AP® BIOLOGY EQUATIONS AND FORMULAS Statistical Analysis and Probability ¥ = sample mean ‘Standard Deviation F faz n = size of the sample n= ‘5 = sample standard deviation (i... the sample-based ‘estimate of the standard deviation of the Standard Error of the Mean Chi-Sauare poputation) 2 s 225 le-e) = A ve 0 = observed results SE = nS Chi-Square Table le ? Degrees of Freedom Degrees of freedom are equal to the number of eae na at |eiaiat era ea [Pera te ss nom [oman ls distinct possible outcomes minus one. 0s | 384 | so | 782 | 9.49 | 11.07 | 1259 | 1407 | 1531 oor [664 | 9.21 | 1134 | 13.28 | 15.09 | 16st | 18.48 | 2009 Laws of Probability Metric Prefixes IFA and B are mutually exclusive, then: —— ne — P(A or B)= P(A) + P(B) 10° sia a IfA and B are independent, then: 10° mega M 5 10° kilo k P(A and B)= P(A) x P(B) io? a A iy-Weinberg Equations 0% milli m Pripgtget P= frequency of the dominant allele . 1 micro # in a population a : peqel 4= frequency of the recessive allele MY a a in a population Mode = value that occurs most frequently in a data set Median = middle value that separates the greater and lesser halves of a data set Mean = sum of all data points divided by number of data points Range = value obtained by subtracting the smallest observation (sample minimum) from the greatest (sample maximum)Rate and Growth d= amount of change Rate ay dt = change in time i B= birth rte Population Growth ‘aN D= death rate Wes-p a N= population size a K= carrying capacity “Ton Tax = maximum per capita ogistic Growth growth rate of population aN wf K= ™) dee NK T;= higher temperature Temperature Coefficient Qie T= lower temperature Water Potential (‘¥ ) Wah +s Wp = pressure potential Ys = solute potential The water potential will be equal to the solute potential of a solution in an ‘open container because the pressure potential of the solution in an open. container is zero, ‘The Solute Potential of a Solution Mg = ~iCRT i= ionization constant (this is 1.0 for At } becat 4 ra - sucrose because sucrose does not : 4, = reaction rate at 7, jonize in water) Primary Productivity Calculation 5; mg Op 0.698 mL _ mL Oz ‘ky = reaction rate at Ty C= molar concentration cL mg Tc R= pressure constant (R = 0.0831 lite jo the factor by which the press 0831 Her LO, ,0536mgC ited _ mp fred eee bars/mole K) eet the temperature is raised by smperature in Kelvin (°C +273) (at standard temperature and pressure) 7 ten degrees Surface Area and Volume r= radius Dilution (used to create a dilute solution from a trated stock solution) Volume of a Sphere - — are =length v= CMe = $e ae ern om ‘= height (starting) C= concentration of solute ee = final (desired) = volume of solution Volume ofa Right Cinder length ofone_ | lbbs Free Energy M ae side of acube | AG=AH- TAS ‘Surface Area of a Sphere ae ant “Amsurtace area | 467 change in Gibbs free energy Surface Area of a Cube yevolume 45 = change in entropy A= 6s? AH = change in enthalpy Surface Ar Jar Soli = sum ofall — |_7= absolute temperature (in Kelvin) A= Disurface area of each side pH=—log fH")