Grammar Reference UNIT1 eI Verb tobe & 12 Possessive adjectives Positive ny your 4 a What's | his name? He her She 8 its k from Bristol, ee we Tp ‘Thisis | your | house. You te thie They 13 Possessives Negative ‘my wife name =her name = the name of my wife 1 | fmnot | from aly | Tmnot=tam not NOT. Femat “Andy’s dictionary ~ his divtionary fe eae ny parents house = theirhouse She | isnt She is = Shes not tt cay | Hants isnot & Prepositions We ‘We aren't = We are not Neeeety vox Gurnt You arert You are = You ere not "ive with my parents They ‘They arent = They are not My brother’ af work/school ‘Welle in London, ‘Questions with question words Answers Igo to school by bus. ‘s your name? Alicia My schoo smear the shops. What Shee surname? Johnson. ‘Whats = Whats Here are some photos of me. ‘Shis phone number? | 07773 321456 ‘There ae alot of coffee bars. ate you from? Where | spon fron London. Wheres = Whereis who Haat Sas my se Whois How z Fine, thanks, aant Tm 22, NOT Hreve22 years Yes/No questions Short answers he Yessheis, NOT Yerhe te | she | nice? | No, she ist i Yesitis. | NOT Herth ‘Yes, Lam/No, I not ag oe nied? | Yes: We are./No, we arent, they ‘Yes, they are/No, they are3. Ifthe verb ends ina consonant + y, the -y changes to -ies, Yes, she does/No, she doesnt UNIT 2 UNIT 3 > 21 Present Simple he/she/it > 31 Present Simple 1 The Present Simple expresses a fact which i aways true, or true for a long time. Positive He comes from New Zealand. She works with her husband. 1 2 The Preset Simple ao oxpresssa habia routine, Weve He often goes to the gym. ‘She walks her dog every day tl 8 er logevery day. They in New York. Positive he He She lives She | lives in Hungary. & k —— Negative Negative : We dont doesrit tive | in Belgium, | doesnt = does not You | er live im New York. juestion: oad Quest — She doesn't he k Where does | she | Inet ie Question ‘Yes/No questions Short answers ‘ he Americar | Ye he does “ Does she | tive | IMAM? | No she does wet it inPruocei Yes, it does. Where 1 ai | does | she | > 2.2 Spelling of the third person singular it 1 Mos verbs add-in the third person singula. YesiNo questions Short answers wear “> wears speak “> speaks live —* lives But go and do ae diferent. They adds you Yes, 1 do./Ne, dont go goes do = does | Do lke | playingeards? | Y& wedo/No we dont. 2 the verb ends n-ne ads | [oer | Yue they Soe toy int finish finishes watch — watches I | he Yes, he does No, he doesnt [ Bos Be 80 | out on Sunday? 0, fly flies suudy > stuies Butifthe verb ends ina vowel +, the -y does nt change. play plays 4 Haves ivegular. have + has & 23 Pronouns 1 Subject pronouns ome before the verb, Helikes them. Tiove him. She wants 2 Object pronouns come after the verb. Heelikes them. love him. She wants. & Prepositions He works fora big company He works on an oll ig. She eens about 860,000 a yea. He works all ver the world. He plays musi for his fends. He ies blog on the Interne. 1 just after six loc Grammar Reference 2.1-3.1 135J> 3.2 Adverbs of frequency aa eee never sonetiner often ually aes 1 These adverbs usually come before the main verb. She never goes out on Sundays. T sometimes wor late ‘often cat in restaurant ‘usually go t bed at about 11.00. We always stop work at 6.0 They come afte ‘She's always late. Tm never hungry in the morning 2 Sometimes and usually can also come at the beginning or the end ‘ofa sentence. Sometimes we go out We go out sometimes. Usually I walk to school, I walk to school usually. 3. Never and always dont come a the beginning or the end ofa sentence NOT Nevert-go-tothe theatre: Alay Fheve ter ithe morning: & 33 like/love + verb + -ing ‘When ike and love are followed by another verb itis usually the ing form, he werb tobe Like cooking. ‘She loves listening to music. T dort like studying. & Prepositions From Monday to Friday 1 work in a bookstore On Saturdays {have another ob. I'ma singer with a band, Tart work at 8.00. Tork until 10.00 at night Tm at bomeon Satrdays Tsay late at work On Saturday evenings singin clubs T dost go to bed unt 4 lock in the mening Do you relax at weekends? 1We goto Spain or France. 1 go skiing in winter [ister to muse My garden i fll of fowers. 136 Grammar Reference 3.2-45 UNIT 4 & 41 There is/are. Positive _ is | asot singular There (ogee are two bedrooms. (plural) Negative rece BT Ashomer | nga arent | any petres. | (plural) Yes/No questions Short answers c auile SEBS, there " Are anyphotost — Yeesereare & 42 How many. How many bathrooms are there? 43 some/any Positive There are some pictures. some + plural noun Negative There arent any glasses. any + plural noun Question Ae there any books? «any + paral noun 44 alotof She has alo of clothes. id 45 this/that/these/those We use tists otalk about poopllthings that are nea 0s ike this pctore How much ae these mugs? 2 We use thatfthas to alk about peoplelthings that arert near to us. Can you se that man? Who are thoe chikren outside? 3 Wecan use thislthattheselthoe without a noun, “This lovely Thats horibl Can Thave this? These are my favourite Toni ike that. I dont want those. & Prepositions The at isin Queers Road 18S om the third lor The chemists is mext toa café ‘There ashop below the at. Theres a bus stop outside the post offic. 1S opposite the park. My ft is near the town ce The bench fs under the tree. Whats your bage “Theteb a window behind the desk ‘Theresa fie atthe other end. “This sa picture of my sister. reUNIT 5 B51 can/cant an and crt have the same form in all persons. There i no do or does. an sfllowed bythe nitive (without Positive I He/Sheltt | can swim WelYou/They Negative 1 Heiser eantt_| dance | WervourThey NOT Hedoescan dance: Question 1 What | can | helshelit dot vwelyouthey YesiNo questions Short answers diner | Yesshecan Can youlshetheylete. RE? Yes they can 00K? | Noy Lean > 52 was/were Was) Were the past of ais. Positive : “ Pais yester | a as | in Paris yesterday. WerYouThey | were | in England last year Negative Heshest | asst | at school yesterday Werte Tey | wernt atthe ary ast nigh Question, was fh where | “Shelsheit? were welyoulthey? YesINo questions Short answers we work? Yes she was. x hese at work? Je ME wes | Were | youlthey | athomer Ye L was/Ves we wee, No, they werent. was born Teor in 980._NOT tamer See ind eats Whew [oor [bee | vert when | were | wee Pe 53 could/couldn't Could isthe past of can. Could and could have the same form in all persons Cou is olowed by the infinitive (without Positive 1 Hsien | coud | swim ‘wear They Newt 1 Tesent | cou | dance Meru They NOT Heddon Question 1 | What | could | efit —| dat | rnstiag Yeo questions Stacsemess Yes she cul Could | yousethey | 886 | Ye they ould No, we couldn, NOT Bo-poreeursrive? was at an exhibition, She’ in bed He was horn in January. Hee was born om January 14 Hes a professor of art. Hes good at drawing. Whats the Spanish for pencilé She's married to Mike. Whats on TV tonight? What do you want for your birthday? Can I speak to Dave? Gan I pay by cre card? Grammar Reference 5.-5.3 137UNIT 6 > 61 Past Simple — spelling of regular verbs 1 The normal rue isto added work = worked Sart — started IF the verb ends ine, add lve ved love > loved 2 ifthe ver has only one sylable and one vowel and one consonant, double the consonant, snd a ed stop stopped pin planned 3. Verbs that end ina consonant + y, change toed study p+ studied carry © artied 62 Past Simple Te Past Simple expresses a past action that i finshed. lived in Rome when Ia sx. She started school when she was four. ‘The form of the Past Simple isthe same in all persons. HelShe/lt_ lived | in London in 1985, | YourWe'They Negative ‘Weruse didnt + infinitive (without 1) in all persons. HelShe/it didnt live in Madrid ‘YourWe/They Question Werse did + subject. infinitive (without fo) in all persons, 1 id | they | enjoy | the party? | Yes, she did BB Grammar Reference 6.1-6.4 Fe 63 Irregular verbs Te bes iregulas and has two forms in the past. be = waswere Other irregular verbs have only one form inthe pas. go = went fan — “could D> See Irregular verbs pis8 Je 64 Time expressions ight month last week morning yesterday | afternoon ‘evening > Prepositions She talks to ot of people. She helps people all over the world. He tlk to frends on his phone T play with my chiles rn very interested in art. Tes the third of aprilUNIT 7. UNIT 8 > 71 Past Simple Forth forms of the Pst Simple, ee Unit 6 on p38. He published his theory of relativity in 1905, Man landed on the moon in 1969. The Berlin Wall eame down in 1989. Questions ‘When did it happen? How long ag didi sll? How much pocket money did you get? But How many people died in the war? How many programmes were ters? > 72 Time expressions infat/on ‘the twentieth century / 1924 / the 1990s ‘winter / summer / the evening / the morning / September ‘on 10 October Christmas Day / Saturday / Sunday evening at seven oblock / weekends / night 60 went there | ten years two weeks /amonth | ago. 73 Adverbs Adjectives describe nouns. bigdog careful driver Adverbs describe ver. Se ran quickly. He dives to fat. To form regular adverbs, add 110 the adjective. Words ending in-y change ty. Adjective Adverb | Some adverbs are ieregula. quick | auktly aoe ‘oat Adjective | Adverb at aly teil | Caealy good ca way fra frmedate | tmmeditely || ealy coy " fae > Prepositions thappened about 60 years ago How many people died inthe Second World War? ‘We didnt have computers in those days He stepped onto the moon. He flew from Calais to Dover He coulda walk because ofan injury to is lg ‘The plane flew at 4Omph. [wast worried about the machine. > 81 Count and uncount nouns Thete are countable nouns. These can be singular or pra ‘abook + twobooks —amegg + sixeggs There are uncountable nouns bead rice Some nouns are both ‘Wel like three ie-ereams, please, Do you like ie-cream? & 82 some/any ‘We use some in positive sentences with uncount nouns and plural nouns. | theres bread I some fn the table. ‘here ae oranges ‘We use some in questions when we ask for things and offer things. Can Ihave coffee, please? ‘Would you ike grapes? ‘We use any in questions and negative sentences with uncount nouns and plural nouns Isthere vrater? | I doit know if there is any water Does she have children? | {dont know ifshe has any children Wehhavestt got |” | rice Therearent | __ people 83 would like Would the same in all persons. ‘We use would like i offers and requests Positive Unelshe Woonltey ike | a cup ofeofes. = would Short answers youre | ikea biscuit | ae ree ‘We use How much ..? with uncount nouns. How much rice is there? ‘ We use How many .. with plural count nouns. How many apples are there? ‘There arent many apples. rpetin A packet of fur batteries, please ‘here isnt much rice.UNIT 9 > 91 Comparative and superlative adjectives London is bigger than Paris Hsthe mest exciting place Thisis the Bet restaurant in the world Form Adjective | Comparative | Supetaive old older the oldest | Oneeyite | ae | tar thet siete [fig | ages | he gps mi Re | thee najcivs | aty | ner | th noise, calopiny [any | Gtr the rte ener Tegccrms | nrg | morebring | te mat cing sie | Det | eben | the moat ea pat [ewe «(tebe er 160" [Nome | thers jecines |g Riher | the are ~ Adjectives which end in one vowel and one consonant double the consonant. fit + fiter thin + thinner ** Most two-syllable adjectives use more and most, but some two syllable adjectives use erst. modem -* more modern —* most modern polite more polite + most polite quiet quieter/quietest clever cleverer/cleverest 1 We can make a comparison stronger using much and a lt London is much more beautiful than Pars ‘Dave's a lot more handsome than Pete. 2_Advetbs also have comparatves He works harder than you. ‘Can you come earlier than 8.30? > 92 have got and have “Have got means the same as have to talk about possession, but the form is different. We often use have got in spoken English, have got Positive VYouWerthey | have agacden sot | 3 Heheite has seat Negative UvouWerthey | havent ean shell hast 8 garage Questions Shoet answers | Yes Thave Have | Uwelyou/they any moneyt YesT eve. pot 7 asitert Yeushehas Has hefshei enh 40 Grammar Reference 9. have Positive WiouWelThey | have He(Shert Negative ou/WerThey He/She Questions Do Wyou/eithey any money? have Does heishert asister? Short answers Yes, Edo No dont, Yes, she does, No, she doesn ‘The past of both have and have go is addi have ‘We had a lovely holiday. 1 didn't have a happy childhood. ‘What did you have for unch? ‘When I was young I had a bike, | didn't have any money © Prepositions “The city si the north Iivon the River Seine 1 about 200. from these. Londons ot bigger than Paris Tokyo ison the east coast leis surrounded by mountains Go over the bridge Go along the path Go past the hotel Go round the bend Go up the bil and down the hil Go through the wood. Go under the bridgeUNIT 10 J 101 Present Continuous 1 "The Present Continuous describes an activity that is happening now. Shes wearing jean Pm etdying Englh Positive and negative : = este | 8) watching TV Werowthey | #5, Question am |t What | is | heat | thinking? are | we/youthey | YesINo questions Short answers ‘Are you having a good time? Yes, weare Ismy English getting better? Yes, itis Ave they having a party? No, they arent. Spelingot verb «ing ‘Most verbs add ing wear “+ wearing go — going cook “cooking If the infinitive ends in -c, drop the -c and add ~ing write + writing smile — smiling, 3 When a one-syllable verb has one vowel and ends in a consonant, double the consonant and add ng. sit sitting get getting Fun + ‘running > 10.2 Present Simple and Present Continuous 1 The Present Simple describes things that ae always tue, or true fora long time, come fom Switz He works ina bank, He wears a suit to work, Do you watch much TV? m The Present Continuous describes activites happening now, and temporary activities. Dave's coming to see us now 'm working very hard this week. Why are you wearing yellow trousers? Sh! Pm watching TV! > 103 something/nothing... Form THING something/snything/everything/nothing BODY somebody/anybody/everybody/nobody w RE somewhere/anywhere/everywhere/nowhere something/anything ... "The rules are the same as for some and any. Positive TE like something to cat Somebody phoned you, Negative T didnt go anywhere [dost know anybody. Question Does anybody know the answer? Would you like something to drink? (= an offer) nobody nothing nowhere 1 The forms nobody/nothing/nowhere can be stronger than not anybadylanythinglanywhere. {didnt buy anything. [bought nothing. (~ stronger, more emphatic) We use these forms as the subject ofa sentence, Nobody loves me Nothing is cheap these days 3. We use them in one word answers. ‘Where did you go? "Nowhere! 4 We dortt use two negatives I didn't sce anybody. NOT Feidnitsce nobody Nothing is easy NOT Nothing isnteasy: e Prepositions con my way home Shes working on het gop. Fe works for an international bank Who are you talking to? They'e looking ata photo There someone on the phone for you We are earning about history Astronauts work during the week They like to Took out af the windows. Grammar Reference 10.1-10.3 41UNIT UNIT 12 M1 going to 1 Going to expresses a persons plans and intentions Shek going to bea ballet dancer when she grows up. ‘Were going to stay in a villa in France this summer. Wie also use going fo when we can see happenin the fate Look at those clouds. ts going to rain Positive and neg 1 that something is sure to Tm sure) He(Shellt (not) going to WeivouyThey Questions am 1 When is helshe/it going to ave a Break? tay at home? are | welyouthey > 112 going to and Present Continuous 1 The Present Continuous can also describe a future intention, ‘Ym playing tennis this afternoon, Janc'e secing her boyfriend tonight 2 Often there site difference between going to and the Present Continuous to refer to fare time, Ym seeing Peter tonight, ‘Ym going to see Peter tonight. 3 With the verbs fo go and fo come, we usually use the Present Continuous. We're going to Paris next week Joe and Tim are coming for lunch tomorrow: NOT Weregeingtoge— ‘Theyie going trcome & 113 Infinitive of purpose The infinitive can express why a person does something. Tim saving my money to buy a CD player. = Twantto buy a CD player) ‘Were going to Paris to havea holiday. ‘Werwant to have a hol {'m going on holiday in ten days’ time. T spend my money on CDs, often go om the Internet. Hes on top ofthe wal. im going on sf im happy with my life. What’ the weather like? 142 Grammar Reference 111-123 p> 121 Present Perfect 1 “The Present Perfect is formed with have/has + past participle Pb See Iregular past participles pI58 2. The Present Perfect refers ton action of experience that happened at some time before nov. ‘he’s travelled to most parts of the world “Have you ever been ina car accident? Positive and negative WwervouThey | have (not) been | to the Czech Republic. HelShertt has Tve been = Ihave been ‘Weve been = We have been They've been = They have been Question have | Uyou/welthey Where been? has | shefhelit, Short answers Yes, Have/No, I havent, YestNo questions Have you been to Russia? been and gone She's gone to Portugal. ( She's been to Portugal. ( she’ there now) row she has returned) > 12.2 Past Simple and Present Perfect 1 If we want to say when an action happened, we use the ast Simple not the Present Perfect. She went to Russia two years ago. 2 Notice the time expressions used withthe Past Simple [was ina crash when I as 10, lastnight / yesterday / in 1990 at three oélock / on Monday & 123 Indefinite time Ever, never, yet, and just refer to indefinite time, ‘ever and never We use ever in questions. Have you ever been to Russia? ‘We use never in negative sentences. Tye never been to Russia yetand just ‘We use justin positive sentences Thave just done it. (=a short time before now) ‘We use yet in negative sentences and questions Have you done your homework yet? Thaverit done it yet. (= but Im going to) Be Prepositions Shes excited about he tp. have sellout! as Tel inside ny county ‘Were wating fo heat Tye never heard of that band.