8 | LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE ad INTRODUCTION jn this chapter, we shall study the meaning of an equation and also that of a linear quation. We shall also discuss the meaning of the solution of a linear equation and two pethods of obtaining it. One by trial-and-error and another by a systematic method javolving addition, subtraction, multiplication or division of some non-zero number on poth sides of the equation. In the end of the chapter, we shall study formulation and axlution of equations for some real-life problems. 4.2 EQUATIONS Ia the earlier chapters, we have come across statements of the following type: i 9+5=14 (ii) 2x(B+ 7) =2x3+2x7 (iii) (4+.7)x3=4x3+7%3, ete. statements involve the ‘equals’ symbol ‘=’. Such a statement involving the all th -ymbol =’ is called a statement of equality or simply an equality. “equal Clearly, none of the above statements involves a literal (variable). Let us now consider the following statements: i) 3added to x is 8. i) 5 subtracted from a number y is 12. iii) 7 less than a number x is 4. iv) Five times a number p is 32. \v) Anumber x divided by 4 gives 3. vi) x multiplied by itself is 5 more than it. \vii) The sum of a number x and twice the number y is 15. viii) 4 less from thrice a number m is 14. (ix) The sum of the number x and its square is 20. We can re-write the above statements as follows: (i) x+3=8 Wi Ps5+x ii) x+2y =15 Vili) 8m—4=14 (ix) x4 20.Mathematics for 82 Classy —_ oment of equality, involv We observe that each one of the above statements is 8 tt" Teg equations as dep" or more literals (variables), Such statements of equality * Med below. Js (variables) more literals (variables) ig EQUATION A statement of equality which involves one 0” m0r® Calley an equation. Clearly, each of the equalities (i) to (ix) is an equation. Pari LHS.) and Bvery equation has two sides, namely, the left hand side (written 28 ind the righ hand side (written as R.H.S.) In the equation x +3 = 8, x +3 is LHS. and 8 is RS, whereas in the equation | fs : 4 LHS. and 3 is RH.S. In the equation x? =5 +32 is LHS. and 9 + 58 RLS. The lite numbers involved in an equation are called variables or unknowns. U'SVa'y ile Variables are denoted by letters from the later part of the English alphabet, ©.6:% 9» 7 by 1 ete, 2 oes ‘An equation may contain any number of variables. The equation eas x = 5 has only on variable whereas in equation 2x — 3y = 5 there are two variables x and’ y. 8.3 LINEAR EQUATIONS In the previous section, we have studied that an equation may involve any number of variables and the experiments or indices of the variables may be one or more than one, The nomenclature of the equations depends on the highest power of the variable(s) involved. LINEAR EQUATION An equation in which the highest power of the variables involved is 1, is called a linear equation. For example, equations 3r—7=5, 7 +5 =3, 8x -2y=Tand > 5 = 4 are linear equations. ‘The equations 2x” + x = 1, y +5 =y” and x’ = 8 are not linear equations, because the highest power of the variable in each equation is greater than one. In this chapter, we shall study linear equations in one variable only. ILLUSTRATION Write the L.H.S. and the R.HS. of each of the following equations: (i) x-3=5 (ii) 8x=15-2x ii) x= 21 (iv) 8x-4y= Solution — Equation LHS. RHS. (i) x-3 x3 3x 15-2x (iii) 3¢=21 8x 21 (iv) 8x—4y=9 +x Be—4y 8.3.1 SOLUTION OF AN EQUATION Consider the linear equation x-10=-7 @ LHS. of (i) is x — 10 and its R.H.S. is -7._equatonsin One Variable os w evaluate the L.H.S. and R.H.S. for some values of the variables x. pus 20 ” ct LHS. RHS. | 4 1=10=-9 a 2 7 az | 3 __3-10=~7 a | 15 the above table, we observe that the LH.S. equals the RLS. only when we fet ate 3 for x. For all other values of the two sides are not equal. In other words, the eration iS satisfied by x = 3. Such a value of the variable is called the solution of the aivfon as defined below. eq! g0LUTION A number, which when substituted for the variable in an equation, makes RES, is said to satisfy the equation and is called a solution or a root of the LHS. = quation. usTRATION1 —_ Verify that x = 3 is the solution of the equation 2x — 3=3. souton Putting x = 3 on L.HS., we have LHS. =2x3-3=6-3=3 And, R.H.S. =3 Thus, for x = 3, we have L.H.S.=R.H.S. Hence, x = 3 is the solution of the given equation. LLUSTRATION2 Verify that y = 9 is the solution of the equation z+ 5=8. Solution Putting y = 9 in L.H.S. of the given equation, we obtain LHS. S4523+5=8 And, R.H.S. = 8. ‘Thus, for y = 9, we have L.HLS. = R.H.S. Hence, y = 9 is the solution of the given equation. 84 SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS Ih the previous section, we have studied the meaning of the solution or root of an equation, Note that solving an equation means determining its roots. You will study in higher classes that a linear equation has only one root. Thus, solving a linear equation means finding its root. Inthis section, we shall study three methods of solving a linear equation: li) By trial-and-error method. (ii) Systematic method (iii) Transposition method. let us discuss these methods one by one. Maa TRIAL-AND-ERROR METHOD 'hthis method, we often make a guess of the root of the equation. We find the values of GHS.and RHS. of the given equation for different values of the variable. The value of Variable for which L.HLS. = R.ELS. is the root of the equation.84 ee a Oa Mathematics for Clas, y Following examples illustrate the above method. Example 1 Solution ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Solve the following equations by the trial-and-error met @ x+7=10 (ii) x-15=20 hod: (iii) 5x = 30 ae wi) 548-11 (iv) 3 =9 (vy) 8x44 =5x—-4 3 Let us eval HLS. of each of the given equations for values of a eae ee “ew values till the L.H.S. becomes equal the RES. =x+TandRHS.=19 (i) The given equation is x + 7 = 10. We have, LHS. [os LHS. RHS. isLHS.= 1 1+7=8 10 — No 2 | 2+7=9 10 No 3 ___3+7=10 10 : Yes “| Clearly, L.H.S. = R.HLS. for x =3. Hence, x = 3 is the solution of given equation. (ii) The given equation is x — 15 = 20, that is, 15 subtracted from x gives 20. So, we substitute values greater than 20. We have L.H.S. =x —15, RH. 20. RHS. | IsLHS.=RHS? BS |B lR is 8/8 [8 ]8 |= & ___35-15=20 Clearly, L-H.S. = R.H.S. for x = 35. Hence, x = 35 is the solution of the given equation. Gii) The given equation is 5x = 30. We have L.H.S. = 5x and R.HS. = 30. Now, RHS. | IsLHS.=RHS? 8/8/8/8/8 8 =z Clearly, LHS. Hence, x = 6 is the solution of the given equation,- SS ee = in One Variable os emuatonee rere 85 (iv) The given equation is == 9 that is, a number divided by 8 gives 9. This means that the number is a multiple of 8. We have, L.H.S Fi and RHS.=9. — RHS. IsLHS.=RHS? | id 9 No ao 9 No a 9 No | bad | 9 No | rc} L 9 Yes Clearly, L.H.S. = R.HLS. for x = 72. Hence, x = 72 is the solution of the given equation. (v) The given equation is 3x + 4 = 5x ~ 4. We have, LHS. = 3x + 4and RWS. = 5x—4. [ x LHS. IsLH.S.=R.H.S.? 1 3: No 2. | ¢ No 3 x: No 4 | 3x444=16 _ Yes Clearly, LHS. = RS. forx = 4. Hence, x = 4 is the solution of the given equation. (vi) ‘The given equation is a +8=11. We have, LHS. = 5 +8andR.HS.= 11. Since R.HLS. is a natural number. So, = must be a natural number. Thus, gE) we give values of x which are multiples of 3. __* LHS. RHS. IsLH.S.=RHS.? 3 Sse=0 W | No. Sia. 10 W No | 6 3t 8= , 9 . +8=11 W Yes 3 lL Thus, L.H.S.=R.HS. forx=9. Hence, x = 9 is the solution of the given equation.Mathematics for ¢ ass y 86 EXERCISE 8.1 1, Verify by substitution that: 3x=14 2 . rn oot of 5 + 3x (i) x= 4 is the root of 3x — 5 =7 (ii) x= Bis ther 3% ot of 2 i wy) x= 4is the ro ii) x= 2is the root of ax —2= 8x12 (iv) w= 4is then lia? i ox+7=11 y-5 (vi) x= Bis the root of 5x + (v) y =2is the root of y-3 . yd: 2. Solve each of the following equations by trial-and-error metho x ; iy) 2475 (i) x+8=12 © Gi) x-7=10 iii) 4v= 28 Gv) g+7=11 ' . 15 wy Ze W) @44=9x (yi) T=12 wii) = (wit) 75770 ANSWERS 2 w9 Gia ii) 7 Gv) 8 w4 (wi) 48 (i) 5 iii) 360 8.5 SYSTEMATIC METHOD We have learnt about the trial-and-error method of solving linear equations in on variable. As we have seen that this method is time consuming and is not always direct. In fact, it is a crude method. In the following discussion we shall study a better method solving linear equations. An equation can be compared with a weighing balance. The two sides of an equation ar two pans and the equality symbol ‘=’ tells us that the two pans are in balance as shown in Fig. 1 Equal weights are ut in both the pans LHS. RH, Fig.1 Fig.2 All of us are familiar with the working of a balance, If : + the tw . al e pans, we observe that the two pans remain in balance as shun etl are put in th If we remove equal weights from both the pans, we fj d . init balance as shown in Fig. 3. ind that the pans still remai!wa yet! equations in One Variable aw Equal weights aro removed irom both the pans Fig.3 since multiplying a number by 4 (say) means adding it four times and dividing a number W 3 means subtracting the same number 3 times from it. Thus, the pans will still remain undisturbed if we multiply or divide the weights in two pans by the same quantity. gnlary, in the case of an equation, we have the following rules: yulel We can add the same number to both sides of the equation, i.e., if x +5 =7, then xt5+2=74+2. ule? We can subtract the same number from both sides of the equation, i.e., ift+5=7, thenx+5-2=7-2. ule We can multiply both sides of the equation by the same non-zero number, ie, if 24, then = x6=4 x6, Also, = x3=4 x3. ip 4 then 5 x6=4 6. Also, 5 x9=4%3. ule We can divide both sides of the equation by the same non-zero number, i.e. if80= 10, then = 2 also, mo I 5 5 Following examples will illustrate the applications of the above rules in solving linear equations. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Type | EQUATIONS INVOLVING ADDITION Example1 Solve the equation x — 3 = 5 and check the result. Solution — Wehave,x-3=5. In order to solve this equation, we have to get x by itself on the L.H.S. To get x by itself on the L.H.S., we need to shift -3. This can be done by adding 3 to both sides of the given equation. x-8=5 > x-343=543 [Adding 3 to both sides} => x+0=8 [--8+8=0 and 5+3=8] eres fex+0=a] So, x = 8 is the solution of the given equation. q 7 heck Substituting x = 8 in the given equation, we get LHS. =8-3=5and,RHS.=5. : Thus, when x= 8, we have LH.S.=RHS. Xample2 Solve the equation x — 7 = -2 and check the result.Mathematics for Ciag, ~ | both sides of the given equation. Thus. y-7=-2 : Adding 7 to both sige 5 fs -7+7=0 and ~25 | | x = 5 is the solution of the given equation. Check Substituting x = 5 in the given equation, we get | LHS. =5~-7=-2andRHS.=-2 | Thus, when x =5, we have L.H.S. = RHS. Type ll EQUATIONS INVOLVING SUBTRACTION Example3 Solve the equation x + 7 = 5 and check the result. Solution In order to solve this equation, we have to obtain x by itself on the LHS. , get x by itself on L.H.S., we need to shift 7. This can be done by subtracting? _ from both the sides of the given equation. Thus, | x+7 | = x+7-7=5-7 [Subtracting 7 from both the sides [- 7-7=0 and5- | = x#0= [eo x+0=2 ‘Thus, x = -2 is the solution of the given equation. Check Substituting x = -2 in the given equation, we get LHS. =-2+7=5andR.HS.=5. Thus, when x = -2, we have L.H.S. = R.H.S. Solve the equation x + 4 = -2 and check the result. Example 4 Solution In order to solve this equation, we have to obtain x by itself on L.H.S. To get by itself on L.H.S., we need to shift 4. This can be done by subtracting 4 from both sides of the given equation. Thus, x +4=-2 = x+4-4=-2-4 {Subtracting 4 from both sides => x+0=-6 [- 4-4-0 and -2-4-¢ = x=-6 fe x 0=# Thus, x = -6 is the solution of the given equation. Check Substituting x = —6 in the given equation, we get LHS. =-6+4=-2andR.HS. =-2 Thus, when x = 6, we have L.H.S. = LHS, JUATIONS INVOLVING MULTIPLICATION Type MEQ me Example5 Solve the equation 75 = 48 and check the result.89 Linear Equations in One Variable ~ Solution Check Inorder to solve this equation, we have to get y by itself on L.H.S. To get y by itself on L.H.S., we have to remove 12 from L.H.S. This can be done by multiplying both sides of the equation by 12 thus, we have wees 20 = 2 4 12= 48x12 [Multiplying both sides by 12] => y=576 [* Dera y and 48x12-576) Thus, y = 576 is the solution of the given equation. = 576 in the given equation, we get 6 LHS. = ae =48 and R.H.S. =48. Putting y Thus, for y = 576, we have L.H.S. = R.HS. Type IV EQUATIONS INVOLVING DIVISION Example 6 Solution Check Example 7 Solution Solve the equation 15x = 21 and verify the result. In order to solve this equation, we have to get by itself on the L.H.S. For this, 15 has to be removed from the L.HLS. This can be done by dividing both sides of the equation by 15. Thus, 15x =21 15x 21 ‘ars B > 47 [Dividing both’sides by 15] 7 15x _ o [: Meare 1 Thus, x= 5 is the solution of the given equation. 7 in the given equation, we get Putting x LHS. =15 x 5 3x 7=21andR.HS. =21 7 Thus, forx = pre have L.H.S. = R.H.S. 2 Solve the equation 3x7 18 and check the result. We have, | Multiplying both sides by 3]8.10 Mathematics for Cig ee Cha = 27 is the solution of the given equation Check 27 in the given equation, we get Thus, for x = 27, we have L.H.S. = R.H.S. Type V EQUATIONS SOLVABLE BY USING MORE THAN ONE RULE In the previous examples, we have discussed those equations which can be solved by ys, any one of the rules given on page 8.7. Now, we shall discuss some examples of jing,, equations which can be solved by using two or more of the rules given on page 8.7. Example8 Solve the equation 3x +2 = 11 and check the result. Solution We have, Bx+2=11 => 3r+2-2=11-2 [Subtracting 2 from both sides) => 3xt > [> 3x+0=3:] 9 pene 7 = a (Dividing both sides by 3) => x ‘Thus, x = 3 is the solution of the given equation. Check Putting x = 3 in the given equation, we get LHS. =3x3+2=94+2=11=RHS. Thus, for x = 3, we have L.H.S. = R.H.S. 1 Example9 Solve the equation 2x ~ = 3 and check the result, Solution We have, . Fi |Adding ; to both sides fe are0=21 (Dividing both sides by 2Pr 8.14 ear Equations in One Variable —— oe naar EUAN ee cheek example 10 solution Check Example 11 Solution Check Putting x = Thus, for x = z , we have L.H.S, = R.H.S. Solve the equation 3(x + 6) = 21 and check the result, We have, 3x +6)=21 3x+18=21 Bx + 18-18=21-18 3x+0=3 {On expanding the bracket] [Subtracting 18 from both sides] guy Bx=3 [- 3x+0=3x] = *.8 3°38 = xel Thus, x = 1 is the solution of the given equation. Substituting x = 1 in the given equation, we get LHS. =3(1+6)=3x7=21andRHS.=21 Thus, for x = 1, we have LHS. = R.H.S. Solve the equation 16(3x — 5) — 10(4x — 8) = 40 and verify the result. We have, 16(3x—5)— 10(4x—8)= 40 = 16x3x-16x5—10x4x+10x8=40 [On expanding the brackets] => 48x-—80-40x+80=40 = 48x—40x-—80 +80 = 40 = (48-40) +0=40 = > u [Dividing both sides by 3] 8x+0=40 8x 40 ee ae (Dividing both sides by 8] Thus, x = 5 is the solution of the given equation. Substituting x = 5 in the given equation, we get L.H.S. =16(3x5-5)-10(4x5-8) 16(15 5) 10(20-8) =16x10-10x12 = 160-120 =40 and, RHS.=40 Thus, for x =5, we have L.H.S.=R.HS.vv Mathematics forc),. | sy, | 8.12 EXERCISE 8.2 ers: | Solve each of the following equations and check your ans: 1 x-8=5 2 v49-13 4. 3x=0 3. S20 be 8. 10-y=6 9. T+4y=-5 10. ‘ 7 Met -8 13, 3(x+2)=15 as) 7 uh. 4_ae=0 16) 8(x +6) =24 | UD Se +2)—2e-1)=7 (18) 8(2x-5)-1x—7)=1 19. 61 — dx) + 7(2 + 5x) = 53 20. 5(2—3x)—17(2x 5) = 16 ' 22, B(x —2)+ Se +1) = 25 Ow ANSWERS 18 24 3. 2 4.0 5.0 61 1 1 220 | 73 8.4 9.3 10. 5 lL. 2. = a 1 | 13. 3 1. 5 16. & 16. 2 17. 1 18. 5 | 79 19. 3 20. 49 21. 8 22.4 8.6 TRANSPOSITION METHOD By transposing a term of an equation, we simply mean changing its sign and carrying it the other side of the equation. Any term of an equation may be taken to the other side with its sign changed without affecting the equality. This process is called transposition. Whet we carry a term of an equation from L.H.S. to R.H.S or R.HLS to L.H.S., the plus sign ofthe term changes into minus sign on the other side and vice-versa. The transposition method involves the following steps: STEPI Obtain the linear equation. STEPII _Identify the unknown quantity (variable). STEPI — Simplify the L.H.S. and R.H.S by removing grouping symbols (if any). STEPIV Transfer all terms containing the variable on the L.H.S. and constant terms the R.H.S. of the equation. Note that the signs of the terms will change" carrying them from L.H.S. to R.H.S and vice-versa, Simplify L.H.S. and R.H.S. in the simplest form so that each side contains it STEPV one term. Solve the equation obtained in step V by using the rules (given on page &.7 STEPVI Following examples will illustrate the above procedure,a tinear Equations in One Variable 8.13 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES example 1 Solve: (x ~1)= 2x ~11 and check the result, olution [Expanding the bracket on L.H.S.] (Transposing 2x to L.H.S. and -3 to R.H.S.] = x=-8 ‘Thus, x = — 8 is the solution of the given equation. Check Substituting x = — 8 in the given equation, we get LHS. =3(-8-1=3x(-9) 27 and, RH.S. =2x(—8)-11=-16-11=-27 Thus, for x =—8, we have, L.H.S.=R.H.S. Example2 Solve: 3(x + 3)— 2(x — 1) = 5(x — 5) and check the result. Solution We have, vuuyuy Ju => L.HLS. = 3(9 + 3)-2(9-1 B(x + 3)—2(x- 1D) =5(x—-5) Bx + 9-2 +2 = 5x-25 [Expanding brackets on both sidel Bx -2x+94+2=5x-25 ~~ xt11=5x-25 [Simplifying L.H.S. and R.H.S. separately] x-5x=-26-11 [Transposing 5x on L.HLS. and 11 on RH.S.] —4x =-36 [Dividing both sides by 4] 229 Thus, x = 9 is the solution of the given equation. Check Substituting x = 9 in the given equation, we get 3x 12-2x8=36-16=20 and, R.H.S. =5(9-5)=5x4=20 ‘Thus, for x = 9, we have L.H.S. = R.H.S. Example3 Solve: ©-1= ~+4 23 Solution We have, 21+4 {Transposing ; on LHS. and-1on RHS.]8.14 Check Example 4 Solution Mathematics or Cassy fly _— - =5 6 => 6x ex Ae [Multiplying both sides py a = x=30 Thus, x = 30 is the solution of the given equation. We have, pavl a+ Multiplying each term by 6, the L.C.M. of 2 and 3, the given equation becomes x x 6x gq 6=6x3 +6x4 => Br-6=2x 424 => 8x-2e=6+24 => x=30 Substituting x = 30 in the given equation, we get (Transposing 2x on L.H.S. and ~6 on RH) 30 LHS. = 30 _ 1 =15-1=14and,RHS.= i ttel+da14 2 Thus, L.HS. = R.H.S when x = 30 2x-1 Solve: +2 and check the result. We have, Qx-1 [Transposing 7 on LHS. and 2 on RHS. co]P co |PP co] col ty i (Multiplying both sides by 9 lk wie Y R u by x ‘Thus, x = 2 is the solution of the given equation,- spear equations. in One Variable . _ ae15 example 5 solution Check Substituting x = 2 in the given equation, we get LHS Solve: —+—= We have, 3x 2x _ Tx 29 +2-4,8 10° 5 25 25 The denominators on two sides are 10, 5 and 25. Their L.C.M. is 50. Multiplying both sides of the given equation by 50, we get = 50x2% 450%2% = 50x 2% +5022 10 5 25 25 => 15x + 20x = 14x + 58 => 85x=14r4+58 => => 35x — 14x = 58 {On transposing 14x to L-H.S.| 21x =58 Qix _ 58 aa viding sides by 2 Sis sol [Dividing both sides by 21] 1 38 ae eeee 2 Thus, x = 2 is the solution of the given equation in the given equation, we get Substituting * = 58 21 58 21 — 29 116 _ 29x3+116 87+116 203 a 105 10515“ 8.16 Mathematics $101 Chasey and, Rus, = 2,29 25 25 aw 58+3x29 ps 2 ~ 35 os | Thus, for x = =, we have LHS. = R.HS. Example 6 pee ple6 Solve: 7 (e-5) = 24+8x ea 12 ‘olution We have, -(x~5) = 24+8x Multiplying both sides by 7, we get 12 Tx (x-5) = 7x(24+8x) => 12 (@-5)=7(24 + 8x) => 12x60 = 168 + 56x => 12v—56x = 168 +60 [Transposing 56x to L.H.S. and — 60 to RH} = 44x = 228 228 7 => = [Dividing both sides by - 44) ou md ii 57. . : : Thus, x = ~ [> is the solution of the given equation. ge 57. ' Check Substituting x = -2~ in the given equation, we get 11 LHS. = B(x-5) 2,(=%-5) 7 11 7 ao. 7 11 it 1 and, R.HS. = 24+ 8x = 2448x—57 - 94458 _ 24x11-456 _ 264-456 __ 192 _ - eee a 57 Thus, L.H.S. = R.H.S. for * = aaeee: gale soutien Check Samples Solution on eau jons in One Variable Solve: We have, » a ‘The denominators on L.HLS. and R.H. are 3 and 7 respectively. Multiplying both sides by the L.C.M. of 3 and 7, that is 21, we get T-4y 21 *) =2( Ty -8) = 3(7 ~4y) Ty -56 =21-12y ‘Ty + 12y = 214.56 19y=77 7 29) gyudy u (Transposing —12y to L.H.S. and — 56 to R.HS.] 17. Thus, ¥ = 79 is the solution of the given equation. Putting y = 2 in the given equation, we get 8 Lus.= 2-8 _ 77-152 _ 75 _ -25 19x3 67 219 9 _ 183-308 _ -175 _ -25 7519) 7x19 19 x a We —— ae e have, a 10 Multiplying both sides by 60, the L.C.M. x-6 x4 x ~60( X24) = 60{1-* m(=54)-eo 5) (2a) x 15(x—6)— 10(x-4) = 60 1-35 15x —90 — 10x + 40 = 60 - 6x 15x — 10x - 90 + 40 = 60 - 6x 5x — 50 = 60 — 6x duu of 4, 6 and 10, we getMathematics for Class 8.18 __ = Bx +6r=60+60 rrransposing ~ 6x to LHS. and ~50 tor p = lx=110 lly _ 110 [Dividing both side, => +s 8 by 1 ae i = x=10 Thus, x = 10 is the solution of the given equation. Example9 Solve: S¢re-ay-(ae- 35) = #43 Solution We have, 73 = S(ae-1)-(20-452) = #45 = 3¢-1)-(2134)= #04 Multiplying both sides by 4, the L.C.M. of 4 and 2, we get o 3 a(nx-1)-aee4{ 5*) = 4{2+3] 3 => 3(Tx-1)-8x+2(1-x) = 4{=+5] Q1x-3-8x+2-2x = 4x46 [On expanding bracke:: Q1v-8x—-Ww-3+2 = 4x+6 Lly-1=4x+6 1lx-4x=641 [On transposing —1 to R.H.S. and 4x to LHS Tx=7 Uuuua 7: 7 - 27 [Dividing both sides ty = x1 ‘Thus, x = 1 is the solution of the given equation. Example 10 Solve: 0.3 +0.4=0.28x + 1.16 Solution We have, 0.32 + 0.4 = 0.28x + 1.16 = 0.8x-0.28r=1.16-0.4 _[Transposing 0.28 x to LHS and 0.4 toR#S = (0.3-0.28)x=1.16-0.4 = 0.02x=0.76 0.02 _ 0.76 7 = 002 ~ 0.02 [Dividing both sides by °” 76 > reo u => x1=38. Thus, x = 38 is the solution of the given equation,jeréquatonsin One Variable AG i EXERCISE 8.3 n of the following equations. Also, verify the result in each case. calve €2 ex 1 grt d= 20417 2. 2(5x—3)-3(2x-1)=9 3. g73tl 3 4 @ype-pex-s 6. 3(x-3)=5(2x + 1) Gs 2 rH) = 266+ 9)-8 “73 062+ < =0.28x4116 13, 0.54% =0.26r+7 ANSWERS 1.3 23 3.6 4. -25 5.9 6. 2 4 8.7 9. 4 to. 2 "2 2 ib - 3 5 -3 3 13. 12 8&7 APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS TO PRACTICAL PROBLEMS Inthis section, we shall study formulation and solution of some practical problems. These problems involve relations among unkown quantities (variables) and known quantities (sumbers) and are often stated in words. That is why we often refer to these problems as word problems. A word problem is first translated in the form of an equation containing unknown quantities (variables) and known quantities (numbers or constants) and then we solve it by using any one of the methods discussed in the earlier section. The procedure to translate a word problem in the form of an equation is known as the formulation of the problem. Thus, the process of solving a word problem consists of two parts, namely, formulation and solution. Following steps should be followed to solve a word problem: STEP] Read the problem carefully and note what is given and what is required. SEPL Denote the unknown quantity by some letters, say x, y, z, etc. SEPII Translate the statements of the problem into mathematical statements. SEPIV Using the condition (s) given in the problem, form the equation. SEPY Solve the equation for the unknown. Check whether the solution satisfies the equation. Follow; ‘lowing examples will illustrate these steps. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES on 5 added to a number gives 9. Find the number. ™ulation: Let the required number be x. Then, 5 added to x is equal to x +5 It is given that when 5 is added to a number, we get 9. Thus, we obtain the following equation: Sample 1 x+5=98.20 Mathematics for Cag, Vy Solution We have, x+5=9 = tos [On transposing 5 to Rus => x24 Hence, the required number is 4. Example2 If 7 is subtracted from five times a number, the result is 63. Find the Number, Formulation: Let the required number be x Then, Five times x = 5x When 7 is subtracted from five times x, we get 5x — 7. It is given that when 7 is subtracted from five times x, the result is 63, So, we obtain the following equation: 5x-7=63 Solution We have, 5x-7=63 => 5x=6347 [On transposing ~ 7 to RH§) = 5x=70 5x (Dividing both sides by 5] | => 7 SG => x=14, Hence, the required number is 14. Example3 What is thé number which when multipled by 20 gives the product 60? Formulation: Let the required number be x. Then, Product of x and 20 = 20x It is given that when x is multiplied by 20, the product is 60. Thus, we obtain the following equation: 20x = 60 Solution We have, 20x =60 e . 5 (Dividing both sides by 201 = x«=3 Hence, the required number is 3. Example4 Find the number which when divided by 9 gives 4. Formulation: Let the required number be x. Then, x divided by 9=~ It is given that x divided by 9 is 4. So, we obtain the following equation: x 224 9 towYr equations in One Variable We have, gtion x = 9Xo=4x9 (Multiplying both sides by => x=36 Hence, the required number is 36. ganple5 The sum of two consecutive numbers is 53. find the numbers formulation: Let one number be x. Then, the next consecutive number is x +1. given that the sum of two consecutive numbers is 53. So, we obtain t following equation: xt(x+1)=53 souion We have, x4(x+1)=53 3 %x+1=53 => %x=53-1 (On transposing 1 on R.H: = 2x=52 2x _ 52 272 => x=26 «One number = 26 Another number = 26 +1= 27. Example6 The sum of two consecutive even numbers is 86. Find the numbers. Formulation: Let one of the even numbers be x. Then, the next consecutive even number =x+2. [Dividing both sides by 2] Now, Sum of two consecutive even numbers = 86 => x+x+2=86 => x+2=86 Souton We have, 2x+2=86 => 24=86-2 (On transposing 2 on RH.S.] => x=84 One of the even numbers = 42 ‘The other consecutive even number =x+2=42+2=44.8.22 Mathematics for Class Example7 The sum of two consecutive odd numbers is 68. Find the numbers. Formulation: Let one of the odd numbers be x. Then, The next consecutive odd numbers =x + 2- Now, Sum of two consecutive odd numbers = 68 => x+(x+2)=68 => 2x+2=68 Solution We have, 2x+2=68 = a [On transposing 2 on Rus) = 2x=66 ] = a $ [Dividing both sides by q => x=33. Thus, one odd number = 33. Other odd number = x+2=33+2=35. Example8 Find two numbers such that one of them exceeds the other by 9 and their sun is 81. Formulation: Let the smaller number be x. Then, Another number = x + 9 Now, sum of the numbers = 81 => x+x+9=81 = 2x+9=81 Solution We have, 2x+9=81 => 2x=81-9 [On transposing 9 on R.HS} = Qx=72 2x _72 ™~ a => «=36 Dividing both sides by One number = 36 Another number = 36+9=45. Example9 Find a number which when multiplied by 5 is increased by 80. Formulation: Let the.required number be x. Then x multiplied by 5 = 5x. It is given that when the number is multiplied by 5, the new number is 5! more than the number x. So, we obtain 5x=x+80 Solution We have, 5x =x+80—— equations in One Variable 8.23 yes! = 5r-x=80 [On transposing x on L.H.S.] = 4x=80 4x _ 80 — 24 [Dividing both sides by 4] = x=20 Thus, the required number is 20. The sum of ages of father and his son is 75 years. If the age of the son is 25 years, find the age of the father. Let the age of the father be x years. ‘The age of son = 25 years. ample 10 cpmulation: Sum of the two ages =(x +25) years. But the sum of the ages is given as 75 years. x+25=75 souton We have, x+25=75 = x=75-25 {On transposing 25 on R.H.S.] = x=50 Thus, the age of the father is 50 years. fample11 Rahim’s father is three times as old as Rahim. If sum of their ages is 56 years, find their ages. Frmulation: Let Rahim’s age be x years. Then, Rahim’s father’s age = 3x years. Sum of their ages = x + 3x. But the sum of their ages is given as 56 years. Therefore, we have the following equation. x+3x=56 Solution We have, x + 3x =56 = 4x=56 > * p # [Dividing both sides by 4] => x=14 Thus, Rahim’s age = 14 years ba Rahim’s father’s age = 3x year = 3x14 years = 42 years. mple 12 Mona’s father is thrice as old as Mona. After 12 years he will be just twice his daughter. Find their present ages. : Let Mona’s present age be x years. Then, Her father’s present age = 3x years. Formulation, Mona’s age after 12 years =(x +12) years. Mona’s father’s age after 12 years = (3x +12) years. It is given that after 12 years Mona’s father will be just twice his daughter. erefore, we obtain the following equation: 3x+12=2(x+12)v Mathematics for Cg, ay Solution We have, | Bx+12=2(x 412) : => 3x412=2%424 {Expanding bracket on Rug => 3x-2r=24-12 (Transposing 2x on L.H.S. and 12 on Rug => xel2, Thus, Mona's present age = 12 years Her father’s present age = (3« 12) years = 36 years. Example 13 A sum of € 8400 is made up of 50, 20, 10 and 5 rupee notes. ‘The number of, rupee notes is five times the number of 5 rupee notes, four times the numb, of 20 rupee notes and ten times the number of 50 rupee notes. What is th, number of notes in each denominator? Formulation: Let the number of 10 rupee notes be x. Then. at 10° x 4 Number of 50 rupee notes = Number of 20 rupee notes = Number of 5 rupee notes = ~ 5 Now, Value of x ten rupee notes =%(10xx)=%10x Value of " fifty rupee notes =T (50 x Value of a twenty rupee notes = & (20 x 2 = 5x Value of 7 five rupee notes =% (5xz)=« x Total value of all notes =U (10x + 5x + 5x +x) But the total amount is given as % 8400. So, we obtain the following equation 10x +5x+5x+x=8400 Solution We have, 10x +5x+5x+x= 8400 => 21x=8400 21x _ 8400 eee ore 21 = *=400 Hence, Number of ten rupee notes = 400 40 Number of fifty rupee notes 70ee \ oar Equations gamle 14 for Solution Example 15 Solution in One Variable 8.25 Number of twenty rupee note: Number of five rupee notes Ravish owns a plot of rectangular shape. He has fenced it with a wire of length 750 m. The length of the plot exceeds the breadth by 5 m. Find the Jength and breadth of the plot. mulation: Let the breadth of the plot be x metres. Then, Length = (x + 5) metres. = Perimeter of the plot = 2 (length + breadth) =2(x+5+x) = 2(2x +5) = (4x +10) It is given that Ravish has fenced the plot with a wire of length 750 metres. This means that the perimeter of the plot is 750 metres. Thus, we obtain the following equation: 4x+10=750. We have, 4x +10=750 => 4x=750-10 (Transposing 10 to R.H.S.] => 4x=740 = * . “ (Dividing both sides by 4] => «=185 Thus, length of the plot = (x + 5) metres = (185 + 5) metres = 190 metres and, breadth of the plot = 185 metres. Sara’s mother is three times as old as Sara and four times as old as Sara’s sister, Ann. Ann is three years younger than Sara. How old are Sara, Ann and their mother? Let Sara’s age be x years. It is given that Ann is three years younger than Sara. Ann’s age =(x-3) years It is given that Sara’s mother is three times as old as Sara. Sara’s mother's age = 3x years oo @ Also, Sara’s mother is four times as old as Ann Sara’s mother’s age = 4(x—3) years vs GD) From (i) and (ii), we have 3x =4(x-3) = 3x=4x-128.26 — 1. If Sis subtracted from three times a number, 2. 3. o ND o cae 12. Mathematics for Cia, 8 7 _ {Transposing 4x => 3x-dx=-12 man Uy a [Dividing both Sides by | => x=12 s Sara’s age = 1 2years Ann's age = (12 -3) years = 9years Sara's mother’s age = 3x = 3x 12 = 36years. EXERCISE 8.4 the result is 16. Find the number. Find the number which when multiplied by 7 is increased by 78. Find three consecutive natural numbers such that the sum of the first and second is 15 morg than the third. The difference between two numbers is 7. Six times the smaller plus the larger iS 77. Find ty numbers. Aman says, “I am thinking of a number. When | divide it by:3 and then add 5, my answer ig twice the number | thought of’. Find the number. Ifanumberis tripled and the result is increased by 5, we get 50. Find the number. Shikha is 3 years younger to her brother Ravish. If the sum of their ages is 37 years, what are their present ages? Mrs. Jain is 27 years older than her daughter Nilu. After 8 years she will be twice as old as Nilu. Find their present ages. Aman is 4 times as old as his son. After 16 years, he will be only twice as old as his son. Find the their present ages. ). The difference in age between a girl and her younger sister is 4 years. The younger sisterin turn is 4 years older than her brother. The sum of the ages of the younger sister and her brother is 16. How old are the three children? One day, during their vacation at a beach resort, Shella found twice as many sea shells as Anita and Anita found 5 shells more than sandy. Together sandy and Shella found 16 sea shells. How many did each of them find? Andy has twice as many marbles as Pandy, and Sandy has half as many has Andy and Pandy put together. If Andy has 75 marbles more than Sandy. How many does each of them have? . A bag contains 25 paise and 50 paise coins whose total value is Rs 30. If the number of 25 paise coins is four times that of 50 paise coins, find the number of each type of coins. The length of a rectangular field is twice its breadth. If the perimeter of the field is 228 metres. find the dimensions of the field. There are only 25 paise coins in a purse. The value of money in the purse is Rs 17.50. Find the number of coins in the purse. In a hostel mess, 50 kg rice are consumed everyday. If each student gets 400 gm of rice per ” day, find the number of students who take meals in the hostel mess. ANSWERS 17 2.13 3. 16,17,18 4. 10,17 5.3 6. 15 7. Shikha: 17 years, Ravish 20 years 8. Nilu: 19 years, Mrs, Jain: 46 years— quationsin ne Variable | gon: 8years, Man32years 10. Brother: 6 years, Younger sister: 10 years, Girl: 14 years. : gandy:2,Anita:7,Shella: 14 12. Pandy: 150 Marbles, Andy: 300 Marbles Sandy: 226 Marbles, " 50 paise coins : 20, 25 paise coins : 80 14, Length = 76 metres, Breadth = 38 metres s 7 16. 125 OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS rhe correct alternative in each ofthe following: Wr pe zero of 3x +2is 2 3 a2 3 @ 3 ) 3 os 2 35x +3, then x = 2, Wax 27 _ 3 4 4 @ () 3 ) 3 os 4 Wh-da5-t then x = (3 (b) 6 (c) 18 (a) 2 x42 ws 4 4 (ay-10 (b) 10 (ce) 3 (d) -3 i Weeds +3, then x= (a) 9 (b) 6 (c) -9 (d) 4 6 tax+ S45 44, then x = 34 3 4 @ 3 (bo) 4 © | @ 3 113-225, then x = (a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 24 (d) 30 4, then x = i fay 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8 i The SUM of two consecutive whole numbers is 43. The smaller number is 0 ay) a (b) 22 (c) 23 (d) 24 '© Sum of two consecutive odd numbers is 36. The larger number is ae 7, (b) 15 (c) 19 (d) 21 ice a number when increased by 7 gives 25. The number is ene (bo) 9 (e) 10 @ 8 2 length of a rectangle is three times its width and its perimeter 56 m. The length is Q ne 7m (b) 14m (c) 21m (a) 28m a of anumber is greater than one-third of the number by 5. The number is o () 5 (0) 15 (d) 12 PnMathematics fr cig, yi 8.28 14, Ifthe sum ofa number and its two-fith is 70. Thenumber is (d) 90 (a) 70 (b) 50 (c) 60 beris 15. 2 ofa numberis less than the original number by 20. The numDe aio (a) 30 (b) 40 (c) 50 beris 16. Anumberis as much greaterthan 31 asitisiess han 61. ThenumPe 76 (a) 46 (b) 86 (c) eis 17. Two complementary angles differ by 20°. The smaller ae (d) 35° (@) 55° (b) 25° ieee re lrgeranglei is 18. Two supplementary angles differ by 40°. The measure Of ae tay70° (b) 80° a aera 19. The sum of three consecutive odd numbers is 81. The mid aie (a) 25 (by 27 (c) 31 20. If 2 (2n +5) = 3 (3n-10), then n= @ 5 ) 3 () 7 oe ANSWSERS © 20 3. (0) 4. (@) 5. () 6. (d) 7. (d) a 2 (a) 10.) 11. 0) 42. (c) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (d) Url r——sSsC THINGS TO REMEMBER 1. Astatement of equality involving one or more variables (literals) is called an equation. 2, Anequation involving only one literal number (variable) with the highest power one is called a linear equation in one variable. 3. While solving an equation wecan ( add the same number to both sides of the equation; (ii) subtract the same number from both sides of the equation; | i) muttipty both sides of the equation by the same non-zero number; | iv) divide both sides of the equation by the same non-zero number. | 4, Inan equation, we can drop a term from one side and put it on the other side with the opposite sign. | This process is known as transposition.