Dual systerm-1. Robert Clive orissa bengalcbihat 1765 to 1772 Warren hastings abolished. Mughals two set of officials.

Governor & subedar military defense. Powerful official diwan chief financial officers finance of state income& expenditure,
mere responsible to central govt i.e mughal ruler, check on other's governing power, position held by diff. Person, 2.
Aurangzeb death, war of succession, central power weak, peripheral official loosen control. In Bengal, murshid quli khan
subedar & diwan 3. Battle of Bexar, Mir Jafar puppet nawab his son nizam-ud-daullah, allowed nawabship 6 lakh to British,
govt 2 parts, actual work civil criminal police administration nawab, to carry out this work 53 lakh to eic annually,
responsibility nawab, real authority eic 4. Eic force nawab policies measures, authority inc right to collect revenue (diwani)
taking administration indirectly 5. Dual system 2 authorities (a) nawab local authority passive shadow of real authority (b)
British foreign authority dominant & Supreme REASONS 1. Clive disguise real position company, keep other European
power Away, administration own hand, signal European french British assuming political power conflict. 2. Started coming,
limited offical employees of eic or private merchant, shortage of manpower 3. Not familiar with local system, local custom
& judicial system new venture 4. Frequent conflict with nawab loosing time & men. Conflict satisfying ego nawabship of
Bengal STAGES 1st aquisition of nizamat: nizamat means criminal justice meant military defence defending frontrier nizam
ud duallah weak person, nawabship of Bengal condition 53 lakh, entire work carried out by him authority eic 2 offical
stationed mohommad Reza Khan Bengal ... Shitab Rai bihar, took all administrative decision 2nd aquisition of diwani : right
to collect revenue acquired from Shah Alam treaty of allahbad in return pay 26 lakh to Shah Alam MERITS 1. End wars b/w
eic &nawab, company got legal power 2. suspicion of European 3. Native power kept in check 4. Delayed Anglo maratha
conflict DEMERIT 1. Lead anarachy& confusion, nawab no real power to enforce order, zamindar oppressive, looted
people, merchant high prices 2.abuse of trade privilege 3. Peasants oppressed land revenue system, company interested
collecting not in development 4. Total interference in administration.

Permanent settlement..Bengal bihar orissa, extended to varanasi& north karnataka, applicable to 19% of British Indian
territory, Diwali obtained shah Alam, existing system land revenue hereditary zamindari system, ryot fixed share of produce
cash or kind 2. Zamindar mere collector office hereditary, sell & give away his zamindari rights,9/10 revenue state 1/10
themselves, zamindar demanding more revenue exploiting peasants 3. English collectors appointed collect revenue, Warren
hastings governor General replaced existing hereditary zamindari system highest bidder system, highest bidder 5 year,later
changed 1 year 4. Amount highest bidder state share as revenue, bidder collect as much no interest land, burden peasant
condition miserable, moneylenders flourish 5.cornwallis governor General change,decay agriculture, no regular system land
revenue started permanent settlement....1776 info regarding average land, cultivator pay next 10 year...1786 dirctor of eic
zamindar settlement for 10 years....1787 annual settlement...1789 10 year settlement made...1793 assessment made
permanent revenue fixed next 10 year remain same, create class of landlord some interest in land stable income state
FEATURES 1. Settlement made with zamindar,recognised owner of land, collect revenue 1/10 share, revenue demand fixed,
collection of rent detrimental rent wasn't fixed 2. Zamindar pay land revenue state stipulated time & date ,state sell it ,
zamindar relieved burden of paying fine succession 3. Land revenue fixed, rent amount unspecified, scope of exploitation of
peasants, prices increased &General inflation zamindar financially tight increased rent 4. Zamindar prosperous, zamondar
subdivision land holding middle men collection land revenue middlemen no interst exploit peasants ADVANTAGE 1.
Secured British dominion, zamindar owner, loyal class for British, proved beneficial seen in Revolt in 1857, fixed regular
income DISADVANTAGES 1. peasants overlooked, land revenue fixed, rent increased regularly 2. Zamindar oppressive,
force peasants pay more 3. No improvement in agriculture condition largely..
POLICE ADMINISTRATION 1. Duty to maintain law order landlords/zamindar. Maintained small troops,

supress internal disorder, theft, robbery, Cornwallis taken away zamindar given to magistrate, dist divided diff. Thanas, each
thana a daroga, large no. Of men, still no. Of crime inc. 2. 1813, committee appointed look police administration, 1814 court
of director condemned org. Of daroga, recommended estd of village police. Thomas Munro put order in practice, 1816,
Madras regulation no. 16 estd police system in Madras 3. Hereditary village watchmen once again appointed, placed under
village headman,tehsildar,collector. Bombay presidency, superintendent of police appointed worked help of spies.oversees
or gurdwara appointed, they harassed common man. William bentick, certain changes police system 4. Divisional
commissioner appointed, superintendent of police abolished, office magistrate transfered to collector, collector-magistrate
head police & divisional commissioner performed function of superintendent of police, 1835, divisional commissioner
relieved judicial function more time to police work. 5. 1854, another committee appointed, increasing salaries of lower staff,
improvement character chaukidars, appointed experienced officials as zila magistrate, appointme y 100 despite magistrate&
improving criminal courts 6. Local police act passed Bengal, Chandigarh appointed higher pay, military police cantonment
area of Punjab sindh madras bomabu , superintendent of police appointed every dist, every tensile, native police officer
appointed 7. Madras presidency, police force under independent European officers, police organised Irish & english lines ,
police administration to commissioner of police called inspector General assisted by deputy commissioner. 8. Revolt of
1857, police system reorganize, commission appointed investigate police administration, abolition of military police
sperate org., management of police force, each district under dist. Superintendent of police, all post appointed by British 9.
1861 police act passed most recommendation accepted. Police officers recruited British army till 1893 appointment by open
competition started. 1902 Andrew Fraser suggested changes, police force consisted eu police services directly recruited
from England, provincial police service recruited entirely in india, upper subordinate police services inspector &sub
inspector, lower police subordinate constable & head constable . Junior subinspector appointed assist investigation, head
constable assisted guarding, patrolling, escorting , increments pays granted, cantonment police discontinue & railway police
orgainsed on lines of dist police. PRISION ADMINISTRATION 1. Jail system instanitry, demoralising,
filthy&unorganised, heavy punishment, employed as labour on roads, health rules not , death rates high, employed in state
run factories 2. 1834, first prison reforms Macaulay, appointed a committee actual state of prison prepare plan improvement,
abolition of outdoor labour, solitary confinement within doors, better classification of prisoners, supply of ration, prisoner to
cook his own meal & appointment inspectors 3. 1855, inspector general appointed, no major improvement, 1865, John
Lawrence 2nd prison committee, drafts regulating conditions of prisons, nothing was tabled 4. Lord Lytton, 1876,3rd prison
committee, various offical visist jail look into health & sanitary, submitted report 1892 general prison act1894. Diffrent kind
of imprisonment specified, confinement, simple prisoment, solitary imprisonment, rigourus punishment with or without hard
labour, accomodation provided in jail, large centre jail - more than 1 year. Jail headquarters- rigourus punishment. 1903 40
central jail, 192 dist jail, 498 subsidiary jail, jails provincial level inspector general Indian medical services, Assisted by
superintendent, dist jail under dist surgeon by dist magistrate. 6 subsidiary jails official subordinate medical service 7. Jail
staff : higher class - jailor, deputy jailor, assistant jailor lower class - warden supervision 8. Followed confinement
day&night, prisoners diff class: trial, women, juveniles, ordinary convicts, habitual offenders, civil prisoners 9. Schedule
specified, rise early work morning, small meal, work again, mid day lunch, work again, until evening 3rd meal night 10.
Female prisoners disciplined as male priosners, juvenile, separate wards , bcoz of good conduct, life imprisonment released
early 11. Transportation beyond jail permitted, largely sent to Singapore, Malaysia, Andaman.
Subsidiary alliance- Load Wellesley. Administrators two policies the policy of non interference. Didn't get bring territories
left native states untouched policy of non interference. Forward policy Increase territory native State governor general
Wellesley. Established supremacy British or native Indian states enhance resources of EIC .British arbitrator local rules,
conflict between two natives EIC British resident indirect control over native rulers. Subsidiary alliance British protection
dependent para mountancy of British internal and external production. Native ruler supremacy of British. 4 stages Sending
troops to help NR needed or ask for. The fight with other NR. Proof goodwill gestures and later fooling them. troop nawab
Avadh against rohilas. Aiding nr to native conflict common cause one of native. British army permanently stationed return
of the maintenance of the army. army stationed maintained by the NR. Making the ruler believe on army in discipline British
army technology advanced beneficial annual subsidiary charges. Taking territory in place of money. Native fail to pay,
subsidiary amount very high after year equal territory taken. Features - foreign policy of NR over by company SA to accept
supremacy of British, handover their foreign policy. British army into the territory. To NR conflict British arbitrator, resident
stationed. Advantages - enhanced the companies prestige and resources. Raise army and maintain it subsidy revenue their
received. Expenses reduced military strength increased. European influence removed. Indians loss of prestige for native
dependent on British functioning was checked by British. Foreign policy. Mere puppet. Neglect of welfare of common.
SA,NR protection by British internal disturbances. Ruler pleasures of life in different parts problem led to misgovernance,
chaos. Pension of nawab. Application - Hyderabad earliest state 1798. Nawab of Hyderabad defeated battle of kharda by
marathas. Asked for help British governer general 6 platoons return of ₹215000 per annum. British conflict with Tipu Sultan
bound to help. Sultan defeated nawab givan small part of Mysore territory. British troop Hyderabad increased subsidiary
amount unable to pay, part of Mysore taken back. EIC get more territory. Marathas peshwa baji rao || SA in 1802. 6000
soldier stationed. Dist. Yielding 26lakh. In 1803 ruler of berar, Nagpur &scndia. British resident stationed Nagpur. Delhi,
agra, Ahmednagar & broach . Awadh pretext of bad administration lord Wellesley guided by strategic financial aid. Afghan
ruler Zaman Shah planning to invade awadh persuaded nawab of British support . In 1801. Nawab handed over Gorakhpur,
rohil khand and half of ganga yamuna doab. Surat dual system of governance Surat. In 1799 nawab died Wellesley finished
dual system. 1800 , SA successor of nawab. Nawab perished off territory of Surat. Tanjore was war of the succession
between rival claimants Raja of Tanjore, sarfauji SA handed over the entire territory accept the city of Tanjore British.
40000 pounds annually as pension. Son was to be succed, without a natural successor Tanjore was totally
annexed by British. Revolt 1857- first main revolt against British,Instance Indian freedom struggle. two major regarding the
outbreak of revolt. was popular rebellion of people sepoy mutiny .British administration John bruce opinion rebellion of
people supported by historian Alexander deaf, James outRam and Malleson. Historian like Charles raikes was rebellion of
soldiers. Exported by Indian writers Kishore Chand Mishra, s.c Mukherjee, Harish Chandra Mukherjee. Sepoy mutiny.
Mohamaddan association resolution condemning mutiny. was a sepoy, no native leader. Started by discontended soldiers.
Those who believed popular rebellion refuted on ground that leadership of mutiny remained in hands of civilian. Civilian
including peasants joined the mutiny. V. D savarkar first war of independence. Civilian and soldier took part. spread quickly.
Upper hostile to rebels. Zamidar and talukdar initially joined land returned. Merchants hostile to rebels. Medley T.R Holmes
religious war. Was a war of fanatics against Christianity. Conflict between inferior and superior civilization. . Marxist
historian struggle of soldier,peasants combined against foreign. First step towards National struggle for independence. Bipin
chandra political act and civil rebellion. CAUSES main cause discontentment among Indian field of political, in economic,
social and religious matter. Political causes expansion of British territories discontentment among the natives. unjustifiable
annexed. Territory of awadh full stop the people had to pay higher amount of land greater property tax. Annexation of Jhansi
and Nagpur. States of taluks were forcibly taken by British. delay in payment land revenue. Policy of doctrine of lapse.
Considered as direct encroachment by British. Administrative policies discontentment. Adjust to new system. Policy of
resumption of land and grants. Governed by foreign country unaware problems faced by people. The loss could not be
understood by common man. Economic causes drain of destruction of handicraft introduction of ryotwari system,
permanent settlement. Affected trade and industry. Imposing height tariffs Indian goods exported. Iron and smelting industry
was destroyed. Largely agriculture colony of British. Rise of plantation system in India. forced to grow Indigo. Made it
infertile. Religious causes work of Christian missionaries. Attacked Hindu and Islamic religion. By their interference in
social customs like sati. Forbidden to wear cast discriminatory marks. The question of Grease cartridges. Result of revolt/
constitutional provisions passing of Government of India act 1857 act for better governance of India. first set of provisions
the home government. Governed by the queen who was to act secretary of state. All powers court of director. Rights
revenue of paramountacy to crown. The board transferred secretary of state. Secretary send annual financial report revenue.
Nationalism- feeling belonging to group united common racial linguistic historical by particular territory. Consists ideology
considers nation state an ideal form political Organisation, rooted in economic policies. India classical colony, leading
market for British good, source of raw material. Economic outlook 3 phases, 1st- merchantilist - 1757-1813, direct loot and
plunder. 2nd industrial capitalism 1813-1858 charter 1813 allowed private merchants to settle free trade marked by capitalist
exploitation. 3rd Finance imperlism- export of capital, controlled banks, import export. Features of all 3 phases-
disindustrialistion Indian handicrafts, ruin Indian trade, commercialization agriculture. Land settlement l, misery of peasants.
Outbreak famines, British had no policy, export continued that alienates even loyal classes. 1877 cotton import duty
abolished. Failure if Revolt cleared Revolt not possible by landed classes, new channels to be adopted. Rising educated
middle class, platform for socio religious movement. Brahmo samajists- believed nationalization, free cooperation,
supported liberty, democracy. Opposed oppression, tyranny, leaders Cr Das, biking Chandra pal, believed Indians endowed
with same capacity to govern. 2 week newspaper Raja ram- Samvad kaumudi, murat ul akbar, took up cause of peasants.
Arya samjaists- lala rajapt rai, lala Hanraj, promoted feeling of pride, good govt never substitute of self govt. Newspaper -
arya patrika. started Shuddhi movement, reconversion to Hinduism. Cow protection 1882. Movement against agrarian laws
1901. Unified systerm of administration introduced, unified law, judicial, land revenue, used for better exploitation of
resources but generated similar sense of grievances. Similar prob and common to fight. Railway started in 1883 for
commercialization but become means of transportation, ghokhle wasted punjab , surendra nath all India tour 1885. Education
English medium, forming class person,Indian blood English opinion, realized I'll effect of foreign rule, inspired European
movements German and Italians unification. Inspired liberal ideology bentham Rousseau. English language common
medium.western thought Education confined upper class, majority vernacular languages, newly emerging political leaders
demanded role of vernacular in education. Communicated idea od democracy liberty equality. 1867 bengali prganised mela,
spred nationalism,promote indengenous craft, bankim Chandra wrote anandmath exposed tyranny, din-bandu wrote Neel
Darpan highlighting indigo.wrote poems against aggression. PRESS helped dissemination Pol ideas arousing strong public
opinion. Press 2 type Indian, Anglo Indian. 1780 James Augustus, mickey- Bengal gazette. 1818- samachar darpan. 1821-
samvad kaumudi. 1851- Rast gaftar. Hindu patriot editorship harish chandra. 62 newspaper circulation in Bombay, 60
awadh, 32 Bengal. Large Pol leader own newspaper amrit bazaar patrika, gosh. Rajpat rai the people. Gandhi young India.
Arms act 1878 disarmed Indians, no instance Indian shooting eu but eu shooting Indian. Vernacular press act- restrictions in
publication, ilbert bill controversy, Indian judges not try eu , ripping governor General change this, British and Indian ½
Brahmo samaj.1. British deep impact social political life people poor condition intellectual growth. Orientations, William
Jones, James prince, max Mueller. Bring into limelight the glories of Indians past, contributed toward discovering
rediscovering India's past emphasize national awakening 2. Detrimental effect witnessed work carried out Christian
missionaries. Propagated Christianity imperial interest Britain prosperity of eic, spread Christianity, Inc.trade, denounced
existing rites&rituals 3. Intellegentio emerged, educated western culture, recognized need of reform ancient & social
institutions. Raja ram Mohan Roy founded brahmo samaj 1828 , it meant one God society, western education dozen
languages mastered philosophy, sanskrit and Arabic. Questioned orthodox beliefs, published his idea of religion, Persian
tract (tohfat-al-muwabhiddin) worship of more than one God 4. Against sati, 1818 a conference between an advocate for and
opponent of practice of burning widows alive. Various Hindu scripture justify sati not required. Banned in 1828, challenged
orthodox Hindus 5. Advocated women's right education, right to inherit property , against polygamy. Rejected idol worship ,
Hindu religion in pure form, Vegas, upanishad vedanta-sutra concept based on logic and reason , free of contradiction ,
translated scripture veda shahtra in vernacular and English 7. Against practice of prohibiting lower class, rejected the claims
of Christian missionaries superior. 8. Against caste system , divided society and brought disunity, against polytheism, wrote
a work 'a gift to monotheism 9. Friendly association called atmiya sabha recite Hindu scripture sing hymn , aug 1828 met
organised way 1st time people recite sansktrit and bengali 10. Tried to bring reform, condemned subordinate of women,
child remarriage, propagated education , set up English school in 1817, vedanta college in 1825 11. Propagated Pol rights ,
representation of Indians in council , indianisation of army , separation of executive and judiciary 12. Indian were endowed
with same capacity to rule as other civilized people, pioneer of journalism, brought journals 13. Major newspapers samvad
kaumudi and murat ul akbar, demanded change in permanent settlement, fixation of land rent ,removal of export duties
abolition of free trade 14. After death of Ram Mohan Roy, debenranath tagine revive brahmo samaj , founded tattvabodhini
sabha 1843 opened branch in Dhaka 15. Keshav Chandra Sen founded sangat sabha 1860, sponsored inter caste marriage,
widow remarriage, 1864 took brahmo smaaj to madras,Bombay.
ARYA SAMAJ 1.arya samaj Swami dayananda Saraswati, religious text,mastered Sanskrit,become a shaivite,discipline of
Swami virajnanda. Purify Hindu religion, save from degeneration 2. Truth found in Vedas scriptures 2 categories:(a) arsha-
bedad texts based proper understanding (b) unarsha- post Mahabharata true Veda lost 3. Rejected polytheism, idol
worship,Brahmin preists 1872, Bengal met debendranath tagore,brhamo samajist. advice student Raja jaikishan das
published satyartha prakash,elaborated concept true hindu, condemned orthodox religion- Hinduism 5.1875 founded
Bombay Arya samaj 1877 Delhi Punjab ,Lahore college 6. 14 June 1877 Lahore Arya samaj laid 10 points,firsts Vedic
school farrukhabad 1869 15 student enrolled, 1870 mirzapur, 1873 varansi, taught Vedas, upnishad, aryankas 7. He died
ajmer, Arya samaj in sep 1883 sib committee collect fund, antrang sabha, received letter lala hansraj, agreed to
work,principal in Vedic institution. 1st dayanand Anglo Vedic school opened Lahore 9. Arya pratinidhi sabha centralise org,
Arya sabhas estd rajasthan 1888, Bengal Bihar 1889, mp 1889 10. Death of dayanand, conflict. Appeard (a) guru dutta
gurukul party 'militant group' stressed Aryan ideology strict vegetarianism (b) moderate group , college party , vegetarianism
is a matter of personal choice . Hansraj won become principal, gurukul group gained control over Arya pratinidhi sabha,
took control managing committee 11. Other form of service, orphanage in Ferozepur, Christian relief work, started shuddhi
movement converting back hindu religion 12. Ram and devraj girl school jalalabad Arya Kanya pathshala, founded monthly
magazine panchala pandit 13. Advocated widow remarriage , gurukul kangui haridwar 1891 to 1901 araya samaj inc. 131% ,
inc. within Punjab and up 14. 1896 satyaratha prakash Mauritius Bengal infantry. Swami paramanad Nairobi and Durban
1910 to 1922 popularized British East Africa Fiji 15. Supported Gandhi in non cooperation , campaigned Jat pat todak
movement, moplah attacked kerela, Arya samajist collected funds have to rebuild houses. Condemned caste system, new
movement Punjab, aray rakshak Arya vur dal served satyagrah struggle Hyderabad, set up camps partition in Punjab

INC- foundation- culmination of process, political awakening,1860s. Educated class interested in politics saw themselves
representatives of national interest, starting body act as platform, national spirit and progress. Realized demands been
making reduction import duty, military expenditure, freedom of press. Growth of young radical nationalists joined politics,
started new associations- narrow. British Indian association of Bengal identified interests of zamindars, madaras native
associations too reactionary, younger nationalists - Surendernath banerjee founded Indian association 1876. 1880 new
political life emerged, nationalists newspaper- Hindu, tribune, kesari, bengali. Newspaper, political bodies immersed. Indian
mirror calcula continuous campaign freedom, 1883 Indian associations orgsnised all India national conference, gained
experience, large agitation, continuous campaign, reduce cotton import duties, indianisation of CS, 1882 vernacular press
act, arms act, campaign against plantation labour. All India efforts to raise national fund, promote political agitation, 1885
Indian appealed to vote candidates that friendly to Indians. All India political Organisation necessity, 28dec 1885- Indian
national congress. Founded- AO hume 65 individual. Popular theory- safety value theory- British wanted Organisation save
administration from another political outburst. 2nd theory- quasi constitutional- similar to opposition party. 1st session-
resolution ics exams, adoption principles election instead nomination. Objective to promote unity, join Indians, create class
of Indian people, BG Tilak, national unity, people to change, act as promoter. Anand Charles presidential adress Inc as major
nationalism, diversity- special efforts carried out, rotate congress in different parts, president from that part only. No
resolution in minority, majority. Create platform, political workers, together,conduct activities, mobilize people, highlight
grievances, training organization, public opinion,politicizing educated class, national political leadership, nations become
capable, full political, eradicate prejudices, start national leadership, indigenisation of democracy, politics on sovereignty,
considered not party but movement, one class one group, against anti colonialism
NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT 1. 1919 GOI known as Montague chemsforld reform. Dyarchy introduced, imp
matters finance governor general, Indian minister portfolio edu, health, agriculture which required considerable finance
which was with governor general, little funds issued to Indian 2. 1918 sedition committe justice rowlatt report seditious
movement, people arrested imprisoned seditious activities posession of publish unpublished matter seditious nature.
Executive power preventive detention enforced residence suspected Pol leaders. Civil Liberty suppressed. Resulted anger,
bill considered denial of self determination & liberty, Gandhi called nationwidee satyagrah 30 March 1919 changed 6 April
1919, marked by observing fast , prayers. 6th April nationwide hartaal, Gandhi arrested 8 April, widespread agitation Punjab
dr.satyapal & kitchlew arrested 10 April 4. Procession taken out protest against both. Procession stopped military hall gate
bridge fired upon violence 5 Englishmen killed, ban all public meeting 13 April prayer meeting jallianwala bagh, general
Dyer fired upon 1605 round 379 dead April 15 martial law 6.enquire incident hunter committee 6 member appointed, mere
eyewash, general Dyer conduct based on honest but mistaken conception of duty, house of lord voted in favour reward 2000
pound sword of honour 7. World war 1 eco social consequences of warz plunder of Indian human and material resources.
Indian army inc 1.2 million, sent to mismanaged areas of Mesopotamia, voluntarily requirement compulsory Punjab 355000
young men recruited, food raw material pumped out, defence expenditur inc. to 300% burden of taxes on people 8. Treaty of
sevres Britain turkey, question to khilafat, highest religious official Islamic world, spiritual leader to muslim, muslim angry,
no longer control over holy places, Turkish Empire dismembered. Khalifa abolished march 1920 deputation Britain stop
dismemberment 10. Mohd Ali Jinnah & Shaukat Ali joined congress, Gandhi sympathetic muslims non cooperation and non
violent struggle, tremendous pressure on Congress jallianwala bagh, town worker middlemen high prices, people affected by
epedemic famines 12. Stage set up Gandhi popular support movement in champaran kheda Ahmedabad, understand strength
weakness of masses 13. May 1920 congress session benaras Gandhi launched non cooperation under President ship of lala
lajpat rai 7 votes only. In dec 1920 resolution to continue NCP Vijay raghav chari president. 4 PHASES 1st Jan to march
1921 : student leaving school, lawyer practice, official refusal govt functions, estd private court , introduce charkha
programme 2nd march to April 1921. Tilak swaraj fund 1 crore 1 crore congress member 20 lakh charkha distribute, non
payment of taxes boycott of foreign goods 3rd April to nov 1921 visit prince of Wales protest against visit, jails flooded with
volunteers nationwide strikes 4th dec to Feb 1922 demand complete independence, large scale arrest, soldier refuse to serve
oversees, unlawful to join British army cut all ties with British 16. 1921 changes introduced working committee 15 member
formed, provincial congress committee linguistic basis, movement rapid growth student left school 90000 joined govt school
180 lawyer gave up practice cr das c rajagopalchari motilal mehru 17. National College set up tilak Maharashtra vidyapith,
Kashi vidyapith , bihar vidyapith , national College Lahore Jamia millia islamia Delhi 18. 1921 40 lakh enrolled congress
member 20000 charkha distributed, tilak swaraj funds raised to 1 crore, very less voting of legislative council,. Foreign
goods brunt liquor shop pickted, dec in govt revenue import fell 19 opression and coercion crush the movement newspaper
banned 50 thousand arrested people reacted by court arresting, congress granted Pradesh committee to start civil
disobedience movement in midnapore , chirala porala no tax movement in Andhra Pradesh 20. Feb 1922 all leader except
Gandhi arrested Feb 1922 chauti chaura took place mob killed 5 police fire police station 12 Feb Gandhi withdrew
movement on 13 march given 6 year imprisonment . 21. Major significance first mass movement hindu Muslim unity, initial
appeal of self sacrifice less succesful , edu boycott more successful 20 head masters resigned 11575 student resigned 442
school started in Bihar Orissa 190 in Bengal 137 in up, economic boycott, import fell 102 to 57 crore, labour strike observed
396 strikes student walkout 23. 20 feb 100 akalis massacred nankana saheb nov 1921 British refused to handover keys of
golden temple (key affair) Krishan Singh and mola Singh fougt 25. rajasthan udaipur peasant rallies local taxes 26 Bombay
Muslim traders, peasants of bardoli refused to pay taxes 4 month long strike in Madras 27. Andhra Pradesh resistance
movement conversion of locality into municipality 28. Up movement strongest more people enrolled a s congress member
large leader such as jawaharalal nehrul lal bahudar shastri emerged from this region.
REVOLUTIONARIES 1. World war 1 REVOLUTIONARIES Suppressed large no. of leaders jails or absconding. 1919 British bring
GOI act 1919 to create general harmonious, British released leader 1920 general amnesty. 2. NCP most Revolutionaries joined. Suspended
their other activities, movement youth questioned basis of national leadership. No longer attracted parliamentary polityswarajist getting
attracted toward revolutionary idea. To branch action punjab, u.p ,Bihar next active in Bengal. Influence of working class Trade union
influenced Russian revolution attracted toward communist and social idea.revolutionary reorganized themselves leadership of ramparsad,
jogesh Chatterjee, sachinder nath. Got together 1924 Hindustan Republican association.organized armed revolution overthrow colonial rule.
men and weapons required .needed money. Kakori train robbery. 1 aug. 1925. 10men train at kakori looted official railway cash. Govt.
Arrested large no. Of. Men. Jaydev Kapoor, kumar sinha continued the movement in U.P, bhagat Singh, sukhdev in punjab. Met at
firozshahkotla 9 sep. 1928. Adopted socialism as their goal changed name of hindusthan socialist republic association. Protest against Simon
commission, L.L.rai died. Avenged his death police officers sondur involved lathi-charge, assassinated bhagat, rajguru, sukhdev. Threw
bomb central legislature. 8 April 1928 bill curbing civil liberties public dispute Bill. Main objective get arrested, trial court forum
propaganda became familiar movement ideology. Bhagat Singh tried bomb case along with 10 other conspiracy charges hanged in 1931.
Revolutionary organised underground activities. Continued work in congress. wanted access large no. Of people. Cooperated C.R das
swarajnist work. After his death Congress leadership divided two groups s.c. Bose and j.M sen Gupta. Attempt assassinate Charles tegart
police commissioner intelligence bureau gopinath saah 1924. Earnest day killed business trip. Arrested Gopi nath hanged. Surya sen
reorganising Anand Singh tried organising rebellion. Occupying to main police armouries, chitta gaon , seizing arms, destroying telegraph,
dislocating railway. Chitta gaon armoury attack 18 April 1930. Took away 303 rifles .succeded in dislocating telephone and telegraph,
disrupting movement of train. 12 Revolutionary other took shelter in Village. 16 Feb. 1933 Surya Singh arrested repressive policy. Burnt
several villages. nehru arrested Charges of sedition. young provided shelter, acted as stranger to school girl shot dead. Middle of 1930 less
individual attacks British official. Revolutionary attacked property symboyof colonial state. Revolutionary in jail, rethinking began, didn't
last long, little connect with masses. Not a mass movement.Quit india movement 1. Sept 3 1939, viceroy associates British war Germany .
without consulting provincial Indian leaders. Congress hostile toward fascism. Viceroy linlthgow rejected offers full cooperation promise
post war constituent assembly . Us president Roosevelt and Chiang kai shek China pressure on Churchill seek active India participation . 2.
Mission called cripps mission, announced aim early realization of self govt actual draft represented dominion status, constitution making
body members elected provincial assemblies nominated princely states and demand for Pakistan. 3.outbreak of war already, eco impact
misery , industrial development received stimulate, British discouraged Indian efforts, production of automobile Inc. Prices, 60 point rise
in food grain prices , shortage of salt rice 4. Hitler invaded Russia, Indian communist supported anti Britain anti fascist struggle or not.
Japan invaded South East Asia and threaten to end British empire in India. Withdrawal British in South East Asia Burma, bringing wound to
British soldier in assam feeling fall of British rule, all non white residents left to their fate 5. Migrant laborers walk hundred of miles many
died in way home, Indian realized British going down defeat bold strike to freedom 6. March 1940 talk of civil disobedience, freedom of
speech to make anti British pronouncements. 20000 jails, satyafrah movement in Calcutta subash Chandra bose joined Muslim students 3
months, asking British to leave . Congress wardga committee decision to start movement. 8 August 1942, gwalia tank, gandhi gave call for
do or die, free India or die in attempt yo free India. QIM servant not resogn their post openly declare allegiance to Congress, not to leave
army but refuse to fire upon Indian, student to leave study only if kill for independence, peasants not to pay taxes 3 PHASES 1st viole t
rapid quickly widespread hartal clash police army Calcutta delhi Bombay patna, strikes kanpur Lucknow nagpur, Tata steel plant closed for
13 days 2nd countryside student benaras patna cutback main leaders, destroyed communication, peasant rebellion 3rd violent avtivites,
youth damaged communication, Sabo activities gorilla warfare. 9 aug Congress arrested. Classhed people authorities, leader taken
unknown destination attacked police station police office , all symbol of British. National flag hoisted , railway tracks removed , telegraph
were cut , road distributed new sheets. Couriers underground network. Student BHU, nearby village spread message quit India. Train
hijacked . 80%police station attacked 208 outpost. 332 railway station 495 posy office 664 bomb explosion 1600 Incident 26 incidents of
railway. Attitude of govt repression fine 90 lakh collected , suspects whipped business man donated generously, student act as Couriers,
villager refused give info. Collected money and bomb offices passed info to local all communication disrupted formation of parallel govt.
Parallel govt on balia, leadership chitlu Pandey Collected to hand . Power to congress leader. Parallel givt balasur, plunder of salt depots,
disruption of communication, swaraj panchayat, distributes food grain . Satara attack on post offices , banks looted 10 Feb 1943 gandhi
went on fast to condemn violent activities blamed British for violence 3 members of viceroy council resigned may 1944 gandhi released
medical ground emphasis on contract work congress revived leader release 1945. After shimla conference movement ended.