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    ECPE New Final C2 PDF

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    kon_lef1378

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Intensive grammar course with exercises Extra vocabulary exercises ly 10 practice tests with glossary i Comprehensive guide for New format speaking | Super Course System, bids Cl FY) ore TL AT EXAM FACTS ECPE ANSWER SHEET FOCUS 1 FOCUS 2 FOCUS 3 FOCUS 4 Non-continuous/Stative Verbs Present & Past Tenses Future Tenses & Forms Habits - Have been/gone - Have yet - since/for - ago/before FOCUS 5 Full/Bare Infinitive - Gerund VOCABULARY CORNER FOCUS 6 _Infinitive/Gerund Forms - Participles Prepositions FOCUS 8 Modal Verbs (1) FOCUS 9 Modal Verbs (2) FOCUS 10 Passive Voice VOCABULARY CORNER FOCUS 11 Personal/Impersonal Construction FOCUS 12 Causative Form FOCUS 13 Reported Speech FOCUS 14 Nouns FOCUS 15 Determiners (1) VOCABULARY CORNER FOCUS 16 FOCUS 17 FOCUS 18 FOCUS 19 FOCUS 20 FOCUS 7 Determiners (2) Adjectives/Adverbs Expressing Degree Condition Wishes - it’s time - would rather/ sooner - had better - prefer - as if/though VOCABULARY CORNER FOCUS 21 Subjunctive FOCUS 22 Inversion & Empha: FOCUS 23 Clauses of Concession FOCUS 24 Clauses of Reason/Result/Purpose/ Manner FOCUS 25 Relative Clauses VOCABULARY CORNER 2; 14 16 19 20 23 25 27 30 34 35 37 40 43 46 49 50 53 56 58 63 66 67 69 73 75 78 82 MODEL. £5SA¥S a MODEL ESSAY 1 8 MODEL ESSAY 2 8 MODEL ESSAY 3 8 IMODEL ESSAY 4 8 PRACTICE TESTS |ECPE TEST 1 8 |ECPE TEST 2 10 |ECPE TEST 3 11! IECPE TEST 4 12 |ECPE TEST 5 14: IECPE TEST 6 15 |ECPE TEST 7 17 |ECPE TEST 8 18! IECPE TEST 9 19% IECPE TEST 10 2k SPEAKING zz |SCORING RUBRIC |TEST FORMAT INTERVIEW PREPARATION. ANALYZING THE SPEAKING TEST FORMAT MODEL SPEAKING TEST |USEFUL PHRASES |8 SPEAKING TESTS. lcLossary az |GLOSSARY 242 APPENDIX — |APPENDIX 1 Phrasal Verbs 264 |APPENDIX 2 Verbs/Adjectives/ Nouns + Prepositions 27¢ Prepositions + Phrases 274 IRREGULAR VERBS ze Exam Facts The Certificate of Proficiency constitutes an official certification of knowledge of the English language at an advanced level. It is awarded by the University of Michigan, one of the leading U.S. universities in the field of linguistic research, with long-term experience in the establishment and development of a broad range of English language examinations. The University of Michigan's Certificate of Proficiency is officially recognized by the Greek state as a language certification and by the private sector as a certification of knowledge of the English language. The examination for the University of Michigan's Certificate of Proficiency has been specially designed for candidates who have reached a high level of English and have exceptionally well developed abilities in all four language skills. The content and degree of difficulty of the examination correspond to the language skills and abilities required of a university level adult. The exam content is set each year by the English Language Institute of the University of Michigan. Breakdown of Final Examination et tr CU a ee MELEE Col ESS 1. Writing. 30 minutes. Candidates choose between two subjects for their essay. 2. Listening. 35-40 minutes. 50 questions. 3. Grammar, Cloze, Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension. 75 minutes. 120 questions. 4. Speaking. 25-35 minutes. Face to face oral interaction between two candidates and two examiners Assessment principles of tl ECPE: Three section bands, High Pass, Pass, and Low Pass, are considered passing section levels. Two section bands, Borderline Fail and Fail, are considered failing section levels. Candidates who pass all four sections of the exam always pass the ECPE. Examines who pass three sections with a Low Pass (or higher) and receive no less than a Borderline Fail in one section will be awarded an ECPE certificate (This change is effective as of May 2009 administration of the test). LSS YAMSNY WaOsd dda ‘YOUR SIGNATURE EXAMINATION FOR THE CERTIFICATE OF PROFICIENCY IN ENGLISH FULL NAME (Pain test PRINT YOUR NAME IN THE BLOCKS PROVIDED, BLACKEN THE CORRESPONDING CIRCLE. sie 1 a0 a0 a0 a0 a0 00 00 00 00 00 eO eO oO oO 00 60 6 60 00 0 #20 20 80 8O £0 80 20 #0 20 aD «" “Yes, dod, we're_______ Well. almost - Brenda is still getting dressed.” “Wellgo and tellher to hurry up. 've___________been waiting for half an hour!™ 2. The choir children tried to sing the song but some sang alittle faster than others. 3.ltseems that____ use to try to convince Tara has just the opposite effect. 4. We were. too exhausted to go to the movies, And there wasn't anything good on. 19 | AL ae iS (rot) (to) do = Present Infinitive {not (() be doing = Present Continuous Infinitive (not) (fo) have done = Perfect Infinitive (not) (0) have been doing = Perfect Continuous Infinitive | - You should not use this elevator. Thoy must be sleeping now. You should not have used this elevator. = They must have been sleeping when we called. SRA TS tS {not (to) be done = Passive Infinitive (not) (0) have been done = Passive Perfect infinitive Note: The Passive Infinitive doos not have progressive forms, | «= This elevator should not be used. ~ This elevator. Pe Sag Used when verb is active in meaning, - I saw them leaving, (ater see, watch, hear, etc) - The disgusting smell is coming from the basement. (as an adjective) - He was walking in the rain, whistling his favorite tune. - Whistling his favorite tune, he was waking in the rain. (to show two things are happening atthe same time) = Speaking to Jim, Gary fell backwards and fainted. (fo replace time cause [as/when he was speaking...]) - Having remembered (referring to past time) my coat, | didn't get cold. (to replace clause of reason [Because {had remembered)) - Hound her voice absolutely fascinating. (to show what somebody or something is like) = The woman wearing (=who is wearing) that dress fs my sister, (to replace a relative clause) - Drivers wanting (=who want) to board the ferry must park over here. (o replace a relative clause where the verb is | active) TNS Bs (not) doing = Present Gerund {(not) having done = Perfect Gerund = Do you mind closing the window? = Not eating fats is the best way to stay healthy. ~ Frogret lying / having lied to her. a a td (rot) being done = Passive Infinitive (not) having been done = Passive Perfect Infinitive ‘can't bear being ignored fke that. The actor denied having been arrested for drug use. Subnet Used when vorbis passive in meaning. - Kay spent the whole afternoon on the complicated ‘exercisos.(as an adjective) - Criticized/Having been criticized by the press, the director had to resign. (fo replace clause of reason [Because he had been criticized) - This is a bookcase made (=which was made) by my _grandtather. (fo replace a relative clause where the verb is passive) « Lwas fascinated by her voice. (to show how someone feels) Compare: - The iritating child (=who initates others) The iretated child (= wo has been initated by others) = The iritable child (=who is easily initated) ‘Also compare: -excitediing/able _~ exhausted/ing/ible -frightened/ing/tul —- broken/breaking/able -[evediingiable —_- developed/ing/mental 20 itive ngfablo mental AA. underline the correct option. constructed/constructed by so-called professionals. mystifying. ‘envelopes stamped/which have been stamped. given the lead role. |. this old printer, you will have to unscrew the back. a. Fixing b, Having fixed ¢. Tobe fixed d. Tot 2, as fast as he could, Bll was trying to get to the bank before it closed. a. To drive b. Driving c. Having driven d. Being driven 13. These exercises are really far too __for a ten-year-old to solve, & complicated b. being complicated & complicating 4, be complicating the chocolate 4, The strange-looking girl over there — éclair is my cousin, ‘a. being eaten . who eating c. eating 4. having eaten 5. ___ this project on time would have been simply impossible. & Completed b. Being completed ©. Tohave completed d. Tobe completed 6. The visual quality of silent movies, especially those —__ uring the 1920s, was often extremely high @. producing . toproduce © produced 4. of production 1. Sleeping/Having slept for ten hours, | felt very refreshed/refreshing and ready to put in a good day's work in the garden. 2, This house was built/built by my grandfather during the Second World War, and isin better condition than those were 13, Your children are so delighted/ delightful that of course | won't mind to keep/keeping an eye on them this evening, 44, Having concluded/Had concluded that there was no motive, the police found the whole case completely mystiied/ 5, Applicants wishing/are wishing to be sent the results of thelr evaluations should indicate/indicating this by providing 6. Having been never/Never having been chosen for apart in a school play before, Daphne was overjoyed to be given/being B. choose the correct option to complete the sentences. 7. economies are those that are developing in poorer countries, a. Emerged b. Having emerged ©. Toemerge . Emerging 8. Eating grass in the meadow, ___ peacefully. ‘a. I saw three cows grazing b. three cows had grazed c. three cows grazed dd. Isaw three grazing cows —— your tools at home was not very clever of you, Keith, Leaving To have been leaving Having left The leaving a b © a 10. The most thing happened to me yesterday while | ‘was out shopping, a. surprised b. of asurprise c. surprising d. to surprise 11, this fax machine must be sent to the technician. a. Tohave repaired b. Tobe repairing . Torepair 4, Tobe repaired 12. Unfortunately, __ to get drunk is a normal pattern of behavior for teenagers nowadays. a. to drink b. drinking ‘c. having drunk di the drink 2 C.. Put the word in the correct form. 1. Would you please stop______ (make) everything so difficult? Things are __ (baffe) enough without you (make) everyone feel even more _____ (confuse) 2 (connect) through the stereo system's auxiliary input . this MiniDisc player will provide you with erystal- clear sound. (never/be) to an art exhibition before, it was impossible for Sam ___ judge) if the works had been well (present). 4, use) the internet, the alcohol industry hosts sites (promote) alcohol to teenagers. 5. Your beagle puppy is such an ______ (adore) dog! The kids will be so (excite) to play with her! 6. Nikola Tesla devised away (generate) and distribute electricity ___(use) alternating currents. 7. Jane must be the most ________(arnnoy) child I've ever met. Her sole aim in lite seems ___ (be) to mak teachers as____ annoy) as possible. 8. Photographs take) by the Voyager spacecraft show white cirrus clouds in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere. 9.____ feel) exhausted after the Might, Carrie decided ___ (get) some rest was a better idea than (go) to work. 10. (found) in 1955, the fine arts school receives an annual subsidy of $80,000 from the Department of Education, ——©) D. complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. 1. Because Don had been fired, he wasn’t allowed access to company accounts. Having 2, He prepared a romantic meal and drank a glass of white wine at the same time. Drinking 3, This is my first time skiing so | can't really say if lke it or not. Never 4, The strange man seemed very threatening to the children. The children feit 5. | felt embarrassed because I had forgotten Dana's birthday. Having 6. If you want to switch off the computer, you must click on the ‘shut down’ icon. To 7. Jim set up his own surgery after he had worked at the hospital for 5 years. Having 8. When the new law has been endorsed by all political parties, itis bound to cause social upheaval. Having 22 without verystal- re)if the s. vher! currents. 2) to mak here. than the USA, New York, the bar, the drawer Fifth Avenue, the Internet, the news, the lot, campus, the beach 322 Filth Avenue, college, home, work, the bar ‘The school is between the bank and the found @ button among the coins in my ims siting next torbeside Pam. The bank is across the road (rom the park). Tom sat opposite his father. ive na vilage near Boston He was standing in front of behind me. eo eae) ‘August, 1980, the 80s, (the)spring, the alternoan, an hour, the 20th century, the beginning/tne end, the middle of Saturday, 15th August, my birthday, {@) Monday afternoon, Christmas Eve 7.6’ clock, noon, midday, midnight, night, Easter, Christmas, the beginning ofthe end of the meeting, breakfast, the night althe deadline, althe week, 3 hours the party, 6 o'clock NOTE: atter/before are also used as conjuctions in time clauses - Well cook after/before he comes. Philip goes to college every morning. I saw my friend running towards me. ‘She walked into the room, He threw the keys onto the table. Sarah took the keys out of the bag, He ran across the road. She walked past her ex-boyfriend ‘They escaped through tt ci Sheep were grazing beyond the lake. by/by the time/until ~ Iwill have finished my homework by 7.00 (action completed at 7.00 or before 7.00) = I won't have fnished my homework by 7.00. (action not completed at 7.00) ~ I wil have finished my homework by the time ‘you come. Soar = Lull be doing my homework until 7.00. (Then I wil stop.) won't have finished my homework until 7.00. (itil be finished atfater 7.00.) just/already/yet/still se RT an Baio | Just shows that something happened a very shor time ago. - I've just finished my homework. Already emphasizes that something has been completed, "ve already finished my homework. Inquestions already shows surprise that something has been completed. ~ Have you finished your homework already? ‘Yet shows that something has not been completed. - haven't finished my homework yet. In questions yet is used to ask if something has been completed. Have you finished your homework yot? F'Sttompraszee fatan scion rss remanste | same / has not been completed. ~ She still hates getting up early. | ete do bs hemonere 23 to complete the gaps. April 44h Today. was.one of the worst. days | have (() had at wort, A meeting. was called (2)... the, end of the day forall senior staff members, and | was. convinced that ‘the, new. promotions, were. going, to.be announced, | was. equally convinced that | steed more than a. good chance of receiving, one, since. | have (3) —__ completed my fifth year of employment at the company. We were fold to gather in the staff room (4) six oclook, as alf other staff members would have (eft (5)... then. Well fet me tell you, | have. (6).—. te, meet a, ruder. man than the, one. who. owns, the company. He. got vight (7), the point and fold us that not only would there be no promotions, but that we would aff be receiving pay cuts. We were aff {eff speechless as we had read (3) ___ the papers that companies like ows were doing very well To be honest, | was so furious that | threw my dossier (9) the fable, announced that | was quitting, tthen marched (10) the room without looking back. (if probably regret it later, but for now, just seeing the look on the boss's face made it all worth it ——© B. Fit in with an appropriate preposition or prepositional phrase. 1. Allright then, run your errands and 'llsee you 2, ___Jim gets home, all the quests will have left 3, We want to find a house: the outskirts of the city, not 4, Since it's already something 5.tm home the new Chinese place that’s just opened waiting for Gary. As you know, he is never 6. Computer technology has seen a lot of changes. the 1980s, 7. Although it is not certain, the thief appears to have entered the bank 8. Please tell the children that they have to be in bed nine o'clock. 9. Dave is standing dangerously close the edge of the cliff, isn't he? 10.1'lbe the office 111. The General must deploy the soldiers, 12.1 get to bed way seven. If you need me. the top of the hill. ‘midnight when tm. 13.A lot of interesting questions were raised 14, It shouldn't be long 15. Will you be paying 24 ‘a cure to this disease is found. ‘cash, or — seven and you haven't bothered to make any dinner time. that, call me vacation. the shareholder's meeting. |. a b. already a. already b. since yet d.ever c.never d. yet 2 ain bat 7. aat b.to off d.by c.across dion 3. a. just b.yet. bat c.still deeven d.to 4. a.until b.within b.on cat during conto dat 5. a.since b.by 10. a. out of b. beyond ¢.for d. from past d. through to an hour. the suburbs. let’s just order the side entrance. the latest. my cell phoné a credit card, sir? torder TES A I'm sure he isthe robber. => He must be the robber. I’m sure he's telling the truth, > He must be telling the truth. I'm sure he fold the truth > He must have told the truth. I'm sure he was teling the trath. > He must have been telling the truth. BU a WL SL Lam(not) able to Gena lcan(not) bE Te © Im sure he ian't the robber. > Ho can’t (couldn't) be the robber. © Tm sure he isn't teling the truth, > He can't (couldn't) be telling the truth, ''m sure he dint tel the truth. > He can't (couldn't) have told the truth ''m sure he wasn't telling the truth, > He can't (couldn't) have been telling the truth, Iwas able fo/could read at the age oF 4 \ (general ability) Loui (not) Han(not) was{not) able to Twil(not) be able to Thave(not been able to Thadinot) been ableto | Twil(not) have been able to | Present Perfect etc aries - Ican'/won't be able to attend the meeting tomorrow. - haven't been able to visit my parents for over a month. SHS . should/had better/ought to/could = You ought (not) to/should(n't) tell him the truth. + Should | tell him the truth? = You had better (not) tell him the truth - You should/eould have told him the truth (But you ain't) - It would have been better if you had told him the truth. + You should have known better than to toll him the truth, ‘Similar expression: + You are/were supposed to tell tho truth. - Could you read at the age of 4? BUT: - / was able to (=! managed to) finish the project ‘on time. (specttic use) - Were you able to finish the project on time? Both forms can be used in negative sentences, - wasn't able to/couldn't read at the age of 4 (General ability) - | wasn't able to/eouldn’t finish the project on time. (specific use) POSS Ng LiL They may/might/could catch the robber. (present/future) They may/might/eould be catching the robber now. (present:action in progress) They may/might/could have caught the robber. (pas!) The robber may/might/could be caught. (presenviuture passive) The robber may/might/could have been caught. (past passive) Stronger Possibility: - Its likely that they will catch the robber. = - They are likely to catch the robber. + They have been on patrol for six hours, 90 they should catch the robber. (expectation) - They may (very) well catch the robber. 25 Il ——) A. undertine the most appropriate option. 1. strongly fee! that management would/should do something about this problem. 2. Seeing that only three students were able to/could pass last week's test, you will be allowed to rewrite it since it should/ ‘must have been too difficult. '3, Honestly Martin, you could/should have known better than to believe a total stranger. 4, It seems that Molly might/must have been telling the ruth about why she was late, although | tll hve my doubts. 5. Cindy ought to/must have gone to the doctor yesterday, but she pretended she wasn't il 6, Although nothing is certain, we may/could not be able to come to dinner this weekend, We will let you know as soon as we are able tofought to ——® B. complete the sentences with: may (not), must (not), can/can't, could (not), should (not). 1. Surely you ________ be leaving already - you've only just arrived! 2. Brian called and said he's having engine problems so we ___as well take a cab, 3. Since you___ drive while using this medication, I'll arrange for a cab to take you to work. 4, 1'm so sorry that |___ come to the lecture with you yesterday. However, weather permitting, | be able to go tomorrow. 5. Bill________be absolutely exhausted after pulling an all-nighter. He_______ really start doing his assignments earlier instead of leaving them till the last minute. 6. That man _ be Tina's father - he’s far too young. “——£) C. complete the sentences with: may (not), must (not), can/can’t, could (not), should (not) ——2) D. complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. and the appropriate infinitive form. 1. How odd that you _— (speak) Korean fluently when you were a child and now you (speak) it at all 2. Your mother________(be) furious with you for ruining her dinner party yesterday. 3. Sandy really _______ (know) better than to buy shares in that company. 4. Your boss____(be) serious when she asked you to work this weekend. You haven't had a weekend off for aq 5, We haver't decided yet, but we ____(spend) Christmas with my in-laws. Of course, | simply (be) more thrilled. (beat) our opponents if we had wanted to, but we let them win. 6.We 1. It's been impossible for Tessie to concentrate on her work this morning. ABLE Tessie 2. 'm convinced that Karen didn't say such a terrible thing HAVE Karen 3. | regret not taking your advice. BETTER It 4, sincerely hope you get this project done before the start of the weekend. ABLE I sincerely hope that you______________byFriday evening, '5. You shouldn't have told any outsiders about company policy. ‘SUPPOSED No outsiders 6. In all probability, the FBI will apprehend the suspect before he crosses the border. LIKELY Tig Bl areata reece cee 7. It's very possible that scientists will discover a cure for cancer before the end of the decade. WELL Acute 8. 'm convinced that Sandra was telling the truth when she said that she wasn’t involved in the scam. MUST sandra 26 should von as we his Wjitat al of fora ee eS © Asamain verb + FULL INFINITIVE - He needs to buy a present. - Does he need to buy a present? - He doesn't need to buy a present. ¢ Asa model verb + BARE INFINITIVE (only in the interrogative and negative) - Need he buy a present? = He needn't buy a present. « He didn't need to buy a present. (=It wasn't necessary and we don't know ithe did itor not.) - He needn't have bought a present. (=it wasn't necessary but he did.) - I need to wash my car. Ay Miyexr needs washing - My car needs to be washed. Pais OT a) - Wili/Would you set the table? ~ Yes, | will ~ Can/Could you set the table? - Yes | can. A Similar expression: |, - Do/Would you mind setting the tablo? Ba “Vrocia you mind my cating 9 te tate? BSS AE YE = Can | go out, miss? Yes, you ean. /No, you can’t. = Could | go out, miss? = Yes, you can. /No, you can't. = May | go out, miss? ~ Yes, you may. / No, you may not. * Might | go out, miss? ~ Yes, you may. / No, you may not. PRESENT +: You are allowed to/can/may smoke here. ~: You are not allowed to/eannotimay not smoke here. Past - When Iwas young | could/was allowed to stay out late. (general use) | Last night was allowed to stay out late. spect use) Imust_| | have to [Pest =| Thadte Imust | Iwill have to Geiees | tnavehadto RSG | thad had to - You must follow the rules. - Must | come with you? Yes, you must. /~ No, you needn’i/don't have to. = You will have to take an entry test before you register for this course. ‘Similar expression: ~ You are (not) to leave the classroom. = You mustn't go with him. | (=You aren't allowed to go) © - You don't have to go with him. {=You don't need to go) + OFFER: shall/will ~ Shall | set the table? - That would be great, = Can/Could | help you? - Yes, you can. =I set the table for you. ‘Similar expression: £2. - Would you like me to set the table? SUGGESTION: shall/should/can/could = Shall/Should we visit the museum? ~ That's a great idea. - We can/could visit the museum. ‘Similar expressions: - Let's visit the museum. - How/What about visiting the museum? = Why don't we visit the museum? ‘NOTE: MAY AS WELL and MIGHT (JUST) AS WELL suggest doing something because it sounds sensible or there Is no better alternative, It's just around the comer. You might as well go on foot. + There's nothing on TV. We may as well go out for a drink. 27 I ——® B. match each of the sentences with TWO possible endings. Rewrite them in the lines provided. £6) AA. complete with: need(ed) to, needn't, didn't need to, needn't have, mustn't or shouldn’t have plus a suitable verb if necessary. 1. In the end, | 2. Thank goodness | 3. Please drive faster! | 4, Jane really 5. Honestly, mother! You 6. Fm sorry | called you so late last night but! 7. We sasSSESSS 8. Did you buy a birthday gift for me? How sweet, but you really 9. You washing machine, 10.1 know that | 1. ill might have come to the party 2. You could sell your yacht 3. My car can’t be stolen 4, Tom could have stayed up late last night '5. You must be very naive ——® C. choose the correct option. “It's freezing in here!” “____close the window?” ‘a. Doyouneed b. How about ‘c. Would you like me to d, I may as well 2. Ididn't bother to confirm the flight because the travel agent said we. ‘once we'd paid for the tickets. a. didn’tneed b. didn'tneed to , needn't have d. didn'thave 3. I can't find my wallet anywhere. |__iton the bus. a. should have left b. needn't have left . could leave d._must have left 28 for today’s exam because it was canceled due to my professor's illnes early this morning] | was in desperate need of sleep. to the train station as fast as possible, at her professor like that. | hear she may get expelled. ‘about me. 'm quite old enough to take care of myself. any noise or we'll wake up the children. all those clothes by hand; the repairman promised he'd be here tomorrow to fix the | spent ages cooking lunch and then my wife told me | . Kate passed her exam with distinction. She__very to someone about my problems. for my mistake. | said sorry because I really meant. ‘a. if the asking price were not so high. b. inorder to get the money to go abroad. «, since it was his Idea to throw it! 4. as can see it from my office window. ¢. to have lent all of your savings to Stan, f. buthe decided that he needed the rest. 4g since he didn’t have to go to the office today. h. if you expect others to be there for you whenever you need them, i. but I didn't see him there myself. because of its foolproof alarm system. can't have bothered b. needn't have bothered cc. didn't need to bother 4. mustn't have bothered ‘The credit card company has shared our personal detal which ___ to do. a. it doesn't need b. itmustn't . itisn’t allowed d. itmay not a, can't have studied 'b. should have studied must have studied d. needed studying lt xthe lly meant very hi D. complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. 1, Wendy asked her father for permission to attend the school dance. Wendy asked 2. Isit really necessary for us to take this trip? Do 2 3, No one is coming to this meeting so if | were you, I'd just leave. No one ‘4, Wearing hard-soled shoe: ‘ym is forbidden. You 5, Imauite convinced that it wasn't Barry who stole your cell phone. Barry 66, Would you have any objection if we left earlier? Would 2 7. In the end, it was unnecessary for us to go to school as the teachers were on strike. inthe end, we £8. Let's just forget about the game since we've got no chance of winning. We E. choose the best alternative to complete the gaps. ‘One of the incidents | regret most in my life is how my acquaintance with Berta ended. | often reflect that ‘she (1) the soul mate that | never found, and perhaps the woman | would eventually have married. ‘We had both missed our flight from Chicago to Boston. | knew | (2) taken a taxi since the train ‘would have been faster. Of course, if | had done so | (3) ___ met Berta, since it was missing our flight Which brought us together. Since the next fight to Boston wasn't for another two hours, we decided we (4) just as well go to the airport lounge and have a drink, We spent the whole time in such profound conversation you (5) think we had known each other for years, We were both quite disappointed When the announcement for our new flight was made. Something told me that | (6) suggested staying in Chicago, if only for one evening. We both knew how uncommon it was to find a person you (7) communicate with on such a deep level, But the practical side of me didn't (8) ___ me to make such a suggestion. Of course, it (9) ___ been the fear of rejection as well In any event, Berta and | never saw each other again. She never replied to the one email | sent, so after a ‘few months, | convinced myself that she (10) been interested in me. It was only years later that | found out | had typed her email address incorrectly, and in fact, she had never received my message. 1. a.couldbe . could have been . should be d. must have been 2. a.needn’t have bb, mustn't have . shouldn’t have d. could have 3. a. might never have b. can't have . couldn't have dd. needn't have 4. a.might b. shall c.needed d.can 5. a. cught to behadto . should d. would 6. a. might have b. must have ought to have d. was able to have 7. aareable to b.needn’t should d.areto 8 alet b. allow cmake d.need 9. a. might as well have b. may well have . should have d, can’t have 10. a, mustn’thave b. shouldn't have c.mightn’t have d. couldn't have MIGHT NEED MIGHT May HAVE MIND HAVE WELL 29 2) . COS ae ENC A. Be + Past Participle B. Get + Past Participle Iwas Informed about the meeting just an hour ago. - He is getting promoted attor ll. - She wasn’t told a thing about it - He got robbed on the bus. - Jim got injured in an accident — LGU SELEUCIA UTAE RST (Ce amvisjare Present Infinitive: (to) be done amvis/are being (o) have been done wasiwere being done was/were being having been done have/has been de nad been naa Pari) Future Simple: will be , Voice for: Future Perfect: will have been’ Progressive forms of the Present Perfect, Past Be going to: isiwas going to be Perfect, Future & Future Perfect tenses. ESC Cte ‘Some verbs such as bring, buy, give, lend, offer, promise, send, show, teach, tell take two objects. The teacher gave us (Indirect object) the books (direct object). The passive can be formed in two ways with these verbs. i) - We were given the books by the teacher. ')- The books were given to us by the teacher. ‘The imperative is expressed as must/have to/should/ought to + be + past participle in the passive, Send these letters. These letters must/have to/should/ought to/be sent. ‘Some verbs such as cover, crowd, fll, ram, remove, break, clutter, shower can be followed by with instead of by when in passive form, The walls were covered with (or In) rath ~ The musician was showered with flowers. \When placing emphasis on ingredients/an object/an instrument, etc. with is used. - The cake was made by my mother. BUT — - The cake was mado with sugar, - The dog was hit by ts master. BUT — The dog was hit with a stick. 2ggs and flour ‘Some verbs are NOT used in the passive. 0.g.: appear, disappear, vanish, rise, consist of, benef, take place, become, decline, evolve - The money disappeared out ofthe blue. - Man has evolved from apes. Be careful withthe following verbs: Inerease, decrease, develop, survive, drop, refer to, finish Active Passive I've finished my work + lim finished with my work My work Is finished. - Prices have dropped. ~The plates were dropped on the loor. ~ This book refers to his travels. - The incident was referred to. Technology is developing at an alarming pace. «The vaccine was developed in the lab. - Prices are increasing every da} - Property taxes have been increased. ing every day. 1. Tasmin Rogers was born in London, but. 2a 3. All customers. 4, This week, all sporting goods 5. The number of Buddhists worldwide 6. Could it be true that this sketch. 7..When the police received the mysterious phone call, the missing man __ €e) AX. complete using a Passive Form. (raise) in.the United States (recently announced) that salary increases for Senators (not/approve) next year due to the poor economy. (kindiy/ask) to complete their purchases and proceed to the check-out counters. (sell at half price because of our spring clearance sale. (estimate) at 250 million, (draw) by Rembrandt? If so, it's worth a fortune! (already/murder). ‘8. By the time you get to the reception, all the caviar ‘9. My opinion Is that too many violent movies. (eat), | can assure you! (watch) by young people nowadays. 10. (vou/ever/mug) wile riding the subway? £2) B. Mark whether the following sentences are possible (P) or not possible (NP). ____ Mary has been stolen again! She's so unlucky. (ur hotel gym facilities are used by over half of the guests. The bridge has been being built for over a month, My wallet was disappeared at last night's party. Prices are increasing at an alarming rate. The robbery victim was hit on the head by a club, ‘The applicant’s name should be writing on the top of the form, [hate being shouted at lke that, so keep your voice down. Itis widely believed that dogs were evolved from wolves. He has been completed a degree in economics in the UK. €©) C.. complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the Passive Voice. 1. Sally's nanny made her tidy up her room. Sally 2. Have the workers received their wages yet? Have the workers 3. Marty is going to remind the rest of the class about the excursion. The rest of the class 4. They hadn't awarded the Booker Prize to him when he completed his second book. He. '. They shouldn't have accused Sheila of breaking Grant's favorite coffee mug. Shella 6. You need to care for pets in a consistent manner. Pets 7. We won't have finished writing the invitations by the time your mother arrives. The invitations 8.This is the play that everybody is talking about. Bie ete payee eee 31 ——© E. read the following letter and rewrite the missing information in the one below it. D. choose the option which is INAPPROPRIATE. 1, Look at your shoes; they're covered ___ mud! 5. Prices at the electronics store__. a. by ‘a. have gone up b. with 'b, have been risen «in cc. have increased 2. The new highway for over a year now. 6. When the magician opened his hand, the pigeon. ‘a. has been under construction a. had disappeared b. has been being constructed b. had vanished . has been in a state of repair «. had been disappeared 3. The suspect at midnight. 7. Water __ hydrogen and oxygen ‘a. was still being questioned a. is made up of . was still questioning b. consists of ‘c. was still being asked questions c. Is consisted of 4, The virus into a severe threat over the last six 8. The mall since the beginning of the year. months, ‘a. has been completed a. has developed b. has been finished b. has been developed . is completed €. has evolved Use the Passive Voice. Dear Sir/Madam, | recently participated in your company's "Wild West Tour” and am afraid it left much to be desired. ‘To begin with, although we had paid for four star accommodations, you gave us something far inferior since nobody had evel renovated or painted any of the hotels we stayed at. To make matters worse, staff members did not give us fresh towels, evel when we asked for them. Moreover, the tours you took us on were not at all interesting, despite your claim that they would enchant us. The tour guide! ‘seemed to have absolutely no interest in the subject of history, and had little to say when people asked them questions Finally, | must point out that you were supposed to give us souvenir travel bags, but this never happened. ‘Asa result, I think it would be fair if you gave us a partial refund, f you have another suggestion, you can contact us at yout earliest convenience. Dear Sir/Madam, | recently participated in your company’s “Wild West Tour” and | am afraid it let much to be desired EE Eee ere ere To begin with, although (1) since (3) Se Oy even whe (5) Moreover, the tours (6) were not at all interesting, despite your claim tha (7)_______ The tour quides seemed to have absolutely no interest in the subject of histo and had little to say when (8) — Finally, (9) that(19)______—— souvenir travel bags, but this never happened, ‘As aresult, I think it would be fair if (1 1) another suggestion, (12) F. rephrase the sentence using the word given. Do not change its form. 1. studying for all these exams is frustrating me. GETTING 1 2. Unfortunately, we won't let any students caught cheating graduate. ALLOWED Unfortunately, any on +3, Take your laptop to the shop so that they can fx it, BE Take ‘4, My goodness, there isn't a single piece of cake left! EATEN My goodness, all the. 55, Was anybody struck by lightning in that electrical storm? cer Did 2 6. Itis impossible to measure the value of true love. worTH How x. 7. Doing too much exercise really exhausts me, MAKES Exercising 8. Did Tania lose her job because of her tardiness? cer Did 9. Sorry about the mess I made, but | couldn't help it. HELPED Sorry about the mess | made, but 10, Did they actually make you sign a non-disclosure contract? MADE G. indicate whether the sentence is correct (v) or not (X). If itis incorrect, make any necessary corrections in the space provided. oats, ‘Are you done yet? | want to make it in time for the theater tonight. |What you're asking for can only be doing by an expert in the field I can't believe Jenny won't be let to go to the concert tomorrow. Pamela was forced to fire her secretary: she really didn’t want to do so. I can't believe he was born and grown up in Australia; he's got no trace of an accent ‘The athletics event was taken place at the Olympic stadium. If you have the time, please ensure that Susan's finance report gets finished. ‘twas suspicious that the child was being taken care of by the nanny's boyfriend and not the nanny herself. H. complete in the correct tense and the correct form (active or passive). 1. The outbreak of the war__________(precede) by years of diplomatic negotiations. 2. The star athlete ____________(not/take part) in the Olympics last year. 3. The prisoner's escape attempt was only partially successful - he was free for a week before (catch), 4. This location_________(use) for religious ceremonies before it ____ (tum into) an art museum, S. Scientists ___________(just/discover) that the African monsoon ______ (consist) of two distinct seasons, 5. The amount of river water owing into the oceans _________(inerecse) dramatically in the following decade. 33 ——©® A. complete with the appropriate word in the correct form. ——® B. complete with the words from the box. + develop vs evolve + This powerful antidote was. ina laboratory in Africa. ~ There are people who still doubt that human beings. from ape-lke creatures. + deny vs refuse “Do you_being the one who spilled the beans and spoiled the manager's surprise party?” “Are you calling me a big-mouth? | to dignity that accusation with an answer.” + elder vs older + Carrie is two years _ than me, but she never acts like my. together. + die vs dye = Oh my goodness, I'd just want to. + Mable vs likely It seems very ___ that the Mets will win this game. They are, afterall, a much better team. = You will be to pay for the damage if you break that vase. + prevent vs avoid i sister and we actually have a lot of fun if someone were to my hair that hideous color! + I did everything | could think of to__her from leaving, but to no avail. ~ | couldn't __ meeting my girlfriend's ex-boyfriend, as we ended up sharing a cab. + stationary vs stationery ur Excuse me, where's the. department? | need quite a large ~ Alarge ___of books went missing from the library. = The price of gold has remained for almost a week. of paper for my printer. + tise vs raise = The way inflation has ate the beginning of a recession. ~ Please _your left hand if you need to use the bathroom at any time during the test. * drop vs fall = New Year’s Day _on a Monday last year. ~ I'm tired of talking about our finances. Could we please just____ the subject?” + wander vs wonder 7 Have you ever __ what would have happened if you hadn't got married and had kids? = Why is that child ___around in the school corridors by himself? * desert vs dessert ~ Believe it or not, there are ways to find water even in the depths of the ~ You'd ose a lot of weight if you'd just stop having ___after every meal arisen - rose - raise ~ advise ~ advice - consult ~ childish - ct 1. How __ of you to act like this, just because you can’t get your own way! 2..Do you mind if|__with my husband before giving you my answer? His opinion is important to me and | usualh ask him for his, 3. This policy decision is unfair and | intend to___ this matter with Board at the next meeting! ‘4. Many problems have ___lately and | really need you to come in tomorrow to__ meas to how | should handle them, '5. Brent exudes an innocent __ spirit, despite the fact that he is over forty years ola, 6. Inhabitants of the village were evacuated as the flood waters ______ to dangerously high levels. 34 CSET eS LEDC i When subjects such as "they", “people” or “everybody” are combined with verbs of assumption or opinion (say, think, bpelieve, allege, claim, consider, expect, report, etc), either the Personal or the Impersonal Construction is used. ‘* The Impersonal Construction uses a clause. = [tis claimed / People claim that he is wealthy. ‘¢ The Personal Construction uses afulinfnitve. He is claimed to be wealthy. (inthe Personal Construction, the subject ofthe infinitive is the same as that of the main verb, which is passive.) Mies) oN Umea eaten ot fun) They believe he suffers /will suffer /is sutfering alot. | - He Is believed to suffer /to bo suttering a lot. - Itis believed he suffers / will suffer /1s suffering alot. | (present infinitive - refers to @ present or future time) He Is boloved to have suffered a lot. (perfect simple infinitive - refers to an action before a present time) “They beliove he suffered /has suffered a lot. - tie believed he suffered / has suttered a fo. “They boliove he was suffering a lot « Itis belleved he was suffering a lot - He is believed to have been suffering a lot. (perfect continuous infinitive) ~ He was beliaved to have suffered a lot. (perfect simple infinitive - refers to an action before a past time) ~ They believed he had suffered a lot = Itwas believed he had suffered a lot. = People thought that John was introverted. ~ John was thought to be introverted. - Itwas thought that John was introverted. (past verb - used with a present infitive) NOTE: ACTIVE - [twas claimed that Trevor had broken the copier. - Trevor was claimed to have broken the copier. PASSIVE - Itwas claimed that the copier had been broken by Trevor, + The copier was claimed to have been broken by Trevor. €©) A. select the word or phrase that needs to be corrected and write it correctly in the space provided. 1. Candice Smith “is rumored ®to steal a fortune from her ex-husband. 2, Although a briliant scientist, Bates is really “lacked in social skills and people constantly fee! insulted by his rudeness. er eee }. Jane is said that she was married in a seaside ceremony ®by a Tibetan monk. — ‘ _ . iis sure that we will win the competition we Bare taking part in SeuSSee eee eee tely. Ave 5 3. By the time we Awere dropped off at the station, the snow Fhad been stopped. 3. That burn looks serious and really Sshould have taken care of imm soos oO - We searched everywhere for the little kitten but Ait seemed to Phave been disappeared into thin air. 8, it Avas fet by most ofthe staf that Gerry ®should have been resigned after he was caught stealing money. 9. The children in the orphanage “were made learn to "tend for themselves. row! _10.The prominent professor “was believed Phe had been involved in the scandal, 114s bound to beat our opponents Sby atleast three goals in tomorrow's match, = 12.4\tis believed that the victim ®has been found on this very spot. B.. complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. 11. People claim that Janice Cameron killed her husband in cold blood. Janice Cameron 2. Babe Ruth was believed to be one of the greatest baseball stars of alltime, People 3. Everyone said that the manager had been stealing from their top clients. ‘The manager. 4, Rumor has it that Jenny is breaking up with Chad. Jenny: 5. Newspapers are reporting that the thief has been arrested and is in custody. tt 6. Everybody considers that Karen was last year's best student. Karen ——® C. complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, 1. tis thought that Carol was sleeping when robbers broke into her house. (ere ito 2, Many claim that the bridge was stil being built last month. The bridge. construction last month. 13. It was not believed that the crime had been premeditated as there was no murder weapon. The crime ‘as there was no murder weapon. 4, People say that Jenna was thinking of joining the army. Jenna '5. Apparently, Karen had an expensive sports car that she rarely drove. Karen appears __an expensive sports car that she rarely dro\ 6. How odd that people didn’t believe Brenda was innocent of killing her husband, How odd that Brenda Joining the army. killed her husband. the correct tense and the correct form (active or passive). ‘Over the last few decades, Canadian privacy law (1) (evolve) into what itis today. The first case of formal law (2) (arise) in response to international pressure, when the Canadian Human Rights Act (3) (introduce). m it, it (4), —____1 (leary/state) that everyone has “the right to life, liberty and to be free from unreasonable search and seizure’. The last part )_rever/previousty/mention) before the introduction of the Law. Since then, much of the discussion on the Personal Information Protection Law (6) ___(focush ‘on practical issues as to whether it is possible to implement it, However, it is. ‘equally important that the value of this Law! m (fully/appreciate) in a modern democratic society. It seems almost humorous now that the basic concept of privacy (8) (first/state) by two young ‘American lawyers in 1890, who (9). (simply/say) that “privacy is the right to be let alone”. And this statement is what modern privacy law (10) (base) on. then the >last part CTIA fa ‘The Causative Form is used: a.to show that we do not do an action ourselves, we ask someone to doit for us could thatthe may > might those must > had to Welk sneaa ins) When reporting questions: we use reporting varbs or phrases such as ask, wonder, want to know, etc. « the question becomes a statement. - for yas/no questions we use ifwhether. “Are you exhausted?” She asked me if/whether I was exhausted. - for wh- questions the question word remains. “Where do you live?” ‘He asked me where I lived. ‘When reporting commands/requests: + we use reporting verbs such as tel, ask, order, beg, otc = the reporting verb Is followed by a fll infinitive “Bring your laptops along,” the teacher said. ‘The teacher told the students to bring their laptops along, “Please don't leave,” she said. She asked/begged me mot to leave. ‘There are various reporting verbs which can be used depending on the meaning, Note how they are used. verb + (sb) + full infinitive: advise, beg, warn, order, invite, remind, encourage, allow, want, etc. {ull infinitive: promise, refuse, claim, offer, threaten, etc. -ing: admit, deny, suggest, etc. preposition + -ing: accuse (sb) of, congratulate (sb) on, insist on, boast about, wam (sb) against, etc. that + clause: admit, deny, boast, compiain, exclaim, explain, promise, claim, threaten, warn, etc. AK. Rewrite each sentence in reported speech. think the Mets wil win this game,” said Carina Carina sald 2, You should realy watch where you're going! the angry motorist yelled at the cab driver. ‘The angry motorist told +3, “could you please pickup the dry-cleaning from last Monday?” Bob asked Tina, Bob asked Tina 4, "ou can't speak to mele that” Mrs, Brent said to Bob. epitade 55. “If you don’t improve your grades, Ill take you off the team,” the coach said to Annie. ‘The coach threatened ‘The coach warned Annie {6. “Take the kids to the park while I get this place cleaned up,” Dana told me. Dana told — 7. "Were you cooking dinner when | called you last night?" my mother asked. ‘My mother asked ‘Don’t forget to pick up some lemons on your way home,” Shella said to Jack. y before | sheila reminded 2ek before] ot day! ‘Things may get a bit rough, but | wil try to protect you,” Ben said to me. Ben told me ort week! 19. «what were you doing going through my drawers?” Cindy asked her mother. Cindy asked B. rewrite each sentence in direct speech. Sarah told Tammy that she had forgotten the lines of her speech as she had been giving it. 5 : 2, Steven asked Kelly If he could borrow her car the next day as his was being repaired. “could ae ‘3. My dad informed me that the police had called looking for me the night before. a y 4, Darren promised that he would call as soon as he heard any news. 5. The teacher explained that the Earth revolves around the sun. a - ‘6. Mum told the kids that they shouldn't have left their toys lying around that day, as quests would be visiting them. a, . 7. Karen advised Ben to get vaccinated before travelling to India. of . Ee - 8. The detective admitted that he had no idea as to who could have committed such a crime. ‘9. The hotel clerk suggested we book tickets for the opera in advance. “You i “if i 0. The student confessed to being the one who had set off the fire alarm the previous week “Ok, | # 41 C.. Join the two halves of the sentences. 1. Sandra's mother accused her a. onwinning a very tough game. 2. The captain congratulated his team b. that all staff members should get vaccinated, 3. The principal suggested cof having lied to her about the party. 4. My colleague apologized profusely d.__ stealing the chocolate bar from the convenience store, 5. The young girl denied ©. for her terrible behavior at the party. 6. Daniel told f. towear her purple dress to the party. | 7. After a great deal of thought, little Annie decided 4g. his wife to try to get some time off. Gary's wife warned him fh, against smoking so much. | 9. The hotel porter offered i. that the woman exit her vehicle slowly. 10. The police officer isted J. to take the woman's suitcase to her room, ——® D. compiete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. 1. How do you get to the Natural History Museum from here? Doyouhappento 2. Where do these delicious cheeses come from? Wouldyouming ‘3. Who was the inventor of the steam engine? are Tota toes Huston soess¥s on nUESEERaE En EGER SGEHIRESSESAGEEIEGSEssOSISsESSEEGSISEEOEE ‘4. What time will | finish this exarn? wonder. 5. Why are you crying? Has something bad happened? She wondered asked 6. Who do you think will win the competition? dike to You must reply to this letter by next week, He told me that Iwill How much time will this project take? Vd like to be: ——©@ E. cach santeace contains on unnecessary word which makes the sentence Incorrect. Identify it and cross it out. 1. Those are the children I was teling to you about; the ones who broke my living-room window witha rock 2. Carol asked me to not go across the street and get a newspaper because she had forgotten to buy one on her way to wo 3. Would you mind my xing this leaking faucet as Ihave no plumbing knowledge at al? ‘4. Having a bit of sensitivity never hurts, especially when you have to teach to young children who fee! frightened in a new environment because of the large number of things they must learn. '5. Simon refused to having burst the balloon as he claimed it would make a lot of noise. 6. Jeremy explained me that we needn't have brought so many clothes with us as the weather in that part of the world was. always mild restore, vay to wor inanew ‘orld was ‘Countable nouns have singular and plural forms. Singular ones always take a determiner or can be used with numbers. ‘Examples: 2 photo, his photo, another photo, every photo, two photos, etc. Note that the following nouns are countable. phenomenon - phenomena medium mediums, media person - people means -means spacecratt - spacecraft species - species Uncountable nouns have only one form. They take a singular verb and can't be used with “alan”. ‘The most common uncountable nouns are related to: foodi/drinks: ‘ish, bread, cheese, coffee, rice, juice, sugar, eto. tennis, darts, athletic, etc. fiu, malaria, measles, mumps, etc. rain, thunder, wind, lightning, ete. abstract concepts: love, hatred, efficiency, faith, behavior, intelligence, ete. ‘specific amounts: twenty minutes, seven hundred dollars, two thousand miles, three liters, etc. Collective nouns refer to groups of people or things. They take a singular verb (when referring a group as a single entity) ora plural verb (when emphasising that a group is made up of separate individuals), The class is/are not going to summer camp. The jury has/have reached a verdict. The audience is/are clapping loudly, ‘My family consists of 6 members. BUT — My family are all going on vacation this summer. ‘The board of directors is made up of 5 people. BUT The board of directors have all approved the contract. Note the following table. ee Rca mee is Mn nL Gara bey ran aN MU aa Te Stange) rar ‘OR PLURAL VERB acres advice ‘accommodations audience compass vs. compasses applause belongings class content vs. contents business binoculars clergy ‘custom vs, customs English cattie committee damage vs. damages evidencelproot chores crew ‘experience vs. experiences furniture congratulations crowd fund vs. funds hair eamings family glam ve. lames information headquarters ‘government {ground vs. grounds Jewelry looks jury hair vs. hairs knowledge outskirts public ook vs. looks lightning police staff minute vs. minutes litertrash/garbage premises team premise vs. premises baggage/lusgage remains union rain vs. rains mbasies/mumps riches relation vs. relations moneyicash spectacles spectacle vs, spectacies news statistics water vs. waters Paiitics surroundings wind vs. winds fesearch trousers/shorts/scissors writing vs. wrtings tove valuables wood vs. woods Work vs. works | i +6) AA. Join the questions with their appropriate answers. ' 1. Do you think this club has class? a. Yes, and they said it was delicious. 2. Have the quests had enough food? b. We don’t eat meat before Easter Sunday. 3. Do you have any particular customs in your country? «. Yes, only people from the most prestigious families ‘4. Have you seen my glass anywhere? crete: 5. 1hear you're having company this evening, 4, Actually, some relatives are coming ove. 6. Have you any idea where I eft my glasses? ¢. twas probably taken by the bartender as it was 7. Does Bill really own three companies? f. We hadn't paid the taxes on them. 8. Why were the goods held up at customs? 4g. Didn't you hear? He inherited the family business. fh. Can't you read without them? ——©® B. compete the sentences using the words from the box. Use the singular or plural form. 1. Could you hand me a sheet of ___please? step 2. Cameras have been installed all over the university 3. Prof. Jones gave the student a stern _when he walked into the class late. 44.1 don't have the _to help you today. 5. This tree will only grow if it is planted in fertile sevice 6. Jemma is so vain! She's forever worried about her _. ground 7. Did you hear that poor Sandra fell down a fight of —__ look 8. How many __ have | told you to lock the door? 9. Be careful when you walk up the staircase, Take one. 10. There's a photograph of you on the front of all this morning’s, assistance paper time ——©® Cy comptete the second sentence so that it has a similar meani 9 to the first. 1. Doctors have blamed smog for the increase in asthma cases. Smog. 2. The farmer has Just herded the cattle into the barn, The 3. The contractors took only 6 months to complete the public works. The ‘4. Someone lost $5000 on the No. 5 bus this morning. $5000 5. My secretary has to type up the minutes of the meeting The 6. The case is being investigated by the police, ‘The police jae ae D. Fil in the gaps with an appropriate word. 1. Back in my youth, my father used to make me cut my __ whenever it was longer than shoulder length, was lost by the airline! What will | wear while I'm on. \s fais. 3, ifyouwant to do some serous bird-watching, youll needa good par of |. Is it true that all the members of _________are in disagreement about the upcoming strike? We need to call a meeting as soon as possible doit know, but I eally have 2 ut_____ that someting wll go wrong tenight. allt women’s intuition. suddenly, a(n) of seagulls swooped into the sea, searching for fish to eat ate city life and yearn to move back tothe a Could | get a(n) __________ of coffee? Oh, and a cinnamon roll as well, please. ). Don't try to tear that sticker off - take this pair of _______ to cut round it neatly. (0. Let me give you one simple piece of __stay away from Tara Lane. 1. Where have you been? I've been waiting for you for half a(n) t's not that Id mind lending you $300 for that suit, but | never carry that much __on me. E. underline the appropriate word. 1. Cla are tiny litle hair/hoirs in the trachea that act as a fier. Jean is wearing 2 new pale of pant/pants that look just hideous on her. | need to get some paper/papers forthe photocopy machine. There's not much busness/businesses so we may have to lay off some ofthe staf/staf Could | order two cofee/cofees and two glass/ glosses of water please? . You really have alot of furniture/furnitures in your fat. can't understand why Peter would go the expense/expenses of throwing such extravagant porty/parties when | know he has to close two of his busness/ businesses. . Anyone suspecting that their water/waters might be contaminated should contact the authorty/authorities immediately Although no one was seriously injured in the bus accident, the drivers/drver that were involved are suing for damage/ damages. [0. Pd like some information/informations about your recent employment/employments history, if you don't mind, 1. There seems to be alot of confusions/confusion as to who lives here. | assure you, | do! 2. He didn't have much advice/advices to give me about how to do my researches/research. 3. The sun setting on the horizon makes a fine spectacle/spectacles. 14. Only the best woods/wood should be used when making expensive furniture/furitures. '5. Why are the children making so much nolse/noises? Are they scared of the lightnings/lightning? F. complete using the appropriate word. the police been informed about the break-in? 6, Excuse me. How much this pair of socks cost? . The jewelry she wears. said to be very expensive. 7, Mom, do you know where my trousers, 2 8, The contents of his briefcase: . Do you know that the company’s headquarters been handed over located in Boston? to the forensic scientist. The scenery spectacular so we stopped to 9. Measles __ the frst disease I've ever had. admire it 10. The premises tobe evacuated in the event of a 5. The crew __ alleen allowed to leave the hijacked fire ship. = 45 Determiners are used with nouns. ‘Specific determiners: the house | live in / my car / those shoes / these trousers / ts roof / ete. Goneral determiners: Rectan oy Whoo ete} much, (a) litle, a bit (09, a piece of, any, some,enough, ‘a great deal of, a large amount of allotof, lots of, plenty of, no, none many, (a) few, several, a (greallarge) numberof (+pver) ‘a couple of, a handful of aa aqratnimbero/consimes | ea. enough peopkiboer [eg nalmuch time seounieofegge some degatneat aioe of acco a hrc of pees aororeweawcheese | __ agreatdolctmonay Many and much are mainly used in interrogative and negative sentences. Coins (ieee Were there many girls atthe party? There weren’t many girls atthe party IN QUESTIONS Is there much work left to do? hoc There's not much work left to do. ‘¢ Much debate has arisen over the widespread use of plastic surgery. (formal) ‘© Many a girl has dreamed of becoming a model. (=Many girls have dreamed) ‘* Agood many employees were sick during the week. (a) few (for countable nouns) or (a) litle (for uncountable nouns) are used in the affirmative. Note the differences. Cities have a little suaar so I can make an apple pie} Geico ENOUGH have a few apples so | can make an apple pie. Remora) have few apples so can't make an apple pie, | | have little sugar so | can't make an apple pie. only a fow Just afew too few 50 few very few only a lite just alte too litle soiltle very ittle ‘Some and any are used with both countable and uncountable nouns, Some is mainly used in the affirmative or in request ‘Any is mainly used in questions and in the negative. SSIGeoenaauieueaess I RAs ano se - Have you got any advice for me? (uncountable noun) «| don't think we've got any questions. (countable noun) = Do you want any hejp? | searched, but couldn't find him anywhere, [had some soup for dinner. (uncountable noun} - He got some DVDs from the store. {countable noun) - Can | have some more cake? (request) ~ There's someone at the door looking for you. (=There weren't any visitors in the museum.)

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