Pronunciation Booster re Pronmneation Booster Is optional. t provides a pronunciation lesson and practice to support speaking in each unit raking students’ speech more comprehersibie: Tonka nouns bes Jue, happiness verbs a medal estes ahatve tinal, geen tent Words and function words ‘eats ian so Infra, content word ar gently ste osenive nonin to aut he function words are general esneees e™ hmenaratve grou ste at Ny BOSS ia PAN inthe HEC ineregatv prenaunt whe whee ves REAL TeRRIN Bose MARK is SUCH a SMART cy. Function words Tim SURE sel be 2 GREAT MANAGER, prepositions, fom, at Eonjnctions and, bi, oF stress in compound nouns eterminers 2, the, some Many compound nouns are made up of two nouns, withthe first one modifying personal pronouns he, she, they ese n tee coma, ses essen toa eg However when a noun is modified by an adjective, stress is equal on ts. ‘auxitary verbs have + [past participle ee 4 by an agject ites i aa on bath wns, be + [present participle] link APPLE juice BUT | ike RED APPLES. Be carefull When an auxiliary verb is negative She’ PEOPLE person, BUT She's a NICE PERSON, or used in shart answers, is general stressed, lesan APARTMENT building. BUT i's TALL BUILDING, CANT Go. He WON'T LIKE it. ‘Theyte EXERCISE machines. BUT Theyre NEW MACHINES. He hey PORT: ___ Nes TAWE. Sa BY 600 Listen and practice. 1 My BOSS isa PAIN in the NECK. 2 He's REALLY a TERRIFIC BOSS. 3 MARK is SUCH a SMART GUY. 4 Tm SURE shell be a GREAT MANAGER. Bi circte the content words. 1 Leam to live in the present. 3 He asked me to work faster. 2 He reminded me to call my mother. 4 Iprefer to stick closer to home. 02 Now practice reading each sentence aloud and listen to compare.* (Note that your choices may differ from what you hear on the audio.) Ty 05 Listen and practice. 1 I drink APPLE juice. I like RED APPLES. 2 She's a PEOPLE person. She's a NICE PERSON. 3 It's an APARTMENT building. It's a TALL BUILDING. 4 They're EXERCISE machines. They're NEW MACHINES. D) > 208 Practice reading each compound noun aloud and then listen to check.» 1 global warming 4 atelephone directory © 2 tennis courts 5 office managers = 3 areliable person 6 the bullet train “Noe: Whenever you see a steningactvty with an asterisk), say each word, phase, o sentence in the pause afer you hear each number Then ten for confton. PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER 143, Digitalizada com CamScanneriii iii ia In statements, commands, and information questions, lower pitch after the stressed syllable inthe last stressed ‘ord. I the last syllable inthe sentence is stressed, lower pitch on the vowel by lengthening I. ue ———— "havent been going to many concerts lately. Dont forget to watch them on YouTube tonight How long have you been listening to that song? ‘She's been practicing for several months. Ralse pitch after the stressed sylable in the last stressed word In yes / na questions and requests. If the last ‘lable inthe sentence is stressed, rase pitch on the vowel by lengthening it, ae a Have you been listening to Christina Per lately? (Could you pick up the tickets for me? Do you think she has @ nice vole? Has he been checking online? EX 205 Listen and practice. 1 Thaven't been going to many concerts lately. 2 Don't forget to watch them on YouTube ‘tonight. 3 How long have you been listening to that, ‘song? 4 She's been practicing for several months. 5 Have you been listening to Christina Perri lately? 6 Could you pick up the tickets for me? 7 Do you think she has a nice voice? ‘8 Has he been checking online? I circte the last stressed content word in each of the following sentences. If that word has more than one syllable, underline the stressed syllable. 1 That song has a great beat you can dance to, 2 Her catchy lyrics make you want to sing along, 3 Didn't you like that song's melody? ‘4 What time do you think the concert will be finished? 5 How long has she been dancing to that song? 5061 Now practice reading each sentence aloud, using the Intonation patterns you have learned. Listen to check.* ul 142 PRONUNCIATION BoosTER ee Digitalizada com CamScannerSS | Tie eu Examples of thought groups subject werd | don't how ‘noun pases my short erm gol preposional phrases bythe en ofthe month ‘prodieatesjtovnig In debt ou elauses were he mane) goes adjective causes tat pio st ear Site clouses_when ve nsec my report Longer sentences are usualy divided by rhythm into smal soups of words that natural oye aye dvd int thought groups wi at ane Ho statements ong speakers My sorte goal ost ing win ny mee NOT My short-term -+-goatis4 in en: 07 san ing | conten tbe tran dependent By nee / hope have ten «po jo “thought groups"— Fest of my ite, 8 a financial consultant Pitch in longer sentences In longer sentences, pit fal eer sentences, pitch may fal-orrse—after the last stressed syllable in each thought group, with no change in meaning. = ae at sr Once he tes Keeping / a realistic budget / hel init easy / to save money, OR = =e a at Once he tries keeping / a realistic budget / he'l find it easy / to save money. BB 607 Listen and practice. 1 My short-term goal is to start living within my means. 2 [don't plan to be financially dependent for the rest of my life. 3 By next year, [hope to have gotten a good job as a financial consultant. 4 a Once he tries keeping a realistic budget, he'll find it easy to save money. 4 b Once he tries keeping a realistic budget, he'll find it easy to save money. Ey Read the following sentences. Decide how you might break each sentence into thought groups. 1 By the end of this month, [hope to have finished paying off my student loans. 2 Intwo months, when we've finally paid off our house, we're going to have a big party to celebrate. 3 Tobe perfectly honest, I couldn't tell you where the money goes. 4 By next year, I will have completed my studies, but I don't think I will have gotten married. 58 Now practice reading each sentence aloud, paying attention to pitch. Listen to compare.* (Note that your choices may differ from what you hear on the audio.) Linking with vowels. vente Mer eonsonant sound of @ word [flowed by a vowel sound, nkthe sounds together Ign style now She bought him_an_elegant tie, Te_already bought a new sult. a8) esas estas orn is followed by the same sound ink the sound together as one sound. When the final consonant sound of a word Te blouse is_strined. They preferred_dark sults. What an attractive_vest! PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER Digitalizada com CamScanner 143,BX 09 Listen and practice. 1 It'sin style now. 2 She bought him an elegant tie. 3 Tve already bought a new suit. 4 The blouse is striped. 5 They preferred dark suits. 6 What an attractive vest! Ed Undertine ait the places where you think the sounds should be linked. 1 She wants Susan to dress up next time. 2 It’s fashionable and elegant. 3 It's out of style. 4 I wish she preferred dressing down. 5 That blouse isn’t trendy enough for my taste. 6 I think Kyle has stylish taste. [=] P10 Now practice reading each sentence aloud and listen to check.» UL nee enn {in conversation, the vowels in unstressed sylables are often reduced to the sound /. The vowel sound /a! occurs ‘more often in English than any other vowel sound and contributes to maintaining the rhythm of English. acceptable + /ak'septabal/ irresponsible. > /ara'spanssbal/ considerate + kon'sidarot/ po ite + Ipattat/ disobedient > — /,disaYbidiont/ respectful = + ratspektfol/ inexcusable = /anok'skyuzabal ‘die vous nt BY 22 Listen and practice. 1 acceptable 4 inexcusable 7 respectful 2 considerate 5 irresponsible 8 ridiculous 3 disobedient 6 polite Be Listen to each word and circle the unstressed syllables that have the sound /o/, 1 unacceptable 4 unpleas ant 7 unimaginable 2 incon side rate 5 irrational 8 dis re spect ful 3 impolite 6 immature 9 in ap pro priate 6:3] Now practice reading each word aloud and listen again to check.* 144 PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER Digitalizada com CamScannervie cts In everyday speech, sounds in un stress 7 ‘or consonants are dropped, "S884 Words ae often “reduced” thai, vowels change to rln/ Vowel reduction Te /a/ sound Inthe function word tos often reduced to He goi ai ping tothe aitpor ater dinner, /ta/ ‘Bo careful! Function words that occur atthe Its ten to two, /tay lend of a sentence are never reduced. What beautiful bird you are! fa! ‘The fe sound i sna in many one-ylable fnetion words often reduced What are you looking at? ev fa What ae you wating for? ef Isaw an eagle. /on/ Who's she taking to? Au’ That's more than I need. /Oon/ ‘The dar! and /r! sounds in function words are often reduced to lo Pets are no trouble, /2 : Isit black or white? // Where's your parrot? /yax/ He's been gone for days. /fx/ ‘The function word and is often reduced to /on/ when it occurs between two subjects, objects, modifiers, vers, or phrases, ‘he haw ores reduced when it ocr atte binning fa cause, but the rey have long arms and legs. /an! ‘consonant sound /d/ may stil be dropped. She laughed and cried when she heard he nes. /an! He wote aback suit, and she wore a green dress. /aen! We stayed out late and went dancing, fan! ‘Be carefull The vowel sound fin andis generally not The initial /h/ sound is usually dropped in function words What does.ne mean? /dazi It's ins bag. /intz/ BB 274 Listen and practice. 1 Tlbe going to the airport after dinner, 9 He's been gone for days. 2 Itstento two. 10 They have long arms and legs. 3 Look at that. 11 She laughed and cried when she heard the news. 12 We stayed out late and went dancing, 13 He wore a black suit, and she wore a green dress. 14 What does he mean? 15 It's in his bag. 4 Isaw an eagle. 5 That's more than Ineed. 6 Pets are no trouble. 7 Is itblack or white? 8 Where's your parrot? i inthe following sentences, circle the words you think will be reduced. 1 Alternatives can be found for medical research on animals. 2 Alot can be done to make conditions better on factory farms. 3 Some animals are raised to be used for medical research. 4 Do we have to ban hunting and bullfighting? "21 yz] Now practice reading each sentence aloud and listen to check: or PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER 145, Digitalizada com CamScannerRachael ‘The sound iis longer and is formed by tensing the tongue. ‘The sound iis shorter and formed with the tongue relaxed. Ww leave team feel steal feet ‘The vowel sound // also apes At lve Tim fi still fit places — market minute BY e261 Listen and practice. leave live 2team = Tim 3 feel ‘ll El 2:7 Listen and practice. 1 places 2 market women ars frequently In unstressed syllables, 4 steal 5 feet 3 minute 4 women The vowel sounds fi/ and /) are represented in spelling in ‘a number of ways, fil At steal blimp steep syllable people busy handy building believe women recelve pretty boutique been ahve [2:2 Listen to each pair of words. Circle if they are the same or different, same different 2 same different 3 same different 4 same different DD ©2239 Listen and check which sound you hear in the stressed syllable. At hy 185 200 300 400 500 600 700 146 PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER t a 800 900 wOO uOO 2OO BOO 4OO 3820, Now listen again and practice. 5 same 6 same 7 same 8 same different different, different, different, Digitalizada com CamScannerded ta word. inporant becient happy icate ocgaph ependatie polis ‘music ‘stress placement does not chan However, adding the suffixes sion, i, ity, the syllable before the suffix. — dependabitty PSC REE Uunimportant obedience unhappy > edueation “+ photographic > politicat musician E BY >a usten and practice. 1 important ‘unimportant 2 obedient obedience 3 happy unhappy By 22 Listen and practice. 1 educate education 2 photograph photographic 3 dependable dependability 4 polities political 5 music musician "Ge when most prefixes and suffixes are Importance disobedience ‘happiness sleal, and ian generally shifts stress to ___ Same nouns and verbs have the same spelling. When the word Is @ noun, the stress _ Son the fist sylable, When the word isa verb, the stress is onthe second syllable, (ther words in this category conduct conflict contrast convert permit record survey suspect importance disobedience happiness imporanty becienty happily importantly obediently happily PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER 147 Digitalizada com CamScannerTB Look at the stressed sylable of each word in Column A. According tothe rules given Inthe chart ‘on page 147, mark the stressed syllable of each word In Column B. A B 1 fa mill tar fa mill iar 1 ty 2 mo tional © mo tion al ly 3 reg u late reg u la tion 4 ap pre cia tive ap pre cia tive ly 5 sym pa thy sym pa thet ic 6 hy poth e size hy po thet i cal 7 bean ty beau ti fy 8 his to ry his tor i cal 9 materialist — ma te ri alis tic 10 pol i tics pol i ti cian 1823] Now practice reading each word aloud and listen to check.* BB) 228 Listen and practice. Nouns Verbs Nouns Verbs 1 rebel rebel 8 contrast contrast 2 protest protest, 9 convert convert 3 present present 10 permit permit, 4 object object 11 record record 5 progress progress 12 survey survey 6 conduct conduct 43 suspect suspect 7 conflict conflict BH cicte the sytable you think wil be stressed in each blue word. 1 Asummer fishing permit permits you to fish all you want. 2 The protest was organized to protest goverment spending 3 All the employees were surveyed so the results of the survey would be useful. 4 The contrast between them now is not great compared to how much they contrast at other times of the year. 5 We strongly object to the decision to sell art objects outside the museum, 528 Now practice reading each sentence aloud, paying attention to words that are both nouns and verbs. Listen to check.* 2 148 PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER Digitalizada com CamScannerEUS nee nee cals i the Passive voice, the modal and the auxiliary verbs have been ae sid toget ssoneunt Note ta sess Toone Ite union hanes oped and nrcaed tn en EEN PE he sd kodovbin/ Tey COULD have been KILLED /'maitavbin! They MIGHT have been Los. ‘rmastavbin/ Tey MUST have been MOVED, ‘'meiyavbin! Tey MAY ave been DISCOVERED. a With had to, stress had and the main verb, Say had to and have been as one uit. Pheetuovbin/ They HAD to have been STOLEN, In negative perfect modals, stress falls on the modal, the word nat, and the main verb In everyday speech, ‘not and the auxiliary verbs have been are generally sald as one unt. Pnatavbin/ They MIGHT NOT have been LOST. They MUST NOT have been MOVED. By 226 Listen and practice. 1 They could have been killed. 2 They might have been lost. 3 They must have been moved. 4 They may have been discovered. 5 They had to have been stolen. 6 They might not have been lost. 7 They must not have been moved. By underiine where you 1 The damage may have been caused by a storm. 2 The building could have been destroyed by a fire. 3 The gold figures couldn't have been stolen. 4 The stone statues must have been moved using animals. 5 ‘The drawings must not have been discovered until later. 6 The islands had to have been inhabited by Polynesians. 7 The secrets of Rapa Nui might not have been lost 827, Now practice reading each sentence aloud, al] Digitalizada com CamScanner 1u think the words should be linked and which sounds should be reduced. paying attention to reductions. Listen to check.* ‘PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER 149REM | The sound (ev’is longer and is formed by tensing the tongue with the lips spread. ‘Mouth positions for vowels: ‘The sounds fy, and are shorter and are formed with the tongue relaxed. tongue tensed (ona) 1) ‘Say /ev/ and ‘e’ with the lips spread wide. Say /e/ with the lips spread slightly and tongue relaxed (short) fl, nh I i the mouth slightly open. Say with the tongue and jaw completely relaxed. Kes spread ee lx } Jew tel fel dnl 2 } pain pen pan pun Dane den Dan done The vowel sounds and /a/ may | man a as man be represented by these spellings. ia fed Ie) bet IN alt bet bat but tet ads. weigh sweat have — shape says laugh touch wait said half, does taking fiend guarantee blood great = guess relax what BY 628 Listen and practice. Tpain pen pan pun | 2Dane den Dan done | 3imate met mat_—mutt | 4 bait bet bat but | Ey 229 Listen to each word and place It in the correct column. age any just banned debt love edge face flashy great health jump can't some faint enough chance text nothing trait way 530 Now practice reading each word aloud and listen again to check.* [& aa Listen to each sentence and circle the word you hear. 1 Give the money to the (men / man). 2 think it's (Dan / done). 3 What is that (rag//rug) made of? 4 Do youneed this (pen / pan)? 5 He's aperfect (mutt / mate). 6 My (date / debt) is causing me trouble. 7 Could you take that (bug /bag) off the counter? 8 Please put a bandage on the (cut /cat). ‘Now practice reading the sentences both ways. ul 150 PRONUNCIATION BOOSTER Digitalizada com CamScanner