3712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS Chemistry Student Solutions Manual \oth Edition Whitten | Danis \ Peck | Stanley tps. comzmgtbit 14st511223, 513 Pa ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS Chemistry TENTH EDITIO! University of Georgia, Athens Raymond E. Davis University of Texas at Austin M. Larry Peck Texas A&M University George G. Stanley Louisiana State University Prepared by Wendy Keeney-Kennicutt Texas A&M University 2 » BROOKS/COLE CENGAGE Learning tps. comzmgtbit 214513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FpHTMLS BROOKS/COLE CENGAGE Learing 0 2014 BrocelCae, CangegeLeaning [ALLFIGHTS RESERVED. No pro this work covered byte opyrept ner mayb reproduced, vanced, Sree, oF (Seg any erm orby any means erghle aectone cr ‘chanical, luag bu not lied To protocopyig, ‘orang, sang. dgtaina, taping, Wo alsin Information nebworks, information sorage and relreval ‘Sjslms, except as pormited under Secon {07 o 4080 ho 4876 Untes Sates Copy Ae thou! he pee ween permission ote publisher ‘Cengage Leeming Customer & See Suppor, ‘aon sero For pamieonta vse materi om is ot product stent {rcqie nine www engage conversions Furor pomisene qlostora canbe oma ‘ormisslorequesteengage com Printed inthe United States of America 1234567171615 1413, tps. comzmgtbit ISBN 1130033624 BrookeiCole 200av6 One Belmont CA 84002-2098 Usk ‘Cengage Leong i loacingproviter of cacionizes Isaningsolione win offealecabors around the gobo, Including Shgapere, he Untod Kingdom. Aucvaa, ‘Monee rasta lspan, Locale yur bal fice at ew. comgage.comfebal Ccangage Leaming pesucts a represented (Ganaat by Neon Eaton 1a Tolaam more abo BrookaCoe, vet ew cangage-comrockscole Purchase any of cx products at your eal cokege ore rato prefered one store ‘rw congagebraincom 314513712723, 513 PM tps. comzmgtbit ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FpHTMLS “This isanelestonie version of he prin textbook. Dueto electronic rights restrictions, some thie party content nay be appressed. Eira review hss deemed that any supe coment doesnot materially fect te overall amine experience. The publisher reserves the right toremove coment fom this tie at any tie if subsequent rights retrctons equ it For ‘lable information on pricing, previous eitens,chnges to current eins a alerte formats please visit wu cengage-comigh:re to search by ISBN uth, Gite or key wort for materials in your areas o interes 41451511223, 513 Pa ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS tps. comzmgtbit 514513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FpHTMLS Foreword to the Students This Solutions Manual supplements the textbook, General Chemistry, tenth edition, by Kenneth W. Whitten, Raymond E. Davis, M. Larry Peck and George Stanley. The solutions ofthe 1441 even-numbered problems at ‘the end ofthe chapters have been worked out in a detailed, step-by-rep Fashion Your learning of chemistry serves two purposes: (1) o accumulate fundamental knowledge in chemistry which you will use to understand the world around yeu, and (2) to enhance your ability to make logical deductions in science, This ability comes when you know how 1 reason in a scientific way and how to perform the mathematical manipulations necessary for solving cerigin problems. The excellent textbook by Whitten, Davis, Peck and Stanley provides you with a wealth of ehemical knowledge, aecompanied by good solid examples of Togieal seiemifc deductive easoning. The problems atthe end ofthe chapters re a review, a practice and, in some cases, a challenge to your scientific problem-solving abilities. Kis the fundamental spirit of this Solutions Manual to help you to understand the scientifie deductive process involved in each problem, Inthis manual, I provide you with «solution and an answer to the numerical problems, but the emphasis lies on providing the step-by-step reasoning behind the mathematical manipulations. In some cases, I present as many 4 three different approaches to solve the same problem, since we understand that each of you has your own unique leaming style In stoichiometry as well as in many other types of calculations, the “unit Factoe" method is universally emphasized in general chemistry textbooks. 1 think that the overemphasis of this method may train you to regard chemistry problems as being simply mathematieal manipulations in which the only objective is to cancel units and get the answer, My goal is for you to understand the principles behind the calculations and hopefully to visualize with your minds eye the chemical processes and the experimental techniques occurring asthe problem is being worked out on paper. And so have dissected the "unit factor” method for you and introduced chemical meaning into each ofthe steps. 1 gratefully acknowledge the tremendous help over the years provided by Frank Kolar in the preparation of this ‘manuscript. Wendy L. Keeney-Kemnicutt Department of Chemistry “Texas A&M University tps. comzmgtbit 614543712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS tps. comzmgtbit 751511223, 513 Pa ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FpHTMLS Table of Contents tps. comzmgtbit “The Foundations of Chemisty ‘Chemical Formulas and Composition Stoichiometry ‘Chemical Equations and Reaction Stoichiometry “The Stucare of Atoms Chemical Periodicity ‘Some Types of Chemical Reactions Chemical Bonding Molecular Structure and Covalent Bonding Theories Molecular Orbital in Chemical Bonding Reactions in Aqueous Solutions I: Aid, Bases, and Salts Reactions in Aqueous Solutions I: Calelatons Gases and the Kinetic Molecular Theory Liquids and Sotids Solutions Chemical Thermodynamics ‘Chemical Kineies ‘Chernial Equilibrium lonic Equilibria Is Acid and Bases onic Equilibria I: Buffers and Titration Curves, Tonic Equa I: The Solubility Product Principle Elcerochemisry [Nuclear Chemistry ‘Organic Chemisty I: Formulas, Names and Propetos Organic Chemisty It: Shapes, Selected Reactions and Biopolymers Coordination Compounds Metals I: Metallurgy Metals I Propetes and Reactions Some Nonmetals and Metloids 2» 9 « “i 9 tos 126 138 10 167 188 209 228 250 a0 29 306 ane 38 306 an a8 404 416 a 432 814513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS tps. comzmgtbit 914513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FpHTMLS 1 The Foundations of Chemistry 1-2, Refer to the Introduction to Chapier Tanda detionary. (Organic chemistry is the study ofthe chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen anda few other elements, (b) Forensic chemistry deals with the chemistry involved in solving crimes scene arifuets, such as paint chips, dirt, uids, blood, and har. , inchuding chemical analyses of exime Physical chemistry is the study ofthe part of chemistry that applies the mathematical theories and methods of physics to the properties of mater and to the study of chemical processes and the accompanying energy changes. @ Medicinal chemistry isthe study ofthe chemistry and biochemistry dealing with all aspects ofthe medical fel, TA Refer tothe Sections 1-1, 1-4, 18, I-13 and the Key Terms for Chapter I. (@) Weight is a measure of the gravitational attraction ofthe earth for a body. Although the mass of an object remains constant, its weight will vary depending on its distance from the center ofthe earth. One kilogram of ‘mass at sea level weighs about 2.2 pounds 9.8 newtons), but tht same one kilogram of mass weighs less atthe top of Mt Everest. In more general terms, itis a measure ofthe gravitational attraction of ane body for another. “The weight of an object on the moon is about 1/7th that ofthe same object on the earth © Potential energy is the energy that matter possesses by vitue ofits position, condition, or composition. Your chemistry book lying on & table has potential energy dv to its postion, Energy is released iit falls from the table (©) Temperature is a measurement of the intensity of heat, Le. the “hotness” or “coldness” of an abject. The temperature at which water freezes is O*C or 32°F (@) An endothemie process is a process that absorbs heat energy. The boiling of water isa physical process that requires heat and therefore is endothermic. ic An extensive propery isa propery that depends upon the amount of material ina sample. Extensive properties include mas and volume 6 Refer to the Section I-1 and the Key Terms for Chapter I. {A reaction or process is exothermic, in general, if heat energy is released, but ether energies may be released. (a) The discharge ofa Mashlight battery in which chemical energy is converted to elecrisl energy is referred to as ‘being exethermic the chemical reaction oocuting in the battery releases heat (b) An activated light stick produces essentially no heat, bit is consklered tobe exothermic because Hight is emitted. TR. Refer to Sections land Fo ‘and the Key Terms for Chapter 1. (2) Combustion isan exothermic process in which a chemical reaction releases heat (b) The freezing of water is an exothermic process. Heat must be removed from the molecules in the liquid state 10 cause solidification. tps. comzmgtbit 1014513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS (©) The meking of ice is an endothermic process. The system requires heat to break the atractiveforees that hold solid water together. (d) The boiling of water is an endothermic process, Molecules of liquid water must absorb energy to break away fiom the attractive forces that hold liquid water together in order to Form gassous molecules. (@) The condensing of steam is an exothermic process. The heat stored in water vapor must be removed for the ‘port liquefy. The condensation process isthe opposite of boiling whieh requires heat, (8) The buening of paper isan exothermic process. The heat generated canbe used to light the wood in a Fireplace 110. Refer to Section IT. Einstein's equation, writen as mts us thatthe amount of energy released when matters tmnafomed ito energy isthe product ofthe mass of mater tansfrmed and the speed of light squared. From this equation, we see that energy and mater ae equivalent. Known a the Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy, we can use this sation to calelate the amount of energy released in a naclear easton because itis proportional tthe ciference inmass between the product and the reactants. The energy released (in jules) equals the mass difference (in Ailograms) ies the square ofthe spel a light (ins i2.__Refer to Section I-I. Electrical motors are less than 100% efficient in the conversion of electrical energy into useful work, since a part of ‘that energy i converted ino ctional heat which radiates away. However, the Law of Conservation of Energy stil applies: electrical energy = wseful work + heat md (4. Refer to Section IF and Figures F Solids: are rigid and have definite shapes: ‘they oceupy a fixed volume and are thus very dificult to compress; the hardness of solid is relate tothe strength ofthe forees holding the patcles of a Solid together; the stronger the forces, the harder isthe solid object. Liquids: occupy essentially constant volume but have variable shape; they are difficult to compress particles can pass freely over each other, ‘heir boiling points increase with increasing forces of ataction among the pasticles. Gases: expand to fill the entire volume oftheir containers; they are very compressible with relatively large separations between particles, “The three states are alike in that they all exhibit definite mass and volume under a given set of conditions. All consist of some combination of atoms, molecules er ions. The differences are stated above. Adkltional differences ‘occur in their relative densities: gases << liquid < solids Molecular representations of these three phases can be seen in Figure 1-8, Note that water is an exceptional compound, The density ofthe liquid i ereter than the slid phase. That is why solid ice oats in Fiquid water (6. Refer to Section I-b and the Key Terms jor Chapter f. (@) A substance is a kind of matter in which all samples have identical chemical composition and physical Properties, eg. ron (Fe) and water (HO), tps. comzmgtbit 513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FpHTMLS (®) A mixture is a sample of mater composed of two or more substanees in variable composition, each substance retaining fs identity and properties, eg., soil (minerals, water, organfe mate, living organisms, ete) and. seawater (water, different salts, dissolved gases, organic compounds, living organisms, etc) (©) An element is a substance that eannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means, eg. nickel (Ni) and nitrogen (N). (6) A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements in fixed proportions. Compounds ean be ‘decomposed into their constituent elements by chemical means. Examples include water (H;O) and sodium. chloride (NaC). I-18. Refer to Section 6. (2) Gasoline is a homogeneous liquid misture of organic compouncl distilled from oil (©) Tap water is a homogencous liquid mixture, called an agucous solution, containing water, dissolved salts, and ‘gates suchas chlorine and oxygen. (©) Calcium carbonate is a compound, CaCOs, consisting of the elements Ca, C and O in the fixed atomic ratio, 113, (€) [nk froma ballpoint pen isa homogencous mixture of solvent, water and dyes (©) Vegetable soup isa heterogencous mixture of water, vegetables and the compound, NaCl (table salt), depending ‘on the recipe (9, Aluminum foils composed ofthe metalic element, AL 20, Referto Section 1-6. ‘The coin isa heterogeneous mixture of gold and copper because it consists of two distinguishable elements that can bbe recognized on sight 122, Refer to Section TA. (a) Striking a match, causing it to burst into flames, is a chemical propery: singe a change in composition is ‘occurring ofthe substances in the match head and now substances including carbon dhonide gas andl water ‘vapor, ae boing formed. (b) ‘The hardness of stctis a physical property. It ean be determined without a composition change, (©) The density of gold is a physical propery, sinee it ean be observed without any change in the composition of the gold (€) The ability of baking soda to dissolve in water with the evolution of carbon dioxide gas isa chemical property ‘of baking soa, since during the reetion, its composition is changing and a new substance is being formed, ‘The ability of fine stee! woo! to bum ina isa chemical property of steel woo! since a compositional change in the steel wool occurs and heat is released, (0 The ripening of fruit is @ chemical property. When the temperature of the fruit deeteases when put into a reffigerator, the rate of the chemical reaction slows. So, the lowering of the rut’ temperature is physical change, bu temperature has a definite effect on the chemical properties ofthe fut. © tps. comzmgtbit 21st3712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FpHTMLS (2a, Refer fo Section 1-3. “The observations that identity chemieal properties are: (e) ultraviolet light convents ozone into oxygen, (e) sodium ‘metal reacts violently with water, nd (£) CO; does not support combustion, Some chemists think that dissolution is a chemical process, since itis actually very complex, so some chemists ‘would include (), 26, Refer to Section T-1 and the Key Terms for Ohapier I (©) (@) and (@) are examples of potential energy. An inflated ballon (b) possesses energy which will be released if its popped The stored chemical energy m a flashlight battery (dl) will convert to electrical energy, then into kinetic energy once itis put to use. A frazen lake (eis stored energy. Once spring comes, the water molecules willbe fee to move, the lake willbe circulating and the energy will convert to kinetic energy. However, a lake can also bea source of potential energy that can be convert dam, into kinetic energy i the water is released via a (4), (6) and (0 are all examples of kinetic energy due to their motion “Refer to Section 15. When the sulfur is heated, some of it obviously became a gas. However, there is not enough information to tell ‘whether or not this was dhe result ofa physical or a chemical change Hypothesis Hypothesis 2 Solid sulfur could be changing directty into gaseous sulfur. This is a physical change called sublimation, ‘Solid sulfur could be reacting with oxygen inthe air to form a gaseous compound consisting of| sulfur and oxygen. This would be a chemical change. The sharp odor may indicate the presence ‘of SO, but the smell test isnot conclusive. “To verify which hypothesis is core, we need to idem the gas that is produced, TRO. Referso Append A, (2) 423,006 mL. ~ 4.23006 x 10" mL (6 significant figures) (©) 0.001073040 g = 1.073040 10~ g (7 signiticant figures) (©) 1081.02 pounds = 1.08102 10" pounds (6 significant figures) (2) 50600 132, Refer to Append A 6) 0.0004060 ©) 0.1610 (e) 90000. @ 0.000206 «© 0.000900 i Refer to Appendix A. “7 volume (cm) = 252.56 em x 18.23 em x 6.5 em=29927= 3.0 x10" em? (2 significant figures based on 6.5 em) tps. comzmgtbit 191451511223, 513 Pa ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FpHTMLS 136, ‘Refer to Section 19, the conversion factors from Tables 1-6 and 1-8, and Examples 1 and 4, @ © © o © ve ai7ig x ME aera s 1000 mi 2m = 132Lx 13210" mL . LL 2 L= $5.9 dL xqpge~ 889 L 1000 em! TL em} =6251 Lx = 6251 x10 em" (Note: Lem?= 1 mL) 1-38. Refer to Section 1-9, the conversion factors listed in Table 1-8, and Example 19. 3.1 1.057 gt 100 cents eal 4qt* TL % ST 82.42 cenit. ‘Refer to Section 1-10, the conversion factors from Table 1-8, and Examples I? and 1-9. @ o © (zim @.ss.em' LL “any * Cin 1000 ent 21L= 0.75088 x2 BP. =1ab LOST at 2pt_ 00 TBH pt Lan 109 1.057 a PL Tgal % Tmile * age 2 pins 0.282" Therefore, to convert miles per gallon to kilometers perlite, one multiplies the miles per gallon by the Factor, 04282. a ‘Refer to Appendix A. Average = 8275 582+ 56.474 7.337 ~ 87. % since the answer must he rounded to the tenths place mae ‘Refer to Section 1-9, Appendie A, the conversion factors from Table 1-8 and Example 1-9. @ w) © pints p= 90 at 58.0 miles hr 1545 6+228+558= 720655. 13s since the answer must be rounded tothe one's place, tps. comzmgtbit 141853712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS 146,__Refer toSection I-11, and Examples 1-1 and P22, m 6,080 mg > Oma 1.36 mam XT.2S ma) Density (mgm 165 mg/m? sing La CO 65 go Density (vim! i potiag tC ony AR, Refer to Section 1-11 and Example 1-12. 6) Metal: D=M: Veen) = pita ent saw 04 Ag 4g Method 2: Dimensional Analysis ms thas 100 en’ silver 0483 kg TEx () kength of each edge (em) = YP = YR em? ~ 3.48 em iin (6) length of each edge (in) 3.48 em x37," 1.37 in. 150. Refer Section FT. Plan: (1) Find the volume of the aluminum wire, assuming that 10-Ib spool contains 10.0 I of aluminum (2) Caleulate the radius ofthe wire in meters {G) Solve forthe length of wie in meters, using ”= a € bye 453.681 Lom’ AL) Lm’ AL ‘ (PF 10.01 Ae Fp AL® Con my AT HBX Om AL 0808 in, 2.54em I'm (2) rais, r= diameterd = MOSS, 2B AB 03x10 m »tenath,0= Bp = 16810" mt G) Meath Se STATO L08 x10 my SOE $2. Refer to Sections I-10 and I-11. 0 2 ° Plan; L solution => mL solution = g solution = g iron(ll chloride Using 3 unit factors, (1) Conver liters to milliliters using 1000 mL. ~ I iter, @) Convert mL of solution to mass of solution using density, then @) Convert mass of solution to mass of iron(ll) chloride using the definition of % by mass 1000 ml. soln 1.149 g soln 11 giroa(lUD) chloride TEsoln © TmL soln 100 g soln 2x10 SOL soinx ° iron) chlor 1S Refer to Appendix A, Section 1-12, and Examples 1-16 and I-17. exact: 32°F, 1SC/.8°R, In determining the correct numberof significant figures, note tat the following values a and I°C/I K and have an infinite numberof signitieant Figures 0 c= Sar seh ae 6 tps. comzmgtbit 914513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS ec wo? [RFX G26°F -32.0°F)= 06°C (I sig fg. dve to subtraction rules) (06°C +2732°C) YBBK since °C =273.15 K ren ¥S. co (6) °C FRx BI8K-273.K) = 55°C ror (svcxiEl) -s0%= 130F a6 600) wre i 52.3°R ‘Refer to Section 1-22. Freezing Point of Water (FP) [Boiling Point of Water (BP) Celsius Seale oc 100 Fahrenheit Seale 30°F Réamur Seale OR @ Therefor, since both scales set the fezing point of water = 0, then 2°C = (x°Rx BP yater- FP water on Fahrenheit Seale 22°F 32°F _180°F _ 9° BP yater~FPyaer on Ramat Seale oper x ZF) +3001 Therefore? F=( 100 tons oe (2) 2 wns ore = $79 tons hematite x 5-7 oe ematite x OO KEore_ AO kg hematite 5-34 fy eaie 093 Me ore 62.7 tons ore () kg ore 1-70. Refer to Appentic A, Section 1-9 and the conversion factors from Table 1-8 Win, 254m 1m Pm=2350XTE x Tin XTooem 716m I-72. Refer to Section 1-9 and Table TS. 2 thal dose= 165 tb body wt x 453.68 body wt, Leg body wt_, 1.Smg dmg. Tibsbody wt * 1000 g body we™ 1 kg body wt HO ms drug, (2 sig Hes) ‘Refer to Sections [-10and 1-1, o @ Plan: gammonia “> g solution “> mL solution Using 2 unit actors, (1) Convert mass of ammonia to mass of solution using the definition of Y by mass, then (2) Convert mass of solution to volume (in mL) of solution using density , . 100 soln tmlsoln _ ¢ . L solution = 25.8 gammonia x spas X TODS packs” $00 ml (1 significant igre duc to S% ammenia) 1-76. _ Refer to Sections 1-3 and T-11, Example 1-2, and Figure I. (2) Box (i) represents the very ordered, dense solid state (b) Box (ii) represents the less ordered, slightly less dense liquid state (©) Box (i) represents the disordered, much less dense gaseous state (€) The physical tates rank from least dense to most dense: gaseous state < liquid state (2) Piles = 3475 cm x. ype X Toten * Taos = 00021597265 miles or 102 160 miles Note: Exact conversions: 1m = 100 em, 1 km = 1000 m. Inexact conversion: | mile = 1.609 km to 4 significant figures. The number of significant figures in the answer is set by the data (4s. figs) but the answer has extra source of erorsinee the conversion from kilometers to mile is only good to4 sg. figs Method (1) uses all exact conversions and will give a more accurate answer than Method (2). Ifyou relly wanted to use Method (2), be sure that the inexact conversion contains more significant figures than your data. For ‘example, if you used | mile = 1.6093 km, your answer would have been 021593239, and to 4 signiicant Figures, ‘both methods would have given essentially the same answer, differing only inthe doubtful digit 1.98. Refer to Sections 1-12 and 1-13, and the Key Terms for Chapier I Students often get the tems, beat, specific heat and temperature confused. Here are the formal definitions: Heat: A fon of energy tht flows between two samples of matter because of thir difference in temperature, measured in joules (), Specific heat: ‘The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram ofa substance one degree Celsius. Ts unis are /g°C ‘Temperature: A measure of the intensity of het, that is, the hotness or coldness ofa sample or abject. Temperature also refers to molecular motion, The warmer a substance is, the more its molecules are moving. Scientists usually work in °C or K. two samples ofthe same element are at different temperatures, their atoms have different kinetic energies and are ‘moving at diferent average speeds. If the two samples touch, energy (heat) will transfer fiom the hotter to the colder element until their temperatures are the same and the average speed of ther respective molecules are the Different substances require different amounts of heat to change their temperatures. Specific beat isthe constant that gives that information, Ithas units ofJ/g"C andi the amount of heat required (in joules) tobeat up | gram of a substance by °C As. final note, consider a 5.0 gram block of iron and a 15 gram block of iron, both at 25°C. ‘They are both atthe ‘same tompersture, so if they came into contact, nether would change temperature. However, the Sg iron block contains three times more heat than the 5.0 gram block. In other words, thre times more heat is required to change the temperature of the IS gram block of iran to 26°C, asthe 5.0 grat block of ion, tps. comzmgtbit 251511223, 513 Pa ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FpHTMLS 2 Chemical Formulas and Composition Stoichiometry 2-2. Refer to Section 7-1 and the Key Terms for Chapter 2 “Allotropes are defined as different forms of the same clement in the sume physical state. Two examples of allotropes ae: (1) exygen, O; (a diatomic molecule) and zone, O (a tratomie molecule), and (2) carbon as graphite, Cyygue and carbon as diamond, Cour =a. Refer to Section 2-1 and Figure. The structural formulas and ball-and-stick models of water and ethanol are given in Figure 2-1. You can see thatthe general shape and bond angles are similar around the oxygen atom, 6, Refer to Section 2-1 and Figure 2-1. Organi compounds can be distinguished from inorganic compounds because organic compounds contain C=C or C-H bonds or both. Refer to Figure 2-1. According to this definition, water, HO, hydrogen peroxide, H.O;, and carbon tetrachloride, CCl, are considered inorganic molecules, whereas ethanol, CoHOH, is an organi molecule, 2-8. Refer to Section 2-1, Table 2-1, and Figure 1-5. Ball-and-stick model of ethane, CHCH, 2-10. Refer to Section -1 and Table 2-1. (2) 04, 11NOs, 80s (6) Hs, 1.0, 120s, 1:80, (6) H:0s,NH4,S0, (@ cHCOOH, cs, (©) CH.CH.CH,, cH.CH.CHLOR 2-12, Refer to Sections 2-1 and 2-2, and Tables 7-1 and 2-2. (@) HNO, niticacid (6) CyHyz pentane (©) NHy ammonia (@) CHOH_ methanol B-14._ Refer to Section 2-2 and Table 2-2 (a) Mg monatomic cation (b) $O2~ polyatomic anion (e) Cu" monatomic eation (@) Ne polystomiccation —(@) 0% tps. comzmgtbit 228813712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS Refer to Section 2-3, Table 22 and Examples 22 and 23 bara sulfite B4S0, 3°" basiumion $0; sulfite ion ragnestim nitrate Ma(NO: Ma magmesiom fon NO stat on Sodium acetate NaCH,COO Na" sodium on CH;COO™ acest ion i&_Refer fo Section 2-3, Table 2-2, and Examples 2-2 and 2-3. (a) CucOs copper(I) carbonate (b) S1Bt)_——_ strontium bromide (©) (NHQ:CO; ammonium carbonate (@) 210 zine oxide (6) FeSO) iron(ll) sulfate ‘Refer to Sections 7-2 und 2-3, Table 2-2, and Examples 22 and 23. (a) NaCos ©) MgCl; (©) 20%): (a) (NHS () Nal ‘Refer to Sections 2-2 and 2-3, Tables 2-1 and 22, and Examples 22 and (2) NaBr sodium bromide (b) MgB: magnesium bromide (©) SOs sulfur dioxide or SO, sulfur trioxide (@) CaO calvium oxide (©) KS potassium sulfide (9 AlBry aluminum bromide B28. Refero Section 2-4. “The mass ratio of a rubidium atom (85.4678 an) to a bromine atom (79,904 amu) is 85.4678/79.908 = 1.0696, (to significant figures) or L070 (o 4 significant figure). (2:26. Refer tw Section 2-4 and he Key Terms for Chapter 2. (a) The atomic weight of an element is the weighted average of the masses of al the element's constituent isotopes. (b) Atomic weights ean be refered to as relative numbers, because all atomic weights are determined relative to the muss of a particular carbon isotope, called carbor-12. The atomic muss unit (amu) is defined as cexacly 1/12 ofthe mass of the carbon-12 isotope [2-28 Refer to Section 2-6, Example 2S and the Periodic Table. (2) bromine, Br; 2xBr=2%79.904 amu (b) hydrogen peroxide, HO, 2xH=2x 1.008 amu 2x0=2%15999 amu Tormula weight (6) saccharin, CH,NSOs TxC=7x12011 amu ~ 84077 ame SxH=5x 1008 amu = 5.040 amu 1xN=1x14007 amu = 14007 amu IxS=1x3205 amu = 3206 ame 3x0=3%15999_amu = 47997 amu se ame Tormula weight tps. comzmgtbit 238513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS (@) potassium chromate, KC: 2X K=2x 39.0083 amu = 78.1966 amu Lx Cr= 151.0961 amu = 51.9961 aim 4X0 415,999 amu = 63.996 amu Tommula weight = 194.189 amu 2-30. Refer to Section 2-6 and Example 28. All atomic weights are rounded to 2 decimal places () hydrogen sulfide, 4S 2xH=2x1.01 ame 132.06 amu Fonmula weight (©) phosphors trichloride, PCI, 3097 amu axcl=3 1354s (©) hypochlorous avid, HCIO IxH=1x1.01 amu Ixcl= 13545. amu Lx0=1x1600_amu Tonmula weight LxH= 1x01 amy = 1.01 amu LL 140126.90_amu_= 126,90 Formula weight * The number was not rounded to the comeet numberof significant Figures until after addition, 2-32. Refer to Section 2-6. Method I: Use the units of formula weight to derive a formula relating grams, moles and formula weight formula weight, FW () mans of compound Therefore, grams of compound ~ moles of compound x FW (1) Pe CCL=2571 mal CUK1S98 emel=3647 CCL ' Method 2: Dimensional Analysis » 5 1S38gCCh The 2) Phe CCL =2.371 mol CCL XT CC, TOO 3-34. Refer to Section 2-6, and Examples 2-10 and 2-11. The molecular mass of CH, is 44.1 gimol. Each C,H, molecule contains 8 hydrogen atoms. Plan: g CsHy = mel Cslly = molecules CsHl, = atoms Ht F Fe Coty x LMOLCs , 602 x 102 CA, molecules | 8H atoms a Hatwms = 167 8 Cle X aT eCuihy® Tmol Cis *TCylly molecule ~ 182 * 10° H tps. comzmgtbit 2018513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS 36.__Referto Section 2-6 and Example 210. Method 1: Use the units of formula weight to derive a formula relating grams, moles and forma weight (2) pense nite formula weigh, FW (,57) ‘Theor mle of subaune = aE ote 7 mol NHS = 0.7340 mol NHls 17.03 ginot™ (Note: be sure you use atleast as many significant figures in the formula weight as you have significant figures in your data.) Method 2: Dimensional Analysis > ate LmoENH . anol NEL, ~ 12.50 g NL} 77959 NH, "0-70 mol NI B38 Refer to Section 2-6 and Example 210. o 2 Plan: gsubstance => moles substance => molecules substance substane , ae 7 Method I: Reval: mol substance ~ ESSE and Avogadro's Number, N ~ 6.02 x 16 smoleculesimot ‘Asan example (2) () mot COs= REO = GASES = 0.718 mol C FWCO;~ H0 gimol (2) ? molecules CO; ~ 0.718 mol CO; x (6.02 x 10" molecules'mol) ~ 432 x10 molecules COs Method 2: Dimensional Analysis. Each unit factor corresponds toa step in the Plan Step Step? mol CO, 6.02 x 10% molecules (a) Pmolecules CO)~316 COX ZG GCOX Taal COr 432 x 108 molecules CO; mot Np , 602 x 10" molecules Nz "280 gN:* Tmo! Nz (b) Ymokecules Ny 79 x10 molecules Ny (e) Pmobeules Py 31.69 Py MOP $00 FP ec P 53 10% molecules Py 124g Py Tol Py > I.mol P> , 6.02 x 10* molecules P. (0) molecules P2=31.6 8 PG HE ae 307 x 10 molecules Py % ~— 4 atoms P ~ (6) atoms P in c)= 1.53 10 molscules P,X Tp oaesute = 612% 1 atoms P ino) 2 atoms P 7 atoms P in (f) = 3.07% 10 molecules Px 14x 10% atoms P in) Yes, there is the same number of P atoms in 31.6 g of pure phosphorus, regardless of whether the ‘Phosphorus isin the form of P, or Pa, The difference is due to rounding error only. 6 tps. comzmgtbit 251451511223, 513 Pa ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FpHTMLS 2-40. Refer to Section -5 and the aside rom page of this textbook. Element ‘Atomic Weight (amu) | Mass of 1 Mole of Atoms (2) @ Sa 18 & Br o.908 ic} Mg 24.3080 @ & 51,9961 2-42, Refer to Section 2-6 and Table 2-5. Moles of compound Moles of cations Moles of anions 1 mot NaCIO, 1 mol Nat 1 mol C1Oe 2 mol K:S0, 4 mol ke 2 mol soe (62.mo calcium sulfate, CaSO, 02, mol ca 02, mol soz- 0.25 mol (NHY);SO, 0.30 mol NH, 0.25 mol S02 B44. Refer to Section 2-6 and Example? o 2 Plan: molecules CH, =» moles CH, = ¢ CHy The molecular mass of CH, is 16.0 g/mol bec = seman | mol CH, 102M gy yg-t0 {8 CH, =6.00 x 106 molecules CH, x 95% 7p polectlesCH* Tat CHL = 59% 10" g CH, pas. ‘Refer to Section 2-1, Exercve 30 and Figure 2-7. "mol ats in PC, = 1000 g RC, hE Am ato "na sams in HCIO = 1000 HO x RAL, , 3 asin HO. ? mol atoms in HI Therefore, 100.0 g 2-48 Refer to Section. mass of mol Ag;CO3 2xAg=2x1079¢= 2158 g mol PCl 4 mol ‘mol HL 2 mol atoms in HL 9008 HIXT2791 gH1%” 1 mol Hl Tmol HS oms in PCI, percent Ag hy mass Vide (215.8/275.8)x 100% = 78.28% IxCwIxi201g = 1201 g 3xO=3x1600g = 4800 ass oF | mol 258 2.913 mol atoms 5.719 mol atoms 1.564 mol atoms contains more moles of atoms that 100.0 g of te other compounds id Example. tps. comzmgtbit 2614513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS [E50.__Refer to Sections 28 and 29, and Example 2-7 (a) First, we must calculate the % by mass oF N in skate, 2% N= 100.00% - (96 C + % H)~ 100.00%% - (82.40% + 692%) ~ 10.68% N To find the simplest formala, assume 100 g of skaole mate = £82408 _ 6361 mol C= AF G~ Tat geal 6861 mol C Ratio = FES =9 oor = #H- 6922 637 2 mol H= R= Too gaat = O87 mol H Ratio=poe5 gN 10.68 0.7623 anol N= APN” FAT piped” 07623 mol N Ratio~ P2653 = 1 “The simplest formula is the tue formula, CyHWN. (b) The molecular weight ofskatole| 9x =9x 1201g =1081g OxXH =9x L008e = 907g IXN = 1x 101g = 101g mass oF Tol CAN = 132 [P52.__Refer to Sections 28 and 29, and Examples 2-13 and 277. (2) Assume 100 g of iotol 0 em Sala oem "Simplest formula weight” 316 ~ “The simplest formula i therefore the true molecular formula, CisHa.NiOxS. P54. Refer to Section 2-8 and Example 2-13. Plan: (1) If percentage composition instead of sample mass i given, assume a 100 sample. {@) Calculate the moles of each element in the 100 g sample {G) Divide each of the mole values by the smallest number obtained as a mole valve for the 100 g sample (4) Determine a whole number ratio tps. comzmgtbit 278543712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS General Rule: do not round to a whole number unless very close (within about 0.1) to a whole ‘number. For exampl, if you obtain 2.75 a8 ane value, do not round to 3, but multiply by 4 to convert to 11). Lets assume we have a 100.0 g sample of norepinephrine with 6.8 g C, mot c= BC== S088 ‘mol C= AW C~ 12.01 gimol ~ 473 mol 56g H,28.4 gO and 8.28 gN. mat on S2LO-- ‘mol O= jgijgnai 7357 mol O ‘The simplest formula for this compound is CO (FW ~28 g/mol) molecular weight __ 56 _ Simplest formula weight ~ 28? ‘The true molecular formula is C303. [2:02.__Refer to Section 2-7 and Example 2-12, (2) mass of 1 mole of L-DOPA, GH.,NO, 9xC=9x1201g wos. g 2%C WxH=11x1008g = 1109 ¢ IxN-1x1401g 0 = 401g 4x0= 4416008 6400 2%0 ‘mass of mol 1972 g (©) mass of | mole of Vitamin E, CasHly0. 2xC=2x 201g ~ M83 g 2% C= G483 w430.7 2) x 100% ~ 80.87 % C SOXH=50x 1008 = S040g 26H 2x0=2% 16009 32.00 9 7%0 mass oF | mol =a307 g (©) mass of 1 mole of van 8xC~8x 120g SxH=8x 1,008 ¢ 2 % H=¢8.064 g/152.14 g) x 10" 3xO=3x1600¢ = Z 7% O-= (48.00 p/152.14 g) x 100%. ‘mass of Tal 108.1 g/197.2.g) x 100% = 5482% C {6H ~ (11.09 g/1972 g) x 100% ~ 8.624 % N= (1401 g/1972 g) x 100% ~ 7.104 % N (64.00 g/1972 g) x 100% 50,40 g/4307 g) x 100% 32,00 g/4307 g) x 100% 2% C= (96008 g/152.14 9) x 100% ~ 63.18 % C [264 Refer to Section 2 mass of I mol Cus(CO9{OM); percent Cu by mass 3xCU=3x63552 = 1906 g ‘weu= (190.67344.6) x 100% 2xC=2x1201g = 202g B8xO-8x16002 ~ 1280 ¢ 2xH=2x101g = 202g ‘mass oF mol = 36g. mass of I mol CaS pereent Cu by mass 2xCu=2K63SSg = DTI g Cu = (127.1/159.2) x 100% LxS= 1532.07 32073 ‘mass oF F mol 19.2 € » tps. comzmgtbit 201451511223, 513 Pa ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FpHTMLS mass of 1 mol Cu; percent Cu by mass IxCo=1x6355¢ = 63558 Cu ~ (63:55/183.52) x 100% = 34.63% X5585— = S585g 2xS=2x3206¢ = O4I2g ‘mass of I mol = 183.525 mass of 1 mol CaS percent Cu by mass KOu=1x655g = 655g ue Cu= (63559861) x 100% = 66.47% IxS=1x32062 = 32.063 ‘mass of I mol = 95.61 g mass of 1 mol Cu, percent Cu by mass 2xCv=2K6ISSE ~~ TLE Cu = (127.1/143.1) x 100% = 88.82% 1x0=1x16002 = 16002 ‘mass of I mol = Tig mass of 1 mol Cu,CO\(OH); percent Cu by mass 2xCo=2K6355~ = 127 B Cu (127.1221.1) x 100% = 57.49%6 IxC=1x1201g = 1201g 5xO=5x16.00¢ = 80008 DxH=2xLOg = 2028 ‘mass of | mol Bile ‘Therefore, chaleopyrite, CuFeS;, has the lowest copper content on a percent by mass basis 3-66. Refer to Section 2-8, and Examples 2-15 and 2-16 Plan: (1) Use the masses of CO; and HO to calculate the masses of Cand H respestively (2) Caleulae the percentages of Cand Hin the sample, (1) Pe C= 0.3986 BCOsx Gyo gee” A1O8R BC Horton 1ai=vosts sox PERE amr gH (2) Psanpe=mas of ns of = 0108 C= 040647 g =O. 9 same c= gt, nam -9436%C 2-68 Refer to Section 2-9 and Example 2-16 o @ e Plan: g GHOH = mol CHO = mol CO» = g COs Step Step 2 Step 3 nix LUOLCHLON , 2 mol COs 480 pCOs * 46,1 gGH.OW* T mol CaHLOF* 1 mol CO: 0.7202.€0, tps. comzmgtbit 014613712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS Refer to Sections 7-8 and 2-9, and Examples 2-13 and 2-13. Plan: (1) Use the masses of CO, and H,O to caleulate the masses of Cand H respectively. (2) Calculate the mass of O inthe sample by difference: gO gsample- gC- gH since the compound contains only C, H and O. (8) Determine the simplest formula, Pmt HEISE 3 mt nao -BE ‘The simplest formula fortis alcohol is C}H,O. (2-72. Refer to Section 2.9 and Example 2-18. 16020_ () INNO: 72O=300ENKIgGEN SLO bean 32020 (0) inNOx — ?g0=300gNx7ypEN=68E BO 20 inNO #0 inNO;” 686 ~ 2 ‘This result illustrates the Law of Multiple Proportions which states that when elements form more than one ‘compound, the ratio of the musses of one element that combine with a given mass of another element in each of the compounds ean be expressed by small whole numbers, 3431 ‘One ean easily se thatthe ratio: P74. Refer Section 2-9. 220-9008 g $x 2020 _ () inS0;— ?g0=904 98x57 A G= 90220 220- 48.050 _ 155, (6) inS0;; 720-904 Sx IIE EG™ 1. £0 (276. Refer Section 2-10 and Example 2-19. o Qa Plan: g HgS => mol HeS = mol He = g He Stept — Step2—_ Step 3 > . Lmol Hes Imol He | 200.6¢ He _ eHe= S78 gHES X39 65 g gS *1 mol igS* Tmol ig 4988 He tps. comzmgtbit sist3712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FpHTMLS 2-7. Refer to Section 2-10 and Example 220, o Q 8 Plan: g Mn = mol Mn => mol KMnO, => ¢KMnO, Step! Step2. Step . Lol Ma I mol KMnO, 188 » KMinO, EKMnO.= 72.68 MNX349 gM mol Mn *1 mol KMaO, 2-80. Refer to Section 2-10 and Example 221. o @ @ Plan: lb CuFeS: = Ib Cu in CuFeS> Ib Cuin Cus$ > Ib Cu,S, Note: Because there is a constant conversion factor between grams ann pounds, we ean work totally in pounds, Since the formula Weights are: CuFeS. (183.5 gimol, CusS (159.2 g/mol) and Cu (63.55 g/mol, we have Step t Step Step 3 18) Cafes, x 25810 Cu in CURES, , Hb CuinCus_, 189.215 CuyS__ TR Sb CuFeS;*T ib Guin CuFeS; *2X6355 b Cu in CaS 1811 Cus 2-82, Refer to Section 2-10 and Example 2-22. (2) Plan: g CuS0,SH-0 = mol CuS0,5H0 = mol Cu80,H,0 = g CuSO,H.O ‘ - 1 mol CuSO,SH,0_ 1 mol CuSO,Hs0_ 177.6 CuSO, 1,0 8 CUSOGHO = 495 g CuSOeSHL0X 349.7 g CuSO, SH0* 1 mol CuS0¢5H:0* | mol CuSOs0, 382 ¢ CuSO, 1,0 (b) Plan: g CuSOySH,O —> mol CuS0,SH,O — mol CuSO, > g CuSO, ox LmoLCuSO,SH.0_, 1 mol CuSOy_ 159.62 CuSO, 349.7 @CuSO,-SH,0 * T mol CuS0,3H50* I mol CuSO, ? g CuSO, =463 g CuS045 =296 g CuSO, 2-84. Refer to Seetion 2-11 and Example 223. Plan: g ore => g FeCr2O;=> gCr present => g Crrecovered (FW of FeC 303 is 271.85 gimol) . S50 gFeChO,, _2xS20gCr (1) a Or presen = 234 gor aR Fees AR CF 49.2 g Crpresent 90.0 g Crrecovered (2)? g Cr ecovered = 400.0 gone SE THD FE Ce rcsear = 75:7 8 Cr recovered 2-86. Refer to Section 2-11 and Example 223, () 2 Tb imparties ~275 bore ~ 73.41 MgCO ~ 202 th impurity omen 2671 MgCO,_2.31bMp_ (©) PIMg=275 Borex Soy pee X FAS NgeD,” 212 Me (24.3 is AW of Mg; 84,3 is FW of MgO) tps. comzmgtbit 24st3712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS [E88.__Reforto Section 2-11 and Example 2-23. (a) Let usassume that we have 1 mole of CuSO,-SH,0 0 FW Cust yy _ 159.62 CuSO, a CuSO. by mass= FACED, STI * 100% = 799.7 5 CaSO, STIO™ 100% = 63.92% JAA gCuSO,SH,O , 6392.2 CuSO, (0) % CuSO, by mass = TE SE erenle -% Tov.0.g CASO StGO X 100% =47.6% 3 Refer to Sections 2-6 and 2-10, and Example 221. (a) noibelanee (9) Fama wid (5) ta 2 mol 0,~£2!- 26.0203. mmol Os Ey ~ ag ned 2-00 mal Os (®) Plan: g0;=> molO; => mat O mt on Tmol Oy | 3 mol O mol 0=960 805x480 £0,* I mol Oy 6.00 mot O (6) Plan: 20;= mols = mol O = mol 0, => # 05 > ‘Lmol Os, 3molO, LmolOs , 3200s_ 7 8Os= 96-0 03%48.9¢0,%1 mol O;* 2mol 0 * 1 mol O; Note: Samples with the same number of atoms or moles of an element have the same mass. 96.0 20; (4) Plan: gO, molO, = molecules 0, = molecules Os = mol 0; > gO; 1 mol O, | 6.02 x 10* molecules O; "1 molecule O» 1 mole 0, 280: %608O%I 050, LmolO, —_* Tmolecule 0; * GOEX10 molecules Op Plan: (1) Use the masses of CO, and H,0 to caleulate the masses of Cand H respectively. (2) The masses of C and H do not add up to the mass ofthe sample, therefore there must be O in the sample as well. Detemnine the mass of O by subiracting the masses of Cand H from the mass of the sample (@) Determine the empirical (simplest) fommuta of Vitamin E. vecetan 121 gc . (1) 2eC=147 80: xg4g7 geO; = 41 BC a 2.016 gH EH =0518 gHLO% FE ppg = 00580 BH 2) 21g = mass of sample - (mass of C+ mass of H) = 0.497 g -(0.401 g C+ 0.0580 g H)=0.038 gO oad gC ratio 223344 (8) mol C= 73GF gipeT” 10334 mol © oe pent. #.0s802 00875 | mmol=g ged” 2057S mol Ratio $9904 724 mato = 38#0. 0.0024 mmol = 76.99 gined= 20024 ma 0 Ratio= Oooad The calculated simplest formula for Vitamin E is Cjlg0. ‘The actual simplest formula for Vitamin E is actually CyyHlOs. IF the original data had been measured to 4 significant Figures, we could have determined the formula comectly Ps tps. comzmgtbit 314613712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FpHTMLS BDA Refer to Sections 2-1 and rb Sample 1: L600 _ Sample2: 0.65830 _ Sample 3: 22920 gg Zab gg” 2658 Tagg 9.58 Sav giag” 9658 All three samples of magnesium oxide had the same O/Mg mass ratio. This is an example of the Law of Constant Composition, 2:96, _ Refer to Section 2-9 and Examples 2-13, 2-16 and 2-17. (@) Plan: (1). Use the masses of CO; and H,O to calculate the masses of C and H respectively {Q) The masses of Cand HI do not add up tothe mass of the sample, therefore there must be O in the sample as well, Determine the mass of O by subtracting the masses of C and H from the ‘mass ofthe sample, @) Determine the empirical (simplest) formula of adipic acid. > Iorec > (7 @ C= 2.960 B CO: x Gorgeo,=O8078 BC gH = L010 g 10 x 201621, Teo2g,07 0113081 (2) ? g0~ 1.6380 g adipic acid 0.8078 ¢C- 0.1130 gH ~0.7172 20 pmo c= 280 EE vin 5726 _ G) Pol C= F>-pr gre = 0:08726 mal C Ratio ree LS 2 mot t= 21120 gH1 TOoR piaet 01121 mol H oma 21220 _, mol O= Teaigaol 0.0483 mol O A.1.52.5: ratio converts to 35:2 by multiplying by 2. Therefore, the simplest formula for adipic acid is Cyl140; FW ~ 73.07 gio ‘molecular weight __146.1 gimol ‘Simplest formula weight ~ 7307 gimol The tre molecular formula for adipic ac is (C\H,0;): () a= 2-98. Refer to Section 2-1 and Example 2-1. {Hhydronybutyrie aid G-hydroxybutanoie i mah HOH eG C05 tah Structural oma Chon frmula Since each line connecting two chemical symbols represents 2 electrons being shared ina bond, we can see that cach earbon atom seems to share 4 pairs of electrons with is neighbors. An oxygen atom seems to share 2 Pairs of electrons and a hydrogen atom only shares | pai of electrons with its neighbor. tps. comzmgtbit 44st3712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS [2100 Refer Section 2-4 and Example 22. Correct formula: LIF FesS) AMON), Zn(NO)s_— CaCl. [2-102 Refer Section 27 (1) %Re by mass in each compound: Os “eRe Aes EOE ga. 366% Re es sc te~ AMEE es ~ BSB go 9406% Re a vie BEAN ay, T2448 oy mss ne 20s sine EAM an TRL oy magdne 2) Since the charge of any compound equals 0, the charge of Re is determined algebraically knowing that in ‘most ionic compounds, oxygen has a ~2 charge. ReO; 0 = I(charge on Re) + 2charge on O)~ Ifa) +2(-2)=x- 4,308 M4 ReO; = (charge on Re) + Heharge on O)= I(x) + 3-2) ReO; 0 =2(charge on Re) + charge on O) Re; 0 =2(charge on Re) + (charge on O) ~6,90x=46 (3) Inorder of increasing charge on Re: ResO, (Re~13) < Res (Re~H4) < ReOs (RE~#6) < Re.Op (Re=H7) (4) As the charge on Re increased, the percentage of Re in the rhenium oxide decreased R104. Refer Section 2-6. ‘Wen organic compounds are combusted, ll the hyérogen preset Is converted 1 water. So, te moles of ater prduced are to 1/2 the moles of hyrogen inthe compound. In oer words, for | mole of compound: ? mol H,0= males Hin compound x 8220 (Gols H in compound 1 mol HO. (a) for CH,CH.OH: ? mol H.0 ~3.2 mol compound x "ct componad % Tmal Hl” 9:6 100les LO . a> 44 moles H in compound. 1 mol HO _ (6) fe CHOH: Pol H,0=3.2 mol compound x SE nomad Final He” 6 oes HO - moles H in compound. mol H.0 _ (6) for CH,OCH, ? mol H,0 =3.2 mol compound x ST nS x LT = 96 moles HO CH,CH,OH and CHOCH, wil produce the most water (9.6 moles) and CHOU will make the least (64 ‘mols. 2-106 Refer to Section 2-10. Plan: g MgClp=> mol MgCl = motions => mol NaCl => g NaCl. (FW of MgCl mol MgCl, 3 molions 1 mol NaCl | 58:4 z NaCl 284 eMBCI:X 959 g MgCl. * T mol MeCh * is 952 g/mol) 7 gNacl 261g NaCl 3 * I mol NaCl % tps. comzmgtbit 514613712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS TOR Refer toSection 27. Plan: Determine the % Zn by mass in each compound, The compound withthe greater % Zn forthe same ‘rice will be the cheaper source of Zn, an AW Za 65398 — so som ZnS05 06 Zn = BF ZaSO,> |OOM = ToL at x 100% = 40.50% Zn Za(CH:COO)»214.0: AN ao * 10 %6 28 FW Za{CH,CO)-2H ‘Therefore, Zn$Oqis the cheaper source of Zn, 40,50 29.79) You would get S55"? x 100% Za(CH,CO,),2H,0, 38.98% more Zn for your money buying ZnSO, rather than 2-110. Refer to Sections 2-6 and 2-10. fo trcmer~ 135 micaycrs 222 gue gcaycr (8 Call:NO,* 138 mol CaN x2ESEEENO. «1341 CyttyNO, 2845 g CyallyO, 3.5 mol Cuties x Ppt At (0) Pe CiatluOs 3.84% 10° CultuOs B-112._Refer to Sections 2-¥and 2 ‘ad Examples 2-13, 2-15 and 2 Plan: (1), Use the masses of COs and HO to calulate the masses of Cand H respectively. Q) The masses of C and H do not add up tothe mass of the sample, therefore there must be O in the sample as well, Determine the mass of O by subtraeting the masses of C and Hom the mass of the sample, (3) Determine the empivical (simplest) formula 1201 ge () PEC= 1118 BCOx G57 Coy ?gH=0.455 g HO x 2OteRE, €@) *400625gunaowncnpond 0500 g-080 git=027050 A 1.50:2.99:1.00 ratio converts 10 3:62 by multiplying by 2. Therefore, the simplest formula for this compound is CyH,O; (FW =74.1 gmol, The true molecular formula forthe compound isthe same, CsHs03, because the true molecular formula isthe sume asthe empirical formula, tps. comzmgtbit 64st3712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS Refer to Sections 5, 2-6 and FT Plan: (1) Determine the number of mofecules in 380 mL of HO. (2) Determine the volume of ethanol that contains the same number of molecules. 1.00.2 HO. I mol HO , 6.0210 H.0 molecules 1.00mi HO * 18.0 g H,0* Tint #30, = 1.27 10 molecules .O molecules = 380, mal. HO x > - os mol 45.11.00 mi. (2) 2k thanol = 1.27 10° molecules x 5a-— TH! males * Tn ® OTR = 1230 mi ethanol (10 3 significant figures) 116 Refer to Sections 2-5, 2-6 and I-P2. mol NaHCO, $4.0 NaHCO. (2) 2 density NaHCO. (g/mL) - "9389 LT mol NaHCO; 16 g/ml, 3 Imoll, ,25.8g1; 1b (0) 2 density Is ML) = 9 GsTagE XT okie * TOOO aL = 4930 e/mL, Imol Hy 200.59 ¢ Hg IL. D176L* Tmol Hg *T000 mi (6)? density Hg (em 9 g/mL, _Limol NaCl, S844 gNaCl LL (€) 2 density NaCl(ginL) ~ nngpO EX Teac * Tom aL” 2168 g/mL. » tps. comzmgtbit s7iast511223, 513 Pa ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FpHTMLS 3 Chemical Equations and Reaction Stoichiometry [2 Refer to Section 1. The Law of Conservation of Matter provides the basis for balancing. chemical equation. It states that mater Js neither created nor destroyed during an ordinary chemical reaction, Therefore, a balanced chemical equation ‘must always contain the same numberof each kind of atom on both sides ofthe equation, [Sk Refer to Section 3-7. (a) balanced equation: 2H(2) + Og) > 2H,0(8) oO) [RG Refer to Section 57. When 1 atom of solid sulfur reacts with 1 molecule of oxygen gas, 1 molecule of sulfur dioxide gas is produced, [SR Refer to Section 3-1 and Example 3-1. “ints for balancing equations: (1) Use smallest whole number coefficients. However, it may be useful to temporarily use a factional ‘coefficient, then for the last step, multiply all the terms by'a factor to change the fractions to whole numbers, (2) Look for special groups of elements that appear unchanged on both sides of the equation, €g., NOs, PO,, SOs. Treat them as units when balancing (3) Begin by balancing both the spevial groups and the elements that appear only once on both sides ofthe equation (4) Any clement that appears more than once on one side of the equation is normally the last element to be balanced (5) IF fie, uncombined elements appear on either side, balance them last. They are always the easiest 10 balance, (©) When an clement has an "odd" number of atoms on one side ofthe equation and an "even! number of the other sid, itis often advisable to multiply the “od” side by 2, then finish balancing. For example, if you have 3 carbon atoms on one side and 2 carbon atoms onthe other, multiply the coeficiens of the frst side by 2 and the other side by 3. This way you'll have 6 carbons on both sides of the equation tps. comzmgtbit 814513712723, 513 PM @ ) © @ unbalanced: Step Step 2: unbalanced Step 1 step?: seep unbalanced: Seep 1 Step 2: unbalanced Step | step2: Step3: seep: ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FpHTMLS Na+ Os Nato; a+ 0; MgNz + HO) Ma. +10) MaNo+ Man: [6:0 LiCI + PHONO): LCI + PONOS): LiCl + PHCNOS): 1,0 + Ko; H:0+Ko; n.0 + Ko, 10 +2k0 > Nxo -+ Nao + 2Nn0 + Ni, + Me(OHs Hy + 3Mg(OHD> > 2NH + 3Mg(OH), > PoCh + LINO: > pect; + [2ILINO, > POC: + 2LiNO; + KOHL+0; > [kon + > 2KOH +0; > 2kont+ [32], on + [i balance O balance Na balance Mg balance N balance HO bance NO, balance Li, Cl balance H balance K balanee multiply by 2 ‘whole number coefficients (©) unbalanced: H,S0,+NHs + (NH9S0, sep | H,S0,+[2)NH, > eMHOSO. balance N,H ‘Refer o Secion 3-1, Example 3-1 and Exerc 34 Solution, (3) nance FeO) +CO > Fe C0; sep Feo; +[5]co + Fe+[3}co. balance C0 ‘Step 2: Fe:0; + 3CO > e+ 300, balance Fe (b) nance RTO > RON +H, Sp | RooH + [13]H balance H Sp? 20H + [Ts snip by 2 ‘whole number coefficients (©) unbalanced: K0+! sep bance N ‘Step 2: K+2KNO, > balance O sep [HO)K+24NO, + 6K,0+N; balance K (unbalanced (NHY;ChO, +N; +H,0+ C05 » tps. comzmgtbit 391451511223, 513 Pa ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FpHTMLS Step balance HO (©) unbatanced AL+C105 > Al:03+ Cr Step I JAI+Crs0) + Al,0,+ Cr balance Al Step 2: 2AL+ CHO; > ALO; + balance Cr [S512 Refer o Section 3-2 and Example 32. (@) N+ 3H) > 2NH » 3 molecules Hy (b) molecules H,= 150. molecules Nsx Tee Ne = 450, molecules Hy 0, mal ules Nx elses NEA 599, molecules NHy (6) molecules NH, Tmolecule Np (d.__Refer to Section 3.2 and Example 33. (@) CaCOs+2HCI > CaCh + CO;+ 0 > 7 2 mol HCI (b) mol HC1=2.6 mol C2COs x7 nt CACO; > . 1 mol 1.0. (6) Pimol H,0 2.6 mol CxCOsx Teg eg,” 26 mol HO [S516.__ Refer to Section 2-10 and Examples 2-19 and 2-20, ® 2 Plan: mal C = mol NaHCO, > g NaHCO, Step 1 Step 2 sol Nal NaHCO, = 1nssmol Cx LBOENHHICOS , 84.0 g NalICO 2 gNallCOs Tne tantNalico, 8822 NaHCO, [5-18 Refer to Section 32 and Example #3. (a) balanced equation: 2KCIO, > 2KCI-+ 30; “ests ‘moi (6) balanced equation: 2HgO > 2Hg +O: (d) balanced equation: 2NaNO, > 2NaNO: +05 Lmol Os __ (64 mol NaNO} X51 Nands ” 22 ml Os (@) balanced equation: KCIO, -> KCI+20, 2 mol 0. 6.40 mol KCI. x Tat CIO,” 1 nol O: tps. comzmgtbit 4014513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS ‘Refer to Section +2 and Example +3. unbalanced NH +054 NO+H,0 Step | y+ Os talmce Ht step 2 INH +03, talace Step 3 2Ntt,+[SJOs + 2NO+ 3140 balance © Seep [alntt + [3Jo, + [i)No+ [6}H,0 ‘whole number coe Mien (@) ?imo10,=6.40 mol NH x jaar is” 800 mol; 4 mol NO (6) 2 mot NO = 640 mol NH xT NIT mol HO) (©) Ymol HO mot Nis 40 mot NHL x: (522. Refer Section $2 and Examples 3-5 and 5-6. Balanced equation: CH, +20, -» CO, +2H,0 « @ o Method 1: Use unitsas formulas: Plan: g CH, = molCH, = melO; = gO: 2CH, 445g FW Cit, 16.0 pinot @) mol O;= mol CH, x2 mol Os/T mol CH, = 2.78 mol x2= 5.56 mol Oz @) 2g0,~ mol O; xFWO;~ 5,56 mel x32.0 gimol~ 178 g Os () mol CH= =2.78 mol CH, (Note: sinee FWog/mol, then mol-g FW) "Note: To minimize rounding errors, keep all your numbers in your calculator until the end, then round 10 the appropriate umber of signfieant figures Method 2: Dimensional Analysis (Each unit factor corresponds to a step in Method 1.) Step1 Step? Step3 Lmol CHy 2 mel Ox 32.0 Os $8160 gCH,*T mol CH * I malo; ~ 17880: 280s Method 3: Proportion of Ratio Method 220s_ 2xFWOs gCHy~ 1x FWCHy , 2xFWO, _ 2x3202 Solving? gO:=8 CH x7 qEW Cty = 45 EXT xIeOe = 17820; tps. comzmgtbit 4513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS [2A Refer to Section 32 and Example 38. Balanced equation: Fes0, 4 + 3Fe + 4H,0 o @ @ Method J: Phan: gH,0 = mol H,0 = mol FeO > gFe,0s > _#HO 2.152 _ (1)? mol HO= Fy Tho Teas wiht = 1507 mol HO (2) ? mot FeO, ~mol H,0 x I mol Fe,0J4 mol H,O ~ 1.S07 mol x 1/4 = 0.3767 mol FeO, (8) 7 Fe0,= mol FesO, x EW FeO, = 0.3767 mol x 231.55 gimol= 87.22 g FeO, Note: Remember to use atleast as many significant figures in your formula eights as your dats, To minimize rounding errors, keep all your numbers in your ealeulator until the end then round to the appropriate numberof significant Figures Method 2: Dimensional Analysis (Each unit factor eoresponds to a step in Method |) Stept Step Step 3 Imol HO. I mol FeO,_ 231.58 2 Fe.0, ? gFe0s~27.15 810% 7902 @ 1,0% 4 mol HO * I mol Fe,0, ~87228Fe:0. Method 3: Proportion or Ratio Method 2a FeO, 1xFW FeO, gH,0 ~ 4xEWHLO > - EWFeO. 4, 1g, pL x23155 2 Solving,” #Fes0,~ BHO x gy FW tno” 2715 EX gs iggy g ATA? EFesO, [326. _ Refer to Sections 12 and 2-10, and Examples 3-7, 2-19 and 2-20. (@) Balanced equation: Na+ lp -> 2Nal oO @ @ () Method 1: Plan: gl; => mol; = mol Nal => gNal () Pinot = R= A = PW,” 2538 ginol (2) mot Nal ~ mol Is x2 mol Nal] mol Is ~ 0.1861 mol x2 ~ 03723 mol Nal Nal XEW Nal = 0.3723 mol x 149.9 glmol ~ 85.80 g Nal 1861 mol Is (2)? gNal~ mol Note I: To minimize rounding errors, keep all your numbers in your calculator until the end, then round to the appropriate numberof significant figures Note 2: ‘The number of significant Figures of your calculated formula weight should have atleast as many ignificant figures asthe numberof significant figures in your dat Method 2: Dimensional Analysis (Esch unit Factor corresponds toa step in Method 1.) Step! Step? Step3 , moll, 2mol Nal | 1499 g Nal @Nal=4724 81, 4955.8g 1% Tmo ly * T mol Nal = 55.80 g Nal 3 tps. comzmgtbit 4216513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS [S28__Reforto Sections $2 and 2-6, and Fample 38 Balanced equation: CyHy + $0; > 3CO, +411,0 o Q Method I: Plan: mol HO => mol CsHy => @ CaHy (1) mol CyHy= mot Hy0 1 mol CyHy'4 mol Hs0= 7.28 mol x 1M = 1.81 mol GH 2) Pg CyHy=mol CH, X FW CyHy = 1.81 mol x 44.09 gimol = 79.9 g CyHy Note: To minimize rounding eors, keep all your numbers in your calculator until the end, then round to the appropriate numberof sign nt figures Method 2: Dimensional Analysis (Each unit factor corresponds to a step in Method 1.) Step Step? Lmol Cale 4409 2 Cl, 25 mal H20%-4 mol HO ¥ mol CyHy 72-98 Coke 2eCut Be ‘Refer to Section 3-3, and Examples 3-9 and 3-10. Balanced equation: 2CO+0s + 200, ‘This isa limiting reactant problem, () Reactans: § CO and 6 0; molecules (@) Products: 8 CO, and2 0; molecules ke (6) Plan: (1) Find the limiting reactant (2) Do the stoichiometric problem based on amount of limiting reactant, (1) Convert the mass of reactants to moles and compare the required ratio to the available ratio. co 1s.67g 802 788 ay ay F mol CO = EW CO™ 38.010 wimol "4.8079 mol CO? mol O2 ~ FWG, "33.00 wimol Reqd tio = 28212. Arai raio = 4207281 op he aale mo Ca(HPO,);+ 2CaS0, ‘Thisis limiting reactant probem. Caton 2004 vot CoftOn= ph CEOR = 5200 ou mt Caos vmet sO, Sw l33SE 361ml 804 2 mol H,SO, 1.361 mol H,S0, ‘mol Caj(PO); "2 Available ratio 776447 mol Cay(POg >t! Required ratio Available ratio > requted ratio; CPO the limiting reactant (2) Firs, fnd the mass of H,S0, tht reacted, then determine the mass of superphosphate (triple phosphate), The Law of Conservation of Mass states thatthe mass of reactants that react equal the mass of products forme, Therefore, we can calculate the mas of superphosphate, . . Tmo! CaxPO), 2 mol 180, 98.08 g 150, _ £8 H:S04= 200.0 BCaxPOW X31g.2 g Ca(PO4)s* Tmol Cas(PO,* 1 mol FSO, ~ 1265 81:S0s rele O,)2++ 2CASOslfomed = & [H2SO, + CaPO)shensed = 126.5 g HyS0, + 200.0 2 Cas(PO)s 26.5 g superphosphate [Ca(H;PO,): + 2CaSO4) [3-34. — Refer to Section 3-3, Exumples 3-9 and 3-10, and Exercise 3-20 Solution. Balanced equation: Sy(O+4Chig) > 4S.C1(O, ‘Thisis a limiting reactant problem. (1) Convert to motes and compare the required ratio tothe available ratio to find the limiting reactant, pmol S,= St = 3208, ‘mol Ss= FAS,” 35g. 6 pmol 0-125 mo Se eCh 7102 | rperce= hhc = eZ2E = Loomich (2) Tete yoo, protien ye mas s tps. comzmgtbit 40513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS (3) The mass ofthe excess reactant, Cl, can be determined by frst calculating the amount of Cl; that reacted, then subtracting that amount from the initial amount of Cl, > 30.0 9 5: bMOSe, AmOICh 70.9 eCh 5 4 2 gClseacted = 32.0 g $1356'5 gC Traal Se ® T mot hs = 354 BC ‘2 gCh in exoess = 71.0 -35.4~ 38.6 g Ch unreacted B36. Refer to Section 3-3, Examples 3-9 and 3-10, and Exercive 3-30 Solution Balanced equation: 3Cx(OH):+2HsPO, > Cas(PO4)+ 64:0 This isa limiting reactant problem. (1) Convert to moles and compare the required ratio to the available ratio to find the limiting reactant. mot Cony, - 2M 1282 yy sol CXOH): = FAY COW = TED ganal = 0174 mal CHOW): = AERPOL _ 18378 0.1875 mol HiPOs TmolHsPOs= EW HPO, ~ 97.99 ginal Sol CaO), _ _ 0.174 mol CuO, Required aio = Sah = 5 Available ti pe 0.928 Available ratio < requited ratio; Ca(OH is the limiting reactant, (2) Themass of Ca(PO4): produced is determined by the mass of Ca(OH); 1 mol CON), | mol Ca,(PO,), 310.2 Cay PO): 2 gCa(POds = 129 gC4OH)2*54 19 g CalOL}* 3 mol Ca(OH), * 1 mol Cas(PO = 18.0 gCasPOds [S38.__Refer to Section 3.3, Examples 3. and 3-10, and Exercive 330 Solution Balanced equation; 2AgNO, + BaCl; > 2AgCI + Ba(NO3)s (2) Conver 1 moles and compare the required ratio 0 the available ratio to find the limiting reactant. 2 mol AgNO, = FREON,” To98 gal 0-367 mol ARNO, 2B __ Ste 2 mol BAC = A Bel, TRE penal 0.258 mol Ba, 2 mol AgNO, (1.367 mol AgNO, Required rio Ber Available ratio= S367 MO ABNOS 144 Available ratio > mol AgNO, I mol BaCl, | 208.2 ¢ BaCl, 1 BaCl, that reacted = 62:4 g ABNOs X 7655 g SGNO,*3 mood AGNGS™ T mol Bach, = 382 £ Bale 2 g BaCls that remain = initial mass - mass that reacted =53.1g-3828 Bach, (©) The mass of AgC! produced is determined by the mass of AgNO, oe acet. LmolAgNO, | 2mol AgCl 143.4 g AgCI 2g AgCl~ 624 g AGNO: 7659 g ANG; *2 mul AGNO,® T mink Agel “5278 AECL 6 tps. comzmgtbit 4514513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS [S0.__ Refer to Seetion 31 and Example 311. Balanced equation: PCl,+ Cly -> PCI, Stop 1. Caleulte the theoretical yield of PC, o @ @ Plan: g PC => mol PCI, = mol PCl, = gPCl (theoretical) PCL 9252 FW PCI 137 eimol (2) 7 mo! PCI,= mol PCI, = 0.675 mol PCI; (3) 7 gPClc~ mol PCI, x FW PC, = 0.675 mol x 208 g/mol = 140g PCIe (1) Pmot PCI = 0.675 mol PCs Altematively by dimensional analysis mol PCI, | mol PCL * 137g PCL *Tmol PC, 2g PCL=925 gPCl, RPE = 140, g PCH, Tmol PCI, Step2. Solve forthe acta yield of PCL Fee ald seston vi gS ms Suitug, 76.4 ~ 2 gy Merten ytd SNE er cy [B42. Refer wo Section 3-4 and Example 3-1, Balanced equation: 2KCIO, > 2KCI-+30s (@) Caloulate the theoretical yield of Os o @ @ Plan: gKCIO; = mol KCIOs => mol O; = g Os (theoretical) BKCIO, 579g (1) ? mot KIO, = FA CIO; = TE 5S pw = 20472 mol KIO, BmolOs oy 0472 mol KCIO5% 551 KEIO, = 0.0709 mol Os nal Os x AW O: =0,0709 mol x 32.0 gimol by dimensional analysis: ’ ImolKCIO; | _SmolO; 32020) _ 5.79 CIOS X79 55 p KCIO,* Zmol KCIO,* I mol O; 22780: 27 g Ox(theoretial yield) (b) Calculate the powwent yield of O; actual yield ‘eorericl yield - LS. some vayield 100% = 357 x 100% = 46.3% [Sa Refer to Section 3-4 and Example 211. Balanced equation: 2AgNOs -> 2Ag-+2NO, +03 Step 1. Calculate the theoretical yield of Ag o 2 @ Plan: g AgNO; => mol AgNOs => mol Ag = g.Ag (theoretical) > AgNO, 1.0092 (1) Pimol ANOS = FW AgNO; ~ 162.9 ginal ~ 6.469 x 10°° mol AgNO; tps. comzmgtbit 4614513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS 2) mol Ag=mol AgNO; = 6.469 x 10% mol Ag @) 7eAg= mol Ag x AW Ag= (6469 x 10 mol x 107.9 g'mol = 0.6980 g Ag (theoretical yield) Alternatively by dimensional analysis » NO. LHWIAGNO: -__2mol Ag 1079g Ag EAR= 1.099 gAENOS 7659 g AgNO) * Timo AGNO,* T mol Ag Step. Caleulate the percent yield oF Az evieta = —_attusl viel Coe 2o yield = Gratis 100% = 7 guges X 100% = 953% 6980 v Ag [S46.__Refer to Section 4 and Example +1, Balanced equation: CS:+30; - COs +2805 Step 1. Caleuate the theoretical yield of SO. To minimize the numberof ses, you could workin mg and ‘na oe ® ® 6) Plan: mg CS; gS; molCS; > mol$O; > 80, (theoretical) ' mg $0; heoretical) Step! Step? Step Stopd_ Steps , veg _LECS:_, Imo! CS; Imol SO, 64.1 880, 1000 mg SO, mg $0.= 859 me C8: x To0)img CS;* 7613 g CS5*T ml CS:% Tol $0; * 1g 80; 145 mg SOs Step 2. Calculate the percent yield of SO, actual yield ‘eoretial yield Yoyield= [S48 Refer o Sections 3 and 5-4. Balanced equation: Fe;0; +2Al > 2Fe + AlOs (@) Plan: (1) Find the limiting reactant (2) Calewite the theoretical yield of Fe, based on the limiting reactant. mat ap. AL. S000 ge (1) Pimol AL~ ARAT~ 3608 pial” 18.53 mol AL FeO, 300g ?mol Fe:0s~ Fw Fe,0;” 159.7 mol = 3.131 mol FeO; 2 mol Al 1853 mol AL Required ratio= [2A avaiableraio= 5/8538 org Available rio > required aio; oO is tenting reactant (2) The nmss of Feta shuld e rads fom the iting eat, FeO, isthe thcretalyiel. Imol Fe, | 2mol Fe 55854 Fe 9 Feros itd) ~ 5000 5 FeO, x hOMLEBOL 4 2mOl eg SSASETE oop py (b) Caleutate the perent yield of Fe, actual yield 16658» yg0e yield ~ real ytd 100% ~ hyp 7X 100% ~ 47.61% tps. comzmgtbit 47513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS [550._Refer to Seotion 33 and Example 312, Balanced equations: TeO,+20H- > TeO!- + ,0 TeO2-+2H" > HyTeOs ® Q @ o Plan: g Te0; 3 mol TeO; S mol TeO,2 > mol HyTeO, > gHsTeO, Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 . . mol TeO, 1 mol TeO,* Lol HsTeOs 177.6 gHTeO,_ EH:TeOs = 742 8TCO2% 7596 g TeO,* I mol Ted, * 1 mol TeO* * mol HyTeo, 82-68 HATES ‘Refer to Section 35 and Example 3-12. Balanced equations: 2KCIO, > 2KC1+30; CH +20; > CO; +240 o 2 o ® Plan: g CH, “> mol CHy = mol Os = mol KCIO, = g KCIOs Step! Step2—_ Step 3 Step 4 veka Lmol CH, | 2mol0; | 2molKCIOs 122.6 g KCIO, EKCIOs~ 78.88 g Hex 766 CTE Pol CH® 3 mol Os ® Taek REID, 8039 & KCIOS [S54 Refer to Section 3-3 and Example 3-22. (2) Balanced equations SNE) +50: + 4NO+ 61:0 2N0+0; > 2NO; 3NO;+H,0 > 2HNO, +NO HNO, + NHy > NELNOs 2 mol N atoms (0 «nT NILNO, 2m N atoms (6)? molN ators = | mol NHN (6) Step 1: Determine how many tol moles of NH ate necessary to produce I mate of NH.NOs Inthe last reaction, we know we need I mole NH, and | mole HNO: to make I male of NH.NOs To determine the number of moles of NH, required to make | mole of HNOs . . so. LMAIHNO: , 3molNO; 2 molNO 4 molNH, mol NH (in fist reaction) = | mol NHANOs X7 wut NHLNOs X2 mul ING) 2 ol NOs ® 4 mol NO; = 1S moles NH, Therefor, the total moles of NH, required to make 1 mole of NH,NO, (I + 1.5) mal = 2.5 mol NH, This assumes thatthe NO formed in the thind reaction is lst and is not recycled ‘Step 2: Do the normal stoichiometric problem. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 > LmoLNH.NO, | 2.5 mol NH, 17.03 g NH {8 NH, = 200.0 g NH\NO3 X39 05 g NHNO, *T mol NH.NO, * Tmol NH, ~ 10648 NHs tps. comzmgtbit 4814513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS [356.__Refer to Section +5 and Example HT%. Balanced equations: ZnS inore > ZnS Aotation 89,696 efficient 2Za$ +30; ~> 2Z20 + 280: hic in air (100% eflicient 200 + H,80, -> ZnSO4* acid treament 100% efficient 2EnS0,+ 2:0 ~> 2Zn+2H;$0,+ 0, electrolysis 92.2% efficient Plan: kg ZnS inore = ky ZnS => gZnS => mol ZnS = mol ZnO = mol ZnSO, mol Zn (theoretical) => mol Zn (actual) => g Zn => kg Zn vhezn = 806 ke ZnS _ 1000 ¢Zn$ | mol Zs, 2 mol ZnO Ke Zn = 454 KE ZnS in OFX Top ky ZnS in ore ™ Lhe ZnS. *97.5 g ZnS * 2 mol Zns I mol ZnSO, |_2 mol Zn 0,922 mol Zn (aewal) 6539220 1 ke Zn %"Tmol Zn * Zmol ZnSO, * I mol Zn (theoretical) * I mol Zn * 1000 g Za SD kg Zn [SS8._Refer to Section $6 and Example -T6, victnow (=i antsy mss ESUSD (3-60. Refer o Section 3-6, Exercise 3-38, and Example 3-1 100 goin 1,00/ml. soln ‘mn soln = 125 g (NHSOSX TED eT ESOS* Tain” OE mL soln [3-62.__Refer to Section $6 and Example 318. Mato eis orl asan coin o 2 Plan: gNaPO, => mol NayPO, => MNaPO, __gNaPO, 3585p (1) 201 Na,PO4 = Fy NasPO, ~ T6504 pial ~ 2-17 mol Na , __molNa,PO, _ 2.17 mal 2) PMN PO. = t= ag T= 0866.M NasPOs Method 2: Dimensional Analysis > 355g NayPO, 1 mol NayPO, _ MNaPO, SS ee TES Ut pNP, O66M NaPO, [S64 Reforto Section 3.6 and Example 319. > case Limo! NaOH LL soln L NaOH = 25.0 NaOH X 3509 p NaOH 0.135 nal NaOH” 58 L-0r SOMO mL, NaOH soln tps. comzmgtbit 4914513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS [566.__Refer to Section 36 and Example 320. gCacl, 160 gcc soln * 100% ~ GO gHLO + 160g CaCl, (@) % by mass ~ () Assume we have [liter of solution » ® 2) (1) ?gsoln in TL = 1000 mL x (@) ? mol CaClsin 1 L= = 2.13 mol CaCl; in 1 L=243.M CaCl, 68. Refer to Section 3-6 and Example 3-18 ao @ 8) Method I; Plan: ¢ BaCl;2H,0 = mol BaCl:2H,0 ~ mol BaCl; => MBsCh, gBaCh2H0 __1.72g (0) ? mol BC 210 AA eck LO” FH we = 0.00705 mol BaCs.21,0 {@) 7 mo! BaC,= mol BaC.2H,0 = 0.00705 mo! BAC > mol BaCl _0,00705 mol (2 MBCL Eoin OTSOL 0.00940 M Bac, Method 2: Ditwensional Analysis > arbect, KCHsCO0 + 1:0 o @ ° Plan: gCH,COOH “> mol CH,COOH “> mol KOH > L KOH soln Method I gCHCOOH 0.3852 _ Fi CCOOTT~ 08 great ~ 641 X 10°? mol CH;COOH, 2) mol KOH = 641 x 10% mol CH;COOH x (1 mol KOH! mol CH,COOH) = 6.41 x 10° mol KOH. mol KOH _ 6.41 x 10" mol KOH, KOH OST M () mol CH,COOH @) PL KOH soln 0.0408 L KOH soln Method 2: Dimensional Analysis > «1 mo! CHCOOH_ 1 mal KOH LL soln [KOH = 0.385 g CH:COOH X 69 95 g CH,COOH *T mol CHsCOOH™ 0.157 mol KOH = 0.0408 L KOH soln [3-80.___Refer to Section 3.8 and Example 324. Balanced equation: Ba(OH); +2HNOs > BaNOs), +2130 o @ @ Plan: ¥,L BA(OH), soln => mol Ba(OH); => mol HNOs = LHNOs soln Method I: (1) mol Ba(OH), = 0.0515 Ax 0.04555 L= 2.35 x 10°? mol BalOH)s @) mol HNO; = 235 x 10-* mol Ba(OH), x (2 mol HNOy/T mol Ba(OH),) ~ 4.69 x 10-* mol HNO, » _mol HNO, _ @) LINO; ~"TINoe mL. HNO, soln Method 2: Dimensional Analysis 0.0515 mol BOH), _2mal HNO, __1 Lsoln ‘7 LHNO, ~ 0.04555 L Ba(OU), x TL soln Timot Ba(OH); “0558 mol HNO; ~ 0.00841 L oF 8.41 ml. HINO, soln tps. comzmgtbit 5114613712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS [2 Refer to Section 3. Balanced equation: AICI, + 3AgNO; -> 3AgCl+Al(NO3), o @ ® Plan: g AgCl => mol AgCl => mol AICI, => MAIC, mol substance Recall: m=" Method 1 eAgcl __a2is (1) Prod gct= RARE, - 2258 59 10° mu AC] (2) ?mol ANCI,= mnt AGCIX1 rol AIC mol ARC rm ACK, 500% 10- mol AIC oe ee TOS coin 2 0.00883 AF ALCL, soln (00% 10" mol AICI, Method 2: Dimnensional Analysis > _ mol AgCI J mol AICI ‘ ol AICI, = 0.215 g ABCIX Tg 3g AgCT™ Smal ApCt = 900% 10-Fmol AICI, mol AIC _$.00%10-+mol AICI PAI oy OTIOST sly = 0.00453 MF AICI, soln [SB Refer to Sections 32 and 3-4. Balanced equation: Fes0,+2C > 3Fe +20, Plan; g Fe => mol Fe = mol FeO, => g FesOy = %Fe0, inore mole , Lmol FAO, 23135 2Fe0, 1g FeO, =2.11 ge inorex pReLFELBALFHOL BLES EPO 9 994 p,0, BELATED, 7 ? FeO, in ore = 19% Fe,O, in ore [5:86. —Refer to Section 3-2 and Example 37 Balanced equation: 2KBr-+Ch -> 2KCI+ Br, o @ @) Method I: Phin: Cle > moll; > mol Bey => gBp (2) ? mo Be, =mal Ch = 880 x 10 +l Bry (3)? g Bry= mol Bry x FW Bry = (890 x 10 mol) x 159.8 gimol 422 Bry Method 2: Dimensional Analysis (The unit factors correspond tothe steps in Method 1.) Step1 Step? Step3 Lmol Cl, Imol Br, 15082 Be, 70.9 ¢Cls Tmo! Cle * Tmo Br 631 gC 2 _ Br Method 3: Proportion or Ratio Method 2eBr_1XFWBr ‘be LxFWBr, ECh ~ [xFWCh Solving. Fees aX pw cy 3 tps. comzmgtbit 5214613712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS [S8__Referto Section FS ‘A chemical reaction involves a chemical change in which (1) one o more substances are used up (at least partially) (2) one ormore new substances are formed and G) energy is absorbed or released. Here isan example ofthe chemical reaction, presented in Exercise 3-4 2HAg) +Og) > 2H0(8) 3-90. Refer to Section 3-1. Balanced equation; 3 CoClag) + 2KPOKap)—+ Co,PO,),{8)* 6KCKag) [592. Refer to Section 1. Balanced equation: 3 Be(s) + Nuig)—> BEN) (1) mot Be smal N; x (3 mol Be/l mol N;)=3.0 mol Be Lmol Ny 3 mol Be , 9.0122 ¢ Be 28.0 N:*T mol Ns*1,00 mol Be 2) 2eBe: 0 gN:x 0.966 8 Be (G) Ifthe mass of Beis less than the mass of Na, then Be may or may not be the limiting reactant, Ie will only be limiting if (mass of Besmass of N:) <0.96601. See part (2). Ifthe moles of Be is less than the moles of Nz thon He will always be the limiting reactant (4) In comparing the amounts to make your decision, working in moles is easier than mass, but as long as you do the correct calculations, the result willbe the same [3.94. Refer to Sections 3-1 and 3-6. ‘A 0% solution means there is 1.0 g of solute in 100 g of solution. Since the densities of the solutions are assumed to be nearly identical, as the solute decreases in formula weight, the moles (g/FW) ofthe solute will inerease and the molarity of the solution wll increase. In order of increasing molarity LOM SnCl, FW=189.6 pmol) < 1.0% AICI, (FW=133.3 gimol) < 1.0% NaCl (FW=58.4 g/mol) [5-96.__Refer to Sections 3-2 and 3-6, and Examples 3-6.and 3-16. Balanced equation: Bi + 4HINO, + 31:0 > BiNOs)y-S1;0+NO Plan: (1) Caleulate the grams of HINO, required to react with the Bi @) Determine the volume of HNOs that will contain the desired mass of HNO, using the unit factors foe % by mass and density tps. comzmgtbit 5314613712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS > mano bi hMOLBI mol HNOs 63.02 g HNO, (PB HNOs= 200 8B ¥599.0 9 Bi I mol Bi * Imol HNOs 8.1 g HNO, ye note 100 gsoln mb soln _ (2) mL HNO; =24.1 g HNOs 3p. NOS* TIRZ g soln = 680 mL HNOs [398._— Refer to Section 36. The concentration of particles in each container is determined by counting the number of dissolved particles and dividing by the volume of solution Solution ‘Concentration A 12 pailes0.5 L= 24 particles B ‘particles0.5 L = 12 partilevL. c 3 panicles. 5 L= 6 panicles D S particles. 5 L = 16 paticlevL. E 3 paiclen0.25 L = 12 panicle. F S patiles.25 = 20 particle (@) Solution A isthe most concentrated (b) Solution C isthe last concentrate, (6) Solutions B and E have the same concentration (4) When solutions E and F are combined, the resulting solution has the concentration: 8 particlev0.5 L ~ 32 particles’? L~ 16 patcles/L, which isthe same as Solution D. [3-100. Refer to Sections 3-3 and 31, and Exercise 3-18 Solution. Balanced equation: Zn(s) + 2AgNOs(ag) —> Z0(NO,)(ag) +2AgKs) (@) This problem involves both the limiting reactant and the percent yield concepts (1) Find the limiting reactant {@) Caleulate the theoretical yield of A (@) Determine the percent yield of Ag, based on the limiting reactant > mot Za = B22-- 10008 spy (1) mol Za = P75 = BAT pad = 1529 m0 Zn 2 mol AgNO; = mol Ag’ 1 mol 5 1,529 mol Za Reqited rato => qa AgNO, OS Available ratio= [339 mal RgNOs 380 MAgNO, x IL = 1380mol AgNO} Available ratio> required ratio; AgNOs is the limiting reactant @ ‘The mass of Ag produced from the limiting reactant, AgNOs, isthe theoretical yield Tmol Ag 45 tps. comzmgtbit s4i45t3712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS atu viet 459, 20.08 ogy, — Theoretical yield * 00% Yap 3 g* 10MM= 2 (©) The yield might be less than 100% bscause (1) the zine mht not be pure or (2) the technician o student ‘who collected the silver may have been careless. She or he may have not recovered all of it or even may hhave spilled some. (3) Some ofthe zinc may not have reacted because it became coated with silver, or (4) ‘some ofthe zine may'not have been ade othe eaetion vesel in the ist place [S102 Refer o Sections 3-3 and 5-4, Step 1: Balance the equation forthe reaction Stop 2: Find the limiting reactant by frst converting the reactant masses to moles, then calculate the required molar ratio of one reactant to another and comparing the requited ratio 10 the available rato. IF the available molar ratio is greater than the required molar ratio fora reactant, then it will be in excess and the other reactant isthe limiting reactant, Step 3: Calculate the theoretical yield of produet in grams or moles, based on the limiting reactant using simple stoichiometry. Step 4: Calculate the percent yield by dividing the amount of product the experimenter actually made by the theoretical yield, then multiplying by 100. ‘The percent yield calculated by using moles or grams would be the same. [3-104 Refer fo Sections 3-3, 4 and I-12, and Tables 12 and 1-9. Balanced equation CH,COOH + CH,CH,OH > CH,COOCH.CH, + 4,0 acetic acid «ethanol ethyl acetate (eahyl alcohol) FWigimo) 60.05 46.07 88.10 Density (gimL) 10S 0.789 902 (fiom Table 1-2) (from Table 1-9) (2) Plan: (1) Convert the volume of reactants to the mass of reactants (2) Evaluate the limiting reactant, (1) 2g CH,COOH = 202 mL CHjCOOH x 1.05 gimL = 212 g CH,COOH ? g CH)CH.OH = 20.1 mL CH,CH,OH «0.789 giml. = 15.9 g CH,CH.OH (2) Convert the mass of reactants to moles and compare the required ratio to the available ratio. , _-2CCOOH 212 ‘mol CHSCOOH ~ EW CH,COOH ” 6005 g/mal » _-2CH.CHOH 1598 ‘mol CHCH:OU = Fw CH,CHLOH ~ 4607 ginol 0.353 mol CH,COOH 0.345 mol CHyCHOH, {mol CH,CH,OH, (0345 mol CH,CHOH, Required tio ~ Tos] CHCOOH Available tio ~ So HC SET 0977 Available ratio < required ratio; CHyCH,OH is the limiting reactant 46 tps. comzmgtbit 514613712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS () Plan: (1) Caleulate the actual yield of ethyl acetate, CHsCOOCH.CH,, in grams. (2) Calculate the theoretieal yield of ethyl acetate from 0.345 mol CH,CH,OH, {@) Calculate the percent yield of ethyl acetate (1) ? gethylacette~ 27.5 mL ethyl acetate x 0.902 gimL.~ 24.8 g ethyl acetmte (actual yield) (2) ? mol ethy! acetate = mol CHsCH3OH x 1 ? gethyl ace (0345 mol ethyl acetate (0.348 mol x 88.1 g/mol mol ethyl acetate x FW ethyl acetate 30.4 g thy acetate (theoretical yield) [35106 Refer to Section 56. Plan: This sa complex dilution problem. (1) Find the moles of NaClin each solution (2) Ada the moles of NaCl together and vide by the total volume to get the new molarity. (1) mol NaCt in Solution |= 0,375 410.0350 L= 0.0131 mol NaCl ‘mol NaC in Solution 2= 0.632 x 0.0475 L= 0.0300 mol NaCl {otal moles of NaCI_(0.0131 mol + 0.0300 mel) 2) TMNaCL="“‘oralvolume ~ (0.0350L +0875 L) ~ 0522 NaCl (08, Refer to Section 3-5 and Example 313. (a) Balanced equations: Py + 50: > PLO 89.5% efficient P,Ojo* 6H:0 > 4H,PO 97.8% efiicient (b) Plan: g Py > mol Py = mol P\Oi (theoretical) => mol P4Oyo (actual) => mol HPO, (dneortical) = mol PO, (actual) = g HPO, > 395 g pg LMOLPs,, 1 mol PyOy (theoretical) ,_ 89.5 mol PyOy (actual '8H:PO, =225 PAX 134g PX TmelP, 100, mol P{Oy (theoreti) Amol H,PO, theoretical) _97.8 mol HyPOs (actual) 98.0 g HPO, (acta XT mol PO *T00- mol HPO, theoretical)*— Tmol HPO, 623 2 HPO, 10 Refer to Sections 3. m7] Balanced equation: NaCl(ag)-+ AgNOay) > AgCl(s) + NaNOwag) Plan: (1) Caleulate the mass (in grams) of NaCI inthe 1.20% solution using density. (2) Determine the limiting reactant {G) Determine the mass of AgCl produced. ach uo2esoln 1.20.2 NaCl 10.0 mL NaCl Tent soln ® 100g sola () PeNacl 122 g NaCl tps. comzmgtbit last3712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FpHTMLS (2) Convert each reactant to moles and compare required ratio to available ratio to fin the limiting reactant NaCl __0.1228 FW NaCl ~ 384 g/mol ‘7 mol ABNOs = M AgNOs XL soln 1 mol NaCl 2 mol Nac = 0.00209 mol NaCl 121 x 10 49 x0.0500 1605 x 10-4 mol AgNOs 0.00209 mol NaCl Required ratio Avalabl ratio= 5o5 10°F mol AeNOS 24S en Available ratio > required ratio; AgNOs is the limiting reactant 121x107 mol AgNO, | Imol AgCl 143.3 p AgCl 0) BARC 0.0500 Ti Og at gOS Tod ART” 0867 x AgCL [3-112 Refer Section 3-2. Balancod equations: Zn-+2HCI > ZnCl + Hy 2AI+6HCI -> 2AICL, + 3H ‘Assume: (I) 1 mol of H is produced. (2) Zn costs $1.00 Zn; Al costs $2.00/g AL Plan: mol Hy => mol metal => g metal => Srequired’mol Hy Lmol Zn 65.4920, $1.00 (1) Form L mol HTH e® Tt Za * ip Zn 96501 Hy ©) Fora mol Ha FMGEAL TOA BOF — $36.0'mol Hs Smol Hy * T mol Al * 1 g Al ‘Therefore, lis less expensive for the production of equal amounts of hydrogen gas. tps. comzmgtbit s7iast511223, 513 Pa ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS 4 The Structure of Atoms [4-2 Refer to Section 4-2 and Figure 42. {any oil droplets in Milika's oi drop experiment had possessed a deficieney of electrons, the droplets would have been positively charged and would have been attracted to, not repelled by, the negatively charged plate ‘There would have been no voltage seting possible where the electrical and gravitational forces am the drop would have balanced. [Ek Refer to Sections 4-2 and 43, and Figures 1 and 3, (@) Canal rays, also produced in the cathode ray tube, move towand the cathode (the negative electrode). Therefore, they must be positively charged. Canal rays are positively charged ions ereated when cathode rays knock electrons from the gaseous aioms in the tube. (©) Cathode rays are electrons and are independent of source. Canal rays are the positive fons from the spocific gas used after a loss of electrons; they are therefore dependent upon the gas used, [$6 Refer to Sections 4-2 and ind Figure. (@) We must modify the Millikan oil drop experiment in order to determine the charge-to-mass ratio of the positively charged whizaron by (1) insome way producing an excess of whizatrons on the il droplets, and (Q) switching the leads to the plates to make the bottom plate positively charged, The positively charged whizatrons om the oil droplets will he repulsed by the plate & Since all ofthe charges om the droplets willbe integral maples ofthe charge on the whizaron, we will ‘Mdentify the droplet with the smallest charge and test to see ifthe other droplets have charges that are multiples ofits charge. From the results shown in the table below, we cam deduce thatthe charge on the whizatron is 1/2 oF the smallest observed charge: 12x (2.44 10") ~ 1.22% 10" coulomb, All the droplets have charges that are integral multiples of 122 x 10-19 coulomb. ‘Charge on Droplets (coulomb) Ratio 48810" 488x10" _ Lazxio® “#0 anti 610x10-" _ iazxi® “8° 24d x10" 24x10 _ 22x10 “20 85310" ss3x10% x10 732x10"" 32x10 taxi 6° tps. comzmgtbit s8i4st3712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS Refer to Sections th. ‘Alpha particles, which are the postively-charged nucle of helium atoms, were thought to be much more dense than gold. Hence, according to Thomson’ “plum pudding” model of the atom, it was expected that these particles would pass easily through the gold fil with litle deflection. The fact that some particles were greatly deflected astounded Rutherford. This led him to conclude that all the positive charges were found in one cental place, instead of scattered throughout the atom, [10.__Refer to Section 4. Volume ofa hydrogen atom = (4/3907 = (4/3)x(5.29 x 10" m)?=6.20% 10°" m* (lnm = 1x 10° m) Volume ofa hydrogen nucleus = volume ofa proton = (4/3)nr" ‘Therefore the faction of space in a hydrogen atom occupied by the mucles is: if Fico us Veyaogen tom {As can be scen, an atom is mosily empty space. [512,__Refer to Sections $2 and $7. Calculation ofthe charge-to-mass ratio: Species Charge Mass Number Charge-to-Mass Ratio a 4 2 112 = 0.0833 “ 2 n 22 =0.167 “N “ 4 1s ~00n1s ea 2 4 2d =0.143 The onler of inereasing charge-to-mass ratios is MN¢<8C*< HN! HO [S14 Refer o Sections 45, 4-6 and 47, Table 4-1, and Example #1. A noutral atom of i contains 28 electrons, 28 protons and (58-28) ~ 30 neutrons. [we assume that the mass of the atom i simply the sum ofthe masses of its subatomic particles, then mass of "Ni = (28 6 xmmass e-) + 28 p xmass p) + (30. xmass 1) = (28 x 0.00054858 amu) + (28 x 1.0073 amu) + (0x 1.0087 amu) 58.481 amulatom ss mass = 28 «7 x0,00088858 amie (2) Soboy masse = Ty x 100% ae massp 28 px 1.0073 amuip (b) Yeby mass p~ Sass AN ® 100% x 100% SEAS] amu mass 101.0087 aun mats "Ni (©) %by mass x 100% OT SEABL amu * 100% tps. comzmgtbit 914613712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS 16. Refer tothe Key Terms Jor Chapter h (@) The atomic numberof an element iste integral number of protons inthe nucleus. Ie defines the identity of that clement. For example, oxygen has an atomic number of & and therefore has 8 protons. All oxygen atoms have exacily& protons and there is no other element that has 8 protons in its mucleus (Section 4-5) () Isotopes are two or more forms of atoms of the sime element with different masses. In ather words, they are atoms containing the same number of protons but they have different numbers of neutrons. 0 and FO ate isotopes since both have 8 protons but '*0 has (16 - 8) = 8 neutrons while "O has (17 ~ 8) =9 neutrons (Seetion 47). (©) The mass number of an element is the integral sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in tht atom. The mass number of 0 i 17 the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus (Section 4-7) ic) Nuclear charge refers to the number of protons or positive charges in the nucleus. ‘The nuclear charge of all oxygen atoms is +8. [F18. Refer to Section 47, Table 42 and the Periodic Table inthe textbook, From the Period Table, we se that the atomie numberof strontium is 38 Therefore, each strontium atom has 38 protons It isa neural ator then it also has 38 electrons If we assume that these isotopes are neutral, then trotope | Number of Protons | Number of Electrons Nore of Nets (ass Number - Atomic Number) se 38 8 46 84-38) ese 38 38 48 86-38) Bsr 38 ® 49 87-38) Sse 38 38 50 (88-38) (20. Refer to Section £7. Remember: atomic number yumber of electron ina neural atom mass numb uber of proton umber of protons + number of neutrons st tps. comzmgtbit 01451511223, 513 Pa ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS Kindo | Atos Nunberof | Nunberof | Nanbe of Atom ‘Number | Ms* faihiet Tsotope Protons Electrons Neutrons otal ul» co a 2 2 boron i ue s 5 s manganese | 25 | 58 25 2 x0 wai | ae | ie 8 78 ws (62 Refers Seton Fad Emp Shaelof Species | _Nonberof Proms | NunberofNewwons | Nuwieraf Boron @ Mg 12 2 12 wl a n 7 ol 40 3 40 @| aw 8 “ 6 | we a0 3s 28 0 "ag ” “1 46 Bere Secton Nimberof ] Namberof | Nuntero® | | a | came | smi Drowns | Newtons | Elctons (a) Py 28 2 a | 3 0 ner | 2» 20 » fa» |] o fea | x 2 3 ala] o Tas ols 4 5 s ful o [626 Refrn Secon Cand Example We know: AW Ga = (mass Ga x faction of Ga) + (mass "Ga x faction of "Ga) tx then (1-x) Substitating, fraction of Ga faction of "Ga (69.723 anaa = (68.925580 amu + (709247005 amuy(t - x) ~ 68,925580x + 70,9247005 - 709247005 1.202 = 1.9991206 fraction of °Ga fraction of "Ga 0.6013, Yoabundance of *Ga 03987 abundance of "Ga tps. comzmgtbit ens3712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FIpHTMLS [EB Refer to Section 1-9 and Example #2. Plan: (1) For each isotope, convert the % abundance to fraction. (2) Multiply the fraction of each isotope by is mass and ad the terms find the atomic weight of Sr. ye {fot relative abundant AW (amu) Isotope mass (amu) (mass #1 x fraction of) + (mass #2 x fraction of 42) + (mass #3 X fraction of #3) “(mass #4 «fraction of #4) 056 9.86 7.00 82.58 (83914 amu x Fog ) + (85.9084 amu x Tgp )+ (86.9089 amu x jp )+ (87.9056 am x og AAV ams +8.47 ama + 6.08 srnu + 72.59 am 17.61 amu (o 4 significant figures) ($30. Refer to Section 49 and Example $2. Plan: (1) For each isotope, convert the % abundance toa fraction. (2) Multiply the faction of each isotope by its mass and add the terms to find the atomic weight of Fe. ? AW Fe =(mass Fe x fraction of Fe) + (mass Fe x faction of Fe) + (mass Fe x faction of Fe) + (mass "Fe x fraction of Fe) 5.82 91.66 219 = (539396 amu x jg.) + (58.9349 amu x Hage) + (869354 am xGy) + 033 + (57.9333 amu x oy) 3.14 am +5127 amu 1.25 ame + 0.19 amu ~s8. amu (to 4 significant Figures) [$32. Refer to Section 1.9 and Example $3. We know:AW Cu (mass Cux faction of Cu) + (mass Cux faction of °Cu) let x =fraction of Cu then (I-x) = fraction of “Cu Substituting, 63.546 amu ~ (62.9298 amu) + (64.9278 amuy(l =) = 62.9298% + 64,9278 - 64.9278 L9psx = 1.382 fraction of °Cu~ x ~ 0.6917 abundance of Cu = 69.17% [34. Refer to Section 19 and Table #3. Plan: (1) For each isotope, convert the % abundance toa fraction. 2) Multiply the faction ofeach isotope by its mass {G) Ada terms to obtain the atomic weight ofthe element PAWO mass "0 x fraction of 0) + (mass "0 x faction of 70) + (mass 0 x faction of 40) 9.762 1038 0200 1.99402 arm x "gy ) + 1699913 amu x ee )+(17.99916:amu x Tn) 999 amu (to 5 icant figures) 3 tps. comzmgtbit e2513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FpHTMLS 2 AWC 36. Refer to Section 4-9 und Example 42. If the mass spectrum were complete for germanium, the calculated atomic weight would be the weighted average of the isotopes: we abundan {iota relative abundance) AW amu) = X isotope mass (amu) = (5.49/15 90)71.9217 + (1 55/15.90)72.9234 + (731/15 90)73.9219 + (1.58/15.90)75.9219 =733.amu However, the true atomic weight of germanium is 72.61 amu, ‘The observed data gives a value that s too high Therefore, the spectrum is incomplete and data must have been lost at the plot's low end when the recorder ‘malfunctioned, 1-38. Refer to Section 4-9 and Example 2. Plan: (1) For each isotope, convert the % abundance toa finction (2) Muliplythe fraction ofeach isotope by its mass and add the terms to find the atomic weight of Cr. 2 AW Cr = (mass S9Crx faction of Cx) + (mass Cex fraction of Cx) + (rnass Cr x faction of Cx) + (mass “Cr x faction of SC) 435 8 PAW Cr = (49.9461 amu x 355 ) (51.9405 am x 3.79 950 236 Top. + (52.9406 amu x Yop, )+(53.9389 amu x jp) 52.0 amu (to 3 significant figures) ss Refer to Secon 4-10 and Figure Mendeleev arranged the known clement inorder of increasing atomic weight in sequence so that elements with similar chemical and physical propertis fell in the same column or group. To achieve this chemical periodicity, it was necessary for Mendeleev o leave blank spaces for elements undiscovered at that time and 10 make assumptions concerning atomie weights not known with certain. ‘The modem periodic uble has elements arranged in order of increasing atomic number so that elements with Similar chemical properties fll inthe same column, [12.__Refer to Section 6-10, ‘The atomic weight ofan element is a weighted average of the mass of the naturally occurring isotopes of that clement. Therefore, the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of argon must be heavier than the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of potassium. Atoms of argon have 18 protons, whereas atoms of potassium have 19 protons. In order forthe atomic weight ‘oF argon to be greater than that of potassium, argon atoms must have more neutrons. tps. comzmgtbit 634513712723, 513 PM ‘Solucionario Quimica de Whitten 10th - Flipbook by Nestor Borja | FpHTMLS Consider the isotopes for these elements: Trotope Percent Nomberaf _ Nambero Composition ___ Protons Neutrons argon (AW; 39.948 amu) ar 99.60% 18 2 potassium (AW: 39.0983 amu) eK 19 20 aK 19 2 From these data, we can see that gon would have higher atomic weight than potassium, [5-14._Refer to Section 110, the Periodic Table and the Handbook of Ohemisry and Physics Tf we look atthe densities ofthe elements in reference to where ai they’are onthe periodic table with reference to selenium, we see 2.07 ple that the density of Se should be between 2.07 (S) and 6.24 (Te) and between 3.12 (Br) and 5.72(As). We canestimatcittobe | a8 | Se br the avemge ofthe densities ofthe surrounding elements S22 lem? 3.12 glen $624+572+ Te DofSe = 20624 FSR — 49 vom! 6.28 gem ‘The Handbook of Chemistry and Physis wives the density of Se as 481 gem”. This averaging method gave us «reasonable estimation ofthe density with the following relative error: ep error in the density of Se £16. Refer to Section 4-10, the Periodic Table and the Hanibook of Chemistry and Physics, ‘The periodic trends of the element properties also apply to compound containing the elements. Therefore, the melting point of CFs, OCly, CBry and Cly should follow a trend. IF we graph the melting points of these compounds versus molecular weight, we can estimate the melting point of CBr 200 a — 5» a a Compound MW gmat) PCO. se " Cre 0 Eo coh ask = veo, chy 3316 Z sie tt 3 00 Lor, 4 Ths catinnied meting point of CBn a abowt 1 ee 90°C. The actual value is 90.1°C according to Molecular Weight (aint the Hao of Chemisty and Pst Refer Section £10, Hydride formulas are related tothe group numberof the central element, ©, 20 3A 4 Buy cu 6a. 7A Beth 1,0 ue 5s tps. comzmgtbit ales