MG Hi Semestrul I ‘$12 Common Diseases and Ailments — part I $13 Common Diseases and Ailments — part Ii $14 Barrons’ Toefl 7_+ Tema 6 S15 Surgery — part 1 S16 Surgery = part t+ Tema 7 S17 Surgery ~ part IIT S18 Types of surgery— part + Tema 8 | $19 Types of surgery part I $20 Disorders of the muscular system + Tema 9 S21 Disorders of bones and joints $22 Disorders of the circulatory system $23 Cliff 1+ Tema 10 S24 Chiff 2 $25 Chiff 3MG Il ~Seminarul 12 COMMON DISEASES AND AILMENTS (1) There is no end in sight in the battle between human beings and the diseases that can destroy them. However, in the 20th century, the nature of the enemy has changed drantatically. In countries where modem medical facilities are available, infectious diseases that were once widespread can now be prevented and cured. Thanks to vaccines, antibiotics, and improved sanitation, most of the dreaded epidemics of the past are not likely to recur. sight (syn.) eyesight (syn.) vision - vedere, viz facility - facilitate, usurin,a; aptitudine, talent; complex (de cladiri); tnlesnire, avantaj cardiac eare facility - centru de cardiologie care facility - unitate de ingrijire health care facility (syn.) health care setting - unitate sanitara medical facility - unitate medicala infecting - infectant, care infecteazd infectious (syn.) infective - infectios, infectant; infectat, viciat infectiousness (syn.) infectiosity (syn.) infectivity - infecyiozitate widespread - larg raspndit, universal, generalizat prevention (syn.) prophylaxis - prevengie, preven , profilaxie preventive (sym) prophylactic - preventiv, profilactic sanitation - igicnd, salubritate publi poor sanitation - condifii precare de igiend dread - team, groazi dreaded - de temut, infricositor lafii sanitare Today's major killers are noninfectious diseases - especially the various forms of cardiovascular disease and cancer. As life expectancy increases, people are more likely to succumb to degenerative conditions that the aging body is susceptible to. In addition, many factors of modern life - such as environmental pollution, occupational hazards, stress, a sedentary lifestyle, an unhealthy diet, the use of cigarettes, drug and aleohol abuse - contribute to the development of disease. cancer (CA) - cancer cancer cell growth - proliferarea celulelor canceroase cancer detection (syn.) cancer screening - depistarea cancerului to succumb (syn.) to decease (syn) to die - a sucomba, a deceda, a muri ! fo succumb TO a disease —a muti de o boali aging - imbatrénire, maturizare; uzare, deteriorare susceptibility - susceptibilitate; sensibilitate susceptible to - susceptibil; sensibil; predispus (Ia boala) hazard - intimplare, hazard; risc, pericol, primejdie occupational hazard - risc profesional unhealthiness - caracter bolnavicios, caracter insalubru unhealthy - nesinatos, insalubru, bolnivicios, diundtor, nociv One of the most common serious afflictions in modem society is heart disease. This general label encompasses many different abnormal conditions, including congenital heart defects (many of which can be repaired surgically), diseases of the pericardium (the tissue surrounding the heart muscle), and diseases affecting the heart muscle itself (the myocardium). Physicians can often detect or predict heart problems by measuring the rate of the heartbeat (called the pulse) and bytaking the patient's blood pressure. Another important diagnostic tool is the electrocardiogram (EKG), a record of the electrical activity of the heart, which can reveal abnormal cardiac thythm and myocardial damage. When heart disease is suspected and more detailed information is needed, an angiogram is ordered. This series of X-ray films (taken after the injection of a radiopaque substance) defines the size and shape of various veins and arteries. to afflict - a face st sufere, a chinui affliction - afectiune, boal4, suferinfa, durere, supirare afflicted with - bolnav de, suferind de repair - reparatie, regenerare; pies de rezerv hernia repair (sy7.) herniorrhaphy (syn.) hernioplasty - herniorafie, hernioplastie to repair - a repara; a vindeca angiogram - angiograma angiography ~ angiografie The most common cardiovascular disease is atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries may cause the development of a coronary thrombus (blood clot), which blocks the flow of blood to the heart muscle. If, as a result, part of the heart muscle dies, the condition is called myocardial infarction (a heart attack). Some symptoms and signs of a heart attack are pain in the chest (and sometimes also in the jaws and arms), shortness of breath, inregular pulse, nausea and perspiration. Prompt cardiopulmonary resuscitation can save victims from sudden death. Among the emergency procedures used is a technique known as percutaneous transluminal_angioplasty (PTA). This technique widens coronary arteries that have become dangerously narrow due to deposits (called plaque) on their interior walls. The procedure involves manipulating a catheter (flexible tube) into the constricted vessel, then inflating a small balloon at its tip, thereby compressing the plaque and widening the passage. This procedure can sometimes substitute for a much more traumatic one - bypass surgery. atherosclerosis (syn.) hardening of the arteries - aterosclerozi, ingrosare a arterelor atherosclerotic - atherosclerotic breathlessness (syn.) shortness of breath (SOB) (syn.) dyspnea (syn) laboured breathing - lipsi de aer, dispnee, respirafie dispneica, dificultate in respiratie, respiratie grea percutaneous transtuminal angioplasty - angioplastie percutanati transluminal constriction - constrictie, comprimare, compresare constrictive - constringent, contractile trauma (p/. traumata) - trauma, traumatism multiple trauma (syn) multiple injuries (syn.) polytrauma - rini multiple, politraumatism neck trauma (syn.) neek injury - traumatism cervical, traumatism al gtului trauma surgery - chirurgie traumatologica When atherosclerosis affects the carotid and vertebral arteries (which supply blood to the brain), a stroke may result, causing paralysis (paralytic stroke) and sometimes affecting speeds and brain flmetion. Atherosclerosis can also weaken the aorta wall, causing it to develop a balloon-like structure called an aneurysm. Large aneurysms can rupture, causing fatal hemorrhage. Patients can decrease the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis by cutting down on their consumption of fats, cutting out cigarettes and getting adequate exercise. weak - debil, slab, fra forfa to weaken (syn.) to debilitate ~ a slabi, a slei de puter weakness (sy7.) debility - slabiciune, neputing’; infirmitate; punct slab stroke (syn.) cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (syn.) cerebral infarction - accident cerebrovascular, accident vascular cerebral (AVC)stroke - lovituri, izbiturd; bataie, migcare ritmicgs linie, trisaturd rupture - rupturd, rupere; hernie to rupture ~ a se rupe, a se perfora, a produce o hemie Less serious but still frightening is the condition called angina pectoris. chest pains that occur when the heart muscle does not get enough oxygen (often because of a temporary spasm of a vessel), An attack is usually caused by overexertion and can be relieved by rest and nitroglycerin tablets. angina pectoris (syn.) heart stroke (syn) breast pang (sym) stenocardia - angina pectoral, stenocardie overexertion - surmenaj, suprasolicitare Patients with various kinds of heart conditions may be treated medically with many different drugs including anticoagulants to reduce the chance of blood clotting, beta blockers to reduce high blood pressure or digitalis to increase the force of the heart's contractions. Surgical treatments include repair or replacement of valves or arteries, insertion of a pacemaker to regulate heartbeat, or even the substitution of an artificial or a transplanted human heart for the patient's diseased one. digitalis (syn) foxgiove - degetel rosu (plant& cu proprietate cardiotonic’) pacemaker - pacemaker; stimulator cardiac transplant - transplant heart transplant (syn.) heart transplantation - transplant cardiac, transplant de inima kidney transplant (syn.) kidney transplantation (sy) kidney graft - transplant renal, grefa renala liver transplant (syn.) hepatic graft - transplant hepatic, gref’ hepatica recipient of transplant ~ primitor, beneficiarul unui transplant transplant surgery - chirurgia transplantului to transplant - a transplanta transplantation - transplantare diseased - bolnav, afectat, lezat; patologic, morbid The relationship between cardiovascular disease and hypertension (high blood pressure) is Well known, so patients with high blood pressure are generally placed on a regimen including a low-salt diet, regular exercise, and sometimes medication that will bring the blood pressure down to within normal limits. to be ON a diet - a fila regim, a fine o dieta to keep TO the diet - a respecta un regim/ dieta Another major killer is cancer. Cancer is characterized by an unrestrained growth of abnormal cells. There are three main types of cancer: a carcinoma originates from the surface cells of the skin or the Tinings of the intemal organs; a sarcoma attacks the muscles, bones, tendons, cartilage, fat, blood vessels, lymph system, or connective tissue; leukemias afflict the blood-forming cells. Some cancers grow slowly; others spread rapidly, doubling in bulk in days. Cancer can appear anywhere in the body, but some common sites are the lungs, breasts, uterus, skin, colon, prostate and blood. Symptoms vary greatly depending upon the location, but some of the most common symptoms are unusual bleeding or discharge, a thickening in any area, a sore that doesn't heal, hoarseness or difficulty swallowing, indigestion, a change in bowel or bladder habits or unexplained weight loss. unrestrained - neinfrdnat, nerefinutcarcinoma (pl. eareinomata) (CA) ~carcinom carcinomatoid (syn) eanceriform - canceriform carcinomatous - carcinomatos sarcoma (pl, sarcomata) - sarcom sarcomatoid - sarcomatoid sarcomatous - sarcomatos leukemia (syn,) leukoeytie sareoma - leucemie, leucocitemie Teukemie - leucemic bulk - volum, grosime, circumferingé, mas bulky - voluminos, mare; corpolent, voinic discharge - excretie, scurgere, golire; secretie, supurafie; descéircare; iesire din spital to discharge - a emite, a scoate; a desedrea; a externa din spital thiek - gros; dens, compact; consistent (despre lichide) thiekening - ingrosare; concentrare thickening agent - agent de ingrosare pathologic thickening - orice ingrosare patologicd a unei structuri thickness - grosime; consistent, densitate; strat hoarse - ragusit to hoarsen - a rigusi hoarseness (5yr.) raucedo - riguscala indigestion - indigestie, termen nespecific pentru orice tulburare gastrointestinal gastric indigestion (syn.) dyspepsia - indigestic gastrica, dispepsie bladder (syn.) vesiea (pl. vesicae) - vezici Today, many types of cancer can be cured, especially if detected early. For this reason, many diagnostic procedures - such as a biopsy, mammogram or colonoscopy (examination of the large intestine) or other internal examinations - are employed when cancer is suspected. A localized malignancy is sometimes treated and cured by surgery alone, but sometimes radiation or chemotherapy (drug or chemical treatment) is used in combination with surgery. A malignancy that has metastasized (spread from its place of origin to another organ or site) requires higher doses of chemotherapy and/or radiation and is more difficult to cure. to metastasize - a metastaza metastasis (p/. metastases) - metastazi The etiology of many types of cancer remains an enigma to scientists. Some of the causes are known, however, including cigarette smoking, overexposure to X-rays ot sunlight and contact with certain chemicals. Some forms of cancer seem to run in families; others may be caused by a virus. virologist - virusolog virology - virusologie virus - virus flu virus (syn) influenza virus - virus gripal virus vaceine - vaccin antiviral The neuromuscular systems in the body can be affected by a number of diseases. These diseases all cause a loss of muscular contro! by disturbing the nerves which control the muscles. In muscular dystrophy, a chronic and inherited disease, the muscles gradually atrophy (waste away), A patient with Parkinson's disease often exhibits uncontrollable shaking caused by basal ganglion dysfunetions. Multiple sclerosis victims suffer from a loss of muscular coordination in various partsof their bodies because of damage to nerve fibers. Unfortunately, none of these diseases is curable at present. All that can be done for a victim is to lessen the undesirable symptoms. dystrophic - distrofic dystrophy - distrofie ganglion (pi. ganglia) - ganglion ganglial (syn,) ganglionic - ganglionic dysfunetion - disfunctie, dereglare A disease that attacks the kidneys is nephritis, There are many different types and many causes of nephritis, including bacteria and toxins. The kidneys regulate the elimination of urine from the body. If the disease becomes severe enough to destroy the kidnevs, the victim can be saved through the transplantation of a donor's kidney or by regular use of a renal hemodialysis machine. This machine substitutes for the kidneys, cleansing the body of its liquid wastes. kidney (sy7.) ren (pi, renes) (syn) nephros - rinichi nephric (syn.) renal - renal, referitor la rinichi, nefric, nefretic nephritis (pl. nephritides) - nefriti to cleanse - a curafa, a dezinfecta, a purifica cleanser - curafitor, raclet&; detergentCOMMON DISEASES AND AILMENTS (11) Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the body no longer uses sugar properly. In a healthy body, special cells in the pancreas secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon, which help to store sugar. In the body of a diabetic, these hormones are inadequately produced or utilized. The disease is usually diagnosed by the discovery of sugar in the urine and abnormally high levels of sugar in the blood. If the disease is not controlled, serious complications can develop affecting the eyes, kidneys and circulatory system. Treatment is usually a combination of a carefully regulated diet, regular exercise and sometimes insulin injections, diabetes - diabet non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (syn.) type I diabetes - diabet zaharat insulino-independent (DzH), diabet zaharat tip II insulin-dependent diabetes (syv.) insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (syn.) type I diabetes - diabet insulino-dependent, diabet zaharat insulino-dependent (DzID), diabet zaharat tip 1 diabetes mellitus - diabet zaharat (D2) diabetic - diabetic diabetogenic - diabetogen, care produce diabet diabetogenous - diabetogen, care este produs de diabet diabetologist (syn.) diabetes specialist - diabetolog, medic specialist in diabet diabetology - diabetologie pancreas (p/. panereata) - pancreas body of panereas (syn.) corpus panereatis - corpul pancreasului head of pancreas (syn) caput panereatis - cap de pancreas tail of pancreas (sy.) cauda pancreatis - coada pancreasului Arthritis and rheumatism are general names for approximately 100 diseases that produce inflammation or degeneration of connective tissue. Some of these diseases are infectious and primarily affect younger people. Rheumatic fever, for example, is a bacterial infection that occurs mostly in children or teenagers. Rheumatoid arthritis predominantly strikes women between 20 and 60, However, the most common rheumatic disease is a noninfectious, noninflammatory degenerative joint disease - osteoarthritis. To some degree, it affects nearly all older adults, causing swelling, pain and stiffiness in joints. Treatment may include heat, exercises and drugs that reduce pain and inflammation, arthritis (pl. arthritides) (syn.) articular rheumatism - artrita, inflamatia unei articulagi, reumatism articular arthritic - artritic swelling - umflare; inflamare stiff - rigid, jeapain, tare; ferm, howrdt to stiffen - a intari, a injepeni, a amorti stiffness ~ curbatura, redoare; rigiditate; asprime, duritate Besides osteoarthritis, many other noninfectious diseases can limit the activities of the elderly. Osteoporosis (a condition in which bone loss exceeds bone replacement so that the bones become Jess dense, more porous and more brittle) often leads to fractures, especially of the hip bone. Many conditions conspire to decrease the sensory, perception of the elderly. Cataracts (created when the Jens of the eye ~ or a portion of it - becomes opaque and sometimes swells or shrinks) interfere with vision, Deterioration of nerves in the inner ear causes the characteristic old-age hearing loss, most severe in the high-pitched tones, The senses of taste and smell also deteriorate in old age. osteoarthritis (syn.) degenerative arthritis (syn.) degenerative joint disease - osteoartriti, artriti degenerativa, boald articulard degenerativa osteoporosis - osteoporozi juvenile osteoporosis - osteoporoza juvenil postmenopausal osteoporosis - osteoporozii postmenopauzalii osteoporotic - osteoporotic brittle - friabil, fragil, sfirdmicios, casant Jens - lentil; cristalin LENTI- forma combinatorie eu sensul de lentila lenticular - lenticular; in forma de lentila; cristalinian car (syn.) auris (pl. aures) - ureche, organul auzului si echilibrului high-pitched tone — sunet inalt But what many elderly people fear most is the loss of mental abilities. Confusion, memory loss and inability to distinguish between reality and fantasy (dementia) are all syraptoms that can be caused by damage to the brain. They may result from external injury, a stroke or deterioration of brain cells due to inadequate blood and oxygen supply. One common cause of severe mental deterioration is Alzheimer's disease, a neurological brain disorder in which there are a variety of abnormal chemical changes its the brain and characteristic nerve cell "tangles." In the United States, about 2.5 million people are afflicted with this condition, almost 6 percent of the population over age 65 and about 20 percent of those over 85. demented - dement, suferind de demenga, iesit din mingi dementia - dement’, debilitate mintala Alzheimer's disease (syn.) Alzheimer's disease (syn.) presenite dementia (syn.) dementia presenilis (syn.) primary senile dementia - boala Alzheimer, demenfi presen People of all ages suffer from a variety of allergic conditions, An allergy is an altered reaction of body tissues to a substance which produces no effect upon a nonsensitive person. The substance causing the allergic reaction is called an antigen. The antibody reaction (often the release of histamine) generally makes the person fee! sick or uncomfortable. Some people have food allergies (commonly to eggs, strawberries, chocolate or nuts), and these are likely to cause skin rashes. Others are allergic to airborne particles (inhalants such as dust or pollen). These affect the respiratory tract and cause conditions such as asthma, hay fever or allergic rhinitis. Another source of allergies is contactants (for example, wool or chemicals that come in contact with the skin) Allergies to specific drugs (penicillin, for example) are also common. Sometimes allergic reactions can be severe and lead to medical emergencies, especially if they interfere with breathing. However, most can be controlled with medication (often antihistamines). Of course, the best way fo control an allergic condition is to avoid contact with the antigen, if possible rash ~ iritajie, erupfie cutanatd de scurti durati airborne - transmisibil pe calea aerului, aerogen; seropurtat; prezent in aer hay fever (syn.) hayfever (syn.) autumnal catarrh (syn.) seasonal allergic rhinitis - febra de fin, rinitt alergica sezoniera Among contagious diseases, many of the major killers of the past are no longer widespread problems. Smallpox, for example, has been eradicated in most parts of the world by vigorous immunization campaigns. Poliomyelitis (a disease caused by a virus which attacks the motor neurons of the spinal cord) once left large numbers of its victims temporarily or permanentlyparalyzed, but today vaccines effectively protect against polio. Tuberculosis, a bacterial infection which commonly affects the lungs, was the number-one Killer of Americans prior to 1909, Today, to test for TB, a simple skin test is widely given periodically as part of a routine medical checkup. If the results are positive, a chest X-ray is taken to determine whether the disease is dormant or active, In cither case, the condition can then be controlled or cured by medication. Another infection of the Jungs, pneumonia, is also much Jess dangerous than it once was, thanks to antibiotics. (However, among the elderly and those weakened by other serious diseases, pneumonia is still a common cause of death.) smallpox (syn) variola major (syn.) variola - varioli, variola major, varsat mare poliomyelitis (syn.) polio - poliomielit& check up (syn.) checkup - control medical, examen medical de rutin dormant (sym) inaetive (syn.) latent - somnolent, adormit; inactiv, in stare latent’ Diseases that are common in childhood include chickenpox, measles, mumps, diphtheria and whooping cough. In the United States, children are routinely immunized against most of these, as well as against tetanus. This is not true in all parts of the world, however, and many children suffer needlessly as a result, Fortunately, these diseases are not usually fatal. chickenpox (syn.) chicken pox (syn.) varicella (syn.) waterpox - varicela, varsat de vant rubeola (sy7.) measles (syn.) morbilli -rujeol’, pojar, morbili mumps (syn.) epidemic parotiditis (syn) infectious parotiditis - oreion, parotidita epidemica, parotidits infectioasd, infecyie urliana diphtheria (sy7.) diphtheritis - difterie pertussis (syn.) whooping cough - pertussis, tuse convulsiva, tuse migireasea needlessly - in mod inutil Many diseases are transmitted by sexual contact. Once called venereal diseases, today they are commonly called sexually transmitted diseases (STD). These include gonorhea, syphilis, genital herpes, candidiasis (a yeast infection), trichomoniasis and others. Some of these can be very destructive to the body if not treated, but all can be either cured or controlled by medication. By far the most frightening of the sexually transmitted diseases is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). This fatal disease is spread by direct sexual contact or exchange of blood (for example, by use of a contaminated hypodermic needle). AIDS destroys its victim's immune system, leaving the patient unprotected against infections that healthy people could fight off. The various "opportunistic infections" common among AIDS patients include a rare type of pneumonia and an unusual form of cancer called Kaposi's sarcoma. "An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure" is an expression that especially applies to AIDS, not only because the use of condoms and sterile needles can protect people from the disease, but also because at present there is no cure. Since a person can be a cartier of the HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) tong before symptoms appear, people at risk are urged to take a blood test for diagnosis. sexually transmitted disease (STD) (syn.) venereal disease - boal cu transmitere sexual’, boala veneries gonorrhea, gonorrhoea - gonoree gonorrheal, gonorrhoeal - gonoreic syphilis (syn.) lues - sifilis, lues syphilitic (syn.) luetic - sifilitic, luetic candidiasis (syn.) eandidosis (syn.) moniliasis - candidiazd, candidoza, moniliazd Kaposi's sarcoma (syn.) multiple idiopathic hemorrhagic sarcoma, sarcomul Kaposi, sareomatozi multipl hemoragicd KaposiAt the other end of the disease-spectrum are the many conditions that may make people feel temporarily "under the weather but are not serious enough to require a physician's care - especially if they are only occasional and short-lived. Common infectious condition such as a cold, the flu or diarrhea (loose bowel movements) are often self-limiting and can be treated symptomatically with over-the-counter drugs. The same is true of occasional tension headaches and the monthly cramps and lower back pain that are now called premenstrual syndrome (PMS). People often endure the acne of adolescence and the hemorrhoids of pregnancy without consulting a physician, especially ‘when the conditions are not severe. Minor traumas are often self-treated with routine first aid. Most people know that superficial lacerations (cuts) should be thoroughly cleaned and bandaged and that immediate immersion in cold water will relieve the pain of a slightly burned finger or a sprained ankle. under the weather — care nu e in apele lui, indispus, putin bolnav hemorrhoids, haemorrhoids (syn) piles -hemoroizi to lacerate - a lacera, a sfigia, a rupe in bucifi lacerated - Jacerat, rupt, sfigiat Jaceration - laceratie, lacerare, dilacerare; sfasiere, rupere in bucéifi sprain - entors’, serantire to sprain - a suferi o entorsa, a suci, a scrdnti The study of diseases should not make students feel fiagile and vulnerable. It is important to remember that the human body has a remarkable ability to protect itself against disease and to cure itself when illness or injury does occur. Moreover, when serious illness strikes, modern medicine has extremely sophisticated tools for fighting back. SPECIAL TERMS Some Abnormal Conditions allergy - an abnormal sensitivity to a particular substance so that contact with it produces an antigen-antibody reaction. For example, ragweed makes the person allergic to it sneeze. ragweed — rugin’, ambrozie (bot.) aneurysm - a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel due to a congenital defect or a weakness in the vessel wall angina pectoris - pain in the mid-chest that sometimes radiates to the shoulder, left arm, Jaw or abdomen, Usually brought on by physical exertion, the underlying cause is the natrowing of a blood vessel due to temporary spasm or build-up of plaque. The narrowing causes the heart to receive less blood (and therefore less oxygen) than it needs. atherosclerosis - a form of arteriosclerosis in which there are localized accumulations of fatty material on the inside walls of blood vessels. Arteriosclerosis, a more general term, includes this condition and other degenerative blood vessel conditions such as loss of elasticity and hardening. Both conditions are commonly called hardening of the arteries. atrophy - a wasting away due to lack of nutrition or use; also, a reduction in size of a structure after it has come to full functional maturity. Atrophy is sometimes due to an abnormal condition, For example, the calf muscles may shrink when a patient is not ambulatory for several months. However; atrophy can also be normal, as in the shrinking of the ovaries during menopause. hypertension - abnormally high blood pressure. (Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood on the wall of any vessel. What is considered normal varies somewhat with age and sex, but it is abnormally high when above 140/90.)infaretion - the death of tissue in an organ following the cessation of blood supply. Myocardial infarction (death of part of the heart muscle) usually results from is thrombus (blood clot) in the coronary arterial system. Coronary thrombosis may also cause cardiac arrest (a sudden cessation of heartbeat), paralysis - temporary or permanent loss of function, especially sensation or voluntary motion paralytic stroke - sudden onset of paralysis caused by an injury to the brain or spinal cord, Some Common Medications antibiotics - a variety of substances (some natural and some synthetic) that inhibit the growth of or destroy microorganisms. They are used extensively to treat infectious diseases. anticoagulant - an agent that prevents or delays blood coagulation. It is sometimes used following heart attacks to prevent further blood clotting or embolisms. antihistamine - a medicine that counteracts the effect of histamine (a substance normally present in the body and in certain foods), which sometimes causes an allergic reaction Antihistamines relieve the allergic symptoms. digitalis - a heart stimulant drug that increases the force of the muscular contractions of the heart. It is often prescribed for patients with heart failure (a condition which means that the heart cannot maintain adequate circulation of the blood). insulin - a hormone secreted by the panereas; a preparation (usually prepared from the pancreas of animals) taken by hypodermic injection by some diabetic patients. Also, some patients take an oral antidiabetic drug which stimulates their pancreas to release insulin. Other Medical Vocabulary angiogram - an X-ray film of a blood vessel angioplasty - a technique for expanding a narrowed artery by inserting a balloon catheter. etiology - the cause or causes of a disease. fatal - resulting in death hemodialysis - a treatment used to cleanse the blood of patients whose kidneys are defective or absent. To remove toxic chemicals, the blood is passed through tubes made of semipermeable membranes. pulse - rhythmic throbbing (pulsation, beating) caused by the contraction and expansion of ‘an artery. It keeps time with the heartbeat, Normal pulse rate can range from 60 to 90 times per minute. (Athletes usually have a lower than average rate.) The pulse is usually taken by feeling the radial artery of the wrist.MODEL TEST? 43 Section 3: Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension QUESTIONS 45 Mises Pact A 1 by selective wearing (A) enhance (8) dain (C) guard (©) span tl society of Flamingos were about to have died out laws were passed to protect them. 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Mat feaves, Named for its sy and fragrant of the Acacias ond, has dark green leaves ad wld‘vasa tag WW 14301 40 ONI 4881 Bo NOUORS ERS © >0m UO GVH LON 08 *20NO EWOWTE No MOM HOA SALDRIN Sb 3u033R HA ROK 881 7300 TsB01 Jo £ NOUSRS 40 ONS IHL SISA oan ‘eae sz61 (a) o VOR MON (a) ‘weprosury aN Y) Pon wepuOR AY may sem BIHAN “LS sso secon Aowur ods soysind fecdwo. spy 94 H>¥NG 9M alo} oveds jo wp fesdivon rpey 94 Go18g ain asned0q 190g 43 poumo sean 1948 95me328 (y) Nd Ao wneaoy Uy (@) 1 BOR HON J0 Kant Y OW) Pout fp y em ai ayy 29 ery Yes 28MGH- SURGERY (D) Fundamentals of Medicat-Surgleal Nursing: A Systems Approach, edited by A.M. Brady, C. McCabe, M. McCann, ‘Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, 2014, pp. 105-123 Surgery is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a person to investigate or treat a pathological condition such as a disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured are: The act of performing surgery may be called a surgical procedure, operation, or simply “surgery”. Surgery usually spans minutes to hours, but it is typically not an ongoing or periodic type of treatment. The term “surgery” can also refer to the place where surgery is performed, or, simply the office of a physician, dentist, or veterinarian. operation - operatie, interventic, interventie chirurgica operative - operativ, operator, chirurgical pathologic (sy7.) pathological - patologic pathologist - anatomopatolog pathology - patologie bodily - corporal, fizic rupture - ruptura, rupere; hemie ruptured - rupt; herniat span - interval de timp; interval de misurare to span - a cuprinde, a acoperi; a masura ongoing (syn.) unceasing - neintrerupt; in desftigurare; continua Surgery, whether elective or emergency, is a stressful, complex event that may be performed for a variety of reasons, It may be + diagnostic (¢.g. biopsy specimen, exploratory laparotomy); + curative (e.g. excision of a tumor mass); + reparative (e.g. repair of wounds); + reconstructive or cosmetic (e.g, facelift); + palliative (c.g. pain relief) Surgery may also be classified according to the degree of urgency involved: + emergency (when there is a life-threatening crisis which demands immediate action, e.g. tracheotomy, which is done to enable a patient to breathe); + urgent (requires prompt but not immediate action); * required (the patient needs to cure a particular health problem but which can be postponed for weeks or months); * elective (can correct a condition but it is not necessary to the health of the patient, e.g. middle-ear surgery to correct a hearing loss); + optional (performed primarily for cosmetic rather than health reasons). elective - optional, electiv reparation - reparatie; indreptare reparative - reparator reconstruction - reconstructie, reconstruire; restaurare chirurgicala reconstructive - reconstructiv palliation (syn) mitigation (syn.) alleviation - paliare, alinare, atenuare, linistire palliative - paliativmiddle ear (syn.) auris media - urechea medie optional - facultativ When patient care involves positive interventions and/or treatments to promote the restoration of health, much of the perioperative care concerns itself with preventing harm during the procedure. The process of consent is the first in a series of risk assessments that take place during the patient episode. The decision of the patients to consent to surgery is in itself a risk assessment. This risk assessment weighs the benefits of the treatment against the risks of failure, postoperative infection and potential disability (any loss of function). In order to make this assessment, the surgeon seeking consent will usually indicate what percentage risk exists for that specific procedure while the patient is in his or her care. restoration ~ restaurare, restauratie restorative - reparator; tonic to restore - a restitui; a restaura; a restabili perioperative (syn.) paraoperative — perioperatoriu, perioperator harm - rau, paguba, prejudiciu to harm - a déuna, a face rau (cuiva) consent - consimfamant, acord informed consent - consimfémant informat to assess - a evalua, a aprecia assessment - evaluare, apreciere postoperative (post-op) - postoperatoriu, postoperator procedure - procedeu; metoda Surgeons are also duty-bound to discuss alternative treatments and their associated risks. ‘The patient will then make a balanced judgement of these and whether proceeding with any given treatment justifies these ris Surgery can be very dangerous. Even with moder techniques and advanced simulator training, when one pares surgery down it is largely carried out by human beings and with sharp implements. This takes place at a point when a significant proportion of the body’s natural coping mechanisms are modified by anesthesia, and the body’s most important defence against infection (the skin) has been breached. Success is entirely dependent on the skill of the surgeon, anesthesiologist and theatre practitioners. balance (syn) equilibrium - echilibru, stabilitate balanced - echilibrat, stabilizat to proceed - a actiona. a urma o procedura; a continua proceeding - actiune, procedeu; continuare trained - educat, instruit training - instruire, formare; pregitire, antrenament to pare down ~a reduce, a micgora to carry out —a duce la bun sfirgit, a efectua implement — articol, obiect; ustensil& breach ~ bres, ruptur’; separare to breach —a face o bres Before deciding the type of anesthetic that the anesthesiologist will deliver, a number of variables need to be considered: - the patient's preoperative medical / surgical condition; - the type and length of surgery; - postoperative considerations.Preoperative assessment ‘The aims of the preoperative assessment are to determine whether the patient is fit for anesthesia, to optimise the patient’s condition before anesthesia and to establish the most suitable anesthetic technique, Currently, the majority of patients attend for elective operative procedures as ‘day case’ or ‘ambulant surgery’, i, the patient is admitted and discharged on the same day. This changes the way in which the preoperative assessment is undertaken. anesthesia - anestezie anesthesiologist - anestezist, medic specialist in anesteziologie anesthesiology - anesteziologie anesthetic - anestezic PRE- prefix cu sensul de inainte, anterior pre -operative (pre -op) (syn.) presurgical - preoperatoriu admission - admitere, intrare, acces; internare admission file - fig de internare admission to (a) hospital (syn.) hospital admission - internare in spital to admit (to a hospital) - a interna, a spitaliza discharge - excretie; secrefie; deseircare: iesire din spital to discharge - a emite; a descarca; a externa din spital to undertake ~ a initia, a experimenta Elective surgery patients who have pre-existing or complex medical and/or surgical problems are usually admitted prior to the day of their operation to determine a care plan that will take into consideration their coexisting problems. This assessment may utilize a multidisciplinary approach to patient care. Preoperative information is, however, often limited for emergeney patients due to the condition in which they present and the urgency that this creates. The emergency patient may be ‘unconscious, confused or otherwise temporarily incapacitated. Assessment usually follows a trauma assessment protocol, with resuscitation and immediate treatment of life-threatening injuries being the priority. approach - acces, abordare, cale abdominal approach - abord abdominal (chirurgical) urgency - urgent’, situafie urgent urgent - urgent, de urgen{a incapacitant - agent de incapacitare incapacitating (sym) disabling - incapacitant, invalidant ncapacitation (syr.) ineapacity - incapacitate to resuscitate - a reanima, a resuscita, a readuce la viaq’ resuscitation - reanimare, resuscitare, readucere la viatd Preparation of the environment Planning and preparation are Key to the successful delivery of the anesthetic care, The theatre and anesthetic room are checked to ensure that the temperature, lighting and humidity are within safe parameters. Both areas need to be cleaned in line with the hospital policy (based on the national guidelines), and all disposable items should be checked for their availability and integrity. The anesthetic machine is one of the most important pieces of equipment that needs to be cleaned, checked and calibrated. Although it is imperative that the anesthetic machine is checked for functionality, it is equally important to have a secondary means of delivering oxygen and ventilating the patient in the event of machine failure during the operation.parameter - parametru, constant’; indice physiological parameter - parametra fiziologic parametrial - relativ la parametru; juxtauterin parametrie - parametric guideline - indicatie; directiva disposable - de unica folosinia disposal - asezare; eliminare, evacuare to dispose - a aseza to dispose of - a indeparia, a scipa de machine - maging aparat, mecanism anesthetic machine - aparat de anestezie to calibrate - a calibra, a etalona, a grada calibrated - calibrat calibration - calibrare, etalonare, gradare calibrator - calibrator, dispozitiv de etalonare The scrub and circulating staff also assess perioperative risk prior to the surgery — for example, tissue viability is a concem to the perioperative nurse as patients are required to be immobile for the duration of surgery. Positioning of the patient for surgery is primarily to enable access to the site of surgery, with the important secondary concem of protecting the pressure areas. It is therefore highly important that an accurate pressure sore risk assessment takes place Prior to and curing the operation, Typically, bony prominences will be supported by pressure- dispersing gel pads during surgery. serub - spalore cu peria; spalarea (oaleta) mainilor (inainte de operatie) serub staff ~ personalul implicat in activitatea de anestezie si operatorie serub suit - costum de sala to scrub - a freca, a spila, a curita imobilitate, nemigcare ization - imobilizare to immobilize - a imobiliza, a opri immobile — imobilizat, nemiscat site (syn.) situs - loc, situs, pozitie sore - rand, loc sensibil sore - dureros, inflamat prominence (syn.) pron pad - pad, tampon; burelet pressure-dispersing gel pads - paduri cu gel pentru o distribute mai bund a greutifii pacientului in timpul interventiilor chirurgicale entia (p/. prominentiae) - proeminen{ai; protruzie The risk of deep vein thrombosis leading to pulmonary embolus is given similar attention. Immobile patients are susceptible to the formation of blood clots within the lower legs ‘Treatment to prevent these forming can be medical (low molecular weight heparins) or mechanical. Mechanical means usually take the form of compression boots that intermittently inflate to compress the calf muscles, resulting in a passive pumping action that reduces the likelihood of venous stasis in that area, thrombosis (p/. thromboses) - tromboza deep vein thrombosis (DVT) - trombozii venoasa profunda thrombotic - trombotic thrombus (p/. thrombi) (syn.) blood clot - tromb, cheag de singe embolus (pl. emboli) - embolus, embolembolic - embolic emboliform - emboliform embolism (syn.) embolia — embolie heparin (syn.) heparinie acid - heparin’ high molecular weight heparin — heparin cu greutate moleculara mare low molecular weight heparin ~ heparin cu greutate moleculara mica compress - compres to compress (syn.) to compact - a comprima, a compacta compressed - comprimat, condensat compression - compresiune, comprimare, condensare compression boots ~ cizme de compresie secventiald calf (pl. calves) (syn.) sura - pulpa piciorului; gamba stasis (pl. stases) - stazi venous stasis (syn.) venostasis (syn.) phlebostasis stazi venoasi, venostazi, flebostazi A further risk to the surgical patient is posed by inadvertent hypothermia. An anesthetized patient cannot effectively compensate for heat loss due to drug interference with their autonomic nervous system and because of a reduction in muscle tone that prevents heat generation by shivering. In addition, the patient’s ‘central heating system’, the circulatory system, will have slowed down (as shown by a decreased heart rate and blood pressure on induction of anesthesia) and may be cooling down due to the introduction of intravenous fluids at room temperature, inadvertent — accidental; neglijent hypothermal (syn.) hypothermie - hipotermal, hipotermic hypothermia - hipotermie accidental hypothermia (syn.) inadvertent hypothermia - hipotermie accidental tone - tonus, ton muscle tone (sy7.) myotony - tonus muscular shiver - frison, tremurat to shiver - a frisona, a tremura, a dardai shivering - tremur, fior A patient receiving regional anesthesia via a spinal or epidural route will have a lesser or greater degree of vasodilation, a mechanism the body effectively uses for losing heat. Patients may also be subject to a rapid infusion of fluids in order to manage a sudden drop in blood pressure (a common side effect of a spinal or epidural anesthetic). Consequently, before patients, have even entered the operating room, they are significantly compromised in terms of maintaining their own body temperature. Studies indicate that hypothermic patients (<35.5°C) take longer to recover from anesthesia, experience greater pain and are more susceptible to postoperative wound infection. It is therefore imperative that the patients’ temperatures are accurately recorded before, during and after surgery. spinal anesthesia - anestezie spinal’; absenga sensibilitagii cauzate de o leziune spinal epidural anesthesia (syn.) peridural anesthesia (syn.) epidural block - anestezie epidural’, anestezie peridurala vasodilation - vasodilatatie vasodilating (syn.) vasodilator (syn.) vasohypotonic - vasodilatator vasodilator (syn) vasodilator agent - vasodilatator, agent vasodilatator to infuse - a infuwza; a injecta infusible - infuzabil, infuzibil infusion - infuzie; injectie, injectare drop - piestura; cddere; scadere; (pl.) piedituri de medicamentto drop - a picura; a scaidea, a diminua Patient safety When admitting the patient to the care of the anesthesiologist, it is important to establish that the correct patient is received, for the correct procedure, and that the consent has been obtained in an appropriate manner. The anesthesiologist introduces himself to the patient and confirms the following: ~ the patient's name and how they would like to be addressed; ~ that the patient has been sufficiently prepared for anesthesia in terms of fasting: + surgical site marking; - that any other information that may impact on the patient's care is articulated, safety - siguran{’, securitate margin of safety - margine de siguranté, zon maneabild, diferenja dintre doza terapeuticd maxima si doza terapeutica minima drug safety (syn.) pharmacovigilance (PV, PhV) - farmacovigilenta fast (syn_) fasting - post fast day - zi de post impaet - impact, soc, ciocnire impact trauma (syn.) impact injury - traumatism prin impact to impact - a presa, a infepeni; a influenta impacted - impactat, inclus impaction - impactare, incluziune articulate (syn.) articulated - articulat, clar, impede to artieulate - a articula, a promunja; a uniMG Ii- Seminarul 1 SURGERY (iI) Fundamentals of Medicat-Surgical Nursing: A Systems Approach, by AM. Brady, C. MoCabe, M, MeCann, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, 2014, pp. 105-123, Anesthesia ‘There are a number of ways in which an anesthetic can be delivered - as general, regional or Iocal anesthetic. The anesthesiologist will have made plans for how to maintain the patient's airway. For most surgical procedures, this will be achieved by using either a Jaryngeal mask airway (LMA oran, al tube (E Once all the equipment has been prepared and checked, the anesthesiologist will start to weoxygenate the patient, Therefore, if there is @ period during which the patient loses consciousness and stops breathing, there will still be a reserve of circulating oxygen available Having preoxygenated the patient, a combination of drugs will be administered. Patients are rendered unconscious by the administration of an induction agent delivered intravenously or by the inhalation of an anesthetic vapor (gas induction). Prior to the induction agent being administered, the anesthesiologist will often give an opiate, usually fentanyl. This is to prevent the normal sympathetic response to laryngoscopy. i. the patient’s response to a painful stimulus. airway - tract respirator, cale aeriand, cale respiratorie; tub pentru intubafie airway constriction - constricfie a cailor aeriene airway obstruction - obstrucfie a cailor respiratorii laryngeal mask airway (LMA) - masca laringiana (dispozitiv supraglotic’ endotracheal tube (ETT) - tub endotraheal to preoxygenate - a preoxigena reoxygenation - preoxigenare fo render - a resttui, a inapoia; a preda, a da; a face, a cauza to render unconsefous - a adormi (despre medicamente) «duction - inductie duction agent - agent de inductie duction period - perioadi de inductie inductive - induetiv, de inductie fentanyl - fentanil, analgezic opioi durerilor eronice si severe laryngoscope - laringoscop Jaryagoseopie -laringoscopic laryngoscopy - laringoscopie sintetic utilizat ca anestezic general si in tratamentul Analgesia is required to prevent the patient's sympathetic nervous system from responding to the painful stimulus. This is often overcome by administering opioid analgesia on induction However, the amount of drug and the speed at which it is metabolized may not be adequate to uli, The use of intravenous paracetamol is on the increase, is often given in the anesthetic room on induction. An opiate is routinely administered in the theater, whether this be incremental doses of morphine or a continuous infusion of remifentanil. Remifentanil is administered by continuous infusion as part of the total intravenous anesthesia technique, whereby a continuous infusion of propofol is delivered via a syringe pump in tandem with the remifentanil, analgesia - analgezie regional analgesia - analgezie regionalsurface analgesia (syn.) topical anesthesia - analgezie de suprafafi, anestezie topicd analgesic - analgezic analgesic - analgezic; insensibil la durere to overcome - a infitinge (oboseala), a se vindeca ( 0 boals), a-si deplsi (0 team), a trece peste yerement - increment, crestere incremental - care creste, care sporeste remifentanil - opioid extrem de putemic, folosit in anestezie. eu degradare rapid, astfe! ca poate fi administrat doar continuu (perfuzic) pump - pompa syringe pump - pomp’ de 12 (pentru controlarea ratei gi volumuhti de perfuziey ‘The anesthesiologist (or patient or surgeon) may decide against the use of a general anesthetic. There may be & number of reasons for this including: + the patient's choice; + the patient's medical family history (e.g. a history of malignant hyperpyrexia); + physiological conditions; + known problems with a difficult airway Alternative techniques include regional anesthesia. This technique will use one of the following: +a spinal anesthetic; + an epidural anesthetic; * combined epidural and spinal anesthesia. history - istoric, antecedente ‘ease history (syn.) anamnesis - anamnezi familial history (syn.) family history - antecedente familiale, antecedente heredocolaterale hyperpyretic (syn.) hyperpyrexial (syn.) hyperthermic - hiperpiretic, hipertermic hyperpyrexia (sy) hyperthermia - hiperpirexie, hipertermie malignant hyperpyrexia - soc hipertermic; hipertermie maligna If patients are non-ambulant, this poses significant health and safety risks to both ‘themselves and the theater personnel. This risk has been reduced over the last decade or so, with the trend towards ambulatory (day case) surgery enabling a shift towards more patients receiving treatment on specialist operating trolleys, thus reducing the need for the staff to employ manual handling techniques, Even for those patients not requiring a transfer from trolley to table, however, positioning for optimal surgical ‘access may be required. Most of the risk posed here is to the theater personnel, and predictably this risk is higher where the risk is unforeseen, for example with the presentation of a morbidly obese patient. The minimum number of theater personne! required to move or position an adult patient is four, based on European Manual Handling directives indicating that male staff should move a maximum load of 25 kg and female staff a 15 kg maximum, Careless positioning of the surgical patient can cause considerable harm, Even the most basic surgical position — supine ~ carries risks. Risks can, however, be reduced by positioning the patient as far as possible in alignment and by continuous monitoring of aterisk areas. nonambulatory (syn,) nonambulant - care nu se deplaseaza (despre pacienti) ambulatory (sy7.) ambulant - ambulatoriu, ambulant {0 pose - a prezenta, a pune in discutie, a ridiea o problemashift - schimb, turd; deviatie trolley - cdrucior day surgery trolley ~ masa de operaie cu rofi destinata intervenfiilor minore drugs trolley - c&rucior pentru medicatie handle - méner, brat, coadé to handle - a manui, a manipula handling - manevrare, mAnuire, manipulare unforeseen - neprevizut, neasteptat obese (syn,) corpulent - obez, corpolent obesity (syn.) corputence (syn.) corpuleney - obezitate, corpolenfi morbid obesity (syn.) clinically severe obesity - obezitate morbid’, obezitate sever supine - supin, culeat pe spate to align - aalinia alignment - aliniere, aliniament atr pericol iminent, vulnerabil, predispus The assessment of infection risk takes into account the site of the surgery (e.g. bowel), the existing bacterial activity and the tissue that will be breached (bone infection, for cxample, being very difficult to manage), Contact infection is managed by the creation of a ‘sterile field’. An additional infection risk may be present via reusable equipment that has been inadequately disinfected. Examples of this are operating tables, suction units and diathermy machines — particularly where staif members handle diathermy pedals that are in regular contact with the floor. ‘Gel pads and operating table supports can also have similar contact with a soiled theater floor and must be disinfected carefully between patients. field - céimp, regiune; domeniu de activitate, sector to disinfect - a dezinfecta, a curafa; a deparazita disinfectant - dezinfectant disinfected - dezinfectat, curdfat; deparazitat disinfecting - dezinfectant, de dezinfectare disinfection - dezinfectie, deparazitare suetion - suctiune; aspirajie suction unit - unitate de aspiragie chirurgicala diathermie (syn.) diathermal - diatermic diathermy (syn.) transthermia - diatermie, transtermie Giathermy machine - aparat de diatermie soit - sol, paméint; murdarie; ingrdsamant to soil - a murda, a pata; a manji Where specimens are taken for pathology examination, a risk of misdiagnosis exists. The biggest risk is error in Jabelling specimens. This should not occur if labelling takes place in real time, checking takes place and the specimen is dispatched as soon as documentation has been completed. The soiled theater floor presents multiple risks that include the spread of infection via carelessly discarded equipment coming into contact with used irrigation, skin preparation and bodily fluids (usually blood). There is also a slip hazard relating to these items. The management of these risks involves mopping between cases, but this poses an additional slip risk as it takes place at a time when the members of the staff are preparing the operating room for the next case. misdiagnosis (syn.) error in diagnosis (syn.) diagnostic error - eroare de diagnostic Jabel (syn) tag -cticheta, inscripjie to label (syn.) to tag - a eticheta, a aplica etichete; a marcaKAKA KKK RRS < SAKA KAKA labeling - marcare, etichetare to dispateh - a trimite, a expedia to discard - a elimina, a arunea; a remunga fa slip - alunecare, deplasare; scdpare to slip - a aluncea, a glisa; a se desface: a stabi (despre o persoand sau despre memorie) slipped - alunecat hazard - intimplare, hazard; rise, pericol, primejdie health hazard (syr.) health risk - rise pentru sinatate, perieol pentru sinatate occupational hazard - rise profesional hazardous - riscant, periculos Role and responsibilities of the serub nurse Checks prior to commencement of the operating list: + Cleanliness of the theater environment + Temperature and humidity levels, and efficient air-conditioning, taking the appropriate action if necessary to adjust the levels Preparation of instrument sets and accessories: * Swabs + Needies + Extra instruments + Accessories (¢.g, sutures and dressings) ‘Scrubbing-up procedure: wash hands and arms, don sterile gown and gloves Preparation of instrument trolley and Mayo stand Passing instruments (o the surgeon Anticipation of the surgeon's needs Maintenance of the sterile field Swab, needle and instrument checks Handling and passing of instruments Specimens Documentation (electronic and hard copy) ‘Cleaning between surgical procedures and at the end of the operating list Role and responsibilities of the circulating nurse Assisting the serub nurse in the preparation of the instrument sets, accessories, swabs, needles and instruments Preparation of sterile surgical gowns and gloves ‘Tying donned sterile gowns Opening instrument sets Passing accessories to the serub nurse Maintenance of the sterile field Swab, needle and instrument checks with the serub nurse Anticipation of the scrub nurse’s needs Safe practice in placing specimens into appropriately sized specimen containers (with the ‘correct medium) cement (syn.) beginning - fncepere, inceput ; Puritate con cleanliness - curateni swab - tampon sterile swab - tampon steril suture - suturd; sinfibrozA proprin-zist to dress - a pansa, a bandaja, a aplica un pansament to dress a wound - a aplica un pansament pe rand, a bandaja 0 rank Aressed - imbracat; bandajat, pansatdressing - pansament, bandaj; pansare, bandajare to don - a imbraca, a pune gown - halat, roc surgical gown - halat chirurgical stand - suport, stand; pozitie Mayo stand - masd instrumentar chirurgical Mayo medium (1. media) - mediu; mijloe; agent; metod’, procedew aqueous medium - mediu apos contrast medium (syn) contrast agent - mediu de contrast, agent de contrast culture medium (syr.) growth medium - mediu de culturd container - recipient; container, lad specimen container - recipient steril pentru prelevarea si transportul probelor Accountability After checking the operating list, the scrub and circulating nurses ensure that all the necessary instruments and accessories are available for each surgical procedure. Preparation following basic principles and good communication between members of the theater staff are the Key to effective clinical practice, safe patient care and a lack of delay in the operating list The circulating nurse opens the instrument set using an aseptic technique, and the scrub nurse opens and prepares the instruments for the surgical procedure. The scrub and circulating nurses check the swabs, needles and individual instruments for all instrument sets against the instrument checklist. Any missing or faulty instrument is identified on the checklist. The quantities of swabs, needles and accessories are noted on a white board to highlight the number of each used in the surgical procedure and for checking purposes when the wound is opened and before it is closed to ensure nothing has been left in the wound at the end of the surgical procedure. The surgeon is told when a correct cheek has been confirmed. It is of paramount importance to complete all the documentation accurately at the end of the surgical procedure. It is the responsibility of the scrub nurse to ensure that the correct information has been written on the operating list, patient care plan, operation register, specimen container and histology request form. The same rigor must apply to the documentation held electronically on the electronic patient system. accountability - responsabilitate, (teagere la) raspundere accountable for - eispunzitor (pentru, de) to hold accountable - a trage la rispundere checklist - lista de verificat, lista de urmat punet cu punet fault - defect, imperfectiune: greseali faulty - defect, defectuos; grosit to note -a insemna, afi atent la, a observa; a nota ‘wound - plaga, rani paramount - extrem, suprem patient care plan - plan de ingrijire a pacientului ‘operation register - registru de interventii chirurgicale protocol operator rigor - rigor, rigiditate: frison; rigoareMedicina IT Surgery — Tema 7 LFill in the gaps: > Adenectomy is the surgical removal of a > Adenoidectomy is the surgical removal of the > Appendectomy is the surgical removal of the ‘ > Arthrectomy is the surgical removal of a of the body vy vy VY VVVVYVY vo owyy ¥ nr vy vue vevvvvvvY v Bunionectomy is the surgical removal of a Bursectomy is the surgical removal of a , a small sac filled with synovial fluid Cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the Colectomy is the surgical removal of a Cystectomy is the surgical removal of the Italso means removal of a Diverticulectomy is a surgical procedure to remove @ Duodenectomy is the surgical removal of the : Endarterectomy is the surgical removal of from the lining of the artery otherwise constricted by a buildup of fatty deposits. Fundectomy is the surgical removal of the __ of an organ, such as the uterus or the stomach. Ganglionectomy is the excision of a : Gastrectomy is the partial or full removal of the is Hemorthoidectomy is the surgical removal of a Hepatectomy is the surgical resection of the Hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the Jejunectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the Keratectomy is the surgical removal of the of the eye. Laminectomy is the trimming or surgical removal of the , portion of the spinal vertebrae, Laryngectomy is the surgical remnoval of the » which involves separating the airway from the mouth, nose and esophagus. Lumpectomy is the surgical removal of a from a breast. Mastectomy is the surgical removal of one or both Myectomy is the surgical removal of a portion of Necrosectomy is the surgical removal of Nephrectomy is the surgical removal of a Neurectomy is the surgical removal of a Cophorectomy is the surgical removal of the Orchiectomy is the surgical removal of the Panereatectomy is the surgical removal of part or all of the Pneumonectomy is the surgical removal of a Pulpectomy is the surgical removal of all the material in the pulp chamber and root canal of a Rhinectomy is the surgical removal of part or all of the Salpingectomy is the surgical removal of the Septectomy is the surgical removal of the Splenectomy is the surgical removal of the : Stepedectomy is the surgical removal of ossified from the ear that is then replaced by a prosthesis. ‘Thrombectomy is the surgical removal of the (blood clots).v Thymectomy is the surgical removal of the gland. Tonsillectomy is the surgical removal of the : ‘Tumorectomy is the surgical removal of the ‘Tympanectomy is the surgical removal of the Uretectomy is the surgical removal of the Vitrectomy is the surgical removal of some or all of the vitreous humor from the vive v 2. Match the suffixes with their meanings, 1. pain 2. surgically forming 3. instrument to view 4. cutting 5. study of ITI 3. Define the following words: 1. ophthalmology 2. otoplasty 3. gastralgia FT arthroscope 3 thinotomy 6. cardiomegaly 7. osteomalacia 8. valvulitis 9. cephalic 10. gastroptosis 11. arthrocentesis 12. hysteroscopy 13. spirometer 14, subhepaticMG Ii ~ Seminarul 17 SURGERY (IID) Fundamentals of Medical-Surgical Nursing: A Systems Approach, edited by A.M. Brady, C. McCabe, M. McCann, ‘Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, reland, 2014, pp, 105-123 The sterile field The area around the operating table and the patient covered in sterile surgical drapes is known as the sterile field. Only members of the scrub staff’ can enter this area. Maintaining the sterile ficld is of paramount importance to prevent exposing the patient to a risk of infection. The scrub and circulating nurses have to follow their duty of care and acknowledge if they break the sterile field. For example, circulating personnel who are not wearing sterile gowns and gloves could accidentally touch the sterile drapes and possibly cause contamination. All members of the surgical scrub staff will undertake a surgical hand-serub and put on sterile gloves before they enter the sterile field and before preparation of the surgical instruments and accessories. drape - cémp operator, cearsaf chirurgical to drape - a drapa, a inconjura cu cearsefuri cAmpul operator, a pregati cimpul operator scrub staff - personalul de sala (personalul implicat in activitatea de anestezie si operatorie) contaminant - contaminant air contaminant (syn.) air pollutant - aerocontaminant, poluant atmosferic chemical contaminant - contaminant chimie to contaminate (syn.) to infect - a contamina, a infecta contaminated (syn) infected - contaminat, infectat contaminating - contaminant contamination - contaminare airborne contamination - contaminare pe calea aerului ross contamination - contaminare incrucigat risk of contamination - rise de contaminare Surgical sutures Each type of suture material is coded by a standard colour for casy identification. The information on the front of each suture identifies the type and length of the suture material, the date of manufacture, the expiry date, the type of needle and its sterility status. Absorbable Non-absorbable Natural or synthetic Resists the body’s attempt to dissolve it Short-term wound support May be removed after the surface incision has healed Decomposes; degrades as the wound heals Used for suturing fat, muscle and Used on internal tissues Also for subcutaneous suturing of skin sutural - sutural suture - sutura; sinfibroza propriu-zist absorbable surgical suture - sutura resorbabili nonabsorbable surgical suture - sutura neresorbabila absorbable - absorbabil, resorbabil nonabsorbable - neabsorbabil, neresorbabil support - suport; sprijin; intretinereto decompose - a descompune, a (se) dizolva; a putrezi to degrade - a (se) degrada, a descompune, a deteriora Surgical needles Surgical needles are identified by their shape and size, Surgical needles vary in size, shape (straight, curved or J-shaped) and type so the doctor can choose the relevant needle and suture for the surgical incision, As an alternative to suturing the skin, surgeons can use skin staples to close the wound. These are applied using a skin closure unit that works in a similar way to a paper stapler, needle - ac biopsy needle - ac de biopsie needle biopsy (syn.) aspiration biopsy - biopsie cu ac, biopsie prin aspiratic blunt point needle - ac cu varf bont curved needle - ac curbat disposable needle - ac de unic’ folosinys eye of the needle - ureche de ac needle-holder (syn.) needle forceps - port-ac injection needle - ac pentru injectie J-shaped needle - ac in forma literei J, ac tip schior round point needle - ac cu cap rotund. straight needle - ac drept suture needle - ac pentru sutur’ needleless -f'ird ac needle-shaped (syn.) acicular - in forma de ac, acicutar, aciform staple - capsa, brida medical staple - agraf’ chirurgicala to staple - a capsa stapler - capsator medical stapler - capsator medical Surgical dressings ‘The surgical dressing acts as a physical barrier between the wound and any microorganisms and sources of infection, and also protects the delicate healing tissue. There are many different dressings, each of which has its own properties. Passive ~ a traditional dressing that provides cover over the wound (gauze); Interactive ~ a polymeric film that is mostly transparent, permeable to water vapor and oxygen, and non-permeable to bacteria (hydrogels and foam dressings); Z ~a dressing that delivers substances active in wound healing, such as hydrocolloids and alginates, and collagens. dressing - pansament, bandaj; pansare, bandajare passive dressing - pansament pasiy, cu functie doar de protectic gauze -tifon interactive dressing - pansament interactiv, pansament superabsorbant, care cteeazi o bariera impotriva baeteriilor (cu hidrogel si cu spum& poliuretanic’) Im - pelicula, strat; film; folie bioactive dressing - pansament bioactiv sub forma de tampoane spongioase liofilizate sterile, adjuvant in procesele fiziologice de vindecare a plagilor hydrocolloid - hidrocoloid alginate - alginat Surgical drainswound, Surgical drains are used by the surgeon to remove fluid (blood or serum) from the surgical The surgeon secures the drain tubing with surgical sutures. Dressings are placed around the tubing to help prevent contamination from the wound dressing. drain - dren to drain - a drena; a evacua, a vida, a elimina lichidul dintr-o cavitate to drain an abscess - a drena un abces drainage - drenaj, drenare; vidare incision and drainage - incizie si drenaj drainage tube - tub de drenaj draining - drenare, vidare, secare secure - sigur, in siguran(a; solid, tare, trainic to secure - a asigura, a garanta; a lega; a prinde tube - tub; trompa sondii structurd anatomicé cilindric& tubing - tubaj; tub Surgical instruments sect, resect or alter tissues during the surgical The surgeon uses surgical instruments to di procedure. They should only be used for their intended purpose. Sponge-holding forceps To hold a swab used in prepping the patient or swabbing a wound Scalpel/blade To make an incision Tissue forceps - with teeth at the end of the forceps « To hold or grasp sof tissue Artery forceps ~ curved or straight ~ To clamp or dissect arteries or veins, and to hold small swabs (pledgets) Dissecting forceps ~ To hold tissue when the surgeon is suturing or diss ting + Non-toothed (internal tissues) + Toothed (external tissues — skin or muscle) Dissecting scissors ~ curved = To dissect tissue Scissors — curved or straight v To cut tissue or sutures Needle holder = To hold and support the suture needle Retractor © To retract tissue Towel clip & Tapes To hold surgical drapes in place Suction = To remove blood, debris or fluid to disseet - a diseca, a sectiona, a rezeca; a analiza dissecting - disecant dissection - disccare, disectie; rezectie; obiect al disecfici, piest anatomicd to reseet - a rezeca, a face o rezectie; a exciza resectable - rezecabil resection (syn.) excision - rezeciie, excizie, extirpare a unui segment dintr-o structura sau organ forceps - forceps, pensi, cleste artery forceps - pensi arterial curved forceps - pensi curbi cutting forceps - pens’ pentru taiat dissecting forceps - forceps de disectie dressing forceps - pens& pentru pansament sponge holding forceps - pensa port tampon tissue forceps - pens anatomica sealpel - bisturiublade - lama, lamelit knife blade - lama bisturiului clamp - clamp, clamps, clema, pens, agraf’ fo clamp - a clampa, a lega, a inclesta pledget - tampon mic, compres mic& non-toothed - nedintat toothed (syv.) serrated (syn.) serrate - dintat, zimfat, ca de fierdstrau retractor - departitor clip - clama, agrafa, clem& debris - debriuri, rimasite; eschile osoase Recovery Following surgery, all the patients are admitted to a recovery area — the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) — where they will be cared for in the immediate postoperative period. Practitioners working in the PACU will deliver one-to-one patient care. They will receive a comprehensive handover from the anesthesiologist that should include: recordi the patient’s name: + the operation or procedure that has been undertaken; + the type of anesthetic delivered — spinal, epidural or general anesthetic; + the intraoperative management in terms of airway management, observations (vital signs recordings), positioning, warming devices, prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis, and the drugs and fluids administered; + information relating to immediate postoperative care, for example surgical drains and wound care; + post-anesthesia instructions for PACU; + postoperative instructions for the ward. While obtaining the handover, the practitioner will be observing the patient’s airway and ng their vital signs every 5 minutes for 20-30 minutes, to recover - a se ins’ to recover consciousness - a-si recipita cunostinja to recover from - a se insinitosi dupivin uma reeovered - restabilit, insindtosit recovery - recuperare, vindecare, instinatosire fall recovery - restabilire completa recovery period (syn.) recovery time - perioada de recuperare post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) (sym) post-anesthesia recovery (PAR) - camer de supraveghere post anestezica (CSPA) handover - transfer, predare to manage - a administra, a conduce; a gestiona management - administrajie, conducere; gestiune case management - gestionarea cazului hospital management - conducerea spitalului pain management - gestionarea durerii Pain management is often addressed and planned prior to surgery so that pain is managed proactively rather than reactively once the patient is out of the theater. However, patients do not always respond to pain in the same way, so pain management regimens are dependent on using effective communication skills to elicit information on how much pain patients are suffering and what type of pain it is. It is important to obtain a detailed handover to establish whether the patient has had an analgesic in theater and if s what type, for example an opiate, non-steroidal _anti- inflammatory drug or paracetamol. Not all pain experienced in recovery can be attributed to surgery; other factors contributingto pain - headaches, bladder distension, pain from positioning, etc. - may need to be considered. It is important to assess the nature and cause of any pain, and a number of tools have been devised to establish the severity of the pain, including visual and verbal pain scales, As with any drugs that are administered to a patient, there are a number of issues to consider, including what analgesic drugs are available, the pharmacology of these drugs, their indications and contraindications, and also their interactions, to elicit - a reusi si obfind un rispuns, a provoca (0 reactic); a smulge, a extrage non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) - antiinflamator nesteroidian (ATNS) to distend - a intinde, a (se) dilata; a (se) umfla, a balona distended - intins, dilatat; umflat, balonat distension - distensie, intindere; umflare, balonare abdominal distension - distensie abdominala; balonare abdominal bladder distension (syn. ) full bladder - glob vezical distent - dilatat; intins to devise - a inventa, a nascoci, a imagina seale - scald, scar gradatd, gradare; solz; crust visual analogue seale (VAS) - scala vizuala analogici (SVA) verbal numeric seale (VNS) - scala numeric verbal (SNV) Patients who have been administered opioids will need to be closely monitored for a longer period of time in recovery as opioids can have a number of adverse effects, including respiratory depression and nausea and vomiting. Any drugs administered in the recovery area should be documented in the patient's recovery care plan. Details required include the drug administered, the dose of the drug, the route by which it was delivered and the time at which it was delivered, This record will then be signed by the person who administered the drug. Specific criteria from PACU are often utilised in recovery and should be met prior to the patient returning to the ward. These criteria are variable and ate adapted for individual recovery areas, often depending on the types of patient and the surgical procedures undertaken. They offer guidance on the minimum safe requirements for vital signs, including: - conscious level; ~ oxygen saturation levels and respiratory rate; - blood pressure; ~ heart rate; ~ temperature; - pain and PONV scores; - urine output in catheterized patients. nausea - greafi, senzatie de voma postoperative nausea - greati postoperatorie nauseant - emetizant, care provoaci great to nauseate - a simfi greatd, a-i fi greafi nauseous - grejos, care provoacd great to vomit - a vomita, a avea virsdturi, a voma, a virsa vomiting (syn.) emesis - vomitare, emesis, varsatura PONV (postoperative nausea and vomiting) score - scor de greaji gi varsituri postoperatorii output - productic, productivitate, randament; debit, iesire a unui sistemMG Il Seminarul 18 TYPES OF SURGERY 1 In medicine, a surgeon is a person who performs surgery, Surgery is a broad category of invasive medical treatment that involves the cutting of a body, whether human or animal, for a specific reason such as to remove a diseased organ or to repair a tear or breakage. Surgeons may be physicians, dentist, podiatrists or veterinarians, ‘Terminology 1. Excision surgery names often start with the name of the organ to be excised and end in — ectomy (c.g, alveolectomy, radectomy, gangliectomy) 2. Procedures involving cutting into an organ or tissue end in -otomy (e.g. glossotomy, Septotomy, sialoadenotomy’ 3. Procedures for the formation of a permanent or semi-permanent opening called a stoma in the body end in -ostomy (e.g. pancreatostomy, apicostomy. pericardiostomy) 4. Reconstruction, plastic or cosmetic surgery of a body part starts with the name of the body part to be reconstructed and ends in -oplasty (e.g.alveoloplasty, genioplasty, pharyngoplasty) 5. Reparation of damaged or congenital abnormal structures ends in -raphy (eg. palatorrhaphy, glossorrhaphy, hemiorhaphy) 6. Surgical fixation ends in ~ pexy (e.g. gastropexy, pericardiopexy, splenopexy) alveolectomy - alveolectomie; rezectie a peretelui osos al unei alveole dentare radectomy (syn.) radicectomy - scoaterea ridicinii (unui dinte, nerv) gangliectomy - gangliectomie, scoaterea unui ganglion glossotomy - glosotomie, incizie la nivelul limbii septotomy - septotomie sialoadenotomy ~ sialoadenotomie, drenajul unui abces al glandelor salivare Panereatostomy - pancreatostomie, crearea unei fistule care s& permit’ comunicarea canalului pancreatic cu exteriorul genioplasty (syn. ) chin augmentation - genioplastie, augmentarea barbiei mentoplasty (syn.) chin reduetion - mentoplastie, reducerea barbiei palatorrhaphy - palatorafie, sutura a valului palatului glossorrhaphy - glosorafie, sutura a limbii herniorrhaphy- herniorafie gastropexy - gastropexie, fixare chirurgical& a stomacului deplasat pericardiopexy - pericardiopexie splenopexy - splenopexie, fixarea chirurgicala a splinei General surgery, despite its name, is a surgical specialty that focuses on abdominal organs, e.g. intestines including esophagus, stomach, small bowel, colon, liver, pancreas, gallbladder and bile ducts and often the thyroid gland (depending on the availability of the head and neck surgery specialits). It also deals with diseases involving the skin, breast and hernia skin (syn.) integument - picle hernial - herni to herniate - a hernia Cardiothoracic surgery is the filed of medicine involved in the surgical treatment of diseases affecting organs inside the thorax, generally the treatment of conditions of the heart and Jungs. Cardiac surgery (involving the heart and great vessels) and throracic surgery (involving the lungs and any other thoracic organ) are separate surgical specialities, except in the USA, where they are frequently grouped together, so that a that a surgeon training in the cardiothoracic specialty will receive a broader but less specialized experience in both fields, thorax (syn.) rib cage - cutie toracica thoracic (syv.} thoracal (syn.) pectoral - toracic, pectoral Jung (syn.) pulmo (p/. puimones) - plimén, pulmonpulmonary (syn.) pulmonic (sy7.) pneumonic - pulmonar pneumo- fornd combinatorie cu sensul de respiratie, pldméni, aer, pneumonie pneumono- formed combinatorie cu sensul de pliman pulmono- formé combinatorie cu sensul de pleimdn Colorectal surgery is a field in medicine dealing with disorders of the rectum or anus. The field is also known as proctology, but the term is outdated in the more traditional areas of medicine. Pediatrie surgery a of surgery involving the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults Plastic surgery is a medical specialty concerned with the correction or restoration of form and function, While famous for aesthetic surgery, plastic surgery also includes many types of reconstructive surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery and the treatment of burns. fetus (pl. fetuses) - fetus fetal - fetal infant — infant, copil sub varsta de 1 an hand surgery - chirurgia mainii Vascular surgery is a specialty of surgery in which diseases of the vascular system, or arteries and yeins, are managed by medical therapy, minimally-invasive catheter procedures, and mn, The specialty evolved from general and cardiac surgery. The vascular surgeon is trained in the diagnosis and management of diseases affecting all parts of the vascular system except that of the heart and brain, Cardiothoracic surgeons manage surgical diseases of the heart and its vessels. Neurosurgeons manage surgical disease of the vessels in the brain (c.g. intracranial aneurysms). artery (syn) arteria (pl, arterine) - arterd vein (syn.) vena (pi. venae) - ven’ brain (syn.) encephalon (pl. encephala) - creier, encefal intracranial - intracranian extracranial - extracranian cranium (pi, erania) (syn.) skull - craniu, cutie craniand skull fracture - fracturd de craniu skull injury - plagi craniana Transplant surgery is the division of medicine that surgically replaces an organ that is no longer functioning with an organ from a donor that does function. Trauma surgery. Trauma surgeons are physicians who have completed a residency training in general surgery and often fellowship training in trauma or surgical critical care, The trauma surgeon is responsible for the initial resuscitation and stabilization of the patient, as well as ongoing evaluation. The attending trauma surgeon also leads the trauma team, which typically includes nurses, resident physicians, and support staff. donor - donator recipient - beneficiar, receptor; destinatar; recipient residency training (sy7.) specialty training - rezidentiat resident (syn.) specialist-in-training ~ rezident fellowship — burs de cercetare, post ocupat intr-o universitate de beneficiarul unei burse de cercetare fo nurse - a nutri, a hrdni, a alipta; a ingriji un bolnav nurse - asistent medicala; doicd Breast surgery is a form of surgery performed on the breast. Types include breast reduction surgery, augmentation mammoplasty, mastectomy, lumpectomy, breast-conserving surgery, a less radical cancer surgery than mastectomy and mastopexy.Surgical oncology is a branch of surgery which focuses on the surgical management of cancer. The specialty of surgical oncology has evolved in steps similar to medical oncology, which grew out of hematology and radiation oncology, ehich grew out of radiology. Endocrine surgery is a surgical procedure that is performed to achieve a hormonal ot anti- hormonal effect in the body. The commonest operation is thyroidectomy. Skin surgery. Dermatology is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its diseases, a unique specialty with both medical and surgical aspects. breast reduction surgery — operatic de reducfie mamara augmentation mammoplasty — mamoplastie de augmentare lumpectomy - lumpectomie, excizia unei tumori mamare; tumorectomie, excizia tumori breast conserving surgery ~ chirurgie conservatoare a sénului mastopexy (spn) breast lift surgery ~ mastopexie, lifting mamar thyroidectomy —tiroidectomie Otolaryngology or ENT (eat, nose and throat) is the branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of the ear, nose, throat and head and neck disorders. The fall name of the specialty is otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics is the branch of surgery concemed with the conditions involving thr musculoskeletal system, Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and non-surgical ‘means to treat musculoskeletal trauma, sports injuries, dgenerative diseases, infections, tumors and congenital disorders. otolaryngology (syn.) ENT specialty - otorinolaringologie otolaryngologist (syn,) ENT specialist - otorinolaringolog injury - leziune, rand, traumatism; ofensd, jignire: lezare to injure - a (se) rini, a leza, a avaria, a diuna Neurosurgery is the surgery focused on treating structural diseases and the spinal column, the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system amenable to surgical intervention. ‘Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine which deals with the diseases and surgery of the visual pathways, including the eye, hairs and areas surrounding the eye, such as the lacrimal system and eyelids. Podiatric surgery is a branch of medicine devoted to the study, diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle and lower lee. Urology is surgical specialty that focuses on the urinary tracts of males and females, and on the reproductive system of males. Medical professionals specializing in the field of urology are called urologists and are trained to diagnose, treat, and manage patients with urological disorders. spinal column (s)7.) vertebral column (syn.) rachis (pi. rachides) (syn.) backbone - rahis, coloana vertebrala, gira spinarii central nervous system (CNS) - sistem nervos central peripheral nervous system - sistem nervos periferie visual pathways - cli vizuale Gynecology and Obstetrics. Examples of procedures are hysterectomies and abdominal or laparoscopic myomectomies. Obstetrical procedures include cervical cerelage, amniocentesis, cesarean section, circumcision, and forceps and vacuum-assisted vaginal deliverie hysterectomy - histerectomie, extirparea uterului myomectomy (syn) fibromectomy - miomectomie, fibromectomie, excizia unui fibtom cerelage - cerclaj al colului uterin: metoda de fixare a fragmentelor osoase amniocentesis - amniocentezi delivery - nastere, parturitie, travaliu, delivrenfa; livrare, predare forceps delivery - nastere cu ajutorul forcepsuluiMedicina I TYPES OF SURGERY - TEMA 8 Exercise 1. Write a synonym for each of the following words: 1. sialolithiasis 3. shingles 4, chickenpox 5. palate 6.cheekbone __ 7. orbit 8. malunion 9. Vincent's disease 10, cleft lip Exercise 2, Write the following words in the plural: 1. trauma 2. maxilla 3. dens 4. radix 5. corona 6. fistula 9. palatum 10. os (bone) Exercise 3. Write the combining forms corresponding to the following words: 1, tooth 2. root 3. check 4. bone 5. chin a Exercise 4. Explain the following terms: 1. myositis, 2. sialoadenotomy 3. vestibuloplasty 4. periimplant 5. gingivostomatitis 6. pyarthrosis, 7. fracture 8. palatoschi 9. myal 10. tendonitis 6. pus 7. joint 8. wall 9. saliva 10. lip Exercise 5. Give meanings for the following suffixes. Provide a word for each suffix and define it Example: -algia -ectomy -plasty -otomy -ostomy 6. «pathy 7, -rrhaphy 8. -opexy 9. «rrhea 10, -odynia - it refers to pain - e.g. myalgia — pain in the musclesMG If - Seminarul 19 TYPES OF SURGERY Il Oral and maxillofacial surgery is surgery to correct a wide spectrum of diseases, injuries and defects in the head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region. It is a recognized international surgical specialty. ‘The specialty of oral and mexillofacial pathology encompasses identification and ‘management of diseases in the mouth and surrounding structures. Dentoalveolar surgery deals with the following: Extraction of teeth » Periodontal disease > Pulp disease > Pathologic lesions surrounding the teeth > Crown and root fractures > Malposition of teeth » Impacted teeth > Supernumerary teeth > Third molar removal > Root canal infections > Reduction of genial tubercles > Vestibuloplasty > Bone grafting extraction — extractic tooth extraction (sym) extraction of 2 tooth (syn.) dental extraction - extractie dentari lesion - leziune, rand, schimbare patologica crown (syn.) corona (pI. coronae) - coroand; coroand dentarii crown fracture (syn.) coronal fracture - fracturé de coroand dentari, fracturd coronaria root (sym.) radix (pi. radices) - ridicina, radix root fracture - fractura radiculara malposed - in malpozitie malposition (syn.) dystopia - malpozitie, distopie matposition of teeth (syn.) irreguiar teeth position - malpozitie dentara to impact - a presa, a infepeni, a impinge in impacted - impactat, inclus, impins supernumerary (syn.) epactal - supranumerar, epactal removal - mutare: indepartare, extinpare; transfer genial - genian, referitor la birbie, mentonier tuberele (syn.) tubereulum (pl. tubercula) - tubercul, folicul tuberculos vestibuloplasty - vestibuloplastie grafting - grefare, inserfie a unei grefe bone grafting - transplantare de os Infections of the oral and maxillofacial region include: > Odontogenie infections > Osteomyelitis of the jaw > Dental fistulae > Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis > Periimplantitis > Infection of the maxillary sinus> Oroantral communication and fistula > Suppurative arthritis of the temporomandibular joint > Complications of the maxillofacial infections » Candida infections > Oral and perioral viral infections (primary herpetic gingivostomatitis, herpes labialis, recurrent herpetic ulceration, chickenpox, herpes zoster, infectious mononucleosis) fistula (pi. fistulae, fistulas) - fistula dental fistula (syn.) alveolar fistula - fistula dentara, fistula alveolard necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) (syn.) Vincent's disease - gingivitt necrotico- ulcerativa, boala Vincent periimplantitis - periimplantita arthritis (pl. arthritides) — artrita suppurative arthritis (syn.) purulent synovitis - artrité supurativa, sinoviti purulenta gingivostomatitis — gingivostomatita primary herpetic gingivostomatitis - gingivostomatiti herpetica primara chickenpox (syn) varicella - varicela, varsat de vant herpes zoster (syz.) shingles - herpes zoster, zona zoster kissing disease (syn.) infectious mononucleosis (syn.) glandular fever - “boala sarutului” mononucleozi infectioasd, febri glandular Oral pathologic lesions > Odontogenic cysts > Non-odontogenic cysts » Odontogenic tumors > Benign tumors > Leukoplakia > Exythroplakia > Oral lichen planus > Oral cancer > Salivary gland disorders (sialolithiasis) » Salivary gland tumors cyst - chist; vezioula non-odontogenie eyst - chist neodontogen leukoplakia - leucoplakie erythroplakia - eritroplakie sialolithiasis (syn.) ptyalolithiasis - sialo iaza, ptialolitiaza, litiaz’ salivard ‘Trauma involves traumatic dental injuries, midfacial fractures, mandibular trauma and soft tissue trauma, ‘Traumatic dental injuries > Crown fracture > Root fracture > Concussion > Subluxation » Lateral luxatio > Extrusive luxation (extrusion) > Intrusive luxation (intrusion) > Avulsion concussion - contuzie, izbitura; comotiesubluxation - subluxafie extrusion - extruzie intrusion - intruzie avalsion - avulsie, avulsiune, smulgere Midfacial fractures are fractures of the hard_palate, fractures of the zygomatic bone, fractures of the orbit, subfrontal fractures and fractures of the frontal bone hard palate (syn.) palatum durum - palatul dur frontal bone (syn.) os frontale - os frontal Mandibular trauma refers to the complications of mandibular fracture repair (infection, malunion, nonunion, nerve injury). Soff tissue trauma includes abrasion, laceration, hematoma and avulsion, malunion (sym) vicious union - malunire, calus vicios, nonunion - neconsolidare a fractur nerve injury (syn.) nerve damage - leziune de nerv abrasion (spn.) abrasio - abraziune; julitur’, zgérieturd; slefuire laceration - lacerafie, lacerare; sfisiere, rupere in bucafi Dentofacial deformities > Clefi lip and palate > Reconstruction of maxillary defects > Mandibular reconstruction > Tissue engineering and reconstruction > Cosmetic facial surgery cleft lip (syn.) cheilosehisis - despicatura labial’, cheiloschizis tissue engineering - inginerie tisulara reconstruction - reconstructie; restaurare chirurgicala tissue reconstruction - reconstructie tisulara Temporo-mandibular joint disorders > Disc derangements > Inflammatory and non-inflammatory disorders > Ankylosis and fracture > Local myalgia > Myospasm > Myositis and tendonitis > Muscle contracture > Muscle neoplasia derangement - dereglare, disfuncfie; tulburare psihica dise derangement - deranjament discal myalgia (syn.) myodynia - mialgie, miodinie myositis - mio tendonitis - tendinitaMG If ~Seminarul 20 DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM Muscle function may be affected by disorders elsewhere, particularly in the nervous system and connective tissue. The conditions described below affect the muscular system directly. Any disorder of muscles is described as myopathy. Techniques for diagnosing muscle disorders include electrical studies of muscle in action, electromyography (EMG), and serum assay of enzymes released in increased amounts from damaged muscles, mainly CPK (creatine phosphokinase). myopathy ~ miopatie [myo-, muscle + pathos, suffering] electromyography (EMG) - electromiografie (EMG) [electro-. electricity + myo, muscle, + grapha, to write] assay - incercare, test, analizare, proba, analiza, experiment to assay - a proba, a verifica, a testa, a determina confinutul:; a evalua, a examina damage - lezare, leziune, afectare, traumatism, vitimare ‘to damage - a leza, a afecta, a traumatiza, a vatima, a tulbura damaged - lezat, vatamat, afectat, tulburat, dereglat Muscular Dystrophy refers to a group of hereditary diseases involving progressive, noninflammatory degeneration of muscles. There is weakness and wasting of muscle tissue w: gradual replacement by connective tissue and fat. There may also be cardiomyopathy (disease of cardiac muscle) and mental impairment. The most common form is Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a sex-linked disease passed from mother to son. This appears at age 3 to 4, and patients are incapacitated by age 10 to 15. Death is commonly caused by respiratory failure or infection. dystrophy (sym.) dystrophia - distrofie [dys-, bad, difficult + srophé, nourishment] dystrophic - distrofic muscular dystrophy (syx.) myodystrophy - distrofie musculara (DM), miodistrofie Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy (DMD) (syn) childhood muscular dystrophy - distrofia musculari progresiva Duchenne, distrofie musculari infantilé, distrofia muscular. a copilari waste - reziduu, rebut, deseu; irosire, pierdere; emaciere waste - uzat, nefolositor; de aruncat to waste - a atrofia; a pierde, a se micsora, a irosi cardiomyopathy (syn.) myoeardiopathy - cardiomiopatie, miocardiopatie incapacitant - agent de incapacitare incapacitating (syn.) disabling (syn.) erippling - incapacitant, invalidant ineapaeitation (syn) ineapacity — incapacitate to infect (syn.) to contaminate - a infecta, a contamina infected (syn.) contaminatede - infectat, contaminat infectious (syn) infective - infectios, infectant; infectat, viciat infectiousness (syn.) infectivity ~ infectiozitate Polymyositis is the inflammation of skeletal muscle leading to weakness, frequently associated with dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing) or cardiac problems. The cause is unknown, and may be related to viral infection or to aufoimmunity. Often the disorder is associated with some other systemic disease such as theumatoid arthritis or lupus erythematosus. When the skin is involved, the condition is termed dermatomyositis. In this case, there is erythema (redness of the skin), dermatitis (inflammation of the skin), and a typical lilac-coloteddiagnosis. predominantly on the face, In addition to enzyme studies and EMG, muscle biopsy is used in polymyositis — polimiozita [poly-, many tmyo,muscle,+-itis inflammation] dysphagy (spn.) aglutition (sy7.) aphagia - disfagie, aglutitie, afagie viral - viral, virotie virologist - virolog, virusolog virology - virologie, virusolo; autoimmune — autoimun autoimmunity - autoimunitate autoimmunization — autoimunizare lupus erythematosus (LE, L.E.) - lupus eritematos dermatomyositis ~ dermatomiozita [dermato-, skin+myo,musele, erythema —eritem erythematous (syz,) erythematosus — eritematos dermatitis (pl. dermatitides) - dermatiti, inflamatia pielii rash - ras, erupfie cutanata de scurta durata itis inflammation} Myasthenia gravis is an acquired autoimmune disease in which antibodies interfere with muscle stimulation at the neuromuscular junction. There is a progressive loss of muscle power, especially in the external eye museles and other muscles of the face. myasthenia ~ miastenie [mvo,.muscle,tastheneia, weakness] myasthenia gravis (MG) - miastenia gravis (MG)myasthenie ~ miastenic junetion (syn.) juncture (syn.) junctura (p!, juneturae) - jonejiune, junctura; legaturd, unire; articulatie, incheietur’ neuromuscular junction (syz.) myoneural junction - joncfiune neuromuscular, jonetiune mioncurala 1. Match the terms in each of theses sets with their definitions and write the appropriate letter (a-e) to the left of each number, __16. aponeurosis, —_17. ataxia __L. deltoid a. large muscle across the back below the trapezius 2. triceps branehii b. posterior muscle of the upper arm that extends the forearm 3. pectoralis major ¢. triangular muscle that covers the shoulder 4. latissimus dorsi 4d, main muscle of the calf «gastrocnemius e. large muscle across the upper chest __6.rectus abdominis _a, muscle between the ribs 7. gluteus maximus __. muscle that runs vertically at the center of the trunk 8. sartorius cc. main muscle of the buttocks 9. semitendinosus 4. posterior muscle of the thigh 10. intereostal e. long, straplike muscle that runs across the inner thigh __l1. myokinesis a. faulty muscle tone __12. myotenositis b. muscle tumor myoglobulin ©. oxygen-storing pigment in muscle 14. dystonia d. inflammation of muscle and tendon 5. thabdomyoma €. muscle movement . muscle spasm due to a metabolic imbalance b. forcible tearing away of a part___18. torticollis ¢. flat, sheetlike tendon __19. tetany d. lack of muscle coordination 20, avulsion e. wryneck. 2, Fill in the blanks: 1. The neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction is 2. Any muscle that produces flexion at a joint is called a(n) 3. The quadriceps femoris muscle has attachment points (heads). 4. The sheath of connective tissue that covers a muscle is called 5. A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a(n)Disorders of the Muscular System Exercise 1, Define the following medical terms: 1. structure surrounding bone 2. inflammation of many muscles 3. pertaining to between vertebrae 4, softening of cartilage 5. process of many fingers or toes 6. breakdown or destruction of skeletal muscle 7. abnormal condition of bone growth 8. binding of a joint 9. fixation of a muscle 10. process of joined fingers or toes 11. recording a dise 12. binding together of vertebrae 13. surgical puncture of a bursa 14, condition of formation of no cartilage 15, surgical repair of the chin Medicina 1 —Tema 9 Exercise 2. Sort the terms into the correct categories, i.e. a) anatomy and physiology; 5) pathology; ¢) procedures. Example: achondroplasia —b 1. achondropiasia 15, densitometry 29. 2. amputation 16, diaphysis 30. 3. arthrocentesis 17. EMG 31 4. arthrodesis 18. endosteum 32 5. arthrography 19. fibromyalgia 33 6. arthrosis 20. genioplasty 34. 7, arthrotomy 21. humerus 35. 8, articulation 22. lamellae 36. 9. bunion 23. laminectomy 37. 10, bursitis 24, ligament 38 11. carpectomy 25. meniscectomy 39. 12. cartilage 26. osteoclasis 40 13. contracture 27. osteogenesis 41. 14, costa 28. osteomyelitis 42 4) anatomy and physiology osteoporosis, osteosarcoma - patellapexy perichondrium radius sacrectomy scapula scapulopexy sciatica sternum syndactyly tendinitis, TMI ulna