BACTERIA

 Introduction
 Classification of bacteria
 Industrial importance of bacteria

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Structure of bacteria

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 Classification of bacteria

1. Shape
2. Arrangement
3. Ability to accept gram stain
4. Habitat
5. Metabolism
6. O2 requirement
7. Beneficial/ harmful
Cont… 3
1. According to shape

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Different colony morphology of bacteria

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2. According to arrangement

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3. According to gram staining

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4. According to the habitat

1. Thermophiles: 45 and 122 °C

Thermophilus aquaticus
2. Extreme thermophiles Temperature
3. Psychrophiles: -15 -100C requirement

4. Psychrotrophs
5. Mesophiles - 20 - 450C
6. Hallophiles - High salt - Methanogens

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5. According to the metabolism

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 Autotrophic photosynthetic
Cyanobacteria (Blue-green algae) - Nostoc and Anaebena

 Heterotrophic
Curdling milk
Production of antibiotics
Nitrogen fixation
Pathogens

Write examples!

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6. According to the O2 requirement

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Based on number of flagella

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 Industrial Application of bacteria
1. Nitrogen fixation
2. Bioremediation (Effective micro organisms)
3. Biological control
4. Growth promotion of plants
5. Usage in Genetic engineering and Biotechnology
6. Vaccine production
7. Antibiotic production
8. Fermentation
9. Usage in Dairy industry
10. Usage in Feed formulation industry
11. Usage in Fiber industry
12. Usage against environmental pollution
Cont….

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 Azotobacter colonies

Nitrogen fixation 17
Rhizobia in Soy bean

Nitrogen fixation
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 Colony of Rhizobium

Nitrogen fixation 19
Lactococcus lactis

Usage in Dairy industry

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Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Usage in Genetic engineering and Biotechnology

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 Probiotic bacteria

Usage in Dairy industry 23

 Nitrosomonas

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Nitrogen fixation
 Burkholderia spinosa

Colletotrichum musae (Cigar end rot)

Biological control 25
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Pseudomonas fluorescens

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Bacterial insecticides

• Bacillus thuringiensis

• Bacillus sphericus

• Bacillus lentimobus

• Bacillus popillae

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 Mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis

Midgut pH
Cry Protoxins
Protein
Proteolytic processing Proteolytic processing

Active toxins

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Bacillus thuringiensis

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 Tobacco curing

Crude dry tobacco leaves pass through curing and ripening

processes before they are ready for use

Bacteria are employed in both these processes and the

peculiar taste and smell in the tobacco is due to the bacterial
activity

For this purpose molasses and alcohol are added to tobacco.

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 Ammonifying bacteria

Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus mycoides
Bacillus ramosus

 Act upon the dead animal and plant tissues

 Decompose their complex organic compounds like

proteins into ammonium compounds (Humus)

 They are also known as putrefying bacteria

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 Azotobacter

Found in the soil

Fixes the nitrogen gas of the atmosphere in the presence

of carbohydrates

This fixation of free nitrogen from the atmosphere

through ammonia into free nitrates and again their
conversion into ammonia and free nitrogen takes place by
means of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria, along with
other organisms

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Vinegar making industry
Bacillus aceti convert the sugar solution into vinegar

Alcohol and acetone manufacture

Butyl alcohol and acetone are manufactured by the action of
bacteria on molasses

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Tea curing
Crude tea leaves are acted upon by certain bacteria. The
process is known as curing, which is employed to impart a
peculiar taste and flavour to the leaves. For this purpose
alcohol is added to tea leaves.

Leather tanning
The hides and skins after drying, salting and clearing are
steeped in fluids containing specific bacteria. The process of
fermentation goes on for some time and then they are
transferred to tan-pits and are further allowed to be
fermented. This whole process is known as tanning and the
bacteria employed in the process are obtained from cowdung
and the excreta of dogs and poultry.

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Fibre retting
Retting is the process of separating fibres from-the plant tissues.
Bacteria are employed in this industry, which cause decay of the
softer tissues and render fibres easily separable mechanically.
Fibres of flax, hemp, jute, coconut and other fibrous plants are
obtained by immersing the specific plant organs in stagnant pond
water where bacteria develop and cause retting.

The sewage work

In order to remove solid and semi-solid constituents of sewage it is
allowed to putrify. Putrifying bacteria are allowed to act upon
sewage under anaerobic conditions. It gets decayed and liquefied. It
is now filtered and the liquid is either drained out to the river or
used as manure in fields. For this purpose, in the soak pits the horse
dung is filled up.

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Ensilage
It is the process of preserving green fodder in pits.
Certain bacteria help in the preservation of fodder.

Medicines
Antitoxins are the chemical substances produced in the
host tissues in response to the attack of parasitic
bacteria. Different vaccines and serums now prepared
from these antitoxins are used in the treatment of
specific ailments. The antibiotics such as streptomycin,
aureomycin and chloromycetin are obtained from certain
actinomycetous bacteria.

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THE END!

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