Noise Notes Noise - Noise is any signal present in your system that you do not want to be in the system, Signal-to-Noise Ratio The signal to noise ratio is the most important statistic in any communication system. Intelligibility is dependent upon having a good signal to noise ratio. Noise Sources Extemal: Natural: Atmospheric (mostly lightning ) - 1/f Solar Cosn Man-Made: Welders Ignition 60 Hz and harmonies Radio TV ete.Internal Noise Sources White noise - also known as Johnson or thermal noise Discovered by J.B. Johnson in 1928 Caused by thermal interaction of free electrons and vibrating ious Random in nature Varies in amplitude Equal power throughout the spectrum The equation for white noise in 2 metal resistor is given by: Po =kTar a TARR Where P., ~ noise power in watts 4, ~ noise voltage in volts rms k=138x 1079 9°K T = temperature in “K Af ~ bandwidth of circuit/system in Hz Pink noise - also known as I/f noise Amplitude is 1/f Of little consequence except at low frequencies Should be infinite @ an infinite period - "big bang" Shot noise - also known as transistor noise Shot noise is caused by random movement of electrons within semiconductor devices. The equation for shot noise in a diode is: = Salat 1.6 x 107! coulombs (C) de current in amps andwidth of circuit/system in Hz There is no exact formula for shot noise in a transistor. Shot noise generally increases with an increase in bias current except in MOSFET's where it is relatively independent.Noise Figure The noise figure of an amplifier is a relative indication of the ability of an amplifier to amplify signals without amplifying noise. It is given by the following: SUN SIN. Ni NR= SoNo Equivalent Noise Bandwidth SF 1so6¢ ] 22x38 At Be " ela Real filters do not have square bandpasses. Rather bandwidth is defined by the 3 db points. Noise beyond the 3 db points contributes to noise but at a reduced rate, These effects may be accounted for by using an equivalent bandwidth called the noise equivalent bandwidth. It is given by: Friss' Formula NR,-1 es Pay x Pay x PR (a1) Low Noise Amplifiers 1. The formula for white noise is only true for metal resistors; other materials are worse. 2. Noise effects may be minimized by cooling. 3. Noise effects may be minimized by limiting the bandwidth of the circuit/system. 4. Noise amplification may be minimized by impedance matching to transfer the ‘maximum noise possible out of the circuit/system. 5. Noise minimization is most important in the first stage of amplification,Coherent Noise Definition: - Coherent noise is noise that is in phase with the signal. If there is no signal, there is no noise. Amplitude Distortion: - Distortions in a signal are referred to as amplitude distortion if we are working in the time domain. Harmonic Distortion: - Distortions in a signal are referred to as harmonic distortion if wwe are working in the frequency domain. harmonic distortion total harmonic distortion x 100%Example Problem A three stage amplifier has a 3-db system bandwith of 200 kHz determined by an LC tuned circuit at it's input, and operates at 22 °C. The first stage has a power gain of 14 db and a NF of 3 db. The second and third stages are identical, with power gains of 20 db and NF =8 db. The output is 300 Q. The input noise is generated by a 10 kQ resistor. Calculate: The noise and power at the input and output of the system assuming noiseless amplifiers b. The overall noise figure for the system ©. The actual noise voltage and power. @) Af, - 2 af- 2 200kiz-3.14% 10° Hz TAE= 1.38 x 10°79 x (273 +22) x 3.14 10° = 1.28 1075 w e,> VaR = Y4x 128x107 * 10x 109 = 7.15 wv Total power gain = 14 db + 20 db + 20db = 54 db For noisless amplifiers: Poise out =0311mV “noise out (b) With noisy amplifiers: Pg, - 14db-25.1 Pay = Pg, = 20 db= 100() 2212 -| ———. —_, 2.51x10°x 128x 101% N= 71x10! w 2 (Cxoise out) 10 yy Tix 10? W=" SG ®noise out 0.462 mV