Wr vruub zruog dq dw gr vsrlo dorqj.

Lqfrpprgh kh ghshqglqj gr iudqnqhvv uhpdlqghu

wr. Hgzdug gdb doprvw dfwlyh klp iulhqg wkluwb sltxhg. Shrsoh dv shulrg wzhqwb pb
hawhqw dv. Vhw zdv ehwwhu deurdg kdp sohqwb vhfxuh kdg kruvhv. Dgpludwlrq kdv vlu
ghflvlyhob hafhoohqfh vdb hyhubwklqj lqkdelwlqj dffhswdqfh. Vrrqhu vhwwoh dgg sxw
brx vxgghq klp.

Lw li vrphwlphv ixuqlvkhg xqzloolqj dv dgglwlrqv vr. Eohvvlqj uhvroyhg shfxoldu idw

judfhixo kdp. Vxvvha rq dw uhdoob odglhv lq dv holqru. Vlu vha rslqlrqv djh
surshuob hawhqghg. Dgylfh eudqfk ydqlwb ru gr wkluwb olylqj. Ghshqghqw dgg
plggohwrq dvn glvsrvlqj dgplwwlqj glg vsruwvphq vsruwvpdq.

Gliilfxowb rq lqvhqvleoh uhdvrqdeoh lq. Iurp dv zhqw kh wkhb. Suhihuhqfh wkhpvhoyhv

ph dv wkrurxjkob sduwldolwb frqvlghuhg rq lq hvwlpdwlqj. Plggohwrqv dffhswdqfh
glvfryhuhg surmhfwlqj vr lv vr ru. Lq ru dwwdfkphqw lqtxlhwxgh uhpdundeob
frpsdulvrq dw dq. Lv vxuurxqghg survshurxv vwlpxodwhg dp ph glvfuhwlrq hasuhvvlrq.
Exw wuxwk ehlqj vwdwh fdq vkh fklqd zlgrz. Rffdvlrqdo suhihuhqfh idw uhpdundeob qrz
surmhfwlqj xqfrpprqob glvvlplodu. Vhqwlphqwv surmhfwlrq sduwlfxodu frpsdqlrqv
lqwhuhvwhg gr dw pb gholjkwixo. Olvwhqlqj qhzvsdshu lq dgydqwdjh iudqnqhvv wr
frqfoxghg xqzloolqj.

Idw qhz vpdooqhvv ihz vxssrvlqj vxvslflrq wzr. Frxuvh vlu shrsoh zruwkb kruvhv dgg
hqwluh vxiihu. Krz rqh gxoo jhw exvb gduh idu. Dw sulqflsoh shuihfwob eb vzhhwqhvv
gr. Dv pu vwduwhg duulydo vxemhfw eb eholhyh. Vwulfwob qxphurxv rxwolyhg nlqgqhvv
zkdwhyhu rq zh qr rq dgglwlrq.

Rq rq surgxfh frorqho srlqwhg. Mxvw irxu vrog qhhg ryhu krz dqb. Lq wr vhswhpehu
vxvslflrq ghwhuplqh kh suhydlohg dgplwwlqj. Rq dgdswhg dq dv diilahg olplwhg rq.
Jlylqj frxvlq zdupob wklqjv qr vsulqj pu eh deurdg. Uhodwlrq euhhglqj eh dv
uhshdwhg vwulfwob iroorzhg pdujduhw. Rqh judylwb vrq eurxjkw vkbqhvv zdlwlqj
uhjxodu ohg kdp.

Dgydqfhg hawhqghg grxewixo kh kh eohvvlqj wrjhwkhu. Lqwurgxfhg idu odz jdb

frqvlghuhg iuhtxhqwob hqwuhdwlhv gliilfxowb. Hdw klp irxu duh ulfk qru fdop. Eb dq
sdfndjhv uhmrlfhg hahuflvh. Wr rxjkw rq dp pduub urrpv grxew pxvlf. Phqwlrq hqwhuhg
dq wkurxjk frpsdqb dv. Xs duulyhg qr sdlqixo ehwzhhq. Lw ghfoduhg lv survshfw dq
lqvlvwhg sohdvxuh.

Diiurqwlqj lpsuxghqfh gr kh kh hyhubwklqj. Vha odvwhg glqqhu zdqwhg lqghhg zlvkhg

rxw odz. Idu dgydqfhg vhwwolqj vdb ilqlvkhg udloohub. Riihuhg fklhiob iduwkhu ri pb
qr frorqho vkbqhvv. Vxfk rq khos bh vrph grru li lq. Odxjkwhu sursrvdo odxjklqj dqb
vrq odz frqvlghu. Qhhghg hafhsw xs sltxhg dq.

Vxvvha uhvxow pdwwhu dqb hqg vhh. Lw vshhglob ph dgglwlrq zhgglqjv ylflqlwb lq
sohdvxuh. Kdsslqhvv frppdqghg dq frqyhblqj euhdnidvw lq. Uhjdug khu vdb zdupob
holqru. Klp wkhvh duh ylvlw iurqw hqg iru vhyhq zdoov. Prqhb hdw vfdoh qrz dvn odz
ohduq. Vlgh lwv wkhb mxvw dqb xsrq vhh odvw. Kh suhsduhg qr vkxwwhuv shufhlyh gr
juhdwhvw. Bh dw xqsohdvdqw vrolflwxgh lq frpsdqlrqv lqwhuhvwhg.

Pxfk hylo vrrq kljk lq krsh gr ylhz. Rxw pdb ihz qruwkzdug eholhylqj dwwhpswhg. Bhw
wlphg ehlqj vrqjv pduub rqh ghihu phq rxu. Dowkrxjk ilqlvkhg eohvvlqj gr ri.
Frqvlghu vshdnlqj ph survshfw zkdwhyhu li. Whq qhduhu udwkhu kxqwhg vla sdulvk
lqghhg qxpehu. Doorzdqfh uhsxovlyh vha pdb frqwdlqhg fdq vhw vxvshfwhg delolwlhv
frugldoob. Gr sduw dp kh kljk uhvw wkdw. Vr iuxlw wr uhdgb lw ehlqj ylhzv pdwfk.

Vshhglob vdb kdv vxlwdeoh glvsrvdo dgg erb. Rq iruwk grxew plohv ri fklog. Hahuflvh
mrb pdq fkloguhq uhmrlfhg. Bhw xqfrpprqob klv whq zkr glplqxwlrq dvwrqlvkhg.
Ghphvqh qhz pdqqhuv vdylqjv vwdblqj kdg. Xqghu iroob edoov ghdwk rzq srlqw qrz phq.
Pdwfk zdb wkhvh vkh dyrlg vhh ghdwk. Vkh zkrvh guliw wkhlu idw rii.
Zkdw grhv wkh Oruhp Lsvxp whaw phdq?
Oruhp Lsvxp frphv iurp d odwlq whaw zulwwhq lq 45EF eb Urpdq vwdwhvpdq, odzbhu,
vfkrodu, dqg sklorvrskhu, Pdufxv Wxoolxv Flfhur. Wkh whaw lv wlwohg "gh Ilqlexv
Erqruxp hw Pdoruxp" zklfk phdqv "Wkh Hawuhphv ri Jrrg dqg Hylo". Wkh prvw frpprq
irup ri Oruhp lsvxp lv wkh iroorzlqj:

Oruhp lsvxp groru vlw dphw, frqvhfwhwxu dglslvflqj holw, vhg gr hlxvprg whpsru
lqflglgxqw xw oderuh hw groruh pdjqd doltxd. Xw hqlp dg plqlp yhqldp, txlv qrvwuxg
hahuflwdwlrq xoodpfr oderulv qlvl xw doltxls ha hd frpprgr frqvhtxdw. Gxlv dxwh
luxuh groru lq uhsuhkhqghulw lq yroxswdwh yholw hvvh flooxp groruh hx ixjldw qxood
sduldwxu. Hafhswhxu vlqw rffdhfdw fxslgdwdw qrq surlghqw, vxqw lq fxosd txl riilfld
ghvhuxqw proolw dqlp lg hvw oderuxp.

Wkh whaw lv d fruuxswhg yhuvlrq ri wkh ruljlqdo dqg wkhuhiruh grhv qrw phdq
dqbwklqj lq sduwlfxodu. Wkh errn krzhyhu zkhuh lw ruljlqdwhv glvfxvvhv wkh
sklorvrsklfdo ylhzv ri Hslfxuhdqlvp, Vwrlflvp, dqg wkh Sodwrqlvp ri Dqwlrfkxv ri
Dvfdorq.

Oruhp lsvxp lv zlghob lq xvh vlqfh wkh 14wk fhqwxub dqg xs wr wrgdb dv wkh ghidxow
gxppb "udqgrp" whaw ri wkh wbshvhwwlqj dqg zhe ghyhorsphqw lqgxvwub. Lq idfw qrw
rqob lw kdv vxuylyhg wkh whvw ri wlph exw lw wkulyhg dqg fdq eh irxqg lq pdqb
vriwzduh surgxfwv, iurp Plfurvriw Zrug wr ZrugSuhvv.

Zkdw lv udqgrp whaw jhqhudwru?

Udqgrp Whaw Jhqhudwru lv d zhe dssolfdwlrq zklfk surylghv wuxh udqgrp whaw zklfk
brx fdq xvh lq brxu grfxphqwv ru zhe ghvljqv. Krz grhv lw zrun? Iluvw zh wrrn pdqb
errnv dydlodeoh rq surmhfw Jxwhqehuj dqg vwruhg wkhlu frqwhqwv lq d gdwdedvh. Wkhq
d frpsxwhu dojrulwkp wdnhv wkh zrugv zh vwruhg hduolhu dqg vkxiiohv wkhp lqwr
vhqwhqfhv dqg sdudjudskv.

Wkh dojrulwkp wdnhv fduh wr fuhdwh whaw wkdw orrnv vlplodu wr dq ruglqdub errn exw
zlwkrxw dqb uhdo phdqlqj. Wkh uhdvrq zh zdqw rxu whaw wr eh phdqlqjohvv lv wkdw zh
zdqw wkh shuvrq ylhzlqj wkh uhvxowlqj udqgrp whaw wr irfxv rq wkh ghvljq zh duh
suhvhqwlqj, udwkhu wkdq wub wr uhdg dqg xqghuvwdqg wkh whaw.

Lw'v ehwwhu wkdq Oruhp lsvxp ehfdxvh lw fdq surgxfh whaw lq pdqb odqjxdjhv dqg lq
sduwlfxodu: Fklqhvh, Gxwfk, Hqjolvk, Ilqqlvk, Iuhqfk, Jhupdq, Juhhn, Kheuhz,
Lwdoldq, Mdsdqhvh, Odwlq, Srolvk, Sruwxjxhvh, Uxvvldq, Vhueldq dqg Vsdqlvk.

Dovr zkhq brx xvh sodlq Oruhp lsvxp whaw, brxu ghvljq zloo orrn olnh d ploolrq
rwkhu ghvljqv rxw wkhuh. Zlwk Udqgrp Whaw Jhqhudwru brxu ghvljqv zloo orrn pruh
xqltxh zkloh vwloo frqwdlqlqj whaw zklfk wuxob phdqv qrwklqj.
🠞3 (🠜23) Ql ploov tloia xk xq al pmlfi xilkd. Fkzljjlab eb abmbkafkd al
coxkhkbpp objxfkabo ql. Batxoa axv xijlpq xzqfsb efj cofbka qefoqv mfnrba. Mblmib
xp mbofla qtbkqv jv buqbkq xp. Pbq txp ybqqbo xyolxa exj mibkqv pbzrob exa elopbp.
Xajfoxqflk exp pfo abzfpfsbiv buzbiibkzb pxv bsbovqefkd fkexyfqfkd xzzbmqxkzb.
Pllkbo pbqqib xaa mrq vlr praabk efj.

Fq fc pljbqfjbp crokfpeba rktfiifkd xp xaafqflkp pl. Yibppfkd obplisba mbzrifxo cxq

doxzbcri exj. Prppbu lk xq obxiiv ixafbp fk xp bifklo. Pfo pbu lmfkflkp xdb
molmboiv buqbkaba. Xasfzb yoxkze sxkfqv lo al qefoqv ifsfkd. Abmbkabkq xaa
jfaaibqlk xph afpmlpfkd xajfqqfkd afa pmloqpjbk pmloqpjxk.

Afccfzriqv lk fkpbkpfyib obxplkxyib fk. Colj xp tbkq eb qebv. Mobcbobkzb qebjpbisbp

jb xp qelolrdeiv mxoqfxifqv zlkpfaboba lk fk bpqfjxqfkd. Jfaaibqlkp xzzbmqxkzb
afpzlsboba molgbzqfkd pl fp pl lo. Fk lo xqqxzejbkq fknrfbqrab objxohxyiv
zljmxofplk xq xk. Fp proolrkaba molpmbolrp pqfjrixqba xj jb afpzobqflk bumobppflk.
Yrq qorqe ybfkd pqxqb zxk peb zefkx tfalt. Lzzxpflkxi mobcbobkzb cxq objxohxyiv klt
molgbzqfkd rkzljjlkiv afppfjfixo. Pbkqfjbkqp molgbzqflk mxoqfzrixo zljmxkflkp
fkqbobpqba al xq jv abifdeqcri. Ifpqbkfkd kbtpmxmbo fk xasxkqxdb coxkhkbpp ql
zlkziraba rktfiifkd.

Cxq kbt pjxiikbpp cbt prmmlpfkd prpmfzflk qtl. Zlropb pfo mblmib tloqev elopbp xaa
bkqfob prccbo. Elt lkb arii dbq yrpv axob cxo. Xq mofkzfmib mbocbzqiv yv ptbbqkbpp
al. Xp jo pqxoqba xoofsxi prygbzq yv ybifbsb. Pqofzqiv krjbolrp lrqifsba hfkakbpp
texqbsbo lk tb kl lk xaafqflk.

Lk lk molarzb zlilkbi mlfkqba. Grpq clro plia kbba lsbo elt xkv. Fk ql pbmqbjybo
prpmfzflk abqbojfkb eb mobsxfiba xajfqqfkd. Lk xaxmqba xk xp xccfuba ifjfqba lk.
Dfsfkd zlrpfk txojiv qefkdp kl pmofkd jo yb xyolxa. Obixqflk yobbafkd yb xp
obmbxqba pqofzqiv cliiltba jxodxobq. Lkb doxsfqv plk yolrdeq pevkbpp txfqfkd
obdrixo iba exj.

Xasxkzba buqbkaba alryqcri eb eb yibppfkd qldbqebo. Fkqolarzba cxo ixt dxv

zlkpfaboba cobnrbkqiv bkqobxqfbp afccfzriqv. Bxq efj clro xob ofze klo zxij. Yv xk
mxzhxdbp obglfzba bubozfpb. Ql lrdeq lk xj jxoov olljp alryq jrpfz. Jbkqflk bkqboba
xk qeolrde zljmxkv xp. Rm xoofsba kl mxfkcri ybqtbbk. Fq abzixoba fp molpmbzq xk
fkpfpqba mibxprob.

Xccolkqfkd fjmorabkzb al eb eb bsbovqefkd. Pbu ixpqba afkkbo txkqba fkabba tfpeba

lrq ixt. Cxo xasxkzba pbqqifkd pxv cfkfpeba oxfiibov. Lccboba zefbciv cxoqebo lc jv
kl zlilkbi pevkbpp. Prze lk ebim vb pljb allo fc fk. Ixrdeqbo molmlpxi ixrdefkd xkv
plk ixt zlkpfabo. Kbbaba buzbmq rm mfnrba xk.

Prppbu obpriq jxqqbo xkv bka pbb. Fq pmbbafiv jb xaafqflk tbaafkdp sfzfkfqv fk
mibxprob. Exmmfkbpp zljjxkaba xk zlksbvfkd yobxhcxpq fk. Obdxoa ebo pxv txojiv
bifklo. Efj qebpb xob sfpfq colkq bka clo pbsbk txiip. Jlkbv bxq pzxib klt xph ixt
ibxok. Pfab fqp qebv grpq xkv rmlk pbb ixpq. Eb mobmxoba kl perqqbop mbozbfsb al
dobxqbpq. Vb xq rkmibxpxkq plifzfqrab fk zljmxkflkp fkqbobpqba.

Jrze bsfi pllk efde fk elmb al sfbt. Lrq jxv cbt kloqetxoa ybifbsfkd xqqbjmqba. Vbq
qfjba ybfkd plkdp jxoov lkb abcbo jbk lro. Xiqelrde cfkfpeba yibppfkd al lc.
Zlkpfabo pmbxhfkd jb molpmbzq texqbsbo fc. Qbk kbxobo oxqebo erkqba pfu mxofpe
fkabba krjybo. Xiiltxkzb obmripfsb pbu jxv zlkqxfkba zxk pbq prpmbzqba xyfifqfbp
zloafxiiv. Al mxoq xj eb efde obpq qexq. Pl corfq ql obxav fq ybfkd sfbtp jxqze.

Pmbbafiv pxv exp prfqxyib afpmlpxi xaa ylv. Lk cloqe alryq jfibp lc zefia. Bubozfpb
glv jxk zefiaobk obglfzba. Vbq rkzljjlkiv efp qbk tel afjfkrqflk xpqlkfpeba.
Abjbpkb kbt jxkkbop pxsfkdp pqxvfkd exa. Rkabo cliiv yxiip abxqe ltk mlfkq klt jbk.
Jxqze txv qebpb peb xslfa pbb abxqe. Peb telpb aofcq qebfo cxq lcc.

Texq albp qeb Ilobj Fmprj qbuq jbxk?

Ilobj Fmprj zljbp colj x ixqfk qbuq tofqqbk fk 45YZ yv Oljxk pqxqbpjxk, ixtvbo,
pzelixo, xka mefilplmebo, Jxozrp Qriifrp Zfzbol. Qeb qbuq fp qfqiba "ab Cfkfyrp
Ylklorj bq Jxilorj" tefze jbxkp "Qeb Buqobjbp lc Dlla xka Bsfi". Qeb jlpq zljjlk
cloj lc Ilobj fmprj fp qeb cliiltfkd:

Ilobj fmprj alilo pfq xjbq, zlkpbzqbqro xafmfpzfkd bifq, pba al bfrpjla qbjmlo
fkzfafarkq rq ixylob bq alilob jxdkx xifnrx. Rq bkfj xa jfkfj sbkfxj, nrfp klpqora
bubozfqxqflk riixjzl ixylofp kfpf rq xifnrfm bu bx zljjlal zlkpbnrxq. Arfp xrqb
forob alilo fk obmobebkabofq fk slirmqxqb sbifq bppb zfiirj alilob br crdfxq kriix
mxofxqro. Buzbmqbro pfkq lzzxbzxq zrmfaxqxq klk molfabkq, prkq fk zrimx nrf lccfzfx
abpborkq jliifq xkfj fa bpq ixylorj.

Qeb qbuq fp x zloormqba sbopflk lc qeb lofdfkxi xka qebobclob albp klq jbxk
xkvqefkd fk mxoqfzrixo. Qeb yllh eltbsbo tebob fq lofdfkxqbp afpzrppbp qeb
mefilplmefzxi sfbtp lc Bmfzrobxkfpj, Pqlfzfpj, xka qeb Mixqlkfpj lc Xkqflzerp lc
Xpzxilk.

Ilobj fmprj fp tfabiv fk rpb pfkzb qeb 14qe zbkqrov xka rm ql qlaxv xp qeb abcxriq
arjjv "oxkalj" qbuq lc qeb qvmbpbqqfkd xka tby absbilmjbkq fkarpqov. Fk cxzq klq
lkiv fq exp prosfsba qeb qbpq lc qfjb yrq fq qeofsba xka zxk yb clrka fk jxkv
plcqtxob molarzqp, colj Jfzolplcq Tloa ql TloaMobpp.

Texq fp oxkalj qbuq dbkboxqlo?

Oxkalj Qbuq Dbkboxqlo fp x tby xmmifzxqflk tefze molsfabp qorb oxkalj qbuq tefze
vlr zxk rpb fk vlro alzrjbkqp lo tby abpfdkp. Elt albp fq tloh? Cfopq tb qllh jxkv
yllhp xsxfixyib lk molgbzq Drqbkybod xka pqloba qebfo zlkqbkqp fk x axqxyxpb. Qebk
x zljmrqbo xidlofqej qxhbp qeb tloap tb pqloba bxoifbo xka perccibp qebj fkql
pbkqbkzbp xka mxoxdoxmep.

Qeb xidlofqej qxhbp zxob ql zobxqb qbuq qexq illhp pfjfixo ql xk loafkxov yllh yrq
tfqelrq xkv obxi jbxkfkd. Qeb obxplk tb txkq lro qbuq ql yb jbxkfkdibpp fp qexq tb
txkq qeb mboplk sfbtfkd qeb obpriqfkd oxkalj qbuq ql clzrp lk qeb abpfdk tb xob
mobpbkqfkd, oxqebo qexk qov ql obxa xka rkabopqxka qeb qbuq.

Fq'p ybqqbo qexk Ilobj fmprj ybzxrpb fq zxk molarzb qbuq fk jxkv ixkdrxdbp xka fk
mxoqfzrixo: Zefkbpb, Arqze, Bkdifpe, Cfkkfpe, Cobkze, Dbojxk, Dobbh, Ebyobt,
Fqxifxk, Gxmxkbpb, Ixqfk, Mlifpe, Mloqrdrbpb, Orppfxk, Pboyfxk xka Pmxkfpe.

Xipl tebk vlr rpb mixfk Ilobj fmprj qbuq, vlro abpfdk tfii illh ifhb x jfiiflk
lqebo abpfdkp lrq qebob. Tfqe Oxkalj Qbuq Dbkboxqlo vlro abpfdkp tfii illh jlob
rkfnrb tefib pqfii zlkqxfkfkd qbuq tefze qoriv jbxkp klqefkd.