water supply management and service
(UN-DESA, 2018). In order to meet the future, water demand by the rapidly
increasing population, cities are a great need to tap their water supply from deep
ground and/or surface sources (Nyampundu, 2020; Wawa, 2020). This process is
recommended to take place far away from the urban area where a large group of
people dwell (UN, 2015). Moreover, the rapid increase of the buildings in urban
areas disturbs the local hydrological cycle and environment as these lead to
reduction of the natural infiltration opportunity which produces the rapid peak
storm of water flow (Elimelech, 2016)

In Tanzania, urban population is rapidly expanding (World Bank Group, 2017) a

situation that is closely influenced by urbanization of the cities like Dodoma city.
This condition poses great challenges to the urban water supply authorities
including scarcity of water in the households, poor waste management through
illegal sewerage connections and vandalism (World Bank Group, 2021:Msuya et
al., 2020). The most dominant source of drinking water for Tanzanians in urban
areas is piped water which accounts for about 26.3 percent only (World Bank
Group, 2017). A relatively small percentage relies on other sources, both improved
(boreholes or tube wells which covers about 5 percent; and unimproved (tanker
trucks or small carts covers 4.9 percent; unprotected wells, covers about 4.4
percent; among others (World Bank Group, 2021).

It is well revealed that most of the urban water supply authorities with regard to
DUWASA in Dodoma city are under capacity in the whole process of ensuring
quality and accessible water services to the citizens or water users (World Bank
Group, 2021:2017). Studies show that, while urban sanitation coverage has
increased, improved and unshared, it is disclosed that facilities still only cover 43
percent of the urban population (World Bank Group, 2017; Nyampundu, 2020).
Additionally, lack of funds, poor revenue collection mechanisms and low capacity
of managing water supply infrastructures, have been found to be part and parcel of
many urban water supply authorities which then cause multiple challenges on the
whole process of providing basic water service to the urban population (Mchome,
2014). It is also reported that there would be a huge number of people living in
Tanzania’s urban areas in the few coming decades. The growth rate is expected to
surpass 20 million urban dwellers by 2030 (World Bank Group, 2021:2017;
UNICEF, 2012).
Research Gap
A research gap provides viability for a research as it essentially alerts the reader
and others in the field to a place in the research that needs attention (Marini,
2014).Urbanization is associated with a balanced economic development across the
country. The previous studies including the World Bank Group (2021), Swai
(2006) evidenced that there have been some progressive concentration on
empirical evidences on urbanization and water service delivery in Tanzania and
particularly in Dodoma city

The previous studies conducted in Tanzania like those in Dar-es-Salaam and

Dodoma cities concentrated on the issues focusing on urbanizing, socio-economic
and environmental impacts; Dodoma building a sustainable city to meet
neighborhood needs; challenges of urbanization in Tanzania; flood risks and
coping strategies in urban informal residential areas and urban growth in Tanzania
(Gwaleba, 2018). Others spotlighted on the challenges, opportunities and
management of urbanization pace in Tanzania, delivery of water and electricity in
the selected urbanized cities; and also challenges facing wastewater management
in fast growing cities in Tanzania with the focus on Dodoma city (Lindeboom,
2008)

Despite the mentioned previous studies, yet at great extent the urbanization and its
impacts on water supply services in the cities like Dodoma city have not been
studied. It was therefore identified that it was not yet known on how the
urbanization has impacted the delivery of water services in the cities of Tanzania
with special focus on Dodoma city. Then, this study intended to go beyond those
studies which many of them were conducted out of Dodoma city. Despite the fact
that Dodoma is a fast growing city as it agreed by Wawa (2020), Msuya et al.
(2020) very limited studies have been conducted focusing on the subject matter.
Therefore, this study intended to bridge the existing knowledge gap by assessing
the impact of urbanization on water service delivery in Dodoma city with a focus
on Dodoma Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority (DUWASA) as the core
and only mandated water supply authority in the area.
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
This chapter describes the research methodology used in the study. The chapter
explains the methodological approaches that were applied to enable the sample to
respond to the research questions. This chapter covers the study location, research
design, and target population. It also involves sampled size, unit of analysis,
research approaches, and methods for data collections. Likewise validity,
reliability and ethical considerations are highlighted. Lastly, data analysis plan is
detailed.

Location of the Study

This study was conducted in the Dodoma city with the close focus of DUWASA.
The city is located at 6°10′23′′S 35°44′31′′E coordinates in the centre of the
country. The town is 453 kilometres west of the former capital that is, Dar-es-
Salaam and 441 kilometres south of Arusha, the headquarters of the East African
Community. It is also 259 kilometres north of Iringa through Mtera. The city
covers an area of 2,669 square kilometres of which 625 square kilometres are
urbanized.

The motives behind the selection of Dodoma city included; it is among the fast
growing cities in Tanzania (Wawa, 2020) with the increasing population in the city
as the current projected population for Dodoma urban district was 410,956 among
them 199,487 males and 211,469 females with 93,399 households having an
average population growth rate of 4.4% as of 2020 (Babune, 2020). The increased
population has been closely associated with the movement of people from the
neighbouring regions due to the transfer of the Government Business Centre from
Dar-es-Salaam to Dodoma city.

Research Approach
This research study employed mixed research approach where qualitative and
quantitative approaches were applied. The overall purpose and central premise of
combining both qualitative and quantitative technique was that they helped to
provide a better understanding of the research problem and complex phenomena
than it would be with either approach alone. This research approach is supported
by Creswell (2007). Mixed research approach was also helpful in this study as it
supported much on gathering information at the same time and introduced it in
phases. This approach influenced the study to employ closed-ended and open-
ended questionnaires as well as interviews as the methods for data collection
In this study, qualitative approach was used the main approach. According to
Wilson (2014) qualitative research approach is mainly designed to acknowledge
whether the knowledge is socially constructed and inextricably linked to peoples’
backgrounds, histories, cultural, present and even inductive understanding of
participants’ experiences. In this case, the approach required research questions
which comprised of textural data (Williams, 2007).

Research Design
This refers to the use of evidence-based procedures and guidelines that give out the
tools and framework for performing a research study (Majid, 2018). The study
employed cross-sectional research design. This research design offered an
opportunity for the study to investigate the attitudes and knowledge on the subject
matter. This allowed the examination of associations between variables, it was
quick and relatively inexpensive during data collection process and also it helped
the researcher to collect relevant information or data as it is supported by Johnson
(2010).

Target Population
According to Bhattacharjee (2012) target population involves all the members
who meet the particular criteria which are specified for a research investigation.
With regard to this research study, the target population was 37,446 citizens from
three Dodoma Urban Wards which included Viwandani, Dodoma Makulu and
Nzuguni. The total target population was attained as the summation of the number
of people residing in the three selected Wards. This population was involved
because it was directly connected to the impact of urbanization as their areas were
mostly receiving daily changes in terms of building structures, increased number of
people and shortage of water access from DUWASA. Additionally, employees
from DUWASA including Head of Departments (HoD), Technicians and Revenue
officers were involved in the study as the key informants. The three wards were
selected purposively based on the fact that they were found within the city centre,
they had received a large number of people who were looking for residents as well
as many projects were taking place around the areas.