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    Dickinson and Suczek 1979

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    ‘oe Ames Aneaaton of elm Gelb Baa, ¥.6, No 12 (Decmber 17, 264218, 7 Fs Tag Plate Tectonics and Sandstone Compositions’ WILLIAM R. DICKINSON? and CHRISTOPHER A. SUCZEK Abstract Detital framework modes of sandstone suiles trom ciferent kinds of basins area function of Brovenance types governed by plata tectonics, Quart ‘0\sands trom continental efatons. are widespread ‘within interior basins, platform successions, miogoodl- al wedges, and opening oogan basing Arkosie sands {rom upitied basement Stocks are present local iar {rough and in wrench basins related to transiorm fup- lures. Voleaniciastc hic sands and moro compl voleano-plutonic sands served from magmatic ares are present in trenches, foroae bachs, and marginal Seas. Recycled orogenic sands. rch In quartz or chert Blue otter lic tragments and derived trom subdue tion complexes, calision orogens, and foreland uplts, are present in closing ocean basis, averse successor Basins, and’ foreand basins. Tranguar ‘dagrarns showing framework proportions of quartz, the 10 aks Spars, potyerystaline quartzose Mes, Ithes of volcan and secimentary parentag {uly detnguish the key roveance, ype. lato ‘between provenance and basin are Important tor hy- ‘rocarbon exploration because sand frameworks of piasing eri conposton etpard ater fo lagenesis, and thus depay ferent wands of porosty eduction with depth of bua INTRODUCTION Sandstone compositions are influenced by the character of the sedimentary provenance, the n3- ture of the sedimentary processes within the de- Positional basin, and the kind of dispersal paths that link provenance to basin. The Key relations between provenance and basin are governed by plate tectonics, which thus ultimately controls the distribution of different types of sandstones. Data for modern marine and terrestrial sands from known tectonic settings provide standards to evaluate the effect of tectonic setting on sand- stone composition. By direct analogy with such modern sands and by inference for older sand- ‘Mone suites, broad categories of sandstone can be correlated with specific types of source terranes and basins associated with diverse plate tectonic regimes. Crook (1974) and Schwab (1975) have shown previously that quart-rich rocks are asto- ciated typically with passive continental margins, that quartz-poor rocks are mostly of voleanogenic derivation ftom magmatic island ares, and. that rocks of intermediate quartz content are associat- ed mainly with active continental margins or other orogenic belts. Our conclusions here are ex- tensions and amplifications of theic views (see also Krynine, 1948), FRAMEWORK MODES, AAs the character and amount of intrsitil ex- sent and max are largely a function of dagen: sis provenance studies focus on proportions of dewital famework grains (Dickinson 1970). For comparative analyst of sandstone suites, varied framework modes must be east in commoa terms that reflect Key factors of sand genesis (Table 1 For this study, we recalelated all modal sompa: sitions as volumetric proportions of te follow, categories of grains (Graham etal, 1976): (I) ste ble quartose grains, Q including both monoeeye. talline quart grains, Qm, and polyerjtaling parton ii Hagman, Qp wh a het hert grains; Q) monocrystalline feldspar grainy F, indding plagioclase, P, and K-clapars and G) unstable polyerystalline lithe fragments, [of two kinds: (4) Ly, voleani and metavolcan. i€ types, and () Ls, sedimentary and mets mentary types. The total lithe fgment, Lt then qual the sum of unstable lithic fragments, Ls plus Stable quartzose lithic fragments, Gp. Extaneous Consitents, such as heavy minerals and calcare- fous grains, are disregarded inthis scheme copyigh 1978. The American Asociation of Perleum (tologat Al rah reseed, ‘AAPG grant persion for asinge photocopy of hs aie (ar research purpons. Other photocopeng not allowed By the 1318 Copyright Law in prohibited. Far mere than on pete ‘apy of ths aril, wer should send requ ark oe {ifeation number (eee below), and $3.00 per copy 10 {Copyriht CesranceCxner Ine, Ove Park Aver New Yar, NV ome Manuscript received, December 27,1978; accepted, se 15 2Deparnent of Geoscience, Univers of Arizona, Tason, anuome 8571 SGuciogy Deparment, Westen Washinglon Unive. ating, Wehingion 8025 ‘Resuch wis mppored by the Earth Scenes Secon non! setce Foendaion NSF Grant DES T1658 a Sanlord Uveriy, Wet ok John Deter fr bp = {hr elena Table Arie Ienaietion Number os 79/ 8012-90800 2164 (30d 1x20 uo panna.) wieweemen ae 8 8 ew § gieilire ae + 9 6 0 9 We g 9 1 we 5 5 wt 8 2 bo te tot or 3 a a 5 tar totem lod to wot tae ea SG loon 9, fats tt z joameimneg tk 66 = —- 0 tw Tb z Wweresgyermed GG 8 ee wt 2 Wer wmopuiminny <6 1 6 kw = sete pervert wk eae ee eee So ee (s) spurs wioporypuv souoispans Jo suns par29}§ Jo Sapo}, POONER UAW “TARY, Perro William R. Dickinson and Christopher A. Suczek + 2168» (80d 1x20 wo pomasuoy) e461 109 ‘West ‘seD pur erm, O~ sp si Zz 8 O $9 of Ss $9 Of § ‘oF £9 OF Oo oo~o~ me Ke 6 m KK 5 e € om 8 t 6 9 6 © £ 6 we Lo sey 3¥pry uennayy ‘DUS8ON UBC ENV $C CEL ‘SHOR PURO OL ye «ts Oh TOL St oat Ost Oka sag undeg puv ouidditug aoa TOOLS ULERY Lz Set ‘woqea 1) 66 ZT 66 0 OF Ot ts te ge ououry enueo “eewarens “spurs uouans sMqURa|OA y'9¢ soumuauoig a1¥ poisaepan 3) SAONVNAAOWE DV OLLVROW, IL CC a a a a a ‘st sosrsog a1 tz 09 -- —~ — 4 ss 1 mf 19 89 We UGL‘tomoH pursuoMer] yz LZ Gy CIE GL OOS Oh Ohh 80D HOYT) ‘snoooea19 3908 UMUMES “Ez Giol PIOMPH IZ OF GE OF oF WL 9 6 9S se st sesumy arose eus0s¢ ‘ouatloayeg sau Zaug rites zz SSK IedwexopMA zB OF —— ——.-- 9 uw Le £ wu Of Soduey ossoasunsg mero) ‘ouafoayng 28ury 29uK HUES “Tg sughwmmy 0c ZS —- —~ = 9 66 ss $s 6 95 9 8a 190 0 fest vom tres SET ote sts oe ss ue ok <6 SEMI sueXePNA IZ Of Gy — -- —— § ty sh L ty » b oa fic he ee See ee eee a Tg a Te) | su pee Be ‘woueuoy AuoUNey uELaUED “91 se0u933)94 X ¢ 9 1 4 OM 4-H 1 4 ON nS onunwoo *t 198, Plate Tectonics and Sandstone Composition (80d 1x21 wo pamuuaa) a a a a a | 9% rustdemomng 8 ty SPS OF Oe OO oof 9% sp £L61 ‘240094 pur OHH, wm ow sf 6 9 wm Sh ee Oe Om OF ‘ouotoon uP UOEE yb Gust non sz RE LE OS OY OL «Kos Gt Ossett oanayy oexEQ SPU Woven poussout| SONVNIAOWd OMY GALDASSI “C U6I‘woruG LT gs TOLLE eT oo a om ee oF oe kL os a Ot OM TG ‘WORK puBUORIG =< TS Sh 6 OR LOS OM OM CSS Ow OC Cc a a a ta a a a a A ca wus aeworey 91) SE LE EOE TOTS TCS. T961‘owrpaHe] Ofte 6 TH o~ 6s 6s sx oF Et uw ns 8 89H w of 8 & 6 IS @ oe Gust 'wuruA puEAO| —G§ «IS Oh TES TSS EOE Po sn uoasseg ouonstoe, O 6 LO OOl~o~ 9 we £ HC OO sore) amos mow 30 yun oxoagea sod. “ee pur'siod oO 68 TI oF 696 OO LO Ok OL eC “08 °ZN ‘punIUINOS ‘spoq tury WON AL Te GiGI'W oud < sé fF 66 to me Ot Oe ee 6 ‘wo¥Si9 jeneo“sjun orestnf appEIMOT “Te seo233]2y x 40 1 4 ® 1 4 1 «ON sons, ponunueg “rage F William R. Dickinson and Christopher A. Suczek 2168 (0d ou wo pomunue) £461 2109 ‘BLoL‘sioD puEvosKuIeL 9 sz OL iz LS OL St $k OkCSh OL WEUINA SHODDELAI DIN “65 saumuar0tg ¥eiduieg wonanpang “a STONVNGAOWd NIDONO GATOAITA “HL Soot BI BE yh SS Sho 9 OO pune man ‘nos deateyuieernpuniiog “aS West ‘wowmpT LI ve Ge Ly LE OOOO Ese ‘na wiaisea fog ze “Ls LUGL"THOHDL FT Oy OF IE 68 OO te Th eee Oates aus mE ‘ouenat meu snosaei) “95 str puewomIT ¢ «G9 TYE ZY GTEC hCE_— EQ UisoN cousnbey ‘ata 28519 oN3ejonad dopo7 snoaseiaig Janey °s§ £61 ‘wort pu uosuryDIg 61 '9E6I wosUL IZ GE OF ST Lk Cet cee ‘mupiog pur x09 sn0=SH2I-PIN “ys 261 ‘wory pur vost, ‘RLET ‘SLOT ‘HoseR pL BE By 9 LD LTE OOF CE BLOM SET unOgHRD“ZaNeA ommourtioeg «s Be6r ust HORI ZL ty Oh SS GE OOH E este 1 2461 ‘wor pue uoRUTpIG *8L6T ‘Suet ‘nomsiyy oc ey OF SDS Ok OTe GEST ote oes Aoi. 3819 ‘sapejoniad osu soa Is £161 2109 SRi61‘eI°D HE UOsAUUDL Er EHS GE OF FS O~ 1h es 9 Es 9 $e os Lut rH, 9T ve OS HE tL Om OF ce ce 9 Ze ze Ot or mw o wt mw wt tw oF 6x se oe st ae ay Ce a a a a a a a a? se0u930)94 % 4) 1 4 OM Mm 4 wm T 4 dN sang, (ated 1x21 wo pomayueg) se De phe ae ed ‘uontaiog oodmng see “FL suot‘omongporsouopey <1 6 ow 98 SOO tO een fea manveerceretenins “th Se ae ee eae ROTE ZL aourenon dn poe “9 5 6 9 eo oo ee we Ow ot axa sng se ; ean oe eee eT g ti mee hoe Tana sen, : aoeeeere oe 5 ee a ee ee a) ‘so urnon compere, 8 7 1b 6 ee OE we Ow s 89 3 ee ee ee) : 9 é bot © Om 9 ow 9 oe 3 3 Pi eh oe he we Fe oe 3 z Pi ga ff gh bok hs 3 5 hie bo ee Soh eb noe 3 soe msomneaoe “C9 = ‘ ae eee 2 srtmmunsposowey ¢ oc oe oy mk ok we Ls 2 » 2 us Soe om me we ws a om = 1 ‘nuet'vonyeapermuned —— —— —~ wp we wr ce 6 8 1 6 Ht oF som sa gon eel ea a et atea sou , aM Ta OM aw 1g 0 N ins pee William R. Dickinson and Christopher A. Suczek 2170 e612 wHOIMG Ea a tee! eg ge ree! eee age uenpenddy ‘aseyou! et ELD Gh ees ty lee) ese eG jeey set to eh eat 8 Bea a We BEM te Ve gele gr si pee ummaysoqry tozoaqeg addr, “98 ba oe hepato we sito oF lbs purug nos pimyouak] snouauogsey ‘ape aor °s8 a i a a e werd 4 G6 EO Lek kB e a en a 2 esr Gk kT 18 L96twornn 0 0 Oe OOS ECO “08 a 6 tot ow 8 me 9 CE of 8 OF a 0~ 0 oor IF fy ¢9 o~ Le f€ oO 9 91 ub z 8 06 O89 Oo 9 9 9 wm 9 ws 99 ‘ 1 saou212)>y x ¢% 1 9 % 4 4 mH 1 4 ON suns enunuog “1 ae, a oan, Tectonics and Sandstone Composition air Mee ats F F ut CUMENTAL, LQOK PROVENANEES SEB, remo MEIER MAGMETE ARC PROVENANCES AECYCLED OROGEN PROVENANCES FIG, 1—Tiangular OF. plot showing mesa trame- ork modes fr selced sandstone suits Geved fom test ee rove te) eat pyar Gy tadest Fe al al are monocyaling); sot unstable Eegmeti al we pobeyetalin To display the data, we use four complementa- xy triangular diagrams (Figs. 1-4), each of which involves a different set of grain populations. The QFL and QmFLt plots Figs. 1, 2) both show full grain populations, but with different emphasis: (@) where all quartzose grains are plotted together (QFL), the emphasis is on grain stability, and thus on weathering, relief, and trans- port mechanism as well as source rock: (b) where all lithic fragments are plotted together (QmFL1), the emphasis is shifted toward the grain size of the source rocks, because finer grained rocks yield more lithic fragments in the sand-size The OpLeLs and GaPK plots (rig 3, 2) show ‘only partial grain populations, but reveal the character of the polycrystalline and monocrystal- line components of the framework, respectively Each of the four plots serves to discriminate critically between certain pairs of provenance and basin types. FIG. 2—Triangular QmFL plot showing mean frame- work modes for selected sandstone suites derived from different types of provenances (data from Table I): Om jis monocrystalline quartz grains; F is total feldspar grains (all are monoerysaline); Lis total polyerystal- line lithic fragments, including stable quartzose Qp as wel ab unstable Z varieties, SANDSTONE POROSITY ‘The pecformance of sandstone reservoirs for hydrocarbons depends mainly upon the fextre of the aggregate of Framework grains, and not upon thei componion. Moreover, the inital porosity ofsund deponts is contrlled primarily by the 5- fire of the sedimentary powers active ducing CSapenl and sedimentaGon. Ths, the mode snd GGntance of transport and the local depontonsl environment influence initial porosiy much more than docs the nature ofthe’ provenance or the tectonic setting of the depontonal basin. Conse- fesnly, detibl trameworta of widely varying ompositon canbe depot as segregates hav ing ute similar gran tapes, derees of sorting, ti inital porosties However, rmeworks of contrasting compos tions behave quite ifleenly during dagen and display various ries of poronty reduction +2172 ‘SonTiMeNras William R. Dickinson and Christopher A. Suczek renee SPER marsmow. BENELER FIG. 3—Triangular Ops plot showing mean propor- tions of polycrystalline hihic frigments for sclected sandstone suites derived from different types of prove ‘ances (data from Table 1): Op is polyerysaline (quartzoxe grains, mainly chert; Lr is total voleanie-me- tavoleanic rock fragments; Ls unstable sediment metasedimentary rock fragments a with depth of bua. Being chemically more reac: tive than quar, feldspar pains and nonguat 2ose lie Fragments readily undergo mineral titration and experience enhanced intastaal Solution at comparatively shallow depths. These effect tend to promatecemeatation or growth of futhigenic matic that inhibits retention of poroy iy dig propnsve bul. non, ic fragments tend more realy to be deformed or rushed by increasing overbirden. This effect ac- Stlerates the reduction of sandstone porosity by Simple compaction a the depth of buf inczeat- “The diagenetic behavior ofa particular sand- stone dus sve burial fs specie Te Sponse toa complex set of boundary conditions Forcumple the ate of erbedded sas he local geothermal gradient, the rate of Busia, the chemistry of pore fluids, and the hydrodynamic Selig of the ratigaphic horizon ia question all FIG, 4 Teangular QmPX plo showing mein propor ar of mouteyring heal grt for te fandstone titer derived from diferent provenances (Gite from Table 1s Qo gaat genes Ps page Stee feldspar grains; K's Keldsper grains. ein ii te cannot be predicted Tora given asa trom a Serene arene at Sa eee aeee see Miers at Skample, the rate of redueton in bulk por eee ee emia Taras anor eeminca os Pan arama Tes faced ek oni Sandstone, the comparable gure is commonly Sateen Sines per yale ior payee a ae ie alae Saas agate gee tar Plate Tectonics and Sandstone Composition reduction is apparently conditioned strongly by the contrasting responses of the different types of detrital frameworks. Using the data cited, reduc- tion of porosity from an initial value of 35 to 40% toa final value of 10 to 15% could be expected at depths of burial of about 6 to 7 km or more for aquartz-rich sands, perhaps 5 km for feldspar-rich Sekosic sands, and only 2to 4 kam or less for lith- je-rich sands. Systematic relations between framework modes and provenance types as related to the tectonic Settings of sedimentary basins are thus potentially significant for the evaluation of fronter regions in exploration. The correlations that we soggest here can be used either to infer the nature of the provenance and the tectonic seting of a basin from a reconnaissance of detrital modes for rep- resentative sandstones, or to predict the probable nature of sandstone frameworks from an under- Standing of the overall tectonic setting. In gener- al, evolving porosities of potential sandstone res- ervoirs depend as much diagenetic processes controlled largely by framework com. position as upon the original depositional textures of unconsolidated parent sands. [PROVENANCE TYPES ‘The detritus in most sandstones ean be as- cribed to sources within a restricted catalog of provenance types. In each example, several types Of basins may commonly receive sediment from a particular type of provenance. Table 1 and Fig- bres 1 to 4 are thus both arranged to place prime emphasis on provenance, but typical relations be- tween provenance and associated basins are high- lighted in the following discussion ‘We classify all provenances and derivative sandstone suites info three general groups: (I) continental block, for which sediment sources are fon shields and platforms or in faulted basement blocks; (2) magmatic ate, for which the sources ‘are within active ate orogens of iland ares or ac- tive continental margins; and (3) recycled oro forwhich sources are deformed and uplifted sta: tal sequences in subduction zones, along collision ‘orogens, or within foreland fold-thrust belts. We futher subdivide each of these broad categories fo several variants. In certain cases, we also in- dicate the nature of common kinds of transitional sandstone suites that form compositional bridges between the Key variants. However, no scheme with the scope that we attempt here can allow for every special cizeumstance of sediment origin and dispersal (eg, van Andel, 1958) In rare cases local vagaries of geologie history can mix sedi ment drawn from any arbitrary combination of source rocks. We believe, nevertheless, that our Scheme Serves a valid practical eatalog of the 2173, ordinarily dominant combinations. We do not treat here the variance introduced by local differ- ences in climate or depositional environment, but neither seems to alter the gross outlines of the data assembled in Table 1 and Figures 1 to 4 The discussion that follows is Keyed by leters and numerals to the compilations of Table 1 and Figures | to 4. We treat here only those sutes for Wwiich available modal data allow accurate ealeu- Tation ofall or most ofthe selected grain paramc ters. Rocks containing more than 25% of matix or cement have been excluded from consider ation. Within each of the provenance variants, ine inal, suites are listed from youngest to old. est, We have not included Precambrian suite be- aise of uncertainty that plate tectonies of Pha erozpic style ean be applied to. Precambri terranes. Others may wish to compare modal data for Precambrian suites with our Phanerozoic data set. We have also excluded suites of hybrid sand- stones that contain a significant proportion of (Gitta id pang eter of canto extrabasinal origin. Ths deliberate omission is an inherent limitation of our data set, but avoids questionable interpretations. Such hybrid suites fave ben sued too Het supprt frm eon "We have tabulated and posted mean values of selected grain parameters for 88 sand and sand- Stone sutes. Altogether, the data represent thou- Sands of separate point counts performed. by scores of operators. However, individual sets of ‘means were calculated from fewer than $ to more than 500 counts. Because sampling procedures land counting routines were different forthe vari= ‘us suites, we have not calculated standard devia tions for the means cited her. In general exper- nce, however, the counting errors (Van der Pas land Tobi, 1965) for the grain parameters selected are probably less than 5% of the whole rock for individual counts, Standard deviations of means for multiple samples are commonly $to 10% but rarely 10/0 15% of whole rock, Fields delineated by clusters of points in Figure 1 must be inter- preted with allowance for appropriate halos of ‘Variance about each ploted point. Comparative ‘data in one example (Suites 21,22), where metho dologies of the respective operators contrasted strongly, may well represent the lints of dscrep- ancy 10 be expected inthe data presented. ‘CONTINENTAL BLOCK PROVENANCES, Detritus from nonorogenic continental blocks {forms spectrum of sané types derived from the broad positive areas of stable eratons at one ex: treme and from locally uplifted, commonly fault. ‘bounded basement blocks at the other extreme ig. 5. 2174, William R. Dickinson and Christopher A. Suczek RIFTEO MARGIN. 5 FORELAND SEDIMENT SSogeeeing BASIN, “eugeocline" PRISM PLATFORM SUCCESSIONS LICR OCISEING BESTS ISIR GS OROGEN Oceanic ‘cRUST CONTINENTAL CRUST meted | sao ~oOaralS continenran }!2<0 07 "87 MARGIN SIOISZ SON |. MARGINAL OFFSET, Oceanic SPREADING TRANSFORM, aoe FAULT CONTINENTAL. BLOCK Sediment INTRACONTINENTAL CONTINENTAL MARGIN wRENcH TecTontism | 'NCIPIENT RIFT TROUGH TRANCE ORM overeu, FIG. $—Diagram showing key continental block provenances and selected types of associated basins, Craton {nistior provenance shows in pln (center) and profile (top) view contributes sediment to adjaceat fed margin sesimeat prism along passive continental margin (ef), local platform successions within continental blogs, od to cratona flank of foreland basin (right) beside orogenic belt Uplifted basement provenances otoa) cxnbone Sediment to local basins associated with incipient rupture or wrench deformation of continental Dock at act, BUF, and CC. Plate Tectonics and Sandstone Composition ‘A. Craton Interior Provenance Sands derived from exposed shield areas and recycled from associated platform successions ac~ cumulate upon the platforms themselves, along rifted continental margins in shelf, slope, and rise environments, and_also upon the ophiolite se- quences of adjacent opening ocean basins. Typ- cal quartzose sands containing minor feldspar are present within miogeoclinal wedges (9-11) at con- finental margins and on abyssal plains (1, 2) of, the seafldor. High quartz contents and high ratios of K-feldspar to plagioclase reflect intense weath- tring on eratons with low relief and prolonged ‘wansport across continental surfaces having low gradients. Essentially pure quartz sands or ortho- juartziles represent especially mature detritus at may accumulate in eugeosyacinal oceanic settings (1) as well as within platform successions G, 6, 8) or interior basins (4,5) of the continental blocks (eg., Ketner, 1966). ‘Suites transitional between craton interior and uplifted basement suites (Table 1) were derived ‘either from positive features along marginal off se18 at transform segments (16, 17) or at other structural discontinuities (12-14) breaking. the trend of rifted continental margins, or from local sources along the eratonal flank of complex fore- land basins (15). Uplited Basement Provenance Sands shed from fault-bounded uplifts of conti- nental basement rocks accumulate mainly in rearby yoked basins without much transport, Key tclonic settings include incipient nit belts @5), transform ruptures of continental blocks (1823), and zones of wrench tectonism within ‘continental interiors (24) High relief and rapid ‘erosion of the uplifted sources give rise typically to quartzo-fldspathic sands (18,20, 24) of classic arkosic character. More lithic sands (19, 23, 25) reflect partial derivation from sedimentary cover or metamorphic envelopes that partly mask or shield basement gneisses and granites. Some list ed suites (19-23) were derived chiefly from the lutonie belts of are orogens (see the following) {hat had only recently been consolidated atthe time of bulk uplift and erosion. MAGMATIC ARC PROVENANCES. Detritus eroded from are orogens (Fig. 6 forms a specrum of and types including biherich vol atcastc debris at one exteme tnd more qua- fovteldspathic detritus of largely ponte origin the other extreme: The range of modern sans Diesent in the Cascadia basin on the Juan de Fics pate west of the Cascades voleanie cain Gislajs the variability of arc-derved. deus o175 well (Duncan and Kulm, 1970, Fig. 3). We here divide are-derived suites into those eroded from undissected ares, in which nearly continuous vol ‘anic cover is presen, and those from dissected ‘ares, in which cogenetic plutons are widely ex- posed from erosional unsoofing. For suites Wansi tional between the two (Table 1), local or inter- riltent exposure of such plutons is inferred. Suites richest in plutonic detitus are also transi tional to those from uplifted basement prove- nances (See foregoing). The uplifted subduction complexes that parallel magmatic arcs near the sone ences ate weed hee ab «prt. lar type of recycled orogen provenance (see fol lowing) In some places, however, detritus derived from & magmatic arc may become mingled in the foreare region with debris from the associated subduction complex (Fig. 6) FIG. 6 Diagram showing sediment dispersal (dashed arrows) from active magmatic are orogen in which arc ‘massif may be capped by undisectedvoleanie cover, oF ‘may include exposures of dissected platonie and meta- ‘morphic rocks parly masked by scattered voleanic cov- (ee text for discussion). . Undiswcted Are Provenance Largely volcaniclastic debris is shed from vol- ccanogenic highlands along active island arcs and fon some continental margins where are voleanie chains have undergone only limited erosion. Sites of deposition include trenches (26, 29) and fore- arc basins (30-33) on the frontal side of the arc, ‘marginal seas (27) behind the are, and local ba- sins (28) within the voleanic bet. Plagioclase feld- spar grains and voleanic lithe fragments, many of which contain plagioclase phenocrysts, are the characteristic constituents of such are-derived sands, Any minor quartz present is mainly of the clear voleanie variety lacking vacuoles or promi- ‘ent inclusions Some associated sands not repre sented in the table show strong concentration of plagioclase grains relative 10 lithic fragments from intense reworking of the volcaniclasic de- bis. Suites listed as transitional between undissect- ed and dissected are provenances (Table 1) also include examples from trench (39), forearc (36, 40-42, intra-are (34, 38), and backare (35,37) de 2176 tional stings. In each example, minor ad- fixtures of plutonic detritus are demennniie even though the main sources were sl volcan Contributions from the subvoleanic roots of thc are massifs are reflected in higher Contes of aquartzose grins. Diese Are Provenance More mature and eroded magmatic arc, epe- cially thos along continental margins, shed Sees tus of mined plutonic and volesic origin ito oth forere (45.55) and backare (44) basin ‘Some ofthese sands reach tench settings 43a, 56-8), Sand compositions are complet but loss lithic than voleanclastic debris pica frame work modes plot ncr the middle of he QFT. dia Gig. 1) Both teléspars are commonly pres Satin staiicantpropettons, sad moor nee lth fragments are prominent in varying deprcns Common plutonic quartz with tains of ales 4nd inclusions far exceeds clea voleanie quarts, in abundance. Are volesnism commonly conte usin mature magmati acs even as dixcston ‘exposing olde pluton roots of thea terane to eronon. The voleaic cover and the bathing Core ofthe voleano-putonic arc orogen thus seme Joint and snahabeowly as sateen ee ‘This relation is best documented (Dickinson aad Rich 1972) forthe Great Valley sequence (31-59, deposited within a ate Mesozitefereare basin Calton (Dickinson and Seely, 1979). Sout ste rom other foreare basins (5, 48.30) ae of similar characer. Analogous sands ‘nay be taan, Ported into the wench (43) or beyond (47), and Htc incorporated into deformed. subdecton complexes (46, 56-58) by continued plate cons sumption, Because of controversy about the sede ment sources, however, we have omited modal data (6, Jacobson, 1978) forthe Franeican a, semblage, which isthe subduction complcr coe val wih the Great Valey sequence i Calfonin, {nd teat its provenance elsewhere RECYCLED OROGEN PROVENANCES ‘The key source rocks in several kinds of oro- ‘genic provenances are uplifted terranes of folded ‘nd faulted strata from which recycled detritus of sedimentary or metasedimentary origin is expe- sially prominent. We provisionally divide these ‘rogen provenances into subduetion comy of deformed oceanic sediments and lavas, coll sion orogens formed crustal sutures be- {ween once-separate continental blocks, and fore. land wplifts associated with foreland fold-thrust belts (Fig. 7). The latter develop either adjacent suture belts or between tic ares and re- troare basins located within continental blocks William R. Dickinson and Christopher A. Suczek behind the ares. Complex orogenic belts may in- clude all three kinds of provenance in subparallel linear belts which may jointly contribute mixed etritus to varied successor basins. Arc-derived detritus may also be incorporated into. such ‘mixed suites in ways detailed in the following. . Sbiacton Complex Provesace Tectonically plied. subduction “complexes composed. of deformed “ophiotiic and "one, ceani materials form stuetaral high slong the trench-slope break between the tench aut ard the volcanic chain within aresrench systems I some places this stuctral highs emergent sea folate sediment source slong the soled onc sedimentary are where varying proportions of enston, chert aril, praytacke und smne stone are exponed as Consists of mela 6 trast sheet and isons formed by dare, mation within the sobdveton zone: Selent doz tved from such wplited ‘cranes canbe ead either toward the ate into foreare basins 9,61) Or int the teach, whee i again becomes incor, porated into the uhction complet (8) 62) Tee Key signal of snd having suc desvaton a ng abundance of chert gran, which exceed com, bined quarts aad feldspar grain in ur eames bya factor of as much a to or tree, Howeres, all the subduction complexes ia our etamples a Composed mainly of chery, alli, and gees, Sone evidently drawn into subduction tong thet ‘ere starved for cla sediment. Presumably the Ghert signal would be more subdved for subd, tion complexes from which the sandy sompos ents of tenehil "oF abysa-paintubidcs tere reecled in quantity, Moreover, local ret Slces or protrusions ofsexpentinie orm speal soures of serpentine grain tandsones not foes Seated mong ur exe ‘Admixtres of debris from subduction com- pletes may be expected in sands shed from Both fre and collision orogens. Are-derived.detrs thats transported into or beyond the tench say ‘pslematcally acquire «chervuich componeat Grossing the structural high of the subduction omplex. This effect may explain the elevated Short chert conteat of ste magmatic ase pues (ea, 47, 57) deposed in the tench beyond ‘ti '-derived detritus from suture belts that oniain remnants of the intervening setloo it the form of opioliie melanges will ase system, atialy include a component of sand’ derived from Such residual subdvetion complenes, ¥. Colsion Orogen Provenances Orogens formed by crustal ealision are com- posed largely of nappes and thrust sheets of sedi. Plate Tectonics and Sandstone Composition 277 COLLISION FOLD-THRUST FORELAND —~Potentiol Gig River OROGEN Seaimen Dibpersol BRERA SS Sette ZS eKR Cer Boe Cushax esos VERSE AZ] BSA ZK SRE < Qa RUS Be Ps Ps vas \ i: 8 B5,.0 z Bz : Ms-SUTURE BELT Pan De KOQus see SERRE NDOEILGIS OSA + MAX SEDER NES [Ze Zul = River Transport aT Potential Big River Tronsear (So KY SSRIS Batti corvision ~ ~ XD Bs SCPERIPHERAL EEC Big River SUTURE BELT.) XA FORELAND, C2012 Terminus dN PAAZ RAN? PRLGASIN NCE! SBiotenostne eae = cman Ws \ HIGHLANDS | Rac REMNANT ISSR LI ee RI COC IN BRAND OCEAN BASIN

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