Gpmp Aare as mathewalta| models 4 analyze many Oncrede veak-nbref problns Aiton uly. Cesta problems in physte, chemistry, Lrmunicatbs scieme, Computer technokdy , benetes, poychelady,, secrele y aod ling wishes cay be formulated as pettems tm draph Theory. Alse ommy branches pitilectiid mratoix theory, probability aod ts ee Reteieeladal ornccten ent eeph theay cat: They. te Geerelocs) fie begun tm 1736 Bith the ublisain cf & A saluton of the Kenugsherd, bel rer The farnous Kemigsbexd age Das been the inspiration for The clevelaprneot + Culendn deaph — 3 challereerd, Healey or Theory Kas, ben cbvelopel few : a Hrd” dome 4 gp Mien orltso . “the Theery 4 pi, i sas ref fr sel, problems 4 ebeterel nebotks. td the Glad Sree! Me develope} foe enunershing somes 4 omit ¢ urels. The HUt-koaoe fur -celeur parbley formed the very bass for the clevelopovot | plesecily tn ph Ireleas, Londen olin pm bramerneg aed cperthins me ten | flows ai Euler bezarwe the father { oor Merycs VE ' Gpaphs- after - A ap ists of Q set a sets = 3 v1 Ge Called Verhees and other set E = fen ees, —-§ hese elements are called The set VG) wet The veer act of G and ELH) & the edpe sok 4a, Usly The dearh ta deneted by Gy = (YE). Enample A baph 6) define] by The sets Vee) = fai, 3, 842 and Ete) = es; ees AB KEL Ua) sg © Ane, WER WAT AREY Civic ae Even op # f aise ss vierk ot ar FOG 2 as : Neer t er Ub an a.eseph G Then he ah sep ape adjacent in . and ee fe Te wertex u and a edge 6; ave shesleat With cack ether as vhend e FE dle es and & S dito Hitth a Grmmen vestex , Then er ave adjacent of A greish (th Pevestner and 1 ales wp caled a C0.) eeph The Ge) ap Giles) rival ert Dred A vested ponph ov dirwah Gy Gonéls fa cet V oD 4 Ea That a a ea rth vp Verhees and a set E «| ordered ee f verte \y ater Wal, Pech ge of the teph 6 fs a donehon The Te geoph called decste fh. S b (Dwected beerh )Der valed ah — Aw undecte] Braph Gy oneele fst V 4 Wohi ct € | elle uh tt each alte 2 Ew» a p™ wf sheer sociales] Dith an unareree| trade Lad, enh afte 4 te ep 6 Pa dy Tate ah | peal] undivected Al 4 ove Dun * onda Lop Ae ole 9 af (utes) to taf wl pf - \~ te, alep w an edge (6; (85) of Pep: r ie. ae atyrorhs te a woolly oe ta ee but mere then one ete can joo fee Yeshess These ealtes are al ol mate edtes or rk el ektes andl a Cau w Calles| wally Reel Pict a if Tae ele 99 ark Wh, Ve) ve od p= Ye 44 : wom ef thet fom The ssasne a7 pane: edges. i = = | 1 7 a er vertiees ave Called a ets ff i. (dered mle) (useet wary) — He.er p (ep Called 4 oe s x (Wndnete| fase deaph (Drestel Reedederph) Supe iephe sy abel ee either i nei + moulhple ode Cea i tallel at er ii J = (simple dverhed op (Guile Urelivecte ae Crate and lyfinite baghi— A, draph Sith finte number 4 sete wat ear B ie ie Yeap. Orenoise UF an lofinte Va Ufone phy (fot ep) Deg 4a Vestex:— The number { gales. tocilant en aVislen Uy Pete Counted howe, 18 Called The detec 4 Sider 4; om} dared f b dee)» bays Raa 0 C6), | ‘Th dryee cf a Veter t emehines the refered teas se ey, degre! , degu=2, degn=dJenoteel hy Oana o%) de . 1 andthe by dhdyee 4 Bg demted by In deans) dea), te meet ae emting at wz ts altel Vrs A vertex bg ne snaalet eb calle} an belatel vo Wa ee, aa se ofp dee Sorted es | Petit or ed Paes A vertex { dearer one a ‘eallea ea pot vertex oT Tendent or @o4 Vere an end very. pombe Ye bi S au ores A tn The nusmbes fi Poiesualiae oye eel Figo | TT! Hedabay Tnew:— of G=te) be sedrteldngh nk rhe veV teak dust tae ee { the vevkrecs sh an undveeted aseph eer Sol. Sime The dee d, Vertex ta the number 4 odtes thaslent Dith that iter, The tow ofthe dee ems The ol meme ff fam ete ie merket With a vaste « spine every {és vo maclent with exactly we verhes, each ete” Casts untes] free, ome at each end « Atha seer A tector Saualtiahce errata wile |Nae Tha These app even f utile eddes ond eps ane present Chetan In a 2e%- orate dgeph, The aenbe fod ster vc aot fod. lat @ = (YE) bea nem civected Qoaph . (et U denete the set en de dyes vasices thy Gand denote The set | eld chaste veshees. a es dbo) £ e tr > sedges :) wev wew ok cates eee 5 oc wew deb, a) tuy oo ae Die Fee >a 4) ds s we > i aes (44) meen. wew 4 " 4 “ake, The n.d ees 0 Gio 1 dons _Determvne the number 4 cates th a dgeph Oth 6 vertrat, 2 dee Geadeh 4 dager 2, Dead shoo buch ap with. corpse The eaph ath & vise foe number + cfs ef i Hoda teem fe dete) = 2¢ S| x a =| > dug) + doy +40) +4.) dus) +4 Uy) =20 Ne, yen 2 vetnes ave dedeee 4 aml 4 sheet detree 2, The cpuckon beceanes,, (4+4) teat2tatz) = ee Heme The number of eades tn adyaph Orth 6 lshees Deth den londrtren & g a lé=ae De=8BSe eT 4 aod 4 of clebyce 2. Dean toe dick beaphs ! Se: cippose The dgaph with 6 varheos low moumber of elles Therefore 4 eA re, ge swe | as) +401) +4) =2e an f re : 2 4 Pe ms { eee 2 at geen ome (4-44) + Caterer) = #e o> (1a eS SS se Hee te sander of edges in a dpaph fh @ vbshees Ditkaven enon Ghee. How many erties ore needer te eomsbract a daaph vith coches Poicbeck Vertex uw ci dideee 2 Salen. Pippose that P totes in th avaph ith ¢ teen cals Alse Bven The desree f each Vortex is 2. i nop Hee nea, = te ty) = 2e oy Ra dolaboy 7 a 4 Sui aye ow) ee of ose ae = &p = 12 2 P =k vohees are vet. Bua It @ penile + Coddluct 4 dgeph Aith 2 Veees uch thd af the tee. re and The remand Vertes Lave olegeee 4 Guo. show That the maximum maak ely 4 Avreple Saph with wp, Vertrees to A) oe are tet =r 4 th fhe brapsh G. = dw) + dey) + ve +i) = 22 @ Sime He knead that the mmexydnum a {cock vastex ty Th gph G Gm be -), Therefore, gpoten O welees 4 at (od) = 28 (@» EGOH steno tem) > were Ste erie thre th amexyinrin usher fs tm any Aah geen? with » vestees vs hes Shw thet te Scntingse oe fay voter a beh pap Bre ois th CPx), Se. Let Gy be a simple praph with P verrees Conner any verter. © £6, Gee The ta bile ( 10, Ditlout (of beps and pralel efyes) The veslex 09 can be acne te atowst remmnind ty verhees, xo od Aes no eae les a-songlecegeph wih 4 Ves smal 7 ales ? Selly eee Ample woth pavestees, The magionuer outer of whe toall be PCPA), en 4 Howe NIT 4 eee. oof ee, cout See oes. mpm, th sire Orth 4 Veriees can oot Rave 7 eds fone buh 4 Grp does eh eat, Bhs, shoo that the eye fa Bbrple Ronph of exer ny cannet exceed eslukon: (or Gy be a fender », UV be a vr ht f 6 Ten cae fv wm and elements { E gre chakinst ts cheommerts Subsets The iste 7 iy we an chuote tio clements rom 4 Sed ¥/ of » elements 1h 2 a ‘ mt Kive mone than % elements Cedges) a ca Guy bs tema singlerweeph Greepomting to the Gtbrenge deqrer sepmmes ?1, Nutt fsa A Piet abich antarns a eolated estex, cane . nal denph. be. The ot f mfder tra null dvaph sa empty. Ne auger W vertices ib denoted by Ne. fxgorplea— Ny ° | Cow lete doaph: fc A, siinple oe tb ses] te be corplete of ever fay in ta @ynected with gS clher Vastex . ve.if 6 Goteins i exachly ene © pehoeen each pas 4 dhebined Vestives. A compte dengh # wy decred by Ky, Ky for eaey MOD oft | a Kea Ky | 3, Regular 5 MOL ti Veshves ane 4 epual ta called 4a 2 an 1k ree eh Vestex hv, fie: Calleda cere toe Cie gS | Sala fagee I The Gop | o” i oe onl wp Hyde “ye | eee — revgpiley (88) -gpeph. ty 2 = PRE < Cycles :- The qete Sy 978, onsitle Oh cates Vay ase ee ‘mat, = hihi 4 é “i. aa: Kama tPe Fe ow o sro apagh fy ton men gph 4 ’ G: | . Ss iano betes tf Gand Hw = oe: est) ve) srl edge a Eu) | El) ws ra beer be irae ond EO) & EL), ten Wl cll cect AE Ga + aabergmp | Ke Spares ret Sub aN spon rt dubpeersh bia dechrraph Cotas), all the Vertues 4 &]- Mw ae os, t ver) evi) and ECH) &ELY), Then H a 4 m4 ott cof vey) = VCE) They Me oy Tel H tea opraning oS Ampang Saget nee vet tote all the as ir “Gon “Hee Fort at spark Aelgeh 4 6 beh ee Sees al le [lem md lel | The fete! ren-coophy Aud pubs fy te gad aleatlegh ae ae. The mwarbex 4 cgeth » epual 1 (821) x2 te x ee ae ph quel te 2 Bangles if I= 3 oh [el <2; Then abl! ember fbr equal (yx? e@4e = ev4 = 4 = 28 ond tated nuarber f. apoonity Anbgeayty 16 cpuad eo Peo = 4, ap— Gyeph se mrpnise: t G, = Cv, €,) 274 G,= (4&9) be Ae banehon Ly Vy te Caled a daephs lsemnosphsar if d f 4 ene=te-one ane ote, DH ghey, waz7eG, folohd $f farf ety wher ska fanshin ends, Co, and Cha are caller bemerphe dnophs and w Onin 6,24 Ill se ‘deals Gy Gy ve sents be ewmape te each lle if There th a ome-b-one Grregpemcnce behoren they vishees ond behoren | Le ates Auk thet irestenee relahenchyp u presen | oS i OS & (beede prd gty @ | | (Toon toaphe ane ret loomephie) Bass ve The 2-geaphes ver beled Isevnnghe ° oe 4 Teaen, a b eee a . Ges | Gs : : | e ; | Ano ahno that The ‘et byophe ahnon % Fae are leo meephie Bs — ics ieie |‘elie sills ether as a jroite alternative sequence of Vertes and elie, PT i Sy rea Wl Nee ade Oto ae tet &D each eae 1» the Sequene th ihewleot om the verhtes preobes of followind tf th the sequence |y Wks, Fath and Qreuit, “np edée can appers mere than ance DA wile cm appear move: they ance tha Oak but net tna peak TAS omaha teas cite: Guten ac Ae eles tz ane ckee es 1 = A cveut ua chosee! ie, bute clesee) AD need net be a circu, Zo) os (Opes walk heh ee ) Cooper wa heh (cd wa ahd (Go, ae it a Fath) a Greatt) a ) Lucpéth Te nudes eles sna wa wo cae is legtTh, ve pte cand Covewite are Salk A, circuit or cycle length Ky ue callecta Keorat or Keeyee A Keareut & Ctlled odd or even aceoreling, a Ka od} or even, Ay a-cdle lh ONed a Amante. Gempler. Te leneth 4 fath ese ase s % 4, Nels) A saf-bep ta a I-exele- ¥ A paw A peralle edges foam a eed beath 2 ity The edocs ima 2- ole are po “ye Bipartite Cpe A eaph = Oye) 4 bimtite ff The verter set V can be porkhonel tole fo subs Clieit) V are fy Auch That every ergs th E brats @ Vertex ty V, ane! @ Vesen Vg ( so That wo ede to 6 Gnnects erther 400 Vestne tm Vo hoe Vestiees Vy) - CV, Vg) called 9 pean |. Obvuk, 4 bypaite eph con ene lop. we) we « a XY hy of Tas 8S Cle bape bgaphs— The Complete bps Soph @ 2s) %) Veotices, deaetel by Kun 12 The deoph, w hese Vesten set ve Peertthromed tote setsy + with wm veshea’ an) Vy With @ verhees th whieh these & ao edée behoay each yoni } vesteet Vi ard My. The limgtele bycotrle graph Ke. KyPON DEN > Notes ie lin TH veshves aad a3 aul: * Gmplee biped oph Km net a weld f m £m, Brot Bleo that G@ ba by shite oaph. Brn, Perve thet « earth which Gontains a torrnele cy xt be Spade. Buv.s Deterome Ohether or wet each f The goaphs 12 brpashite. In cack tue ge the —_ a ene ® a bpp. 3 De aD a eit a 4 ' ees $ - bs 2139.9) 42hgea 2 (ry a ay ee 13593, 32468} bw, ov Sheu thy F Pro i ser es fem, bubate he ata fe Hag pene SOME DEMS > HBR UE > Yaw DE Uy URNS WU We es ah D Nea Qe. by Open roalk bub aeba path ! % ) Open sealk Dhok wa park ee i 4) Clases! Walk whek wa Cicutl : ©) Chesed Halk whieh w opt o Covent,th Cy are comected. CHemise, Gy vs aller a frsconnecter| paph. ty other Polk a Byaph 64 am fo be ormeste if there iy at least ane. path behoeen every too vGtrene i» Gy aml cicoanecte fy foe at least ove perdi Kitvestilal Ticeain meet A eo wach any ae fw ay fe ery os soph tp Ganec! dpavellgt alend The ne aod scervecte ghnete a 4 rs A > f 4 iN | s A u *\by 1 Ferycnray ther a. onple ageph vith a varies aml m sb &onecte, ty Suppose the goaph » Aseernecteq Then hs at lees! toe Comporsiants, Therefore by Thoerem — am < FOMW(mdety) hr koe $4 @y 2) ‘ Tht Gnbaels te eterhos tien oes AS a ae peopl abel be | :Eulerian Graphs s— a Gales Path: Ar path a, daaph calle} Puler path fet reludles every elke ie & alse exactly ome, th th alse Called aS tral. a exactly one, Bence the ee Gulars every Euler Coren Ay Cater jpath that @ cwrenst os called Enler Ovenit, A geoph: Wok Ga a Calera cireut we aller] an Gnlenn Enlenan enh ; > : e : a } (org eo . Y & | ABCDES ie Gy if | x pepesh 5 c 2 ic e Rr om 0° enter ph. ABDEGEDCA ( eet Sth ne Er Ga) (Cater Fath Bub No ales Gent) Cannas) or alias Piped (Ti ohn herd B ave od deee Gwe fcen dee) vs arf al dmc) am 3 veapecttcly 5) “TR exlece { Gale path and Cait dep ne dhe 4 vee Ty dbersorme tlether aa g Ban baler Creu, nh flrs probe > put The deloe fal ee Ue goaph y ay any Value va a The aveph 1b net Gree peth or Euler Greuit » » af alt The depens #e even, wy x Crectly thos Verhtes ove { edd cleavee, Then G ‘ pat bret ne Calor Cree tee! and ice haart & @ulox ather & ig beth, Cuubos- camel Euler Covcent} dies Finel all powitue. integers 0 dveh. that The Ceonptete bear h K,, & Culenan, Lelus-tw The mplete 2omph Kn, The ekdare f every vectex B e-1 Thales; Kay Qabenan of and oly of ma B even, He f med only if a veeld, #® A venewy nected} Gy 1 Culenian | A phy Gnnected eyarh Gi Pmt eo fe veh ont even agro, A Connectel gspph 6} fas on Calenoo path fondo i la ee aewes c xf Bunce wats hee ay hoo whee ubsawcradn ps ald chyne, 5 goaph For 4 seb nia oe a Ceberan path but no eulene™ F Hs a an Gaherian P4 Grreutt + Palen, lacy bea ep fier la, ny Th Gy Fase ann Bre prorat ins, a veal! Vohier ar fever wy ue es og Big Vie. —Katemein Coreurt ein Creat Hoamtionin, Pea Homteman Caeuit— A cxeust on a deaph Gy Thet emtons exch vestex te Gy craclly one, except for The Glashing and enelng, Vester Thetappewes hore: th Kean 0s Hamorltoman Ciseuih+ A et & w Called a Heenan, deep f of Contauns @ Hamil temas Coreuih cage path aa ape pat Th dr al ton Lc whe te col pet Tiles Ih Galenan Creat, euy ede evel arce but whee mey wpe ess Heer Cereuit, each vwetex ely ence but eden may ao a TP . a ~ ie : basse 3 eo pice temilkomian cycle) (Xo Hamiltonian od Cie a UH wee We eoneltemian Gde: Tre Ge Cy Harte, eh Ky, 16 Hoa toner ngeph(Honiton But nen -Galemdo ) CHeryea ea Oas Se, A tag Haan feonia Grout Te gn lontarns a Haoniteme Geni Sra dae feck vest mt cn the aly a pa : of _Doewds Thon — bet Gy ben deaph fener pr-a.tf day > & frowry Nerton vf Gy Ther Gy wm hamitenian « (Eskeron but not a) ibis tie fe diverted evan, I alves net 1 Hawn Hens Golan: het 6) hem dyaph with Posten. f dedo » Ee f- sory vers of & then Gy Gntams @ hamitoncn spat. “Tate qatar Ciba empieeayy ee eee and let w and 1 be am op. “he ve haentieorranr «fant col if Gr-tue 2 hamrtieaian pele Suppers Gm hamiltonian. Then The aspertsep Gytue must alge be hamilton Conversely, — Suppose thee Gy-tue ve hebillemran then He wo veh fas) tener, Se. if 4 1b a oop veith px verhce al fot ferall smo acftent verbres 470. i dgutdge 7P We eblev» The orequality degu tego ee: an fawerer by hypeitens, dep telepe xm. ag ne eees havor/teni20) , f Gy aa de ee ete , 4 epee aii ie Fetes. te tet ay Keer ating pth tk ht ees Hite. fl \y a hot eth The Bans every vertex wk and > keh geCKY there my =RK} umber f vols, few, by Pome theres, Th pp tats Pottecs ee ihe He ol mph kK, 73 tol eoran eooph Sahoo 1, Ky the degree 4 every vertex @ Or). f es eas or 39-2 °F DI 7%: Tha, ba Ky, ln 79, He obpee ff ory vale sb grocer thew, Pace Ko 1m Haan oon. “Teese: Let the member ef fer Gt Lew. Then G fos 0 Honllovan areal rf n> t (90 +6), 1 The number 4 Vertes, fro. Suppese Tat vy and is are any toe veten f 6 That ere mot achacerts tet Hb te pooph portend by mag wa fn Get wt 7 That have a ye as end ae fhe tf fon wee vote wd med GP sh Th meq pron Tusk edge he ta, & PG, a Ln Aan ev me Goma om det pf sl Thus thawed efpn fp w at th n2 ae Gente) or 50> 59 +e) te the Bs ane dege welepc) < {itso te), Thon, oleptny + dept) % B—& es» 2) Sy The by G., Herc, 2. 2 alg) topo) so ey +6) -L@r sn +4) =n, Se ea I eee ee