An-Najah National University

Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences

Name: Layan Raed Mhamed

Reg no: 12029696

Topic: Extraction of Atropine from Belladonna leaf

 Belladonna
Belladonna, also known as atropa belladonna or deadly nightshade, is a perennial
herbaceous plant in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Its roots, leaves and fruits
contain Hyoscyamine, Scopolamine, and mostly, Atropine.

"Atropine" is a tropane alkaloid extracted from Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna),

Its pharmacological effects are due to binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (It is
an antimuscarinic agent)
The most common atropine compound used in medicine is “atropine sulfate”

Uses:
1- Ophthalmic use: as a mydriatic, to dilate the pupils
2- Resuscitation: Atropine injections are used to treat pulseless electrical activity (PEA),
asystole, and bradycardia (very low heart rate) in cardiac arrest.
3- Secretions and broncho constriction: Atropine's actions on the parasympathetic nervous
system inhibits salivary, sweat, and mucus glands. This can be useful in treating
hyperhidrosis.
4- Treatment for organophosphate poisoning: Atropine is given as treatment for a
SLUDGE (Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Diaphoresis, Gastrointestinal motility,
Emesis) symptoms caused by organophosphate poisoning
5- Anti-spasmodic.

The following steps are involved in the preparation of belladonna extract: crushing the
belladonna herb; soaking and percolating in a 50-90% concentration alcohol solution to
obtain filtrate and decompression recovering alcohol to prepare extractum; water
decocting the belladonna residue after alcohol extraction for 1-4 times, filtering, merging
filtrate, and concentrating to a relative density of 1-1.4; merging the alcohol extracted
extractum and the concentrated liquid; and further concentration to obtain the belladonna
extract.
Isolation:
Atropine is the racemic form of 1-hyoscyamine. The latter can be racemized by heating it
in an ethanol alkaline solution.
Atropine is made from the powdered substance's juice. Before the ether and benzene
extraction processes, the powdered medicinal material is completely immersed in an
aqueous Na2CO3 solution. Acetic acid is used to extract the alkaloid's free base from the
solvent. After removing the coloring ingredients from the acid solution with ether, the
alkaloid is precipitated with Na2CO3. The solution is then dried, filtered, and washed.
Before filtration, the dried material is resoaked in acetone or ether and dehydrated with
anhydrous sodium sulfate. When the filtrate is concentrated and the solution is
concentrated, a rough crystal of atropine is formed.
Synthesis of Atropine:
There are two main processes in the production of atropine:
1. Tropine synthesis
2. Tropic Acid Synthesis
3- Combining these two results in the creation of atropine.
The first step is the synthesis of tropine. When succinaldehyde, methylamine, and acetone
are mixed together directly, tropinone is produced. Tropinone is subsequently reduced to
make tropine.
In the second stage of the production of Tropic Acid, Phenyl Acetic Acid and Propyl
Magnesium Chloride are used to make an intermediate product, which is subsequently
processed with H2SO4 to produce Tropic Acid.
The final step in this procedure combines both products, i.e., tropine and tropic acid, to
create atropine by adding HCl.
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