Grammar reference

Unit 5 Verb patterns with infinitives Modal verbs of obligation

The infinitive is the simple form of the verb, e.g. have to and must = necessary
to go. We can use it with or without to. We have to wear a uniform.
She has to wear glasses.
After some verbs like hope and decide, we always
You must buy a ticket.
use an infinitive.
I hope to get a new watch for my birthday. mustn’t = not permitted
You mustn’t cycle without a helmet.
After some verbs like tell and ask, we always
We mustn’t shout in class.
have an object (a person or thing) and then the
infinitive. don’t have to = not necessary
I helped Dad to wash up. You don’t have to work every day.
Children don’t have to pay for the museum.
You have to learn these verb patterns!

Verb pattern with infinitives Unit 6 Present perfect (have / has +

verb + infinitive with to past participle)
Jack and Dan hope go to the concert. The present perfect connects a past action to now.
They decided play football. We often use the present perfect to talk about
Isabella managed to win the race. news.
I learnt speak Spanish. Our class has come to Oxford to visit the dinosaur
She wants buy some jeans. museum.
verb + object + infinitive with to A girl from our school has won the swimming
Mum told me tidy my room. competition.
Rachel asked her brother help her. We use the present perfect if we don’t know
to
The teacher helped Peter do his project. exactly when a past action happened, but we are
Our cousins invited us their party.
thinking of a period of time up to now.
I’ve taken lots of photos. (some time before now)
Unit 5 Modal verbs of obligation I’ve visited Cornwall lots of times. (we don’t know
when)
We use must and have to when something is
We often use the present perfect with just to talk
necessary or is a rule.
about a recent event.
John has to wear a uniform to school.
I’ve just made dinner.
I must be in school at 8.45 am.
I’ve just been to London.
We use mustn’t when something is not permitted.
You mustn’t run in the corridor at school. Remember!
We use don’t have to when something is not
Regular verbs
necessary.
To make the past participle you
We don’t have to do homework every day.
need verb + -ed.
Irregular verbs
Check your irregular verb table for
irregular past participles.

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 Grammar reference

Present perfect (have + past participle) Negative

Affirmative I / You / We / They haven’t been to Japan.
I He / She hasn’t seen a polar bear.
You
have finished a project. I / You / We / They have
We never slept in a tent.
They (just) He / She has

He Question
has taken lots of photos.
She Have you / we / they made a video?
ever
Negative Has he / she seen a 3D film?
I Short answers
You
haven’t been to France. Affirmative Negative
We
They Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
He Yes, he / she / has. No, he / she hasn’t.
hasn’t watched the new film. Yes, we / you / they have. No, we / you / they haven’t.
She

Question Short answers

Have you the new Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. Unit 7 will and won’t (future fact)
met
Has he teacher? Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t. We use will and won’t to talk about future facts or
things we feel are very certain in the future.
Unit 6 Relative pronouns People will cycle more often in the future.
(who / which / where) We won’t go abroad next year.
Relative pronouns help us to create longer
will and won’t
sentences to give more information about people,
things or places. will

A writer is a person who Remember! My cousins will visit Australia in the summer.
The children will go to the museum next week.
writes books. who = a person won’t
I like Bristol, which is a which = a thing
city in England. I won’t go to school by bus next year.
where = a place We won’t have fish for dinner this evening.
A restaurant is a place
where you can have dinner.
Unit 8 Quantities (too much /
Unit 7 Present perfect (experience) too many / enough)
We use the present perfect to talk about past We use too much with uncountable nouns and too
experiences in our lives. We often ask questions many with countable nouns to say we have more
with ever and use never in negative answers. than we need.
Have you ever been to France? I need two apples. I’ve got six apples. I’ve got too
I’ve never won a competition! many apples.
Lucas ate a lot of ice cream. He feels ill. He ate too
Present perfect (have + past participle) much ice cream.
Affirmative
I / You / We / They have been to England.
He / She has visited a cold country.

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