PART-I 4. Relations and Functions Chapter Test-1 2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter Test-2 Exclusively for JEE (Advanced) Unit-1 UnitTest-1 MEE 3. Matrices Chapter Test-3 4. Determinants Chapter Test-4 Exclusively for JEE (Advanced) Unit-Il Unit Test-2 EE 5. Continuity and Differentiability Chapter Test-5 6. Applications of Derivatives Chapter Test-6 oo A153, + 153, + 22133 2 2184 2135—2138 2/39 2 83/64 3/65 4/4185 A186 4187—4/90 41914192 w= 5/1—5/105UNIT-I Relations and Functions SE 1. Relations and Functions : (15 Periods) Types of relations : reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One to one and. onto functions, composite functions, inverse ofa function, Binary operations, 2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions : (15 Periods) Definition, range, domain, principal value branches. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions. Elementary properties of wwrerse trigonometric functions.RELATIONS AND FUNCTIO “Function means a quantity, which depends on a variable” Objectives After studying the material ofthis chapter, you should be able to ee Suto eu ae tea clot Transitive and Equivalence Relations. Re eet Ceetore ree Ded Understand the composition of Functions. Understand the Invertible Function and the Peet ee Ss COC CURL aL LL Si) SUE SHORTER CeCe ec clns 11 Lear felts lL PAGES + concEPrs INTRODUCTION 2-6, 11-15, 1, 22-23, 29-51 Relatio Mathematics are ee erre oR pe eee analo si brother and sister, ‘mathematical relation between two ‘element, like the first element is sous to the relations in our daily life. lar to relations like mother and son, 6-8, 16-16, 19-20, 24-26, 21-34 . ‘& ANSWERS Ex. 1(@) eat Ex. 1(8) 16-17 1 Bx 19 20-21 Ex 1d) 27-28 Ex. 1(0) 34-38 * Revision Exercise 4-49 than the second or the second elements 49 + jINVES'TO SELECTED QUESTIONS twice the fist. Relations are used - aa a extensively inthe branches of mie 2 Mathemates like Group theory. Ring ig Bee 20:29 Ente 36 theory and Veetor Space. Functions a gy juncone we velstone = HORE special types of eatons. Many other (ltgher Order Tanking Sui) , 10,1647. 2021. 20-27. 32-33 terms ke “map, ‘mapping’, ‘rule’ a eee ‘operation’, transfor on’ are used for functions. Functions are fundamental to Caleutus and y other br wes of Mathematies. In this chapter we will study the following concepts : + Relations + Funetions * Binary Operations ” + NCERT-FILE Questions from NCERT Book 37-45 46-47 ‘+ CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 49 + CHAPTER SUMMARY 50 + mca 51-53 + CHAPTER TEST1 5312 rn SEER RELATION ‘The word relation, used here, has the same usual meaning, which we have in our everyday life, By a relation we mean something, like friendship, marriage, parenthood; etc. “Is the father of”, “is the brother of", “is the friend of” ate relations over the set of hum beings. svar QQ, @~ (Let us consider an Example : mea (rer Li ena in m= (pc, Ov. an Hee the elton wl be “is arend of" ewe the elements of he ans sets Aand B. Tet R dene the raion “is a friend of Then Swara Rist, Lisa "QD Maire, Ramisha R Kiya and Kaira R Mia, These ean be written inthe form of ase as: Fig. I = {(Swara, Nisha), (Lisa, Maire), (Ramisha, Kiya), (Kaira, Mia)) =lany)ixe Aye BxRy). Thus, the above relation “is a friend of”, from the set Ato the set B, gives rise toa subset Rof A x B such that (x,y) © R ifand only its y. Similarly, “is less than”, “is greater than”, “is equal to”, “is square of” are relations over the set of numbers. (AD) Let us consider another Example : Let N be the set of natural numbers. Here the relation “has as its square” fom the set N to the set N. Let R denote “has as its square”, then IR1,2R4,3R94R 6... ‘These can be written in the form of a set as R= 11D... 4. 1nd (Gy © Nand y = 22) ‘These are as shown in the figure. the above relation “has as its square” from. 10 N gives rise to a subset R of Nx N such that (x y) € R if and only if. y= 37, From the above examples, we can now define a relation : (GE) Derin | A relation R from a set toa set Bisa subset of Ax B Figs relation from A (0B, then RC Ax B. ‘of first elements in R is ealled the domaain of R and the set of second elements in R is called the range of R. R= (x: (% y) ER) and Range = (y : (x, y) ER]. Domain of Ris subset of A and range of R is a subset of B. ‘The set B is called the eo-domain of the relation R. Range © Co-domain For Example : Consider the relation R of the set A= {1,3, 5, 7} to the set B (2, 4, 6, 8} and R = {(1, 2),(3, 4), (5, 6)). ‘The domain of R= (1, 3, 5}, Range of R = (2,4, 6} and Co-domain of R= (2,4, 6,8). In above example (ID), domain = (1, 2, 3, 4, } and range = (1, 4, 9, 16, In particular, any subset A x A defines a relation in A. Notes : 1. If (a,b) € R, then we write it as aRB and it is read as ‘a is in relation R to b’. 2. If (a, b) € R, then we write it as a Rb and it is read as ‘a is not in relation R to b’. Examples : (1) If a, b ¢ N and R is “a is a divisor of b”, then R is a relation on N. ‘The subset S of Nx N, which corresponds to the relation, is : S=((nnine Nee N). For Instance : (1, 3), (3, 15), (4, 4) are in $ while (2, 5), (3, 7) do not belong to S. t (UD fa, b © N and R is “a—b is divisible by a number n © N”, then R is a relation on Neexamin AND UNE TONS ‘The subset $ of NN, which corresponds to the relation, is S= (mnt rm): n€ N.re N). For Instance : When m = 3, 2, 8), (5, 11) € § [s 2-8 =~6, which is divisible by 3 tc.) while G, 8) € S. [23-8 = —5, which is nor divisible by 3] Binary Relation. LerA be a non-empty set. The subset of Ax A is called a binary relation or simply a relation on A EEE AY TYPES OF RELATIONS (Void / Empty Relation. A relation R ina set Ais called empty (or void) relation Ifo element of Ais related to any element of Mie. R=OCA XA For Example : Consider the set ofall students ina Girls’ School. Here no student in a brother of another student. ‘Thus R “is a brovher of "isa void or an emply relation. (6) Universal Relation, A relation R in a set A is called universal relation if each eleméns of Ais related to every element ofA ie R=AXA. (Jammu B. 2015 W) For Example: The difference between the heights of any two living human beings is és than 3 melges isan universal relation Note. Both (empty and universal) relations are called trivial relations. (6) Identity Relation. The relation Ig = {(x, x) 2 € A} is called identity relation on A, 1.2.3.4) 1, 1.2.2.3) 4, A} (@) Inverse Relation. Let R be a relation from a set A to a set B and let (x,y) be the member ofthe subset D of A x B conesponding tothe relation R from A to B. ‘To the relation R from the set A to the set B, there corresponds relation fiom the set B to the set A, called the inverse of the relation and denoted by R-! such that the subset B x A cecresponding to the relation R-! is = {0.220 y)€ BY ie. yRolees aRy. Examples : (1) The inverse of the relation “is the father of” in the'set of all men is the relation “is the son of.” ID) The inverse of the relation “is fess than” in Bis the relation “is greater than” in R. (KEY POINT (C someines he inva of ation coins gon tat ‘Examples : (1) The inverse of the relation “7s perpendicular to” in the set of straight lines, is a relation, which coincides with itself I} The inverse of the relation “sot equal 0” in the set R is a relation, which coincides with itself. ‘Types of Relations Void/Empty Relation Universal Relation entity Relation Inverse Relation (CLASSIFICATION OF RELATIONS (a) Reflexive Relations. We introduce the concept of this type of relations by means of Examples : (D) Consider the relation “is fess than or equal to” denoted by ° in the set of natural numbers. Here we have + 2 $2, 3 $ 3; and so on, In general, x (b) Symmetric Relations. We introduce this concept by means of Examples : (1) Consider the set of lines in a plane and the relation “is perpendicular 10” symbolised by Let Lm be two straight lines such that / Surely when f Lm, then m Ld Infact Lm = mit Such a relation is called a symmetric relation (HD) Consider the set N of natural numbers and the relation “a factor of”. This relation is not symetrc. In fact it isnot difficult to think of the pairs (a, 6) such that “ais factor of b” but “Bb is nota factor of a”. For Example : (2, 4) and (3. 9. Here ‘2” isa factor of '4° but ‘4° is not a factor of 2. ‘And ‘3° isa factor of °° but ‘9° is nota factor of 3. OF course there do exist an infinite number of pairs such that a member of the pairs factor ofthe other member e.g. the pairs = © Definition ( Arretation R in a set A és said 10 be symmetric ify 3) ER = (aly ay) € Rfor-ll ay ay € A. Jammu B.2015 W) 2.2),8.3. 4. 4). A relation R in a set A is not symmetric if there exists one pair (a, b) € R such that (b, «) # R. (©) Transitive Relations, Again, we introduce this concept by means of Examples : (D) Consider the relation “is a factor of” in the set of natural numbers. Let us ask the following question: Given three numbers a, b, ¢ such that a “is a factor of” b ad b “is a factor of” c. Does it follow that a “is a factor ofc? “The answer to this question is affirmative. For this, we consider 2, 4, 8. Here 2 “is a factor of 4 and 4 “is a factor of? 8. And 2 “is also a factor of "8. (AD In respect of relation * © Definition ( Arrelation Rjh.a set fs said to be transitive if (ay, 43) € Rand (ap a3)€ R = (ay, a3) € R forall ay, a3 03 ¢ A. in the set of all fines, we see that for lines , m,n > 1Lm,m Ln = lin Arelation Ris not transitive if there exists even one triplet, a, a of members of such that when we have (a, (ap, a3) € R, we do not have (ay, ay) € R. (@) Anti-symmetric Relations, A relation R in a set A is said t0 be anti-symmetric if (ay, a3) € Rand (ay, a)) ER = a= Classification of Relations eR, Reflexive Relations ‘Symmetric Relations EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS Avrelation R in a set A is said to be an equivalence relation if itis: (i) reflexive (ii) symmetric and (it) transitive. “iF means ir and onlynears AND FuNeTONS Examples : (I) The relation ‘is congruent 10’ in the set of all triangles in a plane is an equivalence relation, (UD) The relation ‘is similar 10" in the set of all tiangles in a plane is an equivalence relation, (I) The relation ‘5 @ divisor of” in the set of natural mumbers is not an equivalence relation In fact, this relation is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric. An Important Property is shat ir divides the set into pairwise disjoint subsets, called equivalent classes, whose collection is called a partition of the set Note : The union of all equivalence classes gives the whole set. Example : In the set N of natural numbers, we define a relation R as follows : Fora, m & N;1 Rm if on division by 5, each of the integers m and m leaves some remainder vic. 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 R is an equivalence relation because @ aRa Wy ae N (Reflexive) GD I aR 6, then bRa Y ab N (Symmetric) (UD Ia R band b Re, then a Re Y a,b, ce N (Transitive), Let Ay = {m:n © Nand on division by 5, » leaves the remainder 0], Ay = (1:1 N and on division by 5, n leaves the remainder 1). Similarly Aa, Ag and Ay. Thus Ay = 15, 10; 1Sjcscuds AP = (1, 6, Ty 16, Ag = (ZT IB Moods (3.8, 13,18, ) Conversely : A partition ofa set defines an equivalence relation. If Sj, S>. is @ Rb if and only if a, b € S; for some f= 1, 2, wou THEOREMS ON EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS ‘Theorem I. If R is an equivalence retation on a set A, then Ri also an equivalence relation on A. Proof. Since R is an equivalence relation on a set A, \Given| 2 Ris reflexive, symmetric and transitive, Now Risteflexive 3(aa@R Y aeA SaaeR! yaer ‘Thus Ris reflexive Let (a,b) & RL Now (@ 6) € R13 aeR = @bHER Ris symmetric] 3 b.geR" ‘Thus Ris symmetric, Let (@b) € Rand (6 ee RO Now (4, 6) © Rand (bc) € R# = deRand(c, ER = be Rand ae R Sager [+ Ris transitive] =a de RV ‘Thus Ris transitive: Hence, Ris an equivalence relation on A. ‘Theorem IL. The intersection of two equivalence relations on a set Ais an equivalence relation on A. (Assam B. 2013 ; Rajasthan B. 2013) ‘Sy is. partition, this equivalence relation Proof. Let R and S be two equivalence relations on a set A. ‘Then either of them is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Since RC AXA: SCAXASROSCAXA, RAS isa relation on a set A, Since R and S are reflexive, + (aa) © Rand (a, ale S Yao A S@aeROS Yacd Thus R09 $ is reflexive.|e | MODERN’S abc + OF MATHEMATICS ( Now (a,b) « (ROS) = (a,b) = Rand (a, de $ = (ba) e Rand (babe S = Me RNS). [es R and S are symmesric| ‘Thus RO S is symmetric, Again (a, b) € (RS) and (b,c) € (ROS) = (a,b) R(a, D) eS and (b, ce R (eS = Ma, b) eR. (b,c) © RJ and ((a, b) € $.(b, c) ¢ 8) = (ace Rand (aye S 3 GOERS). Thus RA S is transitive Hence, R 7 S is an equivalence relation. Cor. The union of two equivalence relations is not necessarily an equivalence relation, Rand § are transitive] For Example Let 1,23). Consider (D223), 0,2, D} and (1, D, 2,2), G.3). 63, Die Clearly R and S are equivalence relation Werify 1 Bu RUS transitive because G, De RUS) (1, 2)¢ RUS) but Be RUS. Hence, (RU $) is n0t an equivalence relation, (GNIS EXAMPLES Example 1, Check whether the relation X in the set Solution. Here R= ((a, 6) : a is a multiple of b) R of real numbers defined by : (eb: lsab>O Ris reflexive [+ (a, a) © Rasa is a multiple of al {s reflexive, symmetric or transitive. Ris ransitive [+ (a, b) ER. (b,c) ER> (a) ER (CBS.E. Sample Paper 2019) asa is a muliple of b, b is a multiple Solution, We have : R= ((a, b) = | +.ab> 0). of e © ais a mutiiple of c| Reflexive : Since | + aa = 1 +a? >0, (aa) ER V a R Thus, Ris reflexive, Symmetric : If (a, b) ER, then 1+ ab > 0 [ (@ JER = aisamulipleofh > 14 ba>0 > (b, a) ER. Thus, R is symmetric. > b may not be a multiple of a For Ex. 2 is a multiple of 4 but 4 is not a multiple of 2] Ris not symmetric, Tame: Tie a= 8 b=-tane= b 2 Hence, R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric Now, 1 +b = 148) ates =950 Example 4, Let A be the set of all students of a Boys? © (a,b) ER. School, Show that the relation R im A given by : R= (a,b) sais sister of b) isan empty relation and the relation K’ given by = Y= ((a, b): the difference between heights of a and bis less than 3 metres} is an universal relation, (CERT) Solution, (Here R = (a,b) : a is sister of 6) ince the school is a Boys’ school, s, no student of the school can be the sister of any student of the school meter =reen But, 1+ ac =1409 (2) 4 2, ‘Thus, & is not transitive. Hence, R is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive. Example 2. Let A= (1, 2, 3, 4). Let R be the equivalence relation on A x A defined (a,b) R (c,d iffasd=b+e. aa. ‘Thus R= 6. Hence, R is an empty relation. (CBSE. Sample Paper 2018) (ii) Here RY = {(a,b) the difference between heights Solution, ((1, 3)] = {(1. 3) (2.4)}- ‘of a and b is less than 3 metres), fe 1432341814 42342) - the difference between heights of any two students Example 3. Let R = {(a, b) : a is a multiple of b}. of the school is to be less than 3 metres, Show that R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric. (Mizoram B, 2017) AxA,Hence, RY isa universal relation,[RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS Example 5. Let Z be the set of all integers and R be the relation on Z defined as : R= {(a,b) : a,b © Z and a~ bis divisible by 5}. Prove that R is un equivalence relation. (Assam B. 2016; PB. 2014; C.B.S.B. 2010) Solution. For a € Z,a~a = 0, which is divisible by 5 e @@eRVack ‘Thus R is reflexive. Now let (a, b) € R = b-ais divisible by 5 = (ae R. Thus & és symmetric Again let (a, b) © R.(b, 0) E R = a~ band b ~ care divisible by 5 = (a~b) + (bc) = a~c is divisible by 5 S@oeR ‘Thus R is mansitive Hence, R is an equivalence relation, Example 6, Let L be the set ofall lines in the plane and R be the relation in L, defined as : = a~ bis divisible by 5 R= ((LyyL2) + Ly is perpendicular to L). Show that R is symmetric but neither reflexive nor ‘transitive, (CERT) Solution, We have R= [(L. Ly) Ly is perpendicular 0 Ly) Now L, can’t be perpendicular to itself ie Ly Ler Thus | Risnot reflexive Now (Lj,L3)€R = Ly is perpendicular to Ly = Lys perpendicular to L, Sy LyeR ‘Thus R is symmetric. Now (Ly,1,) € Rand (Ly.L3) € R = Ly is perpendicular to L and Ly is perpendicular to Ls, Wig. = Ly is parallel to Ly = Ly is not perpendicularto L = L.LyeR ‘Thus 2 is not transitive. Hence, Ris symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive. Example 7. Let T be the sat of all triangles in a plane with R, a relation in T given by = R= ((T),T,) : Tis congruent to T,)- Show that & is an equivalence relation, (N.CERT; HRB. 2017; Jammu B. 2016) Solution, We have R= {(1).T,):T, is congruent 10 Ty) Now (Ty TER. [Every triangle is congruent to itself] ‘Thus Ris reflexive. (@,.TyeR = Ty iscongruenttoT, = This congruent oT, > MyTW)eR Thus R is symmetric. (1, Ty) ¢ Rand (13,1) R = T, is congruent to Ty and T; is congruent to T; = T, is congruent to T; =, TER ‘Thus 2 is transitive. Hence, R is an equivalence relation. Example 8. Let A= (1, 2, 3am 9) and R be the relation in A x A defined by (a, b) R (c, d) if: atd=b+cfor(a,b), (c,d) imAx A. Prove that R is an equivalence relation. Also obtain the equivalence elass {(2, 5)}- (CBSE. 2014) Solution. () We have : (a, b) R (6, d)atd=b +e fon the set A= (1, 263, mn 9}. () @B)R (, |) > a +b = b + a, which is te. beat b=beayabeAl ‘Thus Ris reflexive. UD (a, RE, dea+d=bee (MRW be erb=dta Butc+b=b+canddt+az=a+dy abc dea. @HREA = AR@H. Thus R is symmetric UU) @, Rede atd=becvaheder a) CORED Fetfadte vadesEr 2) Adding (1) and (2), G@taterp 2 ats ‘Thus R is transitive. Hence, the relation R is an equivalence relation Gi) (2,5) = (1,4), 2,5), B, 6), 4, 70.15, 8), (6,99) be244=54 het) Example9. LetN denote the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation on N x N defined by : (a,b) R (c,d) ifadth +e) = bea +d). Show that is an equivallence relation, (CBS.E. 2015) b+ ordre) b+er ab RES. Solution, We have : (a, 6) R (e, ) + ad & +6) —be (a+ don. (DRUG, b) * abih + a) [+ ab = ba Va, b EN] ‘Thus R is reflexive.Za M) BR, d)> adh + 0) =be (a+ a) > beta +d) =ad (b+ 0) > ch(d + a)=da (e+ b) [ebe= chand at d= da; ete VabodEN) 26 OR@b). Thus R is symmetric. (UD Let (a, b) R (6 d) and (e, dR, P. Aad(b + 6) = bo(a + d) ad cfd +e) = dele +) MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (XI) ‘Thus & is ransitive. Hence, R is an equivalence relation, Further all elements of (1, 3, 5, 7) are related to each [+s All elements of this subset are odd] larly all elements of (2, 4, 6) are related to each other, other. [1p All elements of this subset are even] But no element of (1, 3, 5, 7) is related to any element of (2.4.6). [hy Elements of (1, 3,5, Z}are odd while elements of (2,46) are even] bre _atd - Bela Example U1. Let A = (x20 x < 2}. Show = ((a,b) a, b © Az la —bl is divisible by 4) is an . ctyt ‘equivalence relation, Find the set ofall elements related ate to 1. Also, write the equivalence class (2) (C.2.8.E. 2018) i Solution. We have > it R= ((a.6):a, BEA: a= blis divisible by 4) ao (Retiees Tor aay eC A, a : (ua) ER dota iad = Bowhich 6 divisible by 4 wore st “Thus, Ris refleive. = hela +f) afb +0) * old +0) =bete Symmetric: Let (a, b) ER Pee HD GOS IS OO be ES) a= bis divisible by 4 > ORE. = bal is divisible by 4. Thus R is transitive, Hence, Ris an equivalence relation, ‘Example 10, Let & be the relation defined in the set 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6,7) by = = (a,b): both a and b are either odd or even}, Show that R isan equivalence relation. ‘Thus, R és symmetric. ‘Transitive : Let (a, 6) € Rand (b, 0) ER >| a—blis divisible by 4 and | —c lis divisible by 4 la-bI “ a-b Ibe! Further, show that all the elements of the subset : b- {1 3, 5, 7) are related to each other and all the and (2), elements of the subset {2, 4, 6} are related to each other, (a-b)+ bo) =#4d +H) Dut no element ofthe subset (1,3, §, 7} is related to any > ove ss4aew) 1e sul ti = a-j © element of the subset (2,4, 6}. SFP) Thus, Ris anstive. Solution. We have Now, Ris reflexive, symmetric and transitive R= ((a,b): both a bate ether odd or even} Hence, R isan equivalence relation WLatae A. (i) Let’ be an clement of A such tha (x, 1) ER Bosh «and ae either odd or even. 1 x- llisdivisble by 4 2 (a aye R. > x= 1 =0,4,8,12 ‘Thus R is reflexive. > x 5, (Ml) Let (a, bye R_ =>both @ and bare ether odd or even > beth.) and a are ether odd or even SbaeR ‘Thus R is syramietrie. (UD Let (a, b) @ Rand (b, ¢)¢ RK. Both a, b and both b,¢ are either odd or even = both a, ¢ are either odd or even Sacer Fast Track Answer Type Questio1 Hence, the set of all elements of A which are related tw Tis (1,5,9} iy Lee (x, 2) ER, ‘Then, where Ix-21 k Hence, equivalence class [2] 4k, 6,10. (2,6, 10}. SE 1 Aw 1. TA= (0, 1,3), what isthe number of relations on A? find the range of R. (Meghalaya B. 2015) (Assam B. 2015) Gi) TER (G, y):x+2y=8) isa relations in N, write 2 @ IER={(,-1),2,-2),@,-1)} isa relation, then the range of R. (ALCBSE. 2014)[RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 3 4 Very Short Answer Type Questio1 6 1 (Given 1,2, 3), then the relat R= ((1, 1), 2.2), G, 3)) is reflexive, (Frue/False) (Jammu B. 2017) (i Given a set A = (a, b, c,d}, then the relation = R= (a, a), (bb), (6, 0). (ds DY isteflexive. (Zrue/False) (Jammu B. 2017) (iii) What isthe minimum number of ordered pairs 10 form a non-zero reflexive relation on a set of elements ? (Kerala B. 2015) (a) Give an example of a relation, which is (0) Symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive (Kashmir B. 2012) Let N be the set of all natural numbers and R be a relation in N defined by R= {(a, 6) : ais a factor of b). Show that R is reflexive and transitive (Meghalaya B. 2014) Determine whether each ofthe following relations are reflexive, symmetric and transitive (Relation inthesetA=(1, 2.3, R= [(x, y):3x-y=0) (ii) Relation Rin the set Nof natural numbers defined as Re (iy yyiysatSandx<4) (Kashmir B_2012) (ii) Relation Rin the set Z ofall integers defined as R= ((x, y):x—yis an integer} (iv) Relation R in the set A of human beings in a town ata particular time given b (@)R= (6s, »):xand y Work at the sae place} (®)R= (Gy): and y ive in the same loeality) © {G, y) :x is exactly 7.¢m tallerthan y) (R= ((, 9) xis wile of y) (@) R= ((s, y): wis father of y, (NCERE) Show that the relation Rin the set 8 of real numbers, defined as (@) R= ((0,b):05b} is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric (KatriauakteB. 2017; Assam B. 2017; ‘HBS 2013;Kashmir B. 2011) . 13, 14) defined Short Answer Type Questions 13 4 1s. IER’ is relation “Tess than’ from Set A= (1,2, 3,4, 5) to set B= (1, 4,6), ‘write down the Cartesian Product corresponding to ‘R ‘Also find the inverse reladon wo (R's (F. 2012) Prove that the following relation R in Z of integers is an equivalence relation : R= (6, y)sx-y is amimteger). (PB. 2011) (a) Show thatthe relation Rin Z.of integers given by R= ((a,b):2divides a) is an equivalence rel WERT) 0. aL em Gi) Transitive but neither reflexive nor symmetric Gi) Reflexive and symmetric but not tansitive (Kashmir B. 2012 ; PB. 2010) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric. (BB. 2010) @ (H) State the reason for the relation R, in the set (1, 2,3) given that R= {(1,2), @, 1)}, not to be transitive, (CBSE. 2011) IER is the relation “less shan" from A= (2,4,6,8, 10} to B = (8,10, 12}. Write down the elements corresponding to R. (JIB. 2010) Let R he the relation “greater than” from : Az (1.4,5} toB= (1.2.4.5, 6, 7). Write down the elements corresponding to R. (HB. 2010) 4 oe Raab) >) igfeflexive and transitive but not symmetric (A.B. 2013) Prove that the relation in the set N of natural numbers, defined as R= ((a, b) : a +b) is reflexive and transitive but not symmettic. (HB. 2013) Check whether the relation R in the set R of real numbers defined as : @ ® ay R=((a. 105d} isreflexive, symmetric or transitive, (N.CE.R.T. ; Jammu B. 2013) (a) Check whether therelation in theset{1,2,3.4.5,6} defined as: R=((ab):b=a+1) is reflexive, symmetric or transitive, (N.CERL. ; Jammu B. 2013) (b) Prove that on the set of integers, Z, the relation R defined as aRb a = + b isan equivalence relation, (Nagaland B. 2016) ‘Show thatthe relation R in the set (1, 2, 3} defined as: (@ R={(,2.2D) is symmetric, but neither reflexive nor transitive (CERT) R= (C1, 1, 2,2), ,3), 4, 2,2,5)] is reflexive, but neither symmetric nor transitive (N.CER.T; Kashmir B. 2011 ; PB. 2010) R= (3.2.0, 2) is wansitive, but neither reflexive nor symmetric. (PB. 2010) Consider the set of integers Z. Define a relation Ron Zas ® © ® 3k, where kis some integer}. Prove that R is an equivalence relation. (Nagaland B. 2017) ‘Show that the relation R defined by R= (a,b) :a~ bis divisible by 3:4, b © N} isan equivalence relation. (Assain B. 2013) A relation R is defined on the set of all natural numbers N by © @(9) E R= ey ) is divisible by 5 for all x yEN. Prove that R is an equivalence relation on N. (WW. Bengal B. 2016) 16, Show thatthe relation inthe set A= (1,2, 3.45}, given by R= {(a,b):1a~b | iseven) is an equivalence relation Show thatal the elements of (1,3,5) are related to each other and all the elements of [2,4 are related to each other, but no element of (1, 3,5) istelated toany element off24}. TO cen.) 17. (a) Show that the relation Ri the st, Az (x:xe Z,0x< 12), given by: (a,b): ap Lis divisible by 4} is an equivalence relation. Long Answer Type Questions 20, Show that the relation R defined by (a, 6) R (c,d) * a+d=b+e inthe set N is an equivalence relation, (ALCBSE. 2010) 21, (a) Let R be a relation on the set A of ordered pairs of positive integers defined by = (8, 9) R (uy, ¥) if and only if xv = yu ‘Show that R is an equivalence relation (NCERDS (b) Let N bee the set of natural numbers and R be’ the relation in Nx N defined by (a, B) R(, d) iff.ad = be. for all (a, By (c, IE NxN. Show that R is an equivalence relation (Kashinir B. 201 22, Show that the relation R, defined by the set of all triangles as R= [(T,T,) Ty is similar to Ts) isan equivalence relation. (LEB. 2017; PB. 2016. Fain B. 2013) Consider three right angle trues T with sides 3, 4, 5; MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (XI) Find the set of all elements related to 1 ALCBSE. 2010) (b) Consider the set A= [1, 2, 4, 5,7, 9, 10). Define the relation R on Aas: ““aRb if and only ifa bis an even number.” ‘Then: (write the elements ofthe set R Gi find the domain and range of R. (Nagaland B. 2016) 18, Show thatthe relation R defined on the set A ofall lines as R= ((LyL,): L; and Ly are parallel lines) is an equivalence relation, (PB. 2016) 19, Show that the relation R defined on the set of all polygons as R= ((Pj, Ps) 7Py and P, have same numberof sides) is an equivalence relation. (PB. 2016) aw ‘Ty with sides 5, 12, 13 and T, with sides 6,8, 10. Which tiangles among T,, T, and 7; are related ? (NCERT) 23._Let Libe the set of all Lines in XY-plane and R be the relation in L defined as = R=[(Lj,L,) Ly is parallel to L3} ‘Show that R'is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all Hines related tothe line (CERT. ; Assam B. 2018; H.PB. 20 Tripura B. 2016; Uttarakhand B. 2015) 24, Let Lbe the set of all lines in the XY-plane and R be the relation in L defined by R= (Ul, L) =f, parallel to, 4p.) Show that R is an equivalace relation. Find the set of all related to the line y= Tx-+5. (Assam B. 2015) 28, Prove that the relation in the set x: x EW,0.Sx 12} given by: a multiple of 4} isan equivalance Also, find the set of all elements related to 2. STOVES 9, 2 Wt, 2) GU, 2, 3 3 @=(ii) Tue (iti) n. 4 (a) Let A= (1, 2, 3). @ R=(23,6,9) Gi) R= {CL 33.3.2). 0.203 Gi) R= (UD 2,2), B39, 2 Ds B,D 20) (iv) R= 1A, D. 22), G,3), C2} (0) For Ex. 2 isa multiple of 4 but 4 is not a multiple of 2. 5. (a) ((2, 8), (2, 10), (2, 12), 4, 8), (4, 10), (4, 12), 6, 8), (6, 10), (6, 12) (8, 10), (8, 12), (10, 12)} ) (404,26, 0, 6,26, 9) 7. (Gi) Neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive (iii) Reflexive, symmetric and transitive Gv) (a)~ () Reflexive, symmetric and transitive (€~(o) Neither reflexive nor symmettic nor transitive 10, Neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive. A. (@) Neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive. 1B. (4). (1, 6). (2. 4), 2.6). 3, 4. (3. 6). 4. 6. 6.6) Inverse relation corresponding to “greater than’ from Bw Ais:[RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS (4, 1D. 4,2), 4, 3), 6D, 6, 2), 6,3), 6. 4 ©, 5) 1. (@) (1,5,9) () (1,5), 1, 7), (1,9). 2,4). (2, 10), 4,2), 4, 10), .1),6. 7) 5, 8), 7. 1), 7, 5). 7,9). O, DO, 3). (8,7), 0, 2), (10, 4}; DAD A 23. 25. + Hints to Selected Questions 1 @ R =(Qy2y=3) (1,3). (2, 60.3.9) 4, 12)) 8. (a) Since a saVae R, (a, )ER Thus R is reflexive. Also R is wansitive Risnotsymmetiic. (3,5) ER but (5, 3) ER) 10, isnot reflexive. Lz as ais not true] ‘Also Ris nether symmetric nor transitive, M. @R=((1,2,2,3).8,4), 4,5), 6,6) 16. Since Il -31=2, 3 -51=2 andl -51= 4 are all even, all elements of (1, 3, 5) are related (0 each other, a. 2. 2. wt ‘Triangles and T, Set of all lines y = 2v+e,c@ R. Set of all ines y=7x + 6c R. 12,6, 10}, ‘And no element of (1, 3/5) is Felted to any element of 4) = 21 = Tete] Proceed as in Ex. 11, sinee £= 8 10. 5 triangles T, and T, are similar @,TYER 7, is elated to T, Rega Set= {121s a line parallel to y=2x+4} = (l= lisaline y= 2x+e.cER). Z SUB CHAPTER: 1.2 Tite tel EEE wreopucrion ‘The word ‘function’ was introduced by Leibnitz."The meaning of the word function has since undergone many stages of generalisation, Roughly speaking, a function is a lay’ of correspondence under which to each element of one set there comesponds one and only one element of another set ‘We first give an intuitive idea of the fimetion, Let A= {a, b,c], B= (3, 11, 17, 20 24) If we associate a with 11, we write a 11 Let us consider the following association between the elements of A and B alps 2co3, {In this association, each element of A has been associated with some element of B. Moreover, no element of A has been associated with more than on€ element of B. Such an association between elements of A and B is called a function from the set ‘Ato the set B. Functions are usually denoted by. g, fete We write: A.B or A 2B i "isa function from the set Ato the st B ‘The set Ais said to be the domain of the fumetion and the set B is said to be the domain of the fumetion ‘The element y of the St B, which is associated with an element x ofthe set A, is usually denoted by f(x) read as “fot x”. ‘So we can write the function as » =,f(3) The clement (is sud to be the value ofthe function ‘atx or dhe image of x under °". The set of all values of fis called the range (or image set) of the function *f". “The element x to which is associated j(x) itself is called the pre-image of /(1). the function *f*. 14, b,c} isthe domain, B = (3, 11, 17,21, 24) isthe colomain and the set {11, 21,3) isthe image set or range ofMODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (XI) (Baten Fiona ay st faction defn ow tee ic See ncaa (or associate) 10 each element x in X a unique element y ia Y. ‘Symbolically : We write it as f: XY, and is read as ‘fimcrion’ defined from the set X tothe set Y. Notes. The word ‘function’ is also termed as ‘mapping’ or ‘correspondence’ or “transformation.” (1) The unique element y of ¥ is called the value of ‘fat x (the image of x under ‘f). It is written as f (@). Thus y =f). (U1) The element x of X is called pre-image (or inverse image) of y (UD The set X is called the domain of “f (IV) The set Y is called the eo-domain, (V)_ The set consisting of all images of the elements of X under ‘f” is éalled the range of f°. This is denoted by Fo. ‘Thus range of "= (F) W xe X] x ' y ‘This is a subset of Y, which may or may not be equal to Y. ere ‘For Examples : (1) Let X= (1, 2, 3, 4) (fee and ¥=(2,4,6,8,10). _ Here the rule ie. ‘f', which associates to each element 7, &.. -x in X, the element 2x in Y is a function from X to Y. The rule writen as f(x) = 2x is depicted by the adjoining diagram. (2) Let X= {a,b 6.d,e} and Y= (p.q.nsh. Here the rule, which is depicted in the following diagram is nota function from X to ¥ because the elements a and c in X Ihave been associated with two elements p and q each of Y, Also, the element 6 has no image under ‘f” in Y. (6. KEY POINT 1. To each element xin Neher exists unique element yin ¥ such that 2.Different elements of X may be associated with te same element of Y. 3. There may exist some elements of Y, which are not associated with any element of X. @, In Class X1, we have discussed some special functions like identity function, constant function, polynomial function, rational function, modulus function, signum function; ete. along with their graphs. We also discussed addition, subtraction, multiplication and flap) 4/4) forall xy.2 € X of iffy 3% 3 /04)) =F) forall yy. xy € X. Fig. Ifthe function is not one-one, then ‘fis called many-one, 8 a . Y x . y {) One-one Correspondence. A fesion from X 10 V is said to be one-one correspondence (or bijective) iff is both one-one (injective) and onio (surjective). ‘For Examples : (1) Let X= (a,b, 6 d} and hs). “The function f: X > ¥ defined by f(a) =p (6) = 4, (e) =r f(d)= is one-one ont. ‘The following diagram depicts the given function(2) Let X = (a, b,c, d} and Y= (p,q 8, t). ‘The function f: X — ¥ defined by f(a) ». f(b) ‘The following diagram depicts the given function x y (3) Let X= (a, b, c,d) and Y= (p,q. 5) ‘The functions: XY defined by f(a} =p.) = ITO =P. (d) = q Ig neither offe-one nor onto because the distinct elements « and c have the same image p and the element s has no preimage. ‘The following diagram depicts the given function : x y Fig. (4) Let X = (a, 6, c,d} and ¥ = {p,q}. ‘The function f: X— ¥ defined by f(a) =qef(b) =p. 6 ‘The following diagram depicts the given function : x y _f(d) =q is many-one onto. Fig. “Types of Futons, ‘Onto Function ‘One-one and Onto Function ‘One-one Function | (‘Many-one Function x Gece Funcicn) (Surjectve Function) (Bicive Function)[RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS BENET) ONE.ONE FUNCTION © Definition se if Akg =f lt) #f (ay) forall xy, © X. A function from X to Y is said to be one-one iff distinct elements of X have distinct images in ¥ Or equivalently, (2) =/05) > 42% forex ay € X. Graphically. A function ‘f" is one-one ifthe line parallel to x-axis does not meet the graph of y point. Step (D = Obtain he domain of Step Gi) + Solve the equation for xin terms of Step Gli): Make use ofthe domain of Step iv): Iffor each value of y, there corresponds a unique value of x then the function is dne-one. Frequently Asked Questions. Example 1. Which one of the following graphs represents the function of x? Why ? y @ ® Fig Solution. (a), Because in (b) at some x there are many values of y ‘Example 2. Show that a one-one function : £2 (1,23) {12,3} must be onto. (MCER.T) Solution. Since fis one-one, [Given) under ‘f", all the three elements Of (1, 2. 3} should correspond to three different elements of the co-domain {123} Hence, is onto. Example 3, Let A be the set of all $0 students of class ‘Xl in a school. Let £: A — N be the function defined by : (x) = Roll number of the student x. ‘Show that ‘is one-one but not onto. WCERT) Solution, Since no 0wo students of class XH have the same roll number, “fis one-one. Without any loss of generality, let the roll numbers of students be from | t0 50. ‘Thus 51 € N but is not the roll number of any student Of the class +. 51 is not the image of any element of A under ‘f° = ‘fF ixnot onto, Hence, "is one-one but not onto, Nea Example 4, Prove that the function f: R-> R given by : f(x) = 2xis one-one and onto, (V.C.E.RT) Solution. y yet) = 2x Fig. Let xe R Now fla=Ay) => 24 =25 3 NSH = ‘J isone-one. Let ye R. Lety=/Up. Then 2x, ery Len oer sere Foreach y'€ R, there exists 4p € R such that fag) = “fr isomto Hence, ‘is one-one and onto. Example 5, Show that the funetion : f:NON siven by f(1) = f2)= Land f (x) =x— 1, for every x>2 is onto but not one- one, (.CE.R-Z; Magalaya B. 2017 ) Solution. Since #(1)=/0)=1, J) =f), where 1 #2. NowyeR =fox) ‘any element ‘xin the domain R. Fast Track Answer Type Questio 2 3B + ‘fis not one-one, Lety € N, yz 1, we can choose as y+ I sueh that fy=x-1=y4l~ Alo TEN, fd ‘Thus ‘fis onto, Hence, ‘f "is onto but not one-one. ‘Example 6, Show that the function f: Ry R defined by x? is neither one-one nor onto. (CERT) Solution. Here, f(-1)= (I) = I but~1 #1. “f "is not one-one. Also ~ 2 is in the co-domain R but is not the image of [es =2 is not the square of any real number) “fis not onto, Hence, ‘ "is neither one-one nor onto: MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (XI) Example 7, Show that f: N-> N given by : + Lifxisodd fs) = { x-1, if xiseven is both one-one and onto. (CERT; HB. 2018; ALC. SE, 2012; Jammu cas Solution, One-One. Here we discuss the following possible cases () When x is odd and x is even, Here fix,) = fis) 9/44 1=%)>1 =H 1/2, which is impossible (1) Wher x, is even and x, is odd. Here fix) =f _4) Y=) +1 Sx) =2, which is impossible ll) When; and xg-are both odd. Here fix) =f) > 4, +1 =m +1 = yay 2 Pig one-one. (V) When x and x are both even Here Ray) = Aix) 1-1 =4y-1 => fis one-one. Onto, Let ‘x’ be an arbitrary natural number. When x is an odd natural number, then there exists an ‘even natural number (x + 1) such that : fort Da et ‘When x is an even natural number, then there exists an ‘odd natural number (x ~ 1) such that fe-=(-D+l=% «Bach x € Nas its pre-image in N. ‘Thus ‘fis onto. Hence, “fis both one-one and onto. EXERCISE 1 (b) = Tx € 1, then show that (AB. 2012) fon=-f0, ‘What is the Fange of the fumetion f(x) = ? (CBSE, 2010) (a) Show that an onto function f : (1, 2,3) (1, 2.3} is always one-one. WCERL) @) Let A~ (1, 2,3) and D ~ (5,6, 7, 8) be to sets ‘The mapping/ : AB is defined as L=10,9.2.7.6,6)) ‘Examine if fis one-one. (©) f: RR given by f(x) = 2x is one-one function, (True/False) (Kashmir B. 2016) (Tripura B. 2016) ow 4. Show that the function f: NN given by @ fy = 2x (CERT) Wi) $0 (PB. 2010) is one-one but not onto. 5. (a) Iffis a fanetion from RR such that f(a) =22 ‘ex R, then show that ‘f"is not one-one. (Meghaiya B. 2015) (&) Give example of many-one function (Gash D. 2016) 6 LetA= (1,2, 3), B= (4,5, 6, 7) and let {f= {(1.4), 2,5), 8,6)} bea function from A to B. Show that‘ f ' is one-one, (NCERT) 7. Show that fx) = 3x-+5,forall.x € Q, is one-one. (HB. 2018)[RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS Short Answer Type Questions aw 8 (@) Show thatthe function f: R-* R given by kisi ae dcdiag eng Fo) sar 6 where a bE Rya # 0 isa bition inne has (casi. 2106 @ WFNON, gvendyfy=2 (®)A function f:R -> Rib defned by fn) = Sr 6 Gi) FNON, grendyfeyer PR. 201 prove that fis one-one and onto. (Magallaya B. 2016) oy inset hemes a 9. State whether the following function is one-one onto : orbjective . (i) ZZ, givenbyfiy=x (PP. 2016) PR Resid by fo) =1 628 © FRoR 1) (NCERT; Karnataka B.2017) | 18 Let Aand B be se, how at 10, (a) Show thf: RR given by 0) = 9s bijective ARB BRA sith f(a 6)= (6.0) (CERT; RB 2016) is abjective fapdion, (MERE; Kashmir B. 215) (Aan fs RR defined yf 16, Prove tat Modulus Function /: > B, given by : sami fisene-oneanden, ala 2.2016), aon ett 1H 11, Show that the function f+ R=» defined by i aia! Gor cea omo, whee @ fe rER (N.C.E.R.T. ; Kashmir B. 2011) 17. stowtne Signum Function RR, givenby: ron xer Wiiro is one-one and onto function. (C.B.S.E. 2010 C) Foo) 0. it x=0 3 1. itv [ve REL-ex <1} Aelaton froma set Ao set B by Ry iff ys a tue a tend of defined by 0)= TTT Ris enone ad onto TERR = fay Bs (0 6 (ty By ty By ay) tuneon, IONE 8... wast, 2012) 15 Rabijetve Fneion 2 Answers 2B eht) 14. (@) (Gi) Wjectve but nor surjective 2. es (Te (5) (0 Neitherinjecive nor suective 5. ) f=2 V YER. (ii) Tnjective but not surjective 9. Neier one-one nor ont. (©) Neither njecive nor surjective. 10. (fis one-ofe ono 18 Nothijective otis neither one-one nor ono —5{= Hints to Selected Questions @-0-0-0-0— 1. f3)= be Then ay 8. (@) fq) =f lq) > ax, +b =axy +0 %, Eom oe > one-one aon Laty ER Laty =) Combining. is abjction,scenes sc ce nesmiame a > by a)= 6; > (ayy) = (a,b) > fis one-one ‘And corresponding to each ordered pair (yx) € BA there exists (x, ») € (A xB) such that: 4) > b,=by anda, =a 9. ‘f ismotone-one bef U=FE DI Also ‘f* isnot ont. oR, = [1 ©) # Rl 10. (a) fis one-one om. it x20 eet m= aos Hx * *<0 16, Since FG) =/(E.), ¢ is not one-one 15, Let (ay, by), (ay by) © AX B such that Now Ry =10, 2) # R=“ isnot onto, Slay, by) =f lay by) 17. f* isnot one-one. Ry ={-1,0,1} # Ree fis nov ont. EEEEEEEEE) COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS © retin Let A, Band C be three sets. Let: A B and ¢ : B.C be wo functions. Then the composition of fand g, denoted by gof, is defined as the function gof: A» C given by = sof = @ GOV XE A This is also known as Function of a function or Resultant of funetions. fis tepresented by diagram as below ‘Theorem I. [fA — Band g ; BC are’one-one, then gof : A> C is also one-one, (N.C.ERLT. + Kashmir B. 2011) Proof. sof) = gop) = # (FG) = #9) = Fay) = fe) gis one-one] = an © fis one-one] Hence, gofis one-Bne, Theorem II. ff: => B and g : B+ C are onto, then gof: A> C is also omto. (CERT) Proof. Let <€ C he an aitrary clement. Then there exists a pre-image y of: under g such tha ¢ (9) == [+ gis oo} ‘And for y © B, there exists an element xin A such that f() = y Le fis onto} ‘hus gar) = eG) =80)=2 Hence, gofis onto. ‘Theorem IL, Let f :AB, ¢: BC and hi C+D. Then ho (gof) = (hog) of Proof. ho (gof) () = W(gof) (@) = hg GQ) vx A (hog) of (2) = (hog) FO) = h(a (FO) Wve A Henee, ho (gof) = (hog) of.[RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS Frequently Asked Questions Example 1. If f: R + Ris defined by f (x) = 3x + 2, find £ (f (x). (C.B.S.E. 2011 (F), 10 C) Solution. ff) = 3/00) +2 (r+2) 42-9048, Example 21: R - Ris defined by : f09)= (328°)! fea fr (ir, 2016; ALCS, 2010 Solution, fof (x) =f &) = 6G)? = (--(0-1")] = 6-0-2)" =(0)" Example 3. Find gof and fog, f:RRandg:R3R are given by £9) = cos x and g (x) = 3x2 Show that gof # fog. (N.CERE; Jammu B.2017; Karnataka 8.2014 Solution. Wehave: f(x)= cos and g(x)=3e. g0f 0) = 8 (F))=2 (C082) =3 (cos =Re0ex cand fog) =ALa) =FAP)=0083°, Hence, gof'#/os. Example 4, Let €: (2,3, 4,5) > (3,4, 5,9) and 2:{3,4,5,9) + {7, 11 15} be functions defined as : £2) =3,£@)= 4,4) =£6)= Sand 7.26)=2() =H. (NCERT) Solution. gof 2) sof and gof 5 Example 5. Find got and fog if: £0) = [x] and g (x)= [5x -2]. (HBB. Model Question Paper 2018; H.PB. 2018, 16, 14, 13 8; Jammu B, 2017) Solution, We have : F(x) = |] and g (s) =|5x—2 | @ (eh (8) = 8 FO) = 8 (lx1) = [5] x|-21 Wf) &) = FB) =llSx-2 alse—29) Isx—2] Example 6, Let f(x) = fot (x (Jeane B. 2017; PB. 2015; H.B. 2015; Meghalaya B. 2018, 14) somton 1419 140) 16x +124 184- Also, if g 2 R > R is defined as g(x) = 2x ~ 1, find fog(s). (CBS.E. 2018) - net > nan ‘Thus, f is not one-one. Onto: fo =y +1 = ety = x cannot be expressed in y. ‘Thus, fis not onto, Hence, fis neither one-one nor into. (ii) Since g(x) = 2v- 1, Fost) = Agta) = 2x ~ 1) das © Qx-DP +1 2e-1 axe 4x42‘Example 8. If the function f: R > R be given by fix) = x24 2and g: R > R be given by g(x) sxe, find fog and gof and hence find fog (2) and gof (-3). (ALCBS.E, 2014) Solution. We have fo) = +2 and gt) = fog (x) = figs) = (go? +2 2420-1 ca ae +20" 2x41) _ 3x? 4x +2 ~ G1? (e-1P? * Hence, fog 2) = SD=AZIH2_ B—842_ 8 rT p= And gop) = 8) =F en * (2 +2) Hence, gof (-3) = ol 10° Crt Example 9 Let: (1, 2, 3} > {a, b, ¢} be one-one and £2)=band£(3)=e. Show ‘onto function given by (1 that there exists a function : 8 lay bye} > (1,2, 3) such that got and Fox =I where X = (1,2,3}and Y= {abe} 6 (V.GERT) Solution, Consider g + (a, bc) > 1, 2, 3) such that : g(a) = 1g )=2Zandg (© For sof = 8 FERED) Similarly for x= 2 and 3, ‘Then gof = ly. which is identity function in X. Similarly fog = ly, which is identity function in ¥. MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (XI) sample 0.10: R= (2) 9 R 3 he defined as 3\ a senha eel? 5 Iy (0) =x v 4 B are identity functions on sets A dB respectively. TOO 8 6 2.22; sharttand 8.2016) ( ayt4 =) Solution. cof x) = ¢ (F(x) = Bred Sx-7 (4) Se +20-15r+21 aM. 41 Int Also fog (4) = f(g) =F & a a 2ix+12420x-12 35x+20—35x+21 Hence, goft) and fog (=x WxEN = fog= RCISE 1 (c) Fast Track Answer Type Questior If functions; A B and g : B+ C ate defined by : fix) = Le and g(x) = respectively, find gof (x). (Wwarakhand B. 2015) Consider functions f and g such that gof's defined and is one-one, Are,f and g both necessarily one- one ? WERT) Aref and g both necessarily onto, if gof is onto ? WCERT) wr 4. Give examples of two functions = f:N> Zand g:Z57Z such that gf is injective but g is not injective. (CERT) 5. Give examples of the functions : JiNANand g:N9N such that gof is onto but fis not onto. (N.C.E.R.E)[RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS Very Short Answer Type Questions 6 (i) If fs R > R defined by f(a) =27 ~2 + 3, then find FF). (HB. 2016) (i) Mf f: R > R be defined by f(s) = 2-344 2, find f(f(x). (Mizoram #2018; H.RB. 2018) 1. If f: R= R be given by f(x) = B — 8)", find Sef 0». (Assam B. 2018; H.PB. 2016) 8% HIF ral then show that fof) =x (Kerela B. 2018; H.B. 2011) Gin Ifa) = we(t = fen=-fO) Short Answer Type Questions 13, Find fog and gof. if (f= 88; gaat (CHEB. 2018, 16, 14 ; Meghalaya B, 2016) glyax+l (LB. 2014 ; PB. 2010) rt; git)=9 +2 (HB. 2012) (HB. 2011) +k g@)=2x-1. (Kerala B. 2017) 14, Describe fog and gof, where ( f)=e, — gl=logx FO) sai)slogx. (CERT 1S, Let fis) = 20? and g(a) = 3x — 4; x © Ry Find the following : © fF) (i) gog iil) fog (0) (i) gah). ABinahB, 2014) 16. X= 1, then show that : FCO) 17. Letf: R-> Rand g: R> R be two functions defined by f(a) = Lr and g(x) = fx}, where [x] denotes the 1 =.140. CERE) ow xv =I, then find fof (a). (PB. 2015) 1 pape Et en?, mnt, Ce 35 3x-2 +4 yore? Find a AL. Consider a function fx) function g(x) on a suitable domain such that (Gof (9) == os) (9) (Kerela B. 2015) 12. Let g and irbe functions from R’ to R. Show that ( (f+ 9) 0M = foh-+ goh (i F.8) oh= (ole(g0h) izaIE ‘greatest integer less than or equal to x. Find (fog) (5.75) and (gof) 4 y5) (Assam B. 2017) 18,/ Let: RR be the Signum Function defined as Ld pQy= | 0, (NCERT) x<0 and g: R > R be the Greatest Integer Function given bby g (x)= Lx), where [x] is greatest integer less than or equal to x. Then does fog and gof coincide in cone TO v.cek.1) 19. Find ofan fog Hf: > Rand > Rae gen fo = cos x and g(x) = 3x2, Show that gof# fo. 20, Consider three functions: PiN2N, g:N-Nand hi: N=R 2x, 9) =3y + 4 and At (APB. 2010 8) Show that hg) = (hog) of GIS (toraktnana 8, 2013) Answers yo TRO 828 (FDR + x Feet one (i) 48-47, 640 482 +120 +1 4 f@) =x and g (eda (iv) 12el,2lx4H-1. 1 > e=hit x31 Faget a 5 foy=xetadem= {pee 1 xx wo Vim—doEN? poet =~), 6. a8 + 82-86 +6 Gi) A812 Sr. 15. (8x! (a) 9x16 (iif) 18x? — 48u + 32 () @2~4, 47. Sand 2. 18. No. 19, (gop) (x) = 3 cos*x 5 (fog) (2) = 608 382MODERN abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x) —4I=. Hints to Selected Questions Sls) fo > 2@ = &w (ep) = FFE) = A+2x 12. G+ 8) oh] @) = f+ 9h) = = fk@) +g (hoy = = (ol) (3) + (gol) shraupere 22048 ya . 2(0=2 16. (S) ae SEES) IWVERTIBLE FUNCTIONS (Kashmir B. 2017) ©& Detinition | A function f: X — ¥ is said ro be invertible if there exists function ¢: YX such that sof = Iyand for = I ‘The function “g’ isthe inverse of “f, which is denoted by“! and is read as inverse. For Example : Letf: R > R be defined by flx) = 3x +4. x4 ‘Then g :R— R, defined by g (x) = EEEEERUN) THEOREMS ‘Theorem I. A function f : X — Y is invertible if ‘f' is one-one and onto. Proot = Ys invenble, ‘Then there exists g : Y +X such that fog = ly and gof= ly “To Prove : fis one— one is the inverse of Let jand.x, € Now Fi) = £2) = Fy) = 8) = opp (xy) = (eof = TG = Ixy) = fis one-one, ‘To Prove : fis ont. To each y € Y, there exists x © X such that g ) =x = Fla) = £0) > ly) = f@) +. fis onto, Conversely : Given :f:X —> Y is one-one and onto. To Prove : f is invertible. Since Fis one-one and onto, ». to each y © Y, there exists one and only one x € X such that f(x) = y. We define g : YX such that sQ)=x if fa)=y. Now (gof) (x)= 8 (a= 8 Q)=xW EXexams AND UNE TONS hi Way ¥ yey y= Hence, fis invertible. ‘Theorem IL, If: X > ¥ is one-one and onto, then f-! : XY is also one-one and onto. Proof. We have : f: X > ¥ is one-one and onto. ‘To Prove : 1 is one-one, Let be two different elements of Y. and f(y) =x, where xy, € X. “,) and yy Thus 4x > fay) 4flx) ie POET OD 3 yey Hence, fis one-one. To Prove : f is onto. Letre X Then there exists» ¥ such that: vasa) i o isthe mage oye ¥. Hence, sont (6. KEY POINT ( Iffis invertible, then fis one-one and onto. ffs one-one and onto, then fis invertible, ‘Theorem IIL. If: X > ¥ i one-one om, then inverse of fis unique. or Uff:X > Vis an invertible function, then ‘fYhas nique iiverse. (NCERL, Kashmir B. 2013) Proof. Let ¢, and ¢, be two inverses off Let ye ¥. Let gy (9) = and 9 ()) = 4p Since g the inverse of f, 1 O=5 = fay “ Similarly g20)=4, = ft) =y @ From (1) and (2), f Since fis one-one, * Fo) =F09) = yee Hence, inverse of fis unique ‘Theorem IV. Leif: XY and ¢ : ¥—>Z be 1vo invertible functions. Then gofis aso invertible and (got! =f oe. roof. In order to show that go's invertible with (gop! = 7"! og", itis sufficient to show that : (Plog!) o(goN =x and (gop) 0 "1 og") = by, Now Gog olgof = Ufo g')og) af = flolet ogyof Cover Def. of 1 be Similarly (gof)o "0 gtLLU: Example 1. Prove that function R -® R, f(x) = 7 (PB. 2018) is one-one onto, Also, find 1, Solution, Let xy,.5, € Re Now, fis) = fay) > 32x #320) 9-24 28 - a Thus, *f is one-one, Lay ER Let y= fay) 3-2% Then, FB =y23-m=79 Now, Thus, *f is onto, Hence, ‘fis one-one onto, Also, = 2x * ro Hence, Pe Eaample 2. Prove that the function f : [0,) * Ry given by f(x) = 9x? + 6x ~ 5 is not invertible. Modify the co-domains of the function f to make it invertible, and hence, find f~1, (CBS.E. Sample Paper 2019) MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS (XI) is) EXAMPLES Solution. Let y © R. ‘Then for any x, f(X) 20 (+ (1 Gre 1F-6 * Gre Pay ¥6 afy8 _ N61 > Br41 * x + . fr6-1 ees \or5 -1 ERO ET 0.2) for any y 1 Now, for y=-6 ER, x= € (0, ©). Hence, fis not invertible. Moaifeation : Since x 2 0, . W#S=1 2g = vyt6-1 20% vee 21 Squaring, = yO 21 aye ‘Thus redefining f:[0, ©) > [-5, ©) whereas fo) = 92 + 65 Let x, x3 € [0, e) such that f(xy) = Fx) Gay + Ds Gry +P * Gry + DF- Gy + 2 [Gx ++ Bx + D) [Gy + D- By + DI= = Boy, +) + 2) Boy — x) ° By) =O Lexy Hy) #2> 0) > xm 20 ° ay = “Thus, “fis one-one. Now, fis bijective and hence, fis invertible ond FAs 9, 2) > (0, 2) 5 as onto funetion, ¥6-1 rte = Hence, ftw[RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS Example 3. Consider £ M(x) = 9x2 + 6x ~ 5. Show 3 R, + [- §, @) given by {fis invertible with Hence, find (i) F410) Gi vite Hy) where R, is the set of all non-negative real numbers. (CBSE, 2017) Solution, We have : f= R, > [- 5, =) given by fix) =9 - 6x - 5, Let xy, © R, such that f) = flay) + Sy? + Gay — 5 = Bay? Gay — 5 ay) + 60 — x) =0 > Gy 4) Ba, +4) +6) =0 = xp-y a0 4 i fy OF a +8 which is not possible as xy, € Ry. ‘Thus ‘fis one-one. () VW yEl-5,%). ox? + 6x5 = Gre DP-1-56 are a re = tor Now xis defined asx ER, iy +62 Vey 225, ‘Thus ‘f"is onto, ‘Fis one-one and onto = fis invertible and f! exists, ft z ww f'Qy Example 4, Let A= R - {3} and B= = (1). Consider x-2 that ‘fis one-one and onto and hence find f-!, (CBSE. 2012) Solution, Let ry.) € R~ (3). Now Fey) =F 09) 2 | -DEH_ DEH EN -2 xy — 3x - 2H +6 rp 2x; — 34 +6 2 ap= 8 ‘Thus °F" is one-one. Let y © R~ (1). Let y= Fp. wy ‘Then! qyra TYP = ay = D> 1 Now yER-(1]> 5 Fly = By 2=3y43 ‘Thus Hence, J is one-or =f is invertible. is onto. and onto funetion Also y Hence, sn? Pos for all x © R— (1), xoT Example §, Let Y= {nz N}CN. Consider f: N—> Yas f(n) =n, Show that *P is invertible, Find the inverse of ‘f°, (CERT. ; Jammu B, 2012)Solution, Lety € Y, where vis arbitrary. Here y is of the form n?, forn e N =o “This monivatesafanetion 8: Y > N,defined by 2 @)= yy Now gofn and fog 0) =fe @) =F Wy) =? = Thus gof=Iyand fog = ly. Hence, ‘f "is invertible with f-! = g. Example 6, Let: NR bea function defined as : 1 (x) 242+ 1294 15. Show that Ts N—> Range Fis invertible. Find the inverse of [DDI (8.2.8.7; Kashmir 8.2017; Karnataka B.2017) Solution. Let y € Ry, where is arbitrary Then yadx?+ 124 15 forxe N 3 -y=Qre3P+6 = 243= Yy-6 =6-3 2 ‘This motivates a function =. W763 g: Range of f+ N, defined by ¢ (9) = Now g0f (0) = g (FU) = + 12+ 15) =e (2x43? +6) Yor+3? + 3_ 243-3 and fay ssa PEED = (r= -345) 46 (yO P+6=y-6 46 Thus. gof=Iy and fo Ie, Hence, is invertible with f! = g. MODERN'S abe + OF MATHEMATICS ( Example 7. Let f: W—> W be defined by: in — 1, if mis odd tw (rnin, Show that "is invertible. Find the inverse of‘. (Here *W’ is the set of whole numbers) HG 9.2.7 ALCBS.E. 2015) Solution. Webave :f : W—>W defined by : fn—Wit mis odd LO) = setcit mis even, fis one-one. When n, and n, are both oddp then fin) =f) = fj 1=m—1 > m= When n, and ny aie both even, then fenp) =) mt lam+i> man, es Inboiheases, FC5)) =F) > When mpis oddand nis even, then /(n) =ny~ 1, which is even fand_ f(g) = + 1, whichis odd. = fim 2f ny. Similarly when ny is even and ny is odd, yen mem = fim) fy. Ineach case, ‘/” is one-one. fis onto. ‘When 7 is odd whole number, then there exists an even ‘whole number n= 1 Wosuch that fin = 1) = (1-1) + =n ‘When 1 is even whole number, then there exists an odd ‘whole number ne Ve W such that f(a + 1) = (n+ 1) 1 Also f(1)=0 W. ‘each number of W has its pre-image in W. ‘Thus 7 is onto Hence, ‘fis one-one onto => ‘fis invertible, To obtain 1. Let ny. my €W such that f(y eo m+ Len. ifm iseven ny if nis od. ng — Lif my isodd = Yny + Lif my iseven Thus dbp {to} ifm isodd = rts {oT tt hen [ge ifm iseven Then fH m)= |, ifm, isodd Hence, f=f-![RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS EXERCISE 1 (d) Very Short Answer Type Questions AL 1. Let =[1, 2,3). Determine whether the funtion 4, Let iN SY be a fmction defined as f(x) = 4+ 3. where ¥= (ye N, y= 4+ 3 for some xe N}. Show f83s that” is invertible. Find the inverse, defined below has inverse, Find tif itexists: (CERT; Karnataka/B. 2013 H.PB. 2015, 13, 11) © F=(0.0.2.2.8,3) 5. Consider: R— R given by the following. Show that Fis invertible. Find the inverse of ii) f =(0,2.2 DAL (i) F=(0,2.2,..G.) ores, (iid) £ = (0.3.8,2.2. WCERD) | (W.CERL; Jamola B.2018, 19; H.B.2017; HEB. 2015, 2. Let S~ (a, & cand T~ (1,2, 3). Find fof the hee following function F trom S to T, if i exists i FO) =5042, (erala B. 2013) @ F= (a, 3), 6,2, (6D) (i) F=((a,2), 6 D.C Db. (NCERT) 6& (a) FER BR defined by f(s) = 2 is an invertible function, find f~!. 3. Are the following funetions invertible in their respective domains ° If so, find the inverse in each (b) Show that f : R > R defined by x) = a * x & Ris invertible function and find f~1(P, 2014 S) If:RR: foyexst 3rt6 8 is an invertible function and find f".—(P8. 2017) Short Answer Type Questions: == SATQ == 10. Consider f: (1, 2,3) a, be}, given by : FA) =a, (2) = band F(3) weneohf* 2 Find! and show that (Y= W.CERT) LL. Consider f: 41, 2.3) + {a be} and (2B, 2012) fae 4x43 or4 2 & @itfa #5 Show that fof) =, fra» #2. Whit (\CERZ:; Kashunio, 2016, 2, 1 Jammu B. 2015 W; CBS, E(F) 2012 ; PB. 2012) (4, c} > fapple, bal, cat) defined as f(1) =a f2)= bf) =e, (0 nina =I [2 eats ar (a) =apple, ¢ (0) = ball ¢ (©) Fla) = FFs one-one and onto. Hence, find f+ Show that f and gof'are invertible (CBS.E. 2013) Find (1, ¢! and (gop) and show that DSA ANE ET gh ptaplog DO cern eo +2" _ q onemone, 12. Prove that #: R + R is a bijection given by : " sen function fonPes Find (0. (N.CERT; Assam B. 2018;Jammu B. 2013 ; H.PB. 2012)i) MODERN abe + OF MATHEMATICS (x) Long Answer Type Questions aw 13, Lets N + Nhe a fonction defined by Show that fs bijective, Find the inverse of and Ll) = 92 + 64-5. tence find f-! (0) and x such that f(x) =2. Show hat fi N-> S, where $ is the range of ‘P,is invertible. Find the inverse of “f and hence, find (ALCBS.E. 2017) fo! 43) and f-! (163). 15, If the function f: R-» R be defined by fox) = 2x—3 and | 4 a). 4g: R-> R by g(a) = +5, then find fog and show aes os)" (GBiSB)Sample Paper 2018) £0) = eat 1. Anvertible; "= (C1, D,@. 2) (Gi), Not invertible Git) Invertible; f= (G, 1. 2, 3). 2)). 2 © PH=(Ga.@ HU, 0} (id) F* does not exist 3. @ Inventble ; (0 Gd) Anvertible; “1 12/1 @) =a). ‘Truthfulness and honesty among people may have bijective relation as people who are honest are ustally 13 crab and vice-versa. 4 ples a 4 1B. fg) y+6 1 pla: $163) = 4. a) f= y & OFG 1 soy floes 6 ara wrtw-23 7 3 v@ 15. (fog) (x) = 2x? + 7, (fog)! (x) 1 stay= BSS (foxy! ()=1 ae Hints to Selected Questions -@-0— 3. (=i F" is invertible ifitisone-one onto 10, Clearly {is one-one onto > fs fa bc} > (12,3) > (fis one-one onto and (F-'y'= ((1, a), 2,6), B, 29 13. y=f(s) > y=9P+6x-5 = ysGre D6 = \yre =3041 » 12 LEE. pig Jy¥6-1 Vire and f-!(163) = ——-——[RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS diy fq) =2 » HL 3eod = 3dr =6r-8 > 10r=11 al T Binary,Operations BINARY OPERATIONS ‘A function f: A> A, where Ais a set, is considered as a unitary operation in the sense chat an element of A is associated to each singleton subset {a} of A. fan clement of Ais associated uniquely with each subset of two elements Of A (the Ofer of the elements being taken into account), we obtain a binary operation on A. In general, for r= 1, 3, .... an n-ary operation on the set A is @ map PERAK coco XA (times) = AP A. For simplicity, we consider here unitary and binary operations only. Examples : (1) Let A = R* (set of all positive real numbers). Here mapx> 254A i.e. taking reciprocals of positive real numbers is a unitary operation, (MD) Tet A = R (er of all real numbers) Here map (x, y)=-+ 9: R2=R i.e, addition of two real numbers is a binary operation, © retin ‘Makilicaton ie also biary operon Ry Wale division I oa bnary operon on because division by Osa ((. etined: Bur division en Binary prion cm (0) Notation. We denote the binary operation by ‘o" F Instead of (m, 1) > m +. mn: Px T, we write mon = m+ n+ mn on 1 It should be noted with care when we define @ binary operation, the order of the elements is taken into account. In other words, the map, which defines the binary operation on A, is on the set A? of all ordered pairs of the elements of A. © Definition Let A be non-empty set. Then the rule denoted by ‘o" is called binary operation on A ifto each ordered pair (a, b) of the elements of A, it associates @ unique element, denoted by aob of A. In the set of numbers; we generally use “+',*., “~, "#",to denote binary operations. Properties of Binary Operation: (WD) Closure. Ifa 0 b EA for all a, b © A. then *o" is closed. (I) Commutative. Jf aob = boa for a, bE A, then ‘0° is commutative In ease aob, boa are different, then ‘o" is not commutative Examples : (1) The operation of division on R ~ {0} is not commutative. (U1) Let the binary operation ‘*” on I be defined as = men = m=n + mm then = -1%2 = 1-2+1.2=1 ¥ Other notations for binary operations are *** °@”, *@’ + ete| 1130 | MODERN’S abc + OF MATHEMATICS ( while 2° 1 <142.123 2.142421 & “is nota commutative binary operation, Example : The operation * : Rx R » R defined by : ah =a + 2h is not commutati Solution, Since 3° 5=3+2(5)= 3°525"3, (a ERT) 4105 13 and 5 *3=54+2()=5+6=11 is not commutative, Ifaolboc) = (aobjoc for a, b, ¢ EA, then ‘ois associative. Examples : (1) Addition and Multiplication on R are associative binary operations (i) Division on R— {0} is not an associative binary operation. Example : The operation * : Rx R + R defined by a * b =a + 2b is not associative, Solution, Since (7*5)*3 = (7410) 3= 17+ and 79593) = 79546) (75/934 7915 *3), Hence, the operation ** is not associative, (6. KEY POINT (Gi cea cf enmmaiay al oon av pe > (IV) Existence of Identity Element. Ifo" is binary operation on A and there is ¢ € A such that ane = a = 00, where ‘e*is the identity element ofthe operation Examples : (1) For binary operation “+ in R, 0 is the idemtity element, (NCERT) (11) For binary operation *” in R, | is the identity element (NCERT) Further there is no element e in R with a ~e ‘Also there is no element in R’ (set of non-zero real numbers) with a ‘Thus “and ‘+7 do not have identity elements, (6. KEY POINT (C2210 is idemity forthe adative operation on R but snot demu fo the ative operation on N. ) (V) Existence of Inverse Element, An clement b if set A is said to be inverse element of an element « € A with respect to the binary operation o if ob = ¢ = boa! [Example :~ a isthe inverse of a for additive operation “+” on Rand ~ is the inverse of a # 0 for multiplicative ‘operation ‘x? on R. a (NCERT.) Since a+(-a)=a~a=0and (4a) ta=0, ais the inverse of“ for addltion on R. 1a 1 — at, 7 is the inverse ofa for multiplication on R. Again fora # 0.4% (6. KEY POINT C en a. oe » ‘Sometimes, ivis convenient to write down a binary operation by means of the table. IEX is the set (a, bj and the binary operation ‘o” is defined as 40a = a, bob = b, aob = b, boa = a Clearly itis not commutative ola] ‘These can be written in the form : alels blale Algebraic Structure. A non-empty set with one or more binary operations defined on itis called an algebraic structure. FEESRSUPREMUM AND INFIMUM OPERATIONS (0 The operation V : Rx R > R given by (x,y) > maximum of « and is called supremum operation, Gi) The operation A : Rx R > R given by (x, )> minimum of x and y is called infimum operation.[RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS aw V5) a) AGS) 5.VB.-5)=3 AG For Examples : ‘Theorem. v= RR ~ R given by (x, 9) > maximum of x, y and A: Rx R © R given by (x, y) > minimum of x and y ‘are binary operations. Proof. Since V cauties each pait (x, ») in R x R (0 unique element v “V" isa binary operation, (On similar lines of argumer 1" isa binary operation. Gai Example 1. Ifa * b denotes the larger of “a” and “ and if aob = (a * b) +3, then write the value of (5) 0 (10), where ** and ‘0° are binary operations. (C.01.S.E 2018) Solution. Given: aob = (ad) +3 5 0(10) =(5* 10) +3 043 Example 2, Let ©” be a binary operation on the set ab of all non-zero real numbers, given by a * b= — for all 4, b © R— {0}, Find the value of ‘x’, given that 2 (x * 5) (C.BS.E. 2014) Example 3. Let ‘** be a binary operation on N given mgr? aS (ii) 20 * 16, (Karnataka B) 2017) Gi) 20 * 16 = LCM 20, 16) Example 4. The binary operation * : defined as: a*b=2a+b, Find @*3) #4. (ALCB.S.E. 2012) Solution, 2 3)*4 = QQ) +3)°4 a T8422) 44 = 44-18 Example 5. Find the identity elemer to the operation **" defined by : atb=atbel VabeZ. (Meghalaya B. 2015; Unarakhand B. 2015) Solution, Let “e* be the identity clement. Then a= inZ. with respect which is the identity element, Example 6. Show that addition, subtraction and ‘multiplication are binary operations on R but di not a binary operation on R. yeR, EXAMPLES Further, show that division is a binary operation on the set R*, of non-zero real numbers. (NCERT) Solution, +: Rx R > Ris given by: (Wy) Ry =: Rx R= Risgiven by: Gorey XR xR + Ris given by (2.3) ince ‘+’, “and 'x’ are functions, these are binary operations on R But +:RxR-+R given by (ys ig not a function 1d consequently. it is not a binary operation, [is Fory =0, ~ isnot defined) Rex RY > RE given by However, @ye% y js a function and hence a binary operation in R®, where R# i the set of non-zero real numbers (i.e. R— {0}) Example 7. Show that subtraction and di binary operations on N. Solution. () ~ : Nx N+ Nis given by : (s, 9) +=, which is not a binary operation, Le Image of (4, 6) under "is 4-6 =-2 EN] (ii) =: NN» Nis given by : (9) +), which is nota binary operation be nage ft Junter's sb 2 MI Example 8. Show that V : Rx RR given by (a, b) + max. (a, b} and A: Rx R- R given by (a, b) > min. (a,b) are binary operations. (CERT) Solution. ()V : Rx R = R given by (@, ) > max. (a,b), Which is a unique element vir max. of ab & R. Hence, V is a binary operation. (ii) A: Rx RR given by (a, 6) min, (a, 6} which is a unique element viz. min, of a, b € Re Hence, A is a binary operation.