VOLUME 157, Dynamics of Coherent States* CL, Mensa, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rckester, Rochester, New York P. Caanoyt B. C. G. Suparsiay, ano R. Vepaxt Physie Department, Syracuse Unversity, Syracuse, New Vork ‘(Received 6 October 1966) A gystem of harmonic osllators inthe prsence of iteration, and with en arbitrary mumber of degrees ‘of freiom, is considered. The most general form of the Hanstonian is derived under the restriction that the states which are initially coherent remain coherent a all ines, The equation of motion fr the naila- tion operator, obtained by using this Hamiltonian solved, andthe fequeneyspeeiram of the aniston ‘operators dicussed. Ry ving specific examples itis shown that, in general, the snnilation operators (or their walues) contin postive as well as negative frequency components and hence are not analytic signals Some special eases are also considered where the annilation operators are antl tc signa, I. INTRODUCTION EVERAL publications have appeared in recent ‘years dealing with the properties and applications of coherent states? These states are defined as the cigenstates of the annihilation operator and are analo- gous to the classical deterministic situation. Since the annihilation operator is not Hermitian, the eigenvalues are, in general, complex and the states belonging to different eigenvalues are not orthogonal. However, these states form a complete set and can be used as a basis for expanding arbitrary states and arbitrary operators. In this connection, they have been found to be very useful in the description of optical coherence for free- electromagnetic fields.*** Tt is generally known that {or free fields the time-dependent annihilation operators have only positive-frequency components so that the cigenvalue of any linear combination of such operators isan analytic signal” Itis of interest to study the time dependence of the eigenvalues of the annihilation opera- tors in the presence of interaction. In a recent paper, Glauber has shown that if the time derivative of the annihilation operator docs not involve a functional dependence on the creation operator, ie, if aa(/at= fA. aa) this research was supported in part by the U.S. Amy esate (Daria and byte "SMe Bacay Commision "Present tddress A&M University, Cllge Staton, Tes. [Permanent dies: Physics Departmest, Harvard Uni vepu Cad Slates i Schone Phos. Rew 9,728 (1958) 2} Re Rint, Ane, Bye 113 go. TH Gia Reta 1 sun) {Sarahsn, Phys. Kev Latere 1 277 (196). SCJ; Gian yee 87760 a igh Mab 6% Stat ‘igs. Rev. 138,274 nade, J. MeKenna and D. G, Cari, J. Math. Phys. 6,743 C909. S.J. Glauber, Phys, Rev, 130, 2529 (1963). ‘anda ani. Wl, Rev. Mod. Phys 31, 231 (1965). "Fe eoeepe of analyte stnal was introduced by D- Gabor, 4. Rat Elect Eos (London) 95, 29 (19); se lo Re, PANE J Glauber, Phys Letters 21,689 (1966). 187 then the states which are initially coherent remain coherent at all times, In another paper* we have shown that the requirement (L.1) is both necessary and sufi Cent for the states to remain coherent at al times and that for a system described by a (Hermitian) Hamil tonian, the function f must be linear in the annihilation ‘operators. We have also obtained the general form of the Hamiltonian consistent with this requirement, and showed that the eigenvalues ofthe annihilation operator are in general not analytic sigoals. In Ref. 12, howeve only systems with one degree of freedom were co sidered. In the present paper some of these results are generalized for systems with an arbitrary number of degrees of freedom. In Sec. IT we considera system of harmonic oscillators with arbitrary number of degrees of freedom and derive the general form of the Hamiltonian with the require- ‘ment that the states which are initially coherent remain ‘coherent at all times. In Sec. IIT the equation of motion for the annihilation operator is solved and Sec. IV deals with the frequency spectrum of the annibilation ‘operator. In the Appendix we derive the general form ‘of a unitary matrix U() which is an analytic signal and is such that 0 () and U(f) commute for all f and ¢. MI, TIME EVOLUTION OF COHERENT STATES: CONDITIONS ON THE HAMILTONIAN Let us consider a system of harmonic oscillators which is described by the canonical operators! dj and , satisfy the commutation relations'* [oP T=t6i0s Code T=[euteI=0. 21) ‘The system can equally be described in terms of the ‘canonical annihilation and creation operators dy and. CL, Mehta and E. C. G, Sudarshan, Phys. Letters 2, 574 (4966) gain thi raer we denote al operto by creer, ey SR Ge ave chosen units wach Ut 1198187 444 defined by (2.2) a= Qa oy being the frequency of the oscillator). The operators 4, and 4;* satisfy the commutation relations Candv'T=bur5 [OnévI=Lé'6r'J=0. (2.4) ‘The normalized coherent states which are the right eigenstates of the annihilation operator a) are then given by®? len=) (ond ibs) » 3) = TTexpleds!—n43)(0), 25) and satisfy the relations 43/9) =n) (9), (2.6) a atien=[eoorZemmlien. en Hire the symbol (s) is used to denote the sequence of complex numbers 2, 25-"-m--* (bh being the egen- value of 43); [0) denotes the vacuum (lowest energy) State and 9/60, denotes formal partial diferentiation with respect to keeping *° and all other variables Fixed. “To study the time evolution of the system, one can work either in the Heisenberg or in the Schrédinger Picture. Inthe Helsenberg picture, the state is fixed and twe consider the time evolution of the system in terms of the time evolution of the operators. The operator sataies the Heisenberg equation of motion aas() an), AOI, é 28) at and the problem then is to find how the state |{0(0)}) behaves in relation to the time-dependent operator 4(). In particular we are interested in finding the conditions under which the state |{0(0)}) is an eigen- state of 4\() for every X and for all times f with an eigenvalue o,(). For very small r, we can write, using 23), Alten= Ai OAOHO). 29) If the state |(v(0)}), which is an eigenstate of @x(t) with an eigenvalue ‘(0 be also an eigenstate of (+2) with an eigenvalue s(++2), we must have AUDIO) =a) |t}) ant), = [nO+— +009} |f000)))- 10) DYNAMICS OF COHERENT STATES 1199 Using also (2) and retaining only the terms which are of the first onder in 7, we obtain the following eigenvalue relation (a, 201&O)) antl) 1{o@)}). @t) at Since the states |(0(0)}) (which form a complete set) are simultaneous eigenstates of the operator &, and the commutator [44,41], we must have CaaCasAtD=-° ity ,for ally. (2:19 This implies that the commutator [@(0),1(] must. depend on the annihilation operators (4(0) alone and not on any of the creation operators d,!, i., that La AOI Ata}, (2.42) where f is some function of the set of annihilation ‘operators {4} and may also depend explicitly on Since Eq. (2.12) is valid for every 2, we note that can at most be linear in the creation operators, ie, is of the form a-y ACA 8(C4),0, (2.13) where g is some other function. Further since 1 is Hermitian, we see on taking the Hermitian adjoint of (2.13) that AY is also at most, linear in the annihilation, operators {@). Hence we conclude that #7 is of the form AEE alas FEAOMOLEMOAOI+BO, 214) where F is some arbitrary function, the matrix ens(0) is Hermitian and 6(() is real, ie,, that eu=eald*s BO=80*. We have thus shown that the necessary condition on the form of the Hamiltonian consistent with the re- quirement that the states which are initially coherent remain coherent at all times is given by (2.14). Though the condition for sulicieney is also built in the proof, one can see directly that if the Hamiltonian is of the form given by (2.19) the states which are initially co- herent remain coherent at all times. ‘The same conclusion can be obtained by working in the Schrédinger picture. In this case the operators (2) and (4!) are fixed but the state changes. The ime development ofthe state is governed by the Schrédinger ‘equation (2.43) a lO Al eO}) 16) a " See for example Ref, 11.1200 MEHTA, Let us consider the case when |{s()}) is an eigenstate of 44 with an eigenvalue 2(() for every ) and for al Again for very small r, we can write, using (2.16), [te+2)))= | (oO) FH (o})+0(@2). (2.17) Since we require that |{o(/+7)}) is an eigenstate of 4, with eigenvalue ~ (47), we also have Aa] (0(t4+2)}) an) =[.0+ 2 boe}ieuran. e219 IE we now use (2.17) and retain only the terms which are of first order in 7, we obtain the eigenvalue relation ann (anf on fe). 2.19) Hence, following an argument similar to that given connection with the Heisenberg picture, it is readily seen that the general form of the Hamiltonian con- sistent with the requirement that the states which are initially coherent remain coherent at all times is given by Hala Mata, FLUMOHEMOAI+AM, 2.20) is some arbitrary funetion, the matrix on4(0) is Hermitian and () is real, ie, they satisfy Eq. (2.13). It is interesting to note that if one expresses the Hamiltonian in terms of the variables (a,x) then the form (2.14) or (2.20) is at most quadatic in dy and fx. For such systems the dynamical brackets of the Wigner- ‘Moyal!” phase-space formulation of quantum mechanics (in which the Wey!’s rule of association between opera- tors and functions is used) reduce to Poisson brackets, so that quantum and classical equations of motion are identical." If the form of the Hamiltonian is given by (2.14) oF (2.20), a similar result holds even if one is using the phase-space formulation when the rule of association between operators and functions is that of normal ordering." Apart from the c-number term 8(), this form ofthe Hamil- tonian bas ten nofed as an example by” Glauber (ef. 11). However, sis shown hete, tie is the most general form of the amsonian, consistent with the Teruiremene that the states ‘which are intally coherent, remain coherent at all tines, 1 (@) E.P. Wigner, Pye: Rew. 4, 749 (1932); (0) J- E. Moyal, roc Cantril Pil S48, 99 G9). “MS But I Moral re Comey Soe. 45, Sis (949); 0) T-. fordaa apd I, C. G, Su ey Mad Ph 58 et) (0 BC. Sains Le Ja blegeted Plate (W-A. Bejan Caan ine, Ne ore, 5C.L. Mala, J. Math. Phy. §, 677 (196). CHAND, SUDARSHAN, AND VEDAM 137 IIL. TIME EVOLUTION OF COHERENT STATES ‘EXPLICIT SOLUTION According 1 Eq, (214) the general form of the Hamiltonian (in the Heisenberg. picture) consistent with the requirement that the states which are initially coherent remain coherent at al times is given by MALT oA (O4(0 FLMOMOFR OHO} +80. Gt) ‘The operator d therefore satisfies the following equa- tion of motion: dasfat= 2,0) =-7E e400. 8 Let us rewrite Eq. (3.2) in a matrix notation dd/dt=—ie(a)—iF(), (3.3) where 4 and F are the column vectors a(t) (F(t) wo (2 s0-(8), 09 kone ent (00 + onl ) 6a In order to solve Eq. (3.3), let us first assume F(0=0. In this case we have da/at= iol ad, 66) hove formal solution is given by" 40=vO40 en Hore U() isthe unitary matrix uo= {oni if ‘toa Gs) and the subscript + denotes the time-ordering opera- Phe ig ace Pas Smeets 4 ear, (ott, 1989), Chap. EV.OF 157 DYNAMICS tion defined by the following relation*": eC), =H fan fama: a(t) =H Eco [auf en ; [4 Xealt(t) + lly). G9) ‘To verify that (3.7) is the solution of (3.6), one only has to differentiate (3.7) and use the following relation which is obtained by differentiating (3.8) and using 69) 3.10) Tn the case when the matrices «(#) and w(f) com- mute, Le, when [o(1=0, forall’, GAL) wwe can write woof, wef ‘ear. (32) However in the general case when [a (0)o(¢)}0, U(O, cannot be expressed in such a closed form. On the other band if we are given the unitary operator U(), we can readily evaluate «(in all cases from the relation U (QU = i HO), WHOUO-—VOEO], G13) which is obtained on multiplying Eq. (3.10) by iU() on the right and using the fact that U (0 is unitary. One can now write the solution of (3.3) in the more general case when F(t)#0 ol A= 040) ff “cumEow, 19 ® Such time ordering operations are also used in quantum fel theo ‘sample SS. Selweber, a Tuirduction fo Rela im Fidd Theory (Harper sol Row, New Vos, 1801), pp. ‘Alternatively one can write U() as a “product integral” in neatly (as 0p ea wo~{o0( afew} = 8m Test atenoy COHERENT STATES 1201 which, when written in the explicit form, reads 4=E Ul EE TWOf T.AORANa. 6.15) ‘Equation (3.14) satisfies the boundary condition at =O and the fact that it satisfies (3) can be verified by direct cferentiation and making use of Eq. (3.10). From (3.15) wesee that the eigenvalue of the operator 4(0) is given by n= Viueu(0) “HEE Ou VuMORlOde. (316) Explicit solution can also be obtained in the Schréd- inger picture. In this case the operator dy is time- independent showever, its expectation value does depend ‘on time and satisfies the equation of motion a F MoM ll OY =(O)ICAAI OY. 6.17) If [{0(}) is am eigenstate of 4, we see from (2.20) that must be of the form A-Z Lonard, FEO OG} +BO. 3.18) Equation (3.17) then gives, inO=—iLeml)aO-iAO, 3.19) an equation similar to (3.2). Hence if we proceed in a similar manner as in connection with (3.2) we obtain A O=X VaglO4(0) ATEWOf MORO, 620 where U (0 is the unitary matrix given by (638). We see that the eigenvalues obtained in both the Heisenberg and the Schrddinger pictures [Eqs. (3.16) ‘and (3.20)] are identical. ‘The state |{0()}) which is an eigenstate of & with cigenvalue (2) (Gor all \ and for alls) is thus given by the following equation IeOM=TlnO) eX aWa'—n*@o)}10), B21)MEHTA, CHAND, ssiven by (3.20) and |0) denotes the ‘vacuum state, IV, FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF THE ‘ANNIHILATION OPERATORS In Sec. IIT we determined the time dependence of the annihilation operators in presence of an interaction such that the states which are initially coherent do not change their essential character. We see from (3.15) ‘that this time dependence is given by 4O=X Vals.) EE MOL CORANa, 40) where U() is the unitary matric w40-[oo(-ifecnee)] 2 and the subseript ++ denotes time ordering defined by G9) We now wish to study the frequency spectrum 6x(+) of the annihilation operator® 44(0). By definition 8y() and 43(0) form a Fourier-transform pair bor= [aewur, (43) a= [ boven, aa) We will first consider the simple case of @ one- dimensional harmonic oscillator. ‘A. Systems with One Degree of Freedom In this case we have from (4.1), suppressing the mode-labeling index \, 4)=UA0)-i0) ff UME)R ODA, (45) vo=eo(— if ‘oar ‘The frequency spectrum B(») is related to 4(0) by the where 46) Tn Wis section we work in Heisenberg picture so that the apertor desi Yom depeent 1a cong pi i requeney spectrum ofthe atniltion operator we woul man the Faurler transform of ts gens nor [ston > that if one wants to workin SehrSdinger picture, one would replace the-operator 5) of the Helsenberg plete hy its eigen replace the operator 56) berg picture by its cies SUDARSHAN, AND VEDAM 1s7 Fourier transform relations bo= [atoerra, s10= [Seeman a7) (4.8) Let us discuss some special cases Case 1, Free Hamillonian. In this case o(()=eu>0 ‘Equations (4.5) and (4.6) then give ai=e'a(0), 5) =6(r-wa/25)4(0) (4.10) and we have a single positive frequency at y=ws/2n. ‘This means that we can refer to the time-dependent annihilation operator 4(i) as the postive frequency part of the canonical variable = (4-+4")/(20)"* and hence the operator 6() is an “analytic signal.” Case 2. Forced oscillator. Let us next consider the case when e(0)=40>0, but F()%0. In this case Eq. GS) gives a=ea()=ie* as) ‘F(a. (4.11) “Let the frequency spectrum of the forcing term F(0) be given by f(o), ie, that P() is given by P= [ses (2) Equation (4.11) then gives aaemma(oyt f cee ylde. (18) On taking the Fourier transform of (4.13), we obtain the following expression for 5(): owt 80) 5G) ‘where P denotes the principal-value function. Equation (4.14) shows that depending on whether {(v) does or does not vanish for negative frequencies, Bo) also does oF does not vanish for negative fre: quencies. This means that the annihilation operator 4(0 isan analytic signal if and only if (0) ean analytic Signal. If F() isan analytic signa, ie must bea complex valued function, ie, that the real or the imaginary part of # isnot identically zero PLEO; F—Ptx0. (4.13)1st For, under certain general conditions, the real and imaginary parts of #0) are related by Hilbert tran- form relations" and hence the identically vanishing of either implies the identically vanishing of the other ‘Now the term containing P() in the interacting Himil- tonian can be written as (ef. Bq. (2.14)] FA O+EOBO Pee eran (6-4). (4.16) 2 Hence if F satisies (4.15), the interaction Hamiltonian contains terms both proportional to the coordinate [(G-+4")/(2s}""] as well as the momentum [—iv/a X(d—a')/V2}. We therefore conclude the following: In order that 4(}) be an analytic signal, it is necessary. ‘that the interaction contains coordinate-dependent as well as velocity-dependent potentials. For the usual velocity-independent interactions, F(t) is real so that (4.15) is not satisfied and hence F(#) is rot an analytic signal. For such cases of course, 4() is also not an analytic signal Case 3. Oscillator with time-dependent frequency and F(=0. For this case we have, from Eqs. (4.5) and 49), ao=en(-i if ‘stata, aan “ en(- - if ‘true ona 4(0). (4.18) It can be seen that, in general, both positive: and negative-frequency components exist. Tf, however, we require that only positive-frequency ‘components should occur then exp(—ifete(?)d) is an analytic signal. Further since (@) is real, this function is unimodular. The most general form of the unimodular analytic signal exp(—i few(')d’) is then given by** en(- if ‘eea) aia =exp(—iy— ine) I, I o—@ (49) where w20, 6205 y and a are real constants and, aE arts the function exp(—i ua) is unimodulae and ence is rot aquate iteprale. The Fourier ransom of syeh functions {store taken in the sene of generalized fonction theory. See Yor example SF. Rewards and G. cn 6, S67 UBD] wie th ee i ‘analyte ena derived. See seo N. Cx van Kempen, Phys, Rev, ‘9, Tore (ios. =e ‘Ttehonarah, Fnladuction tothe Theory of Fourier Tate. iaendon Pres, Oxford, England, 1988), Zn ey p. 128 DYNAMICS OF COHERENT STATES 1208 Te denotes product over an arbitrary number of factors. ‘The constant 7 is so chosen that the boundary condition at £20 is satisfied. From (4.19), we have f ‘otha mp jn( Sour) so that, on differentiation, we obtain ae Fee wert? (a2) ‘Thus we see that when F(})=0, the annihilation opera~ tor a() is an analytic signal if and only if the time dependence of the frequency of the oscillator o() is of the form (4.21). To see an explicit example let us consider the case when only two terms are present under the summatic sign in (4.21). Further, in order that the frequency spectrum 6(r) turn out to be real, we make a special choice of these two terms such that (0 is given by —_—— (atte Ha) +e 8>0,00>0. weet (4.22) ‘This behavior of () with respect to fis shown in Fig. 1. In this case we obtain from (4.18) bm f come Pce HOt & (if) aa aa) esoereor[ yy __L ng), fs Gwe al i Af we carry out the integration on the right-hand side Batt) Fic. 1. Time dependence of the fequency of an interact haemoniecxlltor in a special care when 4) san analyte1208 of (4.23) we obtain wie) (2-6) MeBte—w sinfa2ey—er) —tan(@/8)}9(2x—e)}; (4.24) where 0(2) is the Heaviside step function O(a)=1 if =>0, (425) =0 if 2<0 ‘The eigenvalue B(») of the operator as given by (4.24) is plotted in Fig. 2 “Let us consider next an explicit case when o(0 is not of the form (4.21) bat is given by 28 (Ha (Hate wo>0,8>0. (4,26) Tf we substitute (4.26) in (4.6) and use Eqs. (4.7) and 4.3) we obtain, after simplification, the following ex- pression for B(v): b0)= 4009(-S) (=e MEHTA, CHAND, SUDARSHAN, AND VEDAM 187 Buty the fequency of an interacting pedal case when d() is not an analy components also and hence is no longer an analytic signal, as was expected, For comparison, we plot o(() siven by (4.26) in Fig. 3 and the eigenvalue 8() of the operator b which is given by (4.27) in Fig Case 4. Forced escillator wit ine-dependen frequency. In the general case when the frequency « is time de- pendent and the forcing term F()x0, we have [Eq. @3)] 4)= 04-1 / UrEDP(DdE, (4.28) where U()) is given by (4.6). If we denote the Fo transforms of U() and F() by u(>) and fo) spectively, ie. if Eee ee n()= [ wert, (429) ~tan¥@/A))om2en}. (427) so [ roe, sw) We se fom (4.27) that 40) has netiveseqveney ye tin by taking he Four trnfom of (29, peo ene L-peete dprny Cera a a “ enmee te Fro, 2. Froqueney spectrum of 40) for ap interacting harmonic ator with w() given asin ig. 1 Fre 4 Freeney spectra of 6) for an interacting harmonic “calor with ot) en sen ig187 DYNAMICS the following expression for 6(»): sor=ncnaoys f [oe Xuh(sel”—wyailav". (31) We see from (4.31) that 4() has positive-as well as negative-frequency components in its Fourier repre- sentation. Further, it can beseen that both the g-number part and the c-number part of 6() [the first and second terms, respectively, on the right-hand side of (4.28)] may contain positive- as well as negative-frequency components. Teis also evident that if 4() is an analytic signal (.e. if ithas only positive frequency components), both the q-number part and the e-number parts must separately be analytic signals, since a negative-frequency con- tribution from one of them cannot cancel that from the other. We have seen in case 3 above that the g-number part, namely the term U()4(0), is an analytic signal if and only if a() has the form given by (4.21), viz, e@=eet2E — 8D) yap poP where wp and 8 are non-negative and a\® are real constants. If we denote the e-number part of 4(), by A(D, i, if we write A=. wef vrerenee, (433) we have sing als (4.6), ‘ FEO-wOwOaoy =iAM-o( AM. (4.34) Hence we conclude that 4(() is an analytic signal if and only if o() is given by (4.32) and F() is given by jo FEO~1h0-(oet2E Aco, 438) Yaa ypepm where 4 (0) isan arbitrary analytic signal, with the only restriction A (0)=0. We will now consider briefly systems with several degrees of freedom. B. Systems with Several Degrees of Freedom Let us rewrite Eqs. (4.1), (4.3), and (44) in matrix notation OF COHERENT STATES 1205 A= QA-iv [ UEYECar, (4.36) b= f “avert, sn a= [ boyetewtay, (ase) arhere 4() and F(), sre the columa vectors given by G4), U@) is the unitary matrix given by (3.8) and Boys the column vector by(oy w0-(sp) Further let us denote the Fourier transforms of F() and U(®) by f(v) and u(»), respectively, ie., (4.39) so)= f: Pera, (40) u0)= [i voernat, aan P= [se dy, (442) w9= [ayer (4.43) Substituting from (4.38), (442), (4.43) and its Her- ritian adjoint in (486) and taking the Fourier trans- form of the resulting equation, we obtain after some simplifications the following expression for 6(+) 5O)=nAO)+ f [oe xu vf" fav", (48) ald) — taal) dO= zaionor | fez ee ite "Wfulol—V)dv'de!", (4.45) iin from (4.45) that d(¢) has, in general, both ponive and negative frequency component, Tet us denote the enumber part of dx) by Aa(0, ies let us we AQ=-w f, “cera, — (4.6)1206 where A(Q) is the column vector whose elements are A,(0. On differentiating (4.46) with respect to # and rearranging terms, we then obtain PO=iA-iW(OUOAL, Now, if we require that é(i) is an analytic signal, both the terms on the right-hand side of (4.36) must separately be analytic sigoals. This will be 30 if and only if U(@ and F() satisfy the following requirements: (aan) (1) The matrix U() is an analytic signal ic, uG)=0 for »<0; (448) (2) F( is given by (447) where 4 () is the column, vector whose elements are arbitrary analytic signals subject to the condition 4 (0) =0. ‘The general form of a unitary matrix which is an ana- lytic signal is not known. If, however, the unitary matrix U( also satisfies the property that the commutator lv@,vo it is shown in the Appendix that U()) must be of the form forall, (9) Uo=View TT BOOV. (4.50) Here V is e unitary matri, + isa real diagonal matrix, so is a non-negative definite diagonal matrix and Tk denotes product over an arbitrary number of Blaschke matrices BO) = (a +8) (Aa —i9), where 1 is the identity matrix, a‘ are real diagonal matrices, and 6 are non-negative definite diagonal matrices. All the matrices V, 7, es, a®, and 8® are time independent. is of interest to note that when U() sates (4.49) or, equivalently, when a) saisies (3.11), we can write (ast) vO=VIU.OV, (452) where ¥ is some time independent unitary matrix and Ua{d 5s a diagonal matrix. In this case, if we make a unitary transformation on the canonical annihilation operators &(), vi AD a9" = Vandal, (4.53) 2% A matric wil be sad tobe an analyte signal ial ts atric elements are anaiesigaie MEHTA, CHAND, SUDARSHAN, AND VEDAM 1st wwe obtain from (4.1) the following expression for dy’): 6 O= (Wass OH. f, (wee X{VR (pdt. (4.54) We note that unlike in (4.1), the different modes are now uncoupled and the problem becomes similar to ‘that relating to systems with one degree of freedom. APPENDIX: GENERAL FORM OF A UNITARY ‘MATRIX THAT IS AN ANALYTIC SIGNAL In this Appendix we will show that if a unitary matrix U(O is an analytic signal and satisfies the condition [UOUE)]=0 forall gr, it must be of the form given by (4.50). Since U(®) commutes with /(?’), we can find a time- independent unitary matrix V such that Ub=VUL0OV, (a) where Ua(®) is @ diagonal matrix whose elements are unimodular. Thus if (0) is an analytic signal, so is Ua(). The matrix elements of Ua(O, which are now unimodular analytic signals, must therefore be of the form Web ew(-in~iew) TTB. (A) an Here real constant, wa isa non-negative constant and [Ts denotes product over an arbitrary number of Blaschke factors en-+i6,0 ai" B= ay) where a)" are real and © are non-negative constants. We can therefore write Tal mex (inte) TT (a +18) x (Aa i974, (AS) where y and a’ are real diagonal matrices; and 5 are non-negative definite diagonal matrices, 1 is the identity matrix and [[+ denotes product over an arbi- trary number of factors. ‘From (AS) and (A2), we conclude that U() must be of the form given by (4.50), viz., UW= Viet TT (1—a+18) X (=a —i8)"V, (A6)