OPTIMHO

Static Distance Protection Relays

OPTIMHO
Static Distance Protection Relays
Figure 1: Optimho (Type LFZP) relays
Features
• Full scheme distance relays with
18, 12, 9 or 6 measuring units.
• Phase and ground distance or
phase distance protection.
• Single or multiple zones.
• Optional directional earth fault
protection.
• Typical operating time: one cycle
for three phase faults.
• Optional fault location includes
mutual compensation on selected
models.
• Optional data recording for post
fault analysis and instrumentation
functions.
• Eight independent groups of
settings can be stored in the
relay.
• A second blocking scheme is
available on selected models for
use with signalling equipment.
• Integral user interface for easy
access to relay setting and fault
records.
• Provision for remote
communications via modems.
2
Benefits
• Wide model range for accurate
matching to applications.
• Remote interrogation reduces
need for site visits.
• Precise fault location, even on
double-circuit lines together with
fault information reduces outage
time.
• Accurate fault information
provides for in-depth fault
analysis.
• Changes to alternative groups of
settings can be accomplished
with a single command.
• Self diagnosis reduces
maintenance costs.
• Vertical case option eases retrofit
problems.
• Will interface with existing
scheme logic.
• Fulfils basic SCADA role at no
extra cost.
Summary Chart
Transmission and Sub-transmission Back
sub transmission and distribution up
main protection main protection only
LFZP Model 111 112 113 114 121 122 123 131 132 151
Phase distance • • • • • • • • • •
Ground distance • • • • • • • •
DEF • • • • • •
Fault location • •
Fault location with mutual compensation • • • • • • •
Overhead lines • • • • • • • •
Underground cables • •
Open delta/3 limb VTs • •
No. of distance elements 18 18 18 12 12 12 12 9 6 6
Independent zones Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1
Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2
Z3 Z3 Z3 Z3 Z3 Z3 Z3 Z3
Reach stepped zones Z1X Z1X Z1X Z1X Z1X Z1X Z1X Z1X Z1X
Z1Y Z1Y Z1Y Z1Y Z1Y Z1Y Z1Y Z1Y Z1Y
Z2 Z2 Z2
Reversible zones • • •
Single pole tripping • • • •
VT supervision • • • • • • • •
3 phase fuse blow supervision • • • • • • • •
Power swing blocking • • •
Loss of load trip feature • • • • • • •
No. of output contacts 24 24 24 24 16 16 16 16 16 8
Basic • • • • • • • • • •
Z1 Extension • • • • • • •
Acceleration • • •
PUR • • • •
PUR Unblock • • • •
Schemes POR1 • • • • • •
POR1 Unblock • • • • • •
POR2 • • • •
POR2 WI Trip • • • •
POR2 Unblock • • • •
POR2 WI Trip Unblock • • • •
Blocking • • • •
Blocking 2 • • • •
Z1, Z1X, Z1Y, Z2 Phase m m m m m m c f f
Distance Z1, Z1X, Z1Y, Z2 Ground q/m m m m q/m m c
Characteristic Z3 Phase L L L N N N P N
Z3 Ground Q/L L L D/N N N N
Negative sequence volts • • • • • •
DEF Zero seq current • • • • • •
polarising Zero seq volts • • • •
Zero seq volts+current • • • •
• = standard, • = optional, m = shaped mho, f = fully crossed polarised mho, q = quadrilateral,
c = shaped mho for cables, D = offset quadrilateral, N = offset lenticular, Q = D/rev q, L = N/rev m, P = N/rev f.
For further information see Page 6.

3
Applications of Optimho
Optimho is produced in several
models, each suitable for a specific
range of applications. The more
sophisticated models have features
and functional abilities which can
fulfil the most exacting duties.
These can include ehv applications
depending on the fault clearance
time required. The more basic
models have reduced hardware and
software to suit the simpler
requirements of sub-transmission
and distribution systems.
Optimho complements the well
established Micromho and
Quadramho, enhancing the already
outstanding family of distance
protection available from ALSTOM
T&D Protection & Control Ltd.
The range of applications includes:
– main and back-up protection of
overhead lines and underground
cables including transformer
feeders.
– back-up protection of
transformers, auto-transformers
and shunt reactors (LFZP 151)
– protection of solid or resistance
earthed systems.
– Three-pole or single-and-three-
pole tripping, with or without the
aid of a signalling channel.
– single zone relays used in
multiple zone schemes to provide
ultra-high reliability by additional
redundancy of protection
(LFZP 121, 122 or 132 with one
zone enabled).
– on-site replacement of
obsolescent electro-mechanical or
switched static distance relays.
– protection of systems with open-
delta line voltage transformers or
3– phase 3– limb line voltage
transformers (LFZP 131 or 132).
– phase selection to allow, for
example, a power line carrier
phase comparison scheme (such
as P10) to carry out single phase
tripping (LFZP 114).
Principles of Operation
All models of Optimho are full
scheme distance relays which have
a full set of measuring elements for
each main zone of protection.
Compared with the switched type of
scheme, the full scheme system
improves reliability by avoiding the
need to rely on phase selection
hardware or software and by
removing dependence on a single
measuring unit. Full scheme distance
relays are better able to cope with
inter-circuit faults on double circuit
lines and evolving faults.
The measuring element uses a micro-
controller to produce a direct
software equivalent of the hardware
phase comparator used in
Optimho’s forerunners, Micromho
and Quadramho. This phase
comparator design is well tried,
having accumulated nearly ten
thousand relay years of successful
operating experience over the last
decade at locations throughout the
world.
Many of the other hardware and
software features of Quadramho
have been retained and further
enhanced in Optimho, ensuring the
highest standards of reliability.
Optimised Performance
with Distorted Signals
The phase comparators and level
detectors use logic processing to
achieve immunity from maloperation
due to noise, such as harmonic
distortion, travelling wave effects,
high and low frequency capacitor
voltage transformer transients and
current transformer saturation.
Operation of the phase comparators
and level detectors can only occur if
the input signals are dominated by
power frequency components.
Filters are used to insure this
dominance and to optimise
operating times.
4
Hardware Structure
All models are built up from a small
range of standard printed circuit
boards used as modular building
blocks.
All models use the same relay case,
power supply unit, and front panel.
The relay hardware is bus-structured
to allow printed circuit boards to be
plugged into the case in different
combinations. (See Figure 2).
The hardware uses multiple
microcontrollers to perform as
comparators, level detectors, etc.
A main microcontroller uses the
digital bus to read outputs from the
subsidiary microcontrollers, read
signals from the outside world via
optically coupled isolators,
communicate with the user interface
and perform scheme logic, serial
communications, monitoring and
output contact functions. Settings,
indications, and fault records are
stored in a type of memory which is
unaffected by loss of dc supply.
The layout of the relay case follows
the ‘quiet region’ arrangement
introduced in Micromho and
Quadramho, with measurement and
control boards located in a
screened compartment and fed with
signals from the outside world via
screened isolation devices and
filters. See Figure 3.
A vertical aspect, panel mounted
version can be used for replacing
obsolescent electromechanical
distance relays in narrow panels,
with the minimum of panel
disturbance.
Integral User Interface
All relay settings and records are
accessible from the integral user
interface shown in Figure 4.
The liquid crystal display (LCD)
indicates how the relay initiated the
latest trip. The faulty phase and
zone are indicated for trips initiated
by the distance elements. The latest
alarm condition is also indicated.
If indications are present when the
supply is lost, they are automatically
reinstated when the supply is
restored.
 Level detector board
Optional boards shown in + AC supply supervision
broken outline
Zone 1 and 2 board
(Alternatively zones 1, 2 and3) User interface
Settings from + Additional reach – stepped zones
digital bus 7 Optical isolators
Zone 3 board Status

Analogue bus
+ Power swing blocking inputs
AC inputs

Digital bus
Quadrilateral
VA VB VC ground fault board
Analogue
input
VN 8 Output relays
module DEF board
ΙA ΙB ΙC
8 Output relays Trips.
ΙN Fault location board
alarms,
+ Fault data and instrumentation
Ιp etc.
Main controller board 8 Output relays
+ Schemes, settings,
comms, monitoring diagnostics
RS232C serial link to remote terminal

Figure 2: Electrical structure of LFZP

The date and time of the fault,

Fully screened
location (if available), and more, power supply Analogue
Terminal block
are displayed by pressing READ. Terminal blocks unit enclosure input module
After the indications have been
read, they can be cleared by
pressing RESET, and the READ key Measurement
can then be used to step through all and control
boards in fully
the relay settings displayed in screened
sequence. compartment

The cursor and SET keys, and the

two test sockets, are only accessible Output auxiliary
after removing the transparent front relays and
cover. The keys are used to select status input
optical isolators User interface
from a menu of options displayed
on hinged front
on the LCD in English, and to enter panel
new settings into temporary
memory. The menu has a simple
structure, allowing rapid
familiarisation. Figure 3: Mechanical layout of LFZP

The SET key is used to transfer

temporary entries to the permanent 2 x 16 character
liquid crystal display Light emitting diodes
memory which determines relay
action. Accidental changes are
TRIP
prevented by allowing SET to be DISTANCE
operative only at certain points in PROTECTION ALARM

the menu after appropriate

warnings have been displayed.
RELAY AVAILABLE

SET
PARALLEL

RESET ACCEPT/READ SERIAL

7 Keys – only RESET and ACCEPT/READ Test sockets

accessible with front cover in place

Figure 4: User interface on front panel

5
Menu Options Schemes Available
The menu holds an extensive range The scheme selection varies with the
of options, including: model of Optimho. Most models
have basic distance with up to 3
– viewing records of the LCD
independent zones available,
indications from the last four
designated Z1, Z2 and Z3.
faults.
Additional zones 1X and 1Y are
– printing records or settings on a obtained, if required, by stepping
portable printer plugged into the the reach of the Zone 1 elements
parallel test socket after time delays started by the
– entering a relay identification Zone␣ 2 and/or Zone 3 elements.
code for use on printouts. On some models Zone 2 is obtained
by stepping the reach of Zone 1,
– comprehensive test options such while on some other models, Zone 3
as: monitoring test points on the is omitted.
parallel socket; blocking output
contacts (the relay inoperative Models offering selectable,
alarm contact closes when the permissive overreach and
output contacts are blocked); unblocking schemes are complete
simplified on-load directional with current reversal guard logic
testing; and closing selected and open breaker echo logic.
output contacts (for instance to Models having independent Zone 1,
carry out a circuit breaker test) Zone 2 and Zone 3 have additional
– setting up the baud rate and permissive overreach and
protocol for the serial unblocking schemes with weak
communications. infeed logic, also the blocking
scheme. These schemes require
Zone 3 to be set reverse looking.
Settings
Single phase tripping logic is
The setting options allow the user to
available in some models.
select functions to suit each
application. The available options Loss of load accelerated tripping
depend upon the model of feature is available on some models
Optimho, but usually include: for use with 3 pole tripping.
– scheme type
– which distance zones are
enabled (up to 5 zones)
– whether ground fault time
delayed zones (if fitted) are
enabled
– direction of reach-stepped zones
or of Zone 3 (if fitted)
– whether start indications are
required for remote faults which
do not result in a trip.
– eight independent groups of
settings which are stored in the
relay memory and are selectable
from the menu.
The menu is adaptive; for example,
if Zone 2 is not required and has
been disabled, its time setting is
automatically removed from the
menu.

6
Distance Characteristics
The phase comparator is arranged to produce several types of distance
characteristics for the different models of Optimho. For further information see
Summary, Page 3.

Characteristic Description
type
m Partially cross polarised shaped mho with partial
synchronous polarising for 3-phase faults. Expansion
under fault conditions is more than adequate to cover arc
and tower footing resistance for most systems, with
excellent phase selection. See Figure 5.
f Fully cross polarised (or quadrature polarised) mho with
partial synchronous polarising for 3-phase faults.
Similar to type m above but used where only phase fault
protection is required.
c Self polarised mho, with a small proportion of cross
polarising: used for ground fault protection of
underground cables at high and medium voltages.
q Quadrilateral with adaptive reactance measurement to
avoid overreach or underreach for resistive faults with
prefault load. The directional measurement is partially
cross polarised. The resistive reach setting is variable up
to 150Ω (1A relay) or 30Ω (5A relay). The quadrilateral
is used instead of type m above to cover ground fault
resistance on overhead lines shorter than 15km, on
resistance neutral systems, or on systems with high ground
resistivity. See Figure 6.
D Offset quadrilateral: as type q but with reverse reach for
busbar back-up protection in Zone 3 time.
N Offset lenticular with a variable aspect ratio set to avoid
load encroachment on long lines. A circular offset setting
for shorter lines is included. The reverse reach is used for
bus back-up protection in Zone 3 time. Reach stepped
zones whose timers are started by Zone 3 automatically
avoid load encroachment if Zone 3 is shaped to avoid the
load impedance. See Figure 7.
Q Selectable between type D and reverse type q.
L Selectable between type N and reverse type m.
P Selectable between type N and reverse type f.

Numbers are source impedance/relay setting ratios

0 1 6 12

24 60
R

Figure 5: Resistive expansion of partially cross-polarized mho under fault conditions for solidly grounded systems

7
Remote Communications
X
All the options available on the
menu are also available from a
local or remote terminal via an Zone 3
RS232C serial communication port.

ive reach
ive reach
Sockets are provided on both the
front and the rear of the relay for Zone 2

RH Resist
LH Resist
temporary or permanent connection
respectively. The socket on the rear Zone 1

can also interface with a modem for

Direction
communication over a suitable link, al line
for instance a telephone line. R
Zone 3 reverse Zones 1
&2
The facility to bulk transfer settings,
event records and metering
information (providing a fault
locator is fitted) is available using
ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control
Ltd pc based software ‘Opticom’.
Figure 6: Quadrilateral ground fault characteristics
By using KITZ 103 interface unit, the
Optimho can be interconnected to
relays in the ALSTOM K range.
The interconnection is via a X
shielded, twisted wire pair known
as K-Bus. Up to 32 relays may be Zone 3
connected in parallel across the bus.
The K-Bus is connected through a
second KITZ protocol convertor
Aspect ratios a/b
either directly or via a modem to the
1.00
RS232 port of the pc. The K-Bus is a
0.67
RS485 based and runs at 0.41
64 kbits/s. b
From the same pc, Opticom 100
(version 5.0 and higher) and any
Courier based Access Software
packages can be used to Load
communicate with the Optimho. area
R
The KITZ 103 and the LFZP act as a
single slave device over K-Bus, see Zone 3
Figure 8. reverse

For more detailed information on the

application of Optimho over K-Bus,
including modem connections, baud
rates, bit framing and the use of
Courier features, reference should
be made to the following service
Figure 7: Lenticular Zone 3
manuals:
KITZ 101/102
Interface Unit R8521
KITZ 103
K-Bus to Optimho Interface R8532
OptiCom 100/140
Settings Database
and File Transfer R5928

8
 When Fitted
KITZ101/102 Typical ‘K’ Typical ‘K’
Auxiliary + KBUS/IEC 60870 Interface series relay series relay
supply _
voltage 150R
Terminals Terminals
2 1 54 54
2 TX
3 RX
7 Signal GND
Screen 56 56
1 Protective GND

Screen Link
All points are internally connected

KITZ103 KBUS
LFZP 100 (Optimho) Relay Auxiliary + LFZP 100 (Optimho)
supply _
Interface *
voltage 150R
(Rear Port)
2 TX 2 2 1
3 RX 3
7 Signal GND 7
1 Protective GND 1 Screen

IBM or compatible P.C. All points are internally connected

(For pin assignment
numbers see table) KITZ 103 LFZP 100 (OPTIMHO) rear serial port type
25 pin ‘D’ male connector (DTE) KITZ 103 25 pin ‘D’ male connector (DTE)
1 – Protective ground 1 – Protective ground
2 – Transmitted data 2 – Received data
Table showing connections between KITZ 103 serial
port and LFZP 100 (OPTIMHO) rear serial port. 3 – Received data 2 – Transmitted data
(For reference only. Please refer to PC user manual 7 – Signal ground 7 – Signal ground
where available). Connector shell to cable screen Connector shell to cable screen

Figure 8: Typical application diagram: KBUS/LFZP 100 (Optimho) Interface Type KITZ 103

Polarising Directional Earth Fault zero sequence voltage (in some

models) derived internally from
The partial cross polarising signal Protection
VA, VB and VC.
used in various distance (not available in all models)
characteristics is a square wave dual zero sequence current and
The directional earth fault protection
derived from a healthy phase voltage (some models only).
(DEF) has these features selectable
reference and 16% of the amplitude via the user interface: The overcurrent elements use zero
of the prefault voltage. This wave is sequence current as the operating
added to the faulty phase voltage, – time delayed tripping, either
quantity irrespective of the type of
and dominates it for close-up definite time or inverse definite
polarising used for the directional
unbalanced fault conditions. minimum time using a selection of
element.
This provides a clear directional built-in IEC or American curves.
reference even in the presence of See Figure 9. The negative sequence filters are
capacitor voltage transformer self-adaptive to system frequency,
– instantaneous high-set tripping,
transients. allowing greater sensitivity than is
available if the model of Optimho
possible with fixed filters tuned to
The partial synchronous polarising is has no Zone 1 instantaneous
the nominal system frequency.
similar to partial cross polarising but ground fault elements fitted.
is effective for 3-phase faults. A magnetising inrush current
– aided tripping via permissive
Synchronous polarising is derived detector is provided to prevent
overreach, unblocking, or
from prefault voltage and is maloperation when energising in-
blocking schemes (depending on
available for 16 cycles after fault zone transformers. The circuit uses
the model), which work in
incidence to cover breaker failure the principle of detecting
conjunction with the distance
protection time. zeros in the current lasting for a
scheme, sharing the same
quarter-cycle or more. This method
Several cycles must elapse from signalling channel.
is inherently unaffected by current
system energisation before – choice of polarising for the transformer saturation, unlike
synchronous polarising is available, directional element: second harmonic restraint.
so switch-on-to-fault logic is
arranged to provide protection for negative sequence voltage
close-up 3-phase faults during this derived from internal filters
initial period. (compared against negative
sequence current).
zero sequence current from a
separate current input

9
Fault Location, Fault The fault location board also As the fault location hardware is
computes prefault and fault voltages largely separate from that of the
Data Recording and
and currents phase-by-phase. distance measuring elements,
Instrumentation These values, together with negative protection accuracy can be cross-
(not available in all models) and zero sequence current and checked with fault location accuracy
The fault location algorithm includes voltage can be read out to allow during secondary injection tests.
compensation for infeed into a analysis of the power system
All voltages and currents are given
resistive fault from remote source network as it was at the time of
with phase angle relative to prefault
with prefault load flow. Readout of fault. The duration of the fault is also
VA, and rms amplitudes in primary
the fault location can be selected to determined.
or secondary terms.
be in kilometres, miles or percent of At any time under healthy live line
line length. conditions, the line voltages,
Some versions of the fault locator currents, watts and vars can be
can be mutually compensated if calculated on demand. These values
required. This feature can not be can be compared with other
used if zero sequence current instrumentation for accuracy.
polarising is required for the DEF.

100 100

50 50

10 10
Operating Time t (seconds)

Operating Time t (seconds)

5 5
Curve 4

Curve 1 Curve 5
Curve 6
1 1 Curve 7

0.5 Curve 2 0.5

Curve 8

Curve 3

0.1 0.1
1 5 10 50 100 1 5 10 50 100
Current (Multipule of Ιs) Current (Multipule of Ιs)
IEC curves American curves

Curve 1 Standard inverse: t = 0.14 Curve 5 US moderate inverse

Ι0.02 –1
Curve 6 US standard inverse
Curve 2 Very inverse: t = 13.5
Ι–1
Curve 7 US very inverse
Curve 3 Extremely inverse: t = 80
Ι2–1 Curve 8 US extremely inverse
Curve 4 Longtime earth fault: t = 120
Ι–1

Figure 9: DEF Protection time delay trip times

10
 0.04 0.04
Operating Source impedence Operating Source impedence
Time Relay setting = 30 Time Relay setting
=1 Maximum
(s) 0.03 (s) 0.03

Maxim Mean
um
0.02 0.02
Mean
Minimum Minimum
0.01 0.01

0.00 0.00
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Fault location (% of relay setting) Fault location (% of relay setting)

Figure 10: 50Hz operating times (MHO characteristic)

0.04 0.04
Operating Source impedence Operating Source impedence
= 30 =1
Time Relay setting Time Relay setting
(s) 0.03 (s) 0.03

Maximum
Maximum
0.02 0.02
Mean Mean
Minimum
0.01 0.01 Minimum

0.00 0.00
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Fault location (% of relay setting) Fault location (% of relay setting)

Figure 11: 60Hz operating times (MHO characteristic)

0.04 0.04
Operating Source impedence Operating Source impedence
= 30 =1
Time Relay setting Time Relay setting
(s) 0.03 (s) 0.03
Maximum imum
Max
Mean Mean
0.02 0.02
Minimum Minimum

0.01 0.01

0.00 0.00
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Fault location (% of relay setting) Fault location (% of relay setting)

Figure 12: 50Hz operating times (quadrilateral characteristic)

11
 0.04 0.04
Operating Source impedence Operating Source impedence
= 30 =1
Time Relay setting Time Relay setting
(s) 0.03 (s) 0.03
Maximum Maximum
Mean Mean
0.02 0.02
Minimum Minimum

0.01 0.01

0.00 0.00
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Fault location (% of relay setting) Fault location (% of relay setting)

Figure 13: 60Hz operating times (quadrilateral characteristic)

Self-Monitoring and In addition, an optional external

Voltage Transformer
Fuse/MCB Supervision
Optimho has comprehensive
continuous self-monitoring. If a
failure occurs, an alarm is issued by
closing the relay inoperative alarm
contact and extinguishing the relay
available LED. Diagnostic
information is automatically
displayed if the failure is such that it
does not disable the main processor
and LCD.
Monitoring of the analogue circuits
includes (i) the dc supply and all
internal dc power supply rails, and
(ii) the ac supplies and internal
analogue voltage and current
circuits (the latter only if the model
of Optimho has voltage transformer
supervision).
The VT supervision logic can be set
to block relay operation in the event
of failure of a VT fuse. The VT
supervision logic can be selected
via the menu to self reset, or to
remain sealed in until the reset
button is pressed. All models have
an optically coupled isolator to
monitor the auxiliary contact of a
miniature circuit breaker if the VT
supplies are protected by an MCB
instead of fuses. Energising the
optical isolator blocks relay
operation.
device for monitoring 3 phase fuse
blow via the RELAY BLOCKED opto-
isolator is available.
Monitoring of the digital circuits
includes (i) bus communications
(ii) checking of RAM and EEPROM
and (iii) watchdog circuits for every
microcontroller. In the event of
failure, trip signals originating from
the affected part of the relay are
blocked.
In models with quadrilateral ground
fault characteristics, remedial action
is performed if the quadrilateral
measuring circuits fail.
The alternative shaped mho ground
fault measuring elements, located on
a different board, are automatically
brought into action to restore the
ground fault protection. On power
systems where most faults are
ground faults, this capability
considerably increases the overall
availability of the relay.

12
Contact Arrangements
Most models are pre-programed to
give a choice of at least two output START
contact arrangements. One of these Ground Fault Distance?
is arranged to give direct access to
the relay’s measuring units via the
output relay contacts, so that a
Yes No
customer’s existing protection
scheme can be operated in
conjunction with Optimho if
Underground Either of the following:
required. The other arrangements cables? *voltage transformer supervision?
take advantage of the Optimho’s *power swing blocking?
own integral scheme logic.
Yes Yes
Other Options
No No
To be specified with order.
Go to DEF Scheme? Any of the following:
A facility to control the setting group chart 2 *week infeed POR unblocking scheme?
selected via five optical isolators is *blocking scheme?
*back-up for reverse faults?
available on all models.
A facility to control the setting group
selected via three optical isolators is Yes No
Yes No
available on all models. Full scheme
options are provided and three LFZP 131 LFZP 132
With DEF With DEF
setting groups are available. OK for open-delta OK for open-delta
Or 3–limb VTs Or 3–limb VTs
Optional fault locaton Optional fault locaton

Any of the following:

*single pole tripping?
*permissive undereach scheme (PUR)?
*permisssive overreach Scheme (POR)?
*unblocking scheme?
*power swing blocking?

Yes No

Quadrilateral ground Quadrilateral ground

fault elements? fault elements?

Yes No Yes No

LFZP 111 LFZP 121 LFZP 122

Optional DEF. Optional fault Optional fault
Optional fault location location location

Any of the following?

*weak infeed POR/unblocking scheme?
*blocking scheme?
*back–up for reverse faults?
*power swing blocking?

Yes No

LFZP 112 LFZP 114

Optional DEF. Optional DEF.
Optional fault locator Optional fault locator

In some models specified above, it will be necessary to disable unwanted zones

and facilities with settings on the menu.

Selection Chart 1

13
 START

Underground cables?

Yes No

Any of the following?

*single pole tripping? * blocking scheme? Go to chart 1
*PUR scheme? * power swing blocking?
*POR scheme? * capacitor voltage
*unblocking scheme? transformers?

Yes No

LFZP 113 LFZP 123

Optional fault location Optional fault location
Optional DEF No DEF

In some models specified above, it will be necessary to disable unwanted zones

and facilities with settings on the menu.

Selection Chart 2

START

Single Zone Distance?

Yes No

Any of the following: Go to chart 1

*ground fault distance?
*voltage transformer supervision?
*power swing blocking?

Yes No

Any of the following: Offset characteristic?

*single pole tripping?
*power swing blocking?
*DEF?

Yes No
LFZP 131 LFZP 132
with DEF. with DEF.
Either of the following: Optional fault Optional fault
*offset characteristic? location location
*power swing blocking?

Offset characteristic
Yes No

Yes No

LFZP 112 LFZP 114

LFZP 151 LFZP 122
Optional DEF. Optional DEF.
No fault Optional fault
Optional fault Optional fault
location location
location location

In some models specified above, it will be necessary to disable unwanted zones

and facilities with settings on the menu.

Selection Chart 3

14
 Direction of power flow for operation
A
P2 P1
A
S2
B
C C B
Phase rotation
A B C
MMLG
Test block or
Equivalent
N LFZP 111
2A1 2A2
19
2A3 2A4
20
2A5 2A6
21
2A7 2A8
22
2A9 2A10
23
2A11 2A12
24
2A21 2A22
a b c 25
2A23 2A24
26

Fuses
or MCB

2B21 2B22
15
2B23 2B24
16
2B25 2B26
17
2B27 2B28
18

2A25 2A26
27
S2 S1 2A27 2A28
28
P2 P1
DEF current polarisation when required

+ –

2B13 2B14 2A13 2A14 A13 DC supply 14 2A16 2A15 2B16 2B15

CRX 2B9 2B10 17 19 74 76

Signal receive
COX 2B7 2B8 13 15 70 72
Channel out of service
RZ1X 2B1 2B2 1 3 58 60
Rest zone 1 extension
CB AUX 2B5 2B6 9 11 66 68
Breaker open
MCB 2B11 2B12 78 80
Relay blocked
IPD 2B3 2B4 5 7 62 64
Inhibit PSB, DEF, WI.
R1 21 23 82 84
Reset indications

External resistor box

required for 220/250V
supply only
Signal send
2A17 2A 18 49 51 2A 20 2A 19
2B17 2B18 77 79 2B20 2B 19
Any Trip

a Opto–isolator inputs when required:

b CRX Open contact from signalling channel
c
COX Close contact from signalling channel
RZIX Open contact from auto–reclose relay
CBAUX Closed circuit breaker contacts connected
in series to indicate all poles open. Required
with busbar VT or if the weak infeed or echo
feature of POR scheme are required
MCB Closed contact from minature circuit breaker
required when no VT fuses are used
Alternative voltage
Fuses transformer connection RI Open contact to reset visual indications
or MCB for LFZP 131 & 132
15 IPD Open contact from auto–reclose relay
16
required with single phase tripping if PSB
17
or DEF options are used. Opto must be
18
energised during single pole dead times
For the unblocking mode of operation use CRX for
Test block LFZP
the unblock frequency (trip frequency) and RZIX
for the block frequency (guard frequency)

Figure 14: Case connection diagram for relay inputs

15
Technical Data

Ratings
AC voltage Vn: 100 to 120V rms phase-phase
AC current In: 1A or 5A rms per phase
Frequency fn: 50Hz or 60Hz
Operating frequency range: 47 to 51Hz or 56.4 to 61.2 Hz
DC Supply Vx(1): For switched mode dc/ac/dc power
supply unit, available in three versions:
Nominal Operative Maximum
range withstand
48/54V 37.5 to 60V 64.8V
110/125V 87.5 to 137.5V 150V
220/250V 175 to 275V 300V
There is negligible change of accuracy with change of
voltage within the operative range of the relay.
DC supply Vx(2): For optically coupled isolators.
Supply options are the same as Vx(1).
External resistor box provided for 220/250V version
(see Figure 16).

Maximum overload ratings

AC voltage: 1.2Vn for measuring accuracy
1.5Vn continuous withstand
2.5Vn withstand for 10s.
AC current: 2.4In continuous withstand
100In withstand for 1s (In = 1A)
80In withstand for 1s (In = 5A)

Burdens
AC voltage circuits: 0.1 VA per phase at Vn
AC current circuits: 0.08 VA per phase (In = 1A)
0.5 VA per phase (In = 5A)
DC supply (1): 18W under healthy live line
conditions at Vx(1) 28W maximum
DC supply (2): 10mA per energised optically
coupled isolator at Vx(2).

Distance elements
Range of positive sequence settings referred to line VT and CT secondaries:
All employed zones except reverse Zone 3:
Overhead line models 0.2 to 250Ω (In = 1A)
0.04 to 50Ω (In = 5A)
Underground cable models 0.1 to 125Ω (In = 1A)
0.02 to 25Ω (In = 5A)
Reverse Zone 3
Overhead line models 0.04 to 250Ω (In = 1A)
0.008 to 50Ω (In = 5A)
Underground cable models 0.02 to 125Ω (In = 1A)
and LFZP 151 0.004 to 25Ω (In = 5A)

16
Reach setting method is by digitally controlled analogue attenuators.
Attenuation factors KZPh and KZN operate on current signals and are
common to all zones.
Attenuation factors KZ1, KZ1X, KZ1Y, KZ2, KZ3 and KZ3’ operate on
voltage signals and are specific to Zone 1, Zone 1X, Zone 1Y, Zone 2,
Zone 3 forward and Zone 3 reverse respectively. The positive sequence
reach for Zone 1 is given by:
Zone 1 = KZ1. KZPh.5/In for overhead line models.
Zone 1 = KZ1. KZPh. 5/2In for underground cable models.
Either KZ1 or KZPh is set to 1.000. To obtain the formula for each of the
other zones employed, replace KZ1 by the appropriate attenuation factor for
the zone.
Extra settings for ground fault distance:
Residual compensation factor:

KZN Z – ZL1
= L0
KZPh 3ZL1
Where ZL0 and ZL1 are the phasor values of zero and positive sequence
impedance of the protected line.
Quadrilateral resistive reach settings:
Right hand reach = KR.5/In
Left-hand reach = KR.6/In (LFZP 111)
Left-hand reach = KR.5/In (LFZP 121)
Range of factors: KZPh 0.040 to 1.000 in steps of 0.001
KZN 0.000 to 1.360 in steps of 0.001
KZ1
KZ1X
KZ1Y 1.00 to 49.98 steps of 0.02
KZ2
KZ3
KZ3’ 0.2 to 49.9 in steps of 0.1
KR 1 to 30 in steps of 1
Range of setting of Zone 3 lenticular aspect ratio:
a/b = 1.00, 0.67 or 0.41
Characteristic angle settings:
θ Ph = arg ZL1 to nearest available setting.
θ Ph = 50° to 85° in 5° steps (overhead line models)
θ Ph = 45° to 80° in 5° steps (LFZP 113 only)
θ Ph = 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 50°, 60° or 70°
(LFZP 123 only)
Vectorial residual compensation for ground fault distance:
θ N = arg (ZL0 – ZL1) to nearest available setting
θ N = 50° to 85° in 5° steps (overhead line models)
θ N = –45°, –35° and –25° to 80° in 5° steps
(LFZP 113 and 123 only)
Note: LFZP 113 is not designed to be used with a ground fault loop setting
(2ZL1 + ZL0) /3 with an argument less than 30°.

17
Minimum operating values of the distance measuring elements for
all types of fault:
Voltage: zero
Current: 0.05In/KZPh.
Accuracy: Reach: ±5% at 2In and 20°C
Dynamic range: up to 25In for fault
locator and instrumentation up to
56In for distance protection
Characteristic angle: ±2°
Resetting ratio: 105%
Timer ranges: Zone 1X timer
Zone 1Y timer each timer 0.10s to 9.98s
Zone 2 timer in steps of 0.02s
Zone 3 timer
Scheme co-ordination timers used in permissive
overreach, unblocking and blocking schemes:
TP
TD 0 to 98ms in steps of 2ms
TDW
Timer accuracy: ±1% of setting and ±3ms.
Operating time: Typical relay operating times for Zone 1 are shown in
Figures 10 to 13.
Mho characteristic (type m, f or c) 50Hz minimum: 14ms
typical: 18ms
60Hz minimum: 12ms
typical: 16ms
Quadrilateral characteristic (type q) 50Hz minimum: 16ms
typical: 23ms
60Hz minimum: 15ms
typical: 20ms
Reset time: The trip contacts are sealed in for 60ms following the
initial contact closure. Thereafter, the maximum reset
time is 35ms.

Power swing blocking

Power swing detected by transit time of impedance between Zone 6 and
either Zone 2 or Zone 3 as selected. Zone 6 is offset mho or offset lenticular,
with the same range of forward and reverse reach settings and aspect ratios
as Zone 3.
Zone 6 timer range: 20ms to 90ms in steps of 5ms
Power swing detection regimes:
(i) detection disabled.
(ii) detection indicated only.
(iii) indication plus blocking of any one or more
selected zones.
Blocking disabled if a ground fault or (if DEF fitted) a phase fault occurs
during a power swing.

18
Directional earth fault
Directional measuring elements: one forward-looking, one reverse-looking:
Current sensitivity determined by current level detector:
0.05In to 0.80In in steps of 0.05In
Sensitivity of polarising quantity is 1V residual voltage of
1.5% polarising current, as appropriate, depending upon
the type of polarising selected.
Characteristic angle θG = 10° to 80° in 10° steps.
Instantaneous trip (available only if no Zone 1 ground fault distance
elements fit):
Setting range: 0.2In to 30In in steps of 0.05In
Accuracy: ±5% at fn, 20°C
Aided tripping
scheme: Scheme co-ordination timers:
TPG 0 to 98ms in steps of 2ms
TDG
High set current level detector 0.05In
to 0.80In in steps of 0.05In
Time delay trip: Setting Is = 0.05In to 1.20In in steps of 0.05In
Time curves: eight curves and three definite time ranges
shown in Figure 9.
Time multiplier: *t = 0.025 to 1.000 in steps of 0.025
Accuracy at fn, 20°C, *t = 1, Is = 0.05In to 0.80In:
Current: +10% – 0%
Operating time: definite time ±3% over 1.3Is to 31Is
curves 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ±5% over 2Is to 31Is
curve 3 ±7.5% over 2Is to 20Is

Fault location and instrumentation

Fault location positive sequence settings referred to line VT and CT
secondaries:
Range: 0.2Ω to 200Ω (In = 1A)
0.1Ω to 100Ω (In = 1A) (113/123)
0.04Ω to 40Ω (In = 5A)
0.02Ω to 20Ω (In = 5A) (113/123)
Setting: Zone F = KZF. KZPh.5/In for overhead line models.
Zone F = KZF. KZPh.5/2In for underground cable models.
KZPh and residual compensation are common to the distance measuring
elements.
KZF range: 1.00 to 40.00 in steps of 0.01.
Line length setting (in miles or km or %)
0.00 to 99.99 in steps of 0.01
100.0 to 999.9 in steps of 0.1
KZM and θM are provided for mutually compensating the fault locator if
required:
KZM range: 0.0 to 1.36 in steps of 0.001
θM range: 50° to 85° in steps of 5°
Accuracy ±2% at 2In, fn, 20°C.
Settings to allow for transformer ratios for instrumentation functions:
CT ratio: 1:1 or 10 to 5000: 1 in 10:1 steps
VT ratio: 1:1 or 10 to 9990: 1 in 10:1 steps

19
Block or enable reclose logic
A normally-open or normally-closed contact is supplied on most models to
block or enable reclose respectively.
The menu allows the following choices of logic:
Reclose blocked or enabled on:
Zone 1 or aided trip caused by 2 or 3 phase fault
Zone 1 or aided trip cased by 3 phase fault
Zone 1X and/or Zone 1Y and/or Zone 2 time
delayed trip
Channel out of service
DEF instantaneous and/or aided trip and/or delayed trip.

Voltage transformer (fuse fail) supervision

The voltage transformer supervision (VTS) operates when zero sequence
voltage is detected without the presence of zero sequence current, by means
of the low set neutral level detector. The VTS does not limit the distance relay
current sensitivity or operating times for line faults even when the VTS is set to
block relay tripping.
Nominal Vo detector setting 9.5V
The blocking action of the VTS on distance comparators can be removed by
menu selection via the user interface.

Switch-on to fault logic

Menu choices allow instantaneous trip and alarm and indication for faults
occurring on line energisation, whether bus or line voltage transformers are
used:
SOTF enabled either 0.2s or 110s after line de-energised
(110s prevents SOTF action on auto-reclosure).
SOTF trip via measuring elements.
SOTF trip via current and voltage level detectors.

Output contacts
Some of the available arrangements are shown in Table 1.
Ratings:
Make and carry 0.2s 7500VA subject to a maxima
of 30A, 300V, ac or dc.
Carry continuously 5A ac or dc.
Break ac: 1250VA
dc: 50W resistive
25W L/R = 0.04s
Subject to a maxima of 5A
and 300V

Durability
Loaded contact 10,000 operations minimum
Unloaded contact 100,000 operations minimum

20
High voltage withstand
Dielectric withstand
IEC 60255-5:1977
ANSI C37.90:1978
High voltage impulse
IEC 60255-5:1977
Insulation resistance
IEC 60255-5:1977
Electrical environment
DC supply interruption
IEC 60255-11:1979
High frequency disturbance
IEC 60255-22-1:1988 Class III
Electrostatic discharge
IEC 60255-22-2:1996 Class 3
Fast transient disturbance
IEC 60255-22-4:1992 Class IV
Radio frequency interference
EMC compliances
89/336/EEC
EN50081-2:1994
EN50082-2:1995
21
2kV rms for 1 minute between all
terminals and case earth.
2kV rms for 1 minute between
terminals of independent circuits,
with terminals on each independent
circuit connected together.
1.5kV rms for 1 minute across
normally open contacts
Three positive and three negative
impulses of 5kV peak, 1.2/50µs,
0.5J between all terminals and all
terminals and case earth.
>100MΩ when measured at
500V dc
10ms interruption in the auxiliary
supply under normal operating
conditions, without de-energising.
2.5kV peak between independent
circuits and between independent
circuits and case earth.
1.0kV peak across terminals of the
same circuit.
8.0kV – discharge in air with cover
in place
6.0kV – contact discharge with
cover removed.
4.0kV, 2.5kHz applied directly to
auxiliary supply
4.0kV, 2.5kHz applied directly to
all inputs
Compliance to the European
Commission Directive on EMC is
claimed via the Technical
Construction File route.
Generic Standards were used to
establish conformity.
Atmospheric environment
Temperature
IEC 60255-6:1988 Storage and transit –25°C to +70°C
Operating –25°C to +55°C
IEC 60068-2-1:1990 Cold
IEC 60068-2-2:1974 Dry Heat
Humidity
IEC 60068-2-3:1969 56 days at 93% RH and 40°C
Enclosure protection
IEC 60529:1989 IP50 (dust protected)

Mechanical environment
Vibration
IEC 60255-21-1:1988 Response Class 1
Seismic
IEC 60255-21-3:1993 Class 1

22
 Table 1. Standard output contact case terminal connections
Terminal LFZP 111, 112, 113, 114(Note 1) LFZP 121, 122, 123 LFZP 131,132 LFZP 151
29-31 RIA 97Y RIA 97Y RIA 97Y RIA 97Y
29-33 VTS 97X VTS 97X Def Trip 67N VTS 97X
29-35 Dist Trip 21 Z Z1 Dist Trip 21 Trip 94T
37-39 Trip A 94A Trip 94T Trip 94T Trip 94T
41-43 Trip B 94B Trip 94T Trip 94T Trip 94T
45-47 Trip C 94C Trip 94T Trip 94T Trip 94T
49-51 Signal Send 85X Signal Send 85X Signal Send 85X Any Trip 94
53-55 SOTF 98 SOTF 98 SOTF 98 Start 99
30-32 Time delayed 21/67N(T) Z1X + Z1Y(T) Z1X/Z1Y(T) Z1X + Z1Y + Z2(T) Z1X/Z1Y/Z2(T) (Note 2)
30-34 DEF Trip 67N Z2(T) Z2(T) Z3(T) Z3(T) (Note 3)
30-36 Aided Trip 94Y Z3(T) Z3(T) Def(T) 67N(T)
38-40 Trip A 94A Aided Trip 94Y Aided Trip 94Y
42-44 Trip B 94B Trip 94T Any Trip 94
46-48 Trip C 94C Any Trip 94 Signal Stop 85Y (Note 4)
50-52 Bar 96 Bar 96 Bar 96
54-56 Start 99 Start 99 Start 99
57-59 Trip A 94A
57-61 Trip B 94B
57-63 Trip C 94C
65-67 Trip A 94A
69-71 Trip B 94B
73-75 Trip C 94C
77-79 Any Trip 94
81-83 PSB 95

Notes:
1. When 3 phase tripping scheme is used,
94A, 94B, 94C and 94 all respond as 94T.
2. Z1X/Z1Y(T) in LFZP 132.
3. Z2(T) in LFZP 132.
4. Trip 94T in LFZP 132.
Key to contact functions.
97Y Relay inoperative alarm. 94Y Aided trip.
97X Voltage transformer supervision 94 Any trip
95 Power swing blocking. 94A Trip pole A of breaker.
21 Distance trip. 94B Trip pole B of breaker.
67N DEF trip. 94C Trip pole C of breaker.
98 Switch on to fault trip. 94T Trip all poles of breaker.
Z1 Zone 1 trip. 96 Block autoreclose.
Z1X(T) Zone 1X time delay trip. 85X Signal send.
Z1Y(T) Zone 1Y time delay trip. 85Y Signal stop.
Z2(T) Zone 2 time delay trip. 99 DEF element operated (forward or reverse)
or any Zone 1, 2 or 3 element.
21/67N(T) Any time delay trip.

23
 Board Description Board No.
Ref
Ribbon cable 177.00 1 Opto isolator ZJ0133
1 84 2 Output relay ZJ0140 003
Input/ 2 57 T.B.
Output relay ZJ0140 001
3 3
Output 56
4 29 T.B. 25 way 'D' 4 Output relay ZJ0140 002
11 9 7 5 Hinged connector 5 Assy fault locator module GJ0277 000
10 8 6
panel
6 3 Zone gnd fault quad ZJ0132
Processing 7 See below
414.00
Power supply
8 Level detector ZJ0136
M4 earth 9 Directional earth fault ZJ0139
AC 13
12 connections 10 1 Zone offset lenticular ZJ0131
input 11 Processor ZJ0138
T.B.
12 AC input 2 ZJ0135
Front view Front view Rear view 13 AC input 1 ZJ0134
7 2 Zone mho ph & gnd ZJ0130
or 1 Zone mho reversible ZJ0146
10.00 32.00
168.00 or Zone 3 ph (2 channel) ZJ0129
4 Holes
Ø4,4 159.00

2 28 28 way max
312.00 Each way accepting:-
411.00 362.60 14 25 2–M4 Ring terminals
or
2–4,8 x 0,8
1 27 Snap-on terminals
1 13 or
157.00 25 way 'D' connector detail Terminal block detail 1– Ring+
1– Snap-on terminal
24.20 Bottom view
Panel cut-out detail

Figure 15a: Arrangement and outline: Optimho panel mounting vertical

Board Description Board No.

Hinged panel Ref
414.00 32.00 312.00 1 Opto isolator ZJ0133
2 Output relay ZJ0140 003
3 Output relay ZJ0140 001
177.00 157.00 4 Output relay ZJ0140 002
(4U) 5 GJ0277 000
Assy fault locator module
6 3 Zone gnd fault quad ZJ0132
10.00 7 See below
Front view Side view
8 Level detector ZJ0136
9 Directional earth fault ZJ0139
M4 earth connection 10 1 Zone offset lenticular ZJ0131
11 Processor ZJ0138
1 2 3 4 5 12 AC input 2 ZJ0135
6 12
7 29 57 13 AC input 1 ZJ0134
13 T.B. T.B. T.B.
8
9 56 84 7 2 Zone mho ph & gnd ZJ0130
10 ZJ0146
11 or 1 Zone mho reversible
Ribbon or Zone 3 ph (2 channel) ZJ0129
cable Input/ Processing AC Power supply 25 way 'D'
Output Input
connector
Front view (panel removed) Rear view
1 2 28 way max
Each way accepting:-
411.00 2–M4 Ring terminals
24.20 362.60 or
1 14 2–4,8 x 0,8
Snap-on terminals
or
4 Holes Ø4,4 1– Ring+
159.00 168.00 13 25 27 28 1– Snap-on terminal

25 way 'D' connector detail Terminal block detail

Panel cut-out detail

Figure 15b: Arrangement and outline: Optimho panel mounting horizontal

24
 Board Description Board No.
483.00 Ref
465.10 34.00 312.00 1 Opto isolator ZJ0133
2 Output relay ZJ0140 003
3 Output relay ZJ0140 001
177.00 157.00 4 Output relay ZJ0140 002
(4U) 101.60
5 Assy fault locator module GJ0277 000
6 3 Zone gnd fault quad ZJ0132
37.70 10.00 7 See below
Hinged panel Front view Side view
8 Level detector ZJ0136
9 Directional earth fault ZJ0139
10 1 Zone offset lenticular ZJ0165
Fixing slot
10,6 long x 7 wide M4 earth connection 11 Processor ZJ0138
Power supply
12 AC input 2 ZJ0135
13 AC input 1 ZJ0134
1 2 3 4 5
6 12
7 2 Zone mho ph & gnd ZJ0130
7 T.B.
8 13 T.B. T.B. or 1 Zone mho reversible ZJ0146
9
10 or Zone 3 ph (2 channel) ZJ0129
11

Input/ Processing AC
25 way 'D'
Output input
connector 1 2 28 way max
Front view (panel removed) Rear view Each way accepting:-
2–M4 Ring terminals
or
1 14 2–4,8 x 0,8
Snap-on terminals
or
1– Ring+
13 25 27 28 1– Snap-on terminal

25 way 'D' connector detail Terminal block detail

Figure 15c: Arrangement and outline: Optimho rack mounting

28 way max
Each way accepting:
2 - M4 ring terminals
or
2 - 4,8 x 0,8 Snap-on terminals
or
Channel used when 1 - Ring + 1 - Snap-on terminal
mounted in Midos
scheme. (See note)
M4 earth connection
M4 tapped panel fixing holes
10 screws not provided 120

155
121

27 28

15
Perforated cover
36.3 Note: Where the box is to be fitted into a
Midos scheme it should be positioned
Terminal screws: M4 x 8 brass cheese head between relays, not at a tier end.
with lockwashers are provided
Rack mounting schemes require the
addition of joining strips and spacers.

Figure 16: Outline - external component box

25
Cases
The relay is housed in a multi-
module Midos case suitable for rack
or panel mounting, as shown in
Figure 15.
Weight: 15kg.

Other Information
An LFZP accessory kit is available to
facilitate commissioning and test.

26
Information Required
with Order
LFZP model required (see Summary
Chart page 3)
Whether DEF required (if optional
for model selected)
Whether fault location required
(if optional for model selected)
Nominal current rating In: 1A or 5A
Frequency fn: 50Hz or 60Hz
Voltage of dc supply Vx(1):
48/54V, 110/125V or 220/250V
Voltage of dc supply Vx(2):
48/54V, 110/125V or 220/250V
Mounting arrangements: rack, panel
horizontal, panel vertical, semi
projection
Whether the block auto-reclose
contact 96–1 is to be a normally-
open or normally-closed contact
Whether the signal send contact
85X-1 is to be a normally-open or
normally-closed contact
Advice is available when the
information requested above is
difficult to specify
Requests for advice should include:
– current and voltage transformer
ratios
– positive and zero sequence
impedances of the protected
feeder or full details of the feeder
lengths and construction
– source impedances or fault levels
for both minimum and maximum
plant conditions

27
 ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Ltd St Leonards Works, Stafford, ST17 4LX England
Tel: 44 (0) 1785 223251 Fax: 44 (0) 1785 212232 Email: pcs.enquiries@tde.alstom.com Internet: www.alstom.com
©1999 ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Ltd

Our policy is one of continuous development. Accordingly the design of our products may change at any time. Whilst every effort is made to produce up to date literature, this brochure should
only be regarded as a guide and is intended for information purposes only. Its contents do not constitute an offer for sale or advice on the application of any product referred to in it.
ALSTOM T&D Protection & Control Ltd cannot be held responsible for any reliance on any decisions taken on its contents without specific advice.

Publication R4056R 039920 CPS Printed in England.