P/M WiYSBESIDEN OL TRUNG TAM BAO TAO XAY DUNG VIETCONS ONCE EMO eh VALEUR) (er ECONOMIC CONCRETE FRAME ELEMENTS A pre-scheme design handbook for the rapid sizing and selection of reinforced concrete frame elements in multi-storey buildings CH Goodchild se. cens, mcios, misracteVIETCONS ‘ALWAYS BESIDEYOUR SUCCESS This publication was commissioned by the Reinforced Concrete Council, which was set up to promote better knowl- ‘edge and understanding of reinforced concrete design and building technalogy. The Council's members are Co-Steel Sheerness plc and Allied Steel & Wire, representing the major suppliers of reinforcing steel in the UK, and the British Cement Assocation, representing the major manufacturers of Portland cement in the UK. Charles Goodchild is Senior Engineer forthe Reinforced Concrete Council. He was responsible for the concept and management of this publication. KNOWLEDGEMENTS The ideas and illustrations come from many sources. The help and guidance received from many i fully acknowledged on the inside back cover BS 8110 Pt 1:1997 The charts and data in this publication were prepared to BS 8110, Pt 1: 1985, up to and induding Amendment No 4. During praduction, BS 8110 Structural use of concrete: Part 1:1997 Code of practice for design and construction was issued. This incorparated all published amendments to the 1985 versian plus Draft Amendments Nos. and 6. in gen- eral, the nett effect of the changes is that slightly less reinforcement is required: preliminary stucies suggest 2 to 3% less in insitu slabs and beams and as much as 10% less in columns. Readers should be are that some of the tables in the new Code have been renumbered. The charts and data given in this publication remain perfectly valid for pre-scheme design. 97358 Published by the British Cement Assaciation on behalf of Fest publiched 1907 ‘the industry sponcors ofthe Reinfarced Concrete Council IseN0 7210 1488 7 ‘irtish Cement Assocation Century House, Ttford Avenue Price group F CCranahorme, Berkshire RAS 6YS Telephone (01344) 762676 (© Brith Cement Azsocition 1997 Fae 134d) 7eI218 ‘Aladvie or information from the Bish Cement Assacatin is intended for hase wha will evaluate the significance and limitations ofits con- tents and take responsiblity forts use and appication. No iby (inducing that fr necligence for any les resulting from such advice or infar- mation is accepted, Readers should note that al BCA publications are subject to revision from time ta time and shauld therofore ensure that they ae in possession ofthe latest version. Tung tam dao tao xay dying VIFTCONS ‘hitp-www.vietcons.orgECONOMIC CONCRETE FRAME ELEMENTS co ae ey ALWAYS BESIDE YOUR SUCCESS PICTORIAL INDEX. 2 1 INTRODUCTION. 4 2 USING THE CHARTS AND DATA. 5 3 IN-SITU CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION: 31 Slabs one-way slabs, two-way slabs, fat slabs 15 32 Beams —_rectangular beams, inverted '! beams,’ beams 46 33 Columns internal, edge and comer columns Rn 4 PRECAST AND COMPOSITE CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION: 41 Slabs beam and block, hollow cores, double "T's, solid a1 prestressed composite, lattice girder slabs 42 Beams rectangular,‘ beams, inverted T beams Ey 43° Columns internal, edge and corner columns a 5 POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION sl Notes 101 52 Slabs one-way slab ribbed slab, flat slabs. 102 33 Beams rectangular and 2400 mm wide ‘T’ beams 108 6 WALLS AND STAIRS 61 Walls inesitu wells 62 Stairs —_imvsitu and precast prestressed stairs 7 DERIVATION OF CHARTS AND DATA, 12 113 71 Invsitu elements 7.2 Precast and composite elements 7.3 Post-tensioned elements, 14 "7 118 8 LOADS 81 Slabs 120 82 Beams m1 83 Columns 128 9 THE CASE FOR CONCRETE 125 10 REFERENCES 10 Intended as a pre-scheme design handbook, this publication will help designers choose the most viable concrete ‘options quickly and easily. CONCEPT is a complementary computer pragram, available from the RCC, which facilitates ‘rapid and semi-automatic investigation af 2 number of concrete options. Trung tam dao tao xay dying VIFTCONS ‘hitp-www.vietcons.orgPICTORIAL INDEX ONE-WAY SLABS Solid (with beams) p 16 Ribbed (with beams) p 20 (post-tensioned p 102) (post-tensioned p 104) Solid (with band beams) p 18 Precast and composite slabs (with beams) Troughed slabs (or ribbed slabs with pat integral beams) p 24 BEAMS. SY Rectangular p 48; Reinforced inverted ‘t’ p 52; Reinforced 'T' p 61; Precast p 90; Post-tensioned p 108 Bg ito: vi‘TWO-WAY SLABS FLAT SLABS Solid p36 (post-tensioned p 106) Solid with drops p 38 Solid with column heads p 40 Solid with edge beams p 42 Waffle with integral beams pp 32, 34 COLUMNS WALLS AND STAIRS Reinforced p 72 Reinforced walls p 112 Tog Him do tao xavpsenteONS Reinforced and prestressed stairs p 113 ‘hitp-www.vietcons.org1 INTRODUCTION In conceiving design for a mubtisstorey structure, there are, potentiall, many options to be considered. The purpose of this publication is to help designers identify least-cost concrete options ‘quickly Its main objectives are, therefore, to: © Present feasible, economic concrete options for consideration © Provide preliminary sizing of concrete frame elements in multi-storey structures © Provide first estimates of reinforcement quantities © Outline the effects of using cifferent types of concrete elements © Hielp ensure that the right concrete options are considered for scheme design This handbook contains charts and data that present economic sizes for many types of concrete elements aver a range af common loadings and spans. The main emphasis is on floor plates as these commonly represent 85% of superstructure casts. A short: commentary an each type of element is given. This publication does not cover lateral stability. It presumes that stability will be provided by other means (eg. by shear walls) and will be checked independently. The charts and data work on loads: FOR SLABS= Economic depths are plotted against span for a range of characteristic imposed loads. FOR BEAMS= Economic depths are plotted against Ua! fs the summation of ultinate span for a range of ultimate applied foals or’ slabs (avatlable frorh slab uniformly distributed loads, waudl. ci), clang, etc. wih possible ‘minor adjustment for beam self-weight FOR COLUMINS= Square sives are plotted against Data provided for boams and two-way ultimate avial load, and in the case sas Jnelule ultimate awial loads ‘of perimeter columns, according toa colurvns. number of storeys supported. Thus a conceptual design can be built up by following load paths down the structure. This is the basis for CONCEPT ©, a complementary personal computer-based conceptual design program, available from the RCC. Generally the sizes given correspond to the minimum total cost af concrete, formwork, reinforcement, perimeter cladding and cost of supporting self-veight and imposed laads whilst complying with the requirements of BS 8110, Structural use of concrete @. The charts and data are primarily intended {or use by experienced engineers who are expected to make judgements as to how the information is used. The charts and data are based on simple and idealised models (eg. fr insitu slabs and beams, they are based on moment and shear factors given in BS 8110). Engineers must assess the data in the light oftheir own experience, methods and concerns! and the particular requirements of the project in hand. This publication is intended as a handbook for the conceptual design of concrete structures in multi storey buildings. It cannat and should not be used for actual structural scheme design which should be undertaken by a properly experienced and qualified engineer. However, it shauld give other interested parties a ‘eet’ forthe different options at a very early stage before an engineer sets forth Toung tAmuitesheietchyorloopoyteTCONS ZzPa Ce a 2.1 General ‘The charts and data are intended to be used as follows. \Reter DETERMINE GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA. ‘© Establish layout, spans loads, intended use, stability aestheties, | 2.2, service integration, programme, etc. ldentify worst case(s) of | 2.3 span and load. ‘SHORT-LIST FEASIBLE OPTIONS © Envisage the structure as a whole. With rough sketches of typical | 2.4 structural bays, consider, and whenever possible, discuss likely alterative forms of construction (see pictorial index, p 2 and chart, p8). Identity preferred structural solutions. FOR EACH SHORT-LISTED OPTION: DETERMINE SLAB THIGKINESS @ \nterpolate from the appropriate chart or data, using the Dt ‘maximum slab span and the relevant characteristic imposed | 2.11 load, ie. imerpolate between IL = 2.5,5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 kNim?. | 8.1 ‘© ‘Make note of ultimate line loads to supporting beams 82 (ie. characteristic line loads x load factors) o, in the case of flat slabs, troughed slabs, etc. ultimate axial loads to columns. DETERMINE BEAN SIZES © Estimate ultimate applied uniformly diswibuted toad (waudl) ta | 2.6, beams by summing ultimate loads from: 2.11, = slabfs}, a2 = dadding, = other fine loads @ Choose the chartis) for the appropriate form and width of beam and determine depth by interpolating from the chart andor data for the maximum beam span and the estimated ultimate applied uniformly distributed load (uaudl. ‘© Note ultimate loads to supporting columns. Adjust, ifrequired, to | 8.3 account for elastic reaction factors. DETERMINE COLUMN SIZES @ Estimate total ultimate axial load at lowest level, eg. multiply — 2.7, ultimate load per floor by the number of storeys. 2, © Interpolate square size of column from the appropriate chart = | 8.3 andlor data using the estimated total ultimate axial lead, and in the case of perimeter columns, number of storeys. IDENTIFY BEST VALUE OPTION(S) ‘© Using engineering judgement, compare and select the option(s} 2.8 which appear(s) to be the best balance between structural and aesthetic requirements, buildabilty and economic constraints. ‘© For cost comparisons, concentrate an floor plates. Estimate costs by mukiplying quantities of concrete, forrmvork and reinforcement, by appropriate rates. Make due allowance for differences in sel weight (cost of support), overall thickness (cost of perimeter cladding) and time. © Visualize the construction process as awhole and the resultant | 2.9 impact on programme and cost. PREPARE SCHEME DESIGN| © Refine the design by designing critical elements using usual 2.10 design procedures, making due allowance for unknowns. «Distribute copies of the scheme design(s) to all remaining design team members, and, whenever appropriate, members of the hung tam dao tan xay dung VIETCONS construction team.2.2 Limitations 2.2.1 GENERAL In producing the charts and data many assumptions have been made. These assumptions are more fully deseribed in Section 7, Derivation of the charts and data and in the charts and data themselves. The charts and data are valid only f these assumptions and restrictions hold true They are intended for use with medium rise mulli-storey building frames and structures by experienced engineers who are expected to make judgements as to how the information is used 2.2.2 ACCURACY The charts and data have been prepared using spreadsheets which optimised an theoretical overall costs (see Section 7.1.1). Increments of 2 mm depth were used to obtain smooth curves for the charts (nonetheless some manual smoothing was necessary). The use of 2 mm increments is not intended to instill some false sense of accuracy into the figures given. Rather, the user is expected to exercise engineering judgement and round up both loads and depths in line with his or her confidence in the design teria being used and normal modular sizing. Thus, rather than using a 282 mm thick slab, its intended that the user would actually choose a ‘285, 290 or 300 mm thick slab, confident in the knowledge that a 282 mm slab would work. Going up to, say, 325 mm thick slab might add 59% to the overall cost of structure and cladding but might be warranted in certain circumstances. 2.2.3 SENSITIVITY At pre-scheme design, it is unlikely that architectural layouts, finishes, services, etc. will have been finalized. ‘Any options considered, indeed any structural scheme designs prepared, should therefore, not be too sensitive ‘to minor changes that are inevitable during the design development and constructian phases. 2.2.4 _ REINFORCEMENT DENSITIES. The data contain estimates of reinforcement (including tendons) densities, These are included for very preliminary estimates and comparative purposes only. They shauld be used with great caution {and definitely should not be used for contractual estimates of tonnages). Many factors beyond the scope of this publication can affect aetual reinforcement quantities on specific projects. These include noa-rectangular layout, large holes, actual covers used, detailing preferences (curtailment, laps, wastage), and the unforseen complications that inevitably occur Different methods of analysis alone can account for 15% of reinforcement ‘weight, Choosing to use-2 300 mm deep slab rather than the 282 mm depth described above could alter reinforcement tonnages by 10%. Tung tam dao tao xay dying VIFTCONS —_— The densities given in the data are derived from simple rectangular layouts, the RCC’s interpretation of BS 8110, the spreadsheets (as described in Section 7), with allowances for curtailment (as described in BS 8110), and, generally, 2 10% allowance for wastage and laps. Additionally, in order to obtain smooth curves for the charts for narrow beams, ribbed slabs, troughed and waffle slabs, it proved necessary to use and quote densities based 09 A. ayauy F2ther thaM A peae It May be appreciated that the difference between these figures can be quite substantial for individual spans and loads 2.25 COLUMNS The design of columns depends on many criteria, In this publication, only axial loads and, to an extent, moment, hhave been addressed. The sizes given (especially for perimeter columns} should, therefore, be regarded as temative until proved by scheme design, 2.2.6 _ STABILITY One of the main design criteria is stability. T handbook does not cover lateral stability, and presumes that stability will be provided by independent means (eg, by shear walls). 2.3 General design criteria 2.3.1__SPANS AND LAYOUT Spans are defined as being from centreline of support to centreline of support. Although square bays. are to be preferred on grounds of economy, architectural requirements will usually dictate the arrangement of floor layouts and the positioning of supporting walls and columns. Pinned supparts are assumed. Particular attention is drawn to the need to resolve lateral stability, and the layout of stair and service cores, which can have a dramatic effect on the position of vertical supports. Service core floors tend to have large holes, greater load but smaller spans than the main area of floar slab, Designs for the care and main floor should at least be compatible. 2.3.2 _MAXIMUM SPANS The chars and data should be intenogated at the maximum span of the member under consideration. ‘Multiplespan continuous members are assumed to have equal spans with the end span being critical. Gfien the spans will not be equal. The use of moment and shear factors from BS 8110, Pt 10 is restricted to spans Which da not difer by more than 15% of the longest span. The charts and data are likewise restricted. Nonetheless, the charts and data can be used beyond) limit, but with caution. Where end spans exceed inner spans by more than 15%, sizes should be increased to allow for, perhaps, 10% increase in moments. Conversely, where the outer spans are more than 159% shorter, sizes‘may be decreased. (For in-situ elements, apart from slabs for use with 2400:mm wide beams, users may choase to ‘multiply a maximum internal span by 0.92 to obtain an effective span at which to interrogate the relevant chart {based on BS 8110, Pt 2, Cl 3.7.2 assuming equal defections in all spans, equal El and 1 ce M)). 233 LOADS Client requirements and, via BS 6399, occupancy or intended use usually dictate the imposed loads to be applied to floor slabs. Finishes, services, adding and layout of permanent partitions should be discussed with the other members of the design team in order that allowances (eg superimposed dead loads for slabs) can be determined. See Section 8. 2.3.4 _ INTENDED USE ‘Aspects such as provision for future flexibility, additional robustness, sound transmission, thermal mass etc. need to be considered, and can outweigh first-cost economic considerations. 2.35 _ STABILITY Means of achieving lateral stability (eg. using core or shear walls or frame action) and robusiness feg. by providing effective ties) must be resolved, Walls tend to slow up production, and sway frames should be considered for low-rise multi-storey buildings. This publication does not cover stability. 2.3.6 _ FIRE RESISTANCE AND EXPOSURE The majority of the charts are intended for use on “normal structures and are therefore based on 1 hour fire resistance and mild exposure. Where the fire resistance and exposure conditions are other than ‘normal’, some guidance is given within the data. For ather conditions and elements the reader should refer to BS 8110 oF for precast elements, to manufacturers’ recommendations. Exposure is defined in BS 8110, Pt 1® as follows: Mit ~ concrete surfaces protected against weather (oF aggressive conaltions. Moderate - concrete sheltered from driving sain: concrete shellered from freezing while wet: concrete subject to condensation: concrete continuously under water andlor concrete in contact with non-aggressive sails concrete surfaces exposed fo severe rain, altmate watting and crying ar oeeasional Freezing, or severe condensation. Tung tam dao tao xay dying VIFTCONS ‘hitp-www.vietcons.org 2.3.) _ AESTHETIC REQUIREMENTS Aesthetic requirements should be discussed. If the structure is to be exposed, a realistic strategy to obtain ‘the desired standard of finish should be formulated and agreed by the whole team. Far example, ribbed slabs can be constructed in many ways: in-situ using polypropylene, GRP or expanded polystyrene moulds; precast as ribbed slabs or as double ‘T's; or by using combinations of precast and in-situ concrete. Each method has implications on the standard of finish and cost 2.3.8 _ SERVICE INTEGRATION Services and structural design must be co-ordinated. Horizontal distribution of services must be integrated with structural design. Allowances for ceiling voids, ‘especially at beam locations, andior floor service voids should be agreed. Above false ceilings, level soffits allow -easy distribution of services. Although downstand beams may disrupt service runs they can create useful room for air-conditioning units, ducts and their crossovers, Main vertical risers will usually require large holes, and special provisions should be made in core areas. Other holes may be required in ather areas ofthe floor plate to accommodate pipes, cables, rain water outlets, lighting, ‘air ducts, etc. These holes may significantly affect the design of slabs, eg. flat slabs with holes adjacent to ‘columns. In any event, procedures must be established to ‘ensure that holes are structurally acceptable, 2.4 Feasible options ‘2.4.1 __ GENERAL PRINCIPLES Concrete can be used in many different ways and often many different configurations are feasible, However, market forces, project requirements and site conditions affect the relative economics of each option. The chart on page 8 has been prepared to show the generally _accepted economic ranges of various types of flaor under ‘normal’ conditions. Minimum material content alone does not necessarily give the best value or mest economic solution in overall ‘terms. Issues such as buildabilty, repeatability, simplicity, aesthetics thermal mass and, notably, speed must all be ‘taken into account. Whilst a superstructure may only represent 10% of new build costs, it has a critical influence on the whole construction pracess and ensuing programme. Time-related costs, especially those for multi-storey stuctures, have @ dramatic effect on the relative economics of particular types of construction2.4.2 THE CHOICE Concrete floor slabs: typical econ a0, RC beams with rtbed or solid one-way RC slabs RC flat slabs RC traughed slabs RC band beams with sald or ribbed oneeeay RC slabs Twosway RC slabs with RC beams RC wrafle stabs with, beyond 12 m, RC beams Precast hollow core slabs jomic span ranges LONGER SPAN, = S060 70 20 39 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 with precast (ar RC) beams PT band beams with sold or ribbed one-way PT slabs PT flat slabs Ker IMBIBE Square panels aspect ratio 1.0 (BB Rectangular panels, aspect ratio 1.25 (1 Fectanguiar panels, aspect ato 15 RC= reinforced concrete PT = post-tensioned concrete ‘Note: All subject to market conditions and project specific requirements Trung tam dao tao xy dung VIETCONSBriefly, the main differences between types of construction may be summarised as follows: Flat slabs With fat soffit, quick and easy to construct and usually ‘most economic, but holes, deflection and punching shear require detailed coasideration Traughed slabs Slighily increased depths, formwork costs and programme durations offset by lighter weight, longer spans and greater adaptability. Band beam and slab Very useful for long spans in rectangular panels - popular for car parks. Waffle slabs May be slow, but can be useful for larger spans and aesthetics. Precast and composite slabs Widely available and economic across a wide range of ‘spans and loads. Speed and quality on site may be offset by lead-in times. Post-tensioned slabs and beams Extend the economic span range of in-situ slabs and beams, especially useful where depth is critical 2.43 HYBRIDS Whilst the charts and data have been grouped into in- situ, precast and composite, and post-tensioned concrete construction, the load information is interchangeable. In cother words, hybrid options” such as precast floor units conto inesity beams can be investigated by sizing the precast units and applying the appropriate ultimate load to the appropriate width. and type of beam, 2.5 Determine slab thickness Determine economic thickness fram the appropriate chari{s) or data using the maximum span and appropriate characteristic imposed load (Il). The charts illustrate thicknesses given in the data. The user is ‘expected 10 interpolate between values of imposed load given and to round up both the depth and ultimate loads 10 supports in line with his or her confidence in the design criteria used and normal modular sizing. ‘The design imposed load should be determined from 3» PI, Teamg2t9n mn jan Tustisigan AE EOD, nffrevinieadertrasesokhe building and the client's requirements, and should then be agreed with the client, The slab charts highlight the following characteristic imposed loads: 25kNin? — General office loading, car parking 5.0 kNim? High specification office loading, file rooms, areas of assembly 75 kNin? Plant rooms and storage loadings 10.0 kNim? Storage loading The charts and data assume 1.50 kNim? for superimposed dead loading (SDI). lf the actual superimposed dead loading differs from 1.50 ktm, the characteristic imposed load used for interrogating the charts and data should be adjusted to an equivalent imposed load, which canbe estimated from the following ‘table, See Section 8.1 Equivalent imposed loads, kNim? rae Superimposed dead load, kNim? 00 10 20 30 40 50 25 12°21 29 38 #47 56 5.0 370 46 54 63 72 B41 15 62 71 79 88 97 106 10.0 87 96 104 11.3 122 nla Itshould be nated that mast types of slabs require beam support. However, flat slabs, in general, do nat. Charts and data for flat slabs work on characteristic imposed load but give ultimate axial loads to supporting columns. Troughed slabs and watfle slabs (designed as ‘two-way slabs with integral beams and level sofits) incorporate beams and the information given assumes beams of specified widths within the overall depth of the slab. These charts and data, again, work on characteristic impased load, but give ultimate loa supporting colurmns. The designs for these slabs assumed a perimeter cladding laad of 10 kWh. The data include some information on economic ‘thicknesses of two-way slabs and flat slabs with rectangular panels. The user may, with caution, interpolate from this information. 2.6 Determine beam sizes For assumed web widths, determine economic depths ‘from appropriate charts using maximum spans. and appropriate ultimate applied uniformly distributed loads (uaud)). ‘The beam charts ‘work’ on ultimate applied uniformly distributed loads (vaud) in kN. The user must calculate or estimate this line load for each beam considered, This, load includes the ultimate reaction from slabs and ultimate applied line loads such as cladding or partitions ‘which are to be carried by the beam. Self-weight of beams is allowed for within the beam charts and data, See Section 8.2.For internal beams, this load usually results from supporting slabs alone: the load can be estimated by interpolating from the slab's data and, if necessary adjusting the load to suit actual, rather than assumed, Greumstances (eg. two-span rather than thee-span assumed — see Section 8.2.2). Perimeter beams typically support end spans of slabs and perimeter cladding. Again, slab loads can be interpolated from the data for slabs. Ultimate cladding loads and any adjustments required for beam self-veight should be estimated and added to the slab loads, see Section 8.2.3. The user can interpolate between values given in the charts and is expected to adjust and round up both the loads and depth in line with his ar her confidence in the design criteria used and normal modular sizing. Beams supporting two-way slabs In broad outline the same principles can be applied to beams supporting two-way slabs. See Section 8.2.4 Point loacts Whilst this publication is intended for investigating uniformly distibuted loads, central point loads can be investigated, with caution, by assuming an equivalent ultimate applied uniformly distributed load of twice the ultimate applied point load/span, kNim. 2.6.1 _ IN-SITU BEAMS The charts for in-situ reinforced beams cover a range of web widths and ultimate applied uniformly distributed loads (uaudl), and are divided into: Rectangular beams: eg. isolated or upstand beams, beams with no flange, beams not homogeneous with supported slabs Inverted “’ beams: eg. perimeter beams with top: flange one side of the web “T’ beams:eg, internal beams with top flange both sides of the webs The user must determine which is appropriate. For instance, aT’ beam that is likely to have large holes in the flange at mid-span can be derated from a "T'to an‘t’ or even to a rectangular beam, 2.6.2 PRECAST BEAMS. The charts and data for precast reinforced beams cover a range of web widths and ultimate applied uniformly distributed loads (uaudl), and are divided into: Rectangular beams: je. isolated or upstand beams ‘U beams: eg, perimeter beams supporting hallow core floor units (inverted) “7” beams: eg. intemal beams supporting hollow core floor units temporary propping is assumed. The user must determine which form of beam is appropriate. 2.6.3 POST-TENSIONED BEAMS. The first set of charts far post-tensioned beams assumes +1000 mm wide rectangular beams with na flange action. Other past-tensioned beam widths can be investigated on a pro-rata basi, ie ultimate load per metre wicth of web (see Section &2.5). Additionally data are presented for 2400 mm wide 7 beams assuming ful flange action. 2.7 Determine column sizes The charts are divided into intemal, edge and (external) comer columns at different percentages of reinforcement contents, The square size of column required can be terpolated from the apprapriatechart(s) using the total ultimate axial load at the lowest level and, in the case of perimeter columns, number of storeys supported. The total ultimate axial load, N, is the summation of beam (or two-way floar system) reactions and column self-weight from the top level to the level under consideration (usually botiom). Ideally, this load should bee calculated from first principles (see Section 8.3). In accordance with BS 6399, table 2, live loads might be reduced. Hoivever, to da so is generally unwarranted in presscheme design of lowerise structures. Sufficient accuracy can be obtained by approximating the load to be as follows: N= {(ull load from beams per level or ut. load from two-way slab system per level) ++ ultimate selfweight of column per level} xno. of floors For schemes using beams Beams reactions can be read or interpolated from the data for beams. Reactions in two orthogonal directions should be considered, og, perimeter columns may provide end support for an intemal beam and internal support for a perimeter beam. Usually the weight of cladding will hhave been allowed far in the loads on perimeter beams (see Section 8.2) f not, or if other loads are envisaged, due allowance must be made. For schemes using two-way floar systems Tworway floor systems (ie. flat slabs, troughed slabs and waffie slabs designed as two-way slabs with integral beams and level soffits) either do not require beams or else include prescribed beams. Their data include ultimate loads or reactions to supporting columns. These loads assume a cladding load of 10 kNém fie 14 kNim ultimate). NB: some reactions are expressed as mega- nevetons (MN, ie.1000 kN). Roofs Other than in areas of mechanical plant, roof loadings seldom exceed floor loadings. For the purposes of estimating colurmn loads, loads from concrete roofs may bbe equated to those from a normal floot, and loads from2 lightweight roof can be taken as a proportion of a normal float. Around perimeters, an adjustment should be made for the usual difference in height of cladding at to0! level. 2.8 Identify best value option(s) Having determined sizes of elements, the quantities of concrete and formwork can be calculated and reinforcement estimated. 8y applying rates for each material, a rudimentary cost comparison of the feasible options can be made. Concrete, formwork and reinforcement in floor plates constitute up to 90% of superstructure costs. Due allowances for market conditions, site constraints, differences in time scales, cladding and foundation costs should be included when determining best value and the most appropriate ‘option(s for further study. 2.9 Visualize the construction process Imagine how the structure will be constructed, Consider bouildability and the principles of value enginering. Consider time-scales, the flow of labour, plant and materials. Whilst a superstructure may represent only 10% of new build costs, it has a critical influence on the construction process and ensuing programme. Consider the impact of the superstructure options on service integration, also types, sizes and programme durations of foundations and substructures. 2.10 Prepare scheme design(s) ‘Once preferred options have been identified, full scheme design should be undertaken by a suitably experienced engineer to confirm and refine sizes and reinforcement estimates. These designs should be forwarded to the remaining members of the design team, eg the architect for co-ordination and dimensional control, and the cost consultant for budget costing. ‘The final choice of frame type should be a joint decision between client, design team, and whenever possible, contractor. 2.17Examples 2.11.1 SLABS Estimate the thickness of a continuous: multiple span one-way solid slab spanning 7.0 m supporting an imposed load of 2.5 kN/m, and superimposed dead load of 3.2 kNén? 1, equivalent imposed load is Uni petanise 19. denth Section 2.5 or 8. 9 ‘Alternatively, interpolating from one-way solid slab data (p 17), multiple span, at 4 KN/m?, between 2.5 (208 mm) and 5 kNin (226 mm), ther thickness = 208 + (226 - 208) x {4.0 -2.5)(5.0 + 25) 08 + 18 x 0.6 19 mm, say, 220 mm Answer 220 mm thick solid slab. 2.11.2_ INTERNAL BEAMS Estimate the size of internal continuous beams spanning 8.0 m required to support ihe solid slab in example 2.11.1 above. Interpotating from one-way solid slab data (p 17), multiple span, at 4 kNim?, between 2.5 (101 kN/m) and 5 kin? (136 ktm), then load 101 + (4.0 - 2.5) x (136 - 101)(5.0 - 2.5) = 122 kNim This value assumes an elastic reaction factor of 1.1 is appropriate (see Section 8.22). interpolating from the chart for, say, a"T’ beam web 900mm wide muttiple span (p 68) at 8.0 m span and between loads of 100 kNim (408 mm) and 200 kNim (586 mm, singly reinforced), ‘then: depth 408 + (586 ~ 08) x (122 - 100)/(200 - 100) 408 + 39 7 mm Answer say, 900 mm wide by 450 mm deep intemal beams. 2.11.3 PERIMETER BEAMS Estimate the perimeter beam sizes for the stabs in the examples above. Perimeter curtain wall cladding weighs 3.0 kN/m (characteristic) per storey. For perimeter beam perpendicular to slab span. Interpolating end support reaction from one-way solid slab chart and data (p 17), multiple span, at 4 kNén?, between 2.5 (46 kNim) and 5 kN/m? (62 kim), then: load from slab = 46 + (4.0- 2.5) x (62 - 464(5.0-2.5) load from cladding Total load Beam size: interpolating from 'L’ beam chart and data, multiple span, say, 450 mm web width (p57), at 60 kN aver 8 m. At50 klim suggested depth is 44 mn; at 100, ktm (662 mm), then: depth required 404 + 20% x (662 - 404)For perimeter beams parallel to slab span. ‘Allow, say, 1.0 m of slab, then: load from slab (0.2224 43.2)x1.4425x16 15.9 kNim load from cladding = 4.2 kNim Total load 20.1 km Beam size: reading from'L beam chart and data, multiple span, say, 225 mm web width, at 25 kNim over 7.0 m, suggested depth is 360 mm. Answer: for edges perpendicular to slab span, use 450 x 460 mm deep edge beams: for edges parallel to slab span, 225 x 360 mm deep edge beams can be used. For simplicity, use 450 x 460 mm deep, say. 450 x 450 mm deep edge beams alf round. Commentary: for buildability, 2 wider shallower beam might be more appropriate. 1.4_ COLUMNS Estimate the column sizes for the above examples assuming a three-storey structure and floor-to- floor height of 3.5 m. Loads Beam reactions by interpolating data (pp 68 and 60) Tnternal support End support reaction __reaction internal beams 900 x 450 mm deep TORSKNT STEEN 122 kWim, 8.0m span Perimeter, perpendicular to slab span 450 x 450 mm deep 523KN_261kN 60kNIm, 8.0 m span Perimeter, parallel to slab span 450x450 mm deep say 77kN say AO KN Self weight and cladding 11 kNIm, 7.0 m span Note: 4 Figure interpolated from data and no adjustment made for elastic reactions (see Section 8.3.2). Altematively, this load may be calculated: spanxuaudl (see 2.11.2) =8x122 = 976KN selfaveight = 0.9% (045-022) x8x24014 = SERN Total = 1032 kN Self-weight of colurnn ‘Assume 450 mm square columns and 3.5 m storey height, from table in Section 8.3.3, allow 25 kN or calulate: O45 0.45 x 3.524 x 1.4-= 23.8KN, say, 25 kN/floor Total ultimate axial toads in the columns: Internal (1035 + 0 + 25) kN x 3 storeys = 3180 KN, say, 3200 KN. Edge Ur to slab span (523 +04 25)x3 1644 KN, say, 1650 kN. Edge 1! to slab span (77 + 518 + 25) x3 1860 KN, say, 1900 kN. Comer (261 + 404 25) x3 Estimating column sizes from charts internal columns, p 74, for 3200 kN ‘A 440 mm square column wauld require approximately 1% reinforcement. A 385 mm square column would require approximately 2% reinforcement. Try 400 mm square with 2% reinforcement provided by (from p 75) 8725s, approximately 285 kgf Edge columns, pp 7é anid 77, for 1900 kN over Bstereys Estimated sizes: 535 mm square @ 2% or 385 mm square @ 3%. Try 450 mm square with 2.6% reinforcement provided by (from p 80) 12732s, approximately 536 kale. Comer cofurans, pp 78 and 79, for 1000 kN over 3 storeys Estimated sizes: 530 mm square @ 2% or 435 mm square @ 3%. Try 450 mm square @ 2.8% reinforcement, 2732s as above. = 978 KN, say, 1000 KN. Answer: suggested column sizes: internal 400 mm square perimeter 450 mm square Commentary: the perimeter columns are critical 10 this scheme option. If this scheme is selected, these columns should be checked by design. Nonetheless, compared with the design assumptions made for the column charts, the design criteria for these particular columns de not appear to be harsh. tt ls probable that all columns could therefore be rationalized to. say. 450 mm square, without the need far undue amounts of reinforcement. Perimeter beams would be rationalized at 450 wide, to. match penmeter columns, by 450 mm deep. intemal beams would be 900 mm wide and 450 mm seep. 2.11.5 FLAT SLAB SCHEME Estimate the sizes af columns and slabs ina seven- storey building, five bays by five bays, 3.3 m floor to floor. The panels are 7.5 m x 7.5 m. Characteristic imposed load is 5.0 KWr?, and superimposed dead load 1.5 kN’. Curtain wall glazing is envisaged. Approximately haw much reinforcement would there be in such a superstructure? ‘Slab Interpolating from the solid flat slab chart. and data, p37, at 5.0 kNim? and 7.5 m, the slab should be 282, say,285 mm thick with approximately 109 kgim? of reinforcement, Columns ‘The minimum square sizes of columns should be 400 mm (from p 37, at 5.0 kNim?, average of 370 mm at 7 m and 430 mm at 8 m) internally and 355 mm (from p 37, average of 330 mm at 7m and 380 mm at 8 m) around the perimeter to avoid punching shear problems. From the flat slab data, ultimate load to internal column is 1.1 MN, ie. 1100 kN per floor. Allowing 25 kNfloor for ultimate self-weight of column, total axial load = (1100 +25)x 7 = 7875 KN. From internal column chart, p 74, at £8000 KN, the internal columns.could be 600 mm square, ie. greater than required to avoid punching shear problems. They would require approximately 2.5% reinforcement, ie. from p 75, 127325, about 318 kofm?, including links. rom the flat slab data, ultimate load to edge column (0.7 MI, ie. 700 KN per floor. This indudes a cladding load of 10 kim whereas 2.0 kNim might be more appropriate. Therefore deduct (10.0 = 2.0) x 75x14 = 84 KN ultimate per floor. Allowing 25 kNMoor for ultimate self-weight of column, total axial load = (700 + 25 - 84) x7 = 4487 KN. Intemolating from edge column charts, pp 76 and 77, at 4500 kN and at seven stories, the edge columns could be 565 mm square at 2% reinforcement or 475 mm square at 3%. Checking corner columns: load per floor will be approximately: Floor less cladding 00-10 x 7.5 x 1.4/2 = 298 kNéfloar Cladding =2x75x14 21 kNAfioor Self-weight, say 25 kNifloor 344 kNfloor Total load = 344 x7 = 2408 kN From comer column charts at 2400 KN, pp 78 and 79, these columns could be 555 mm square at 2% reinforcement or 460 mm at 3%. For the sake of buildability, make all perimeter columns the same size as intemal columns, ie. 600 mm square. This size avoids punching shear problems, and would requite approximately 1.8% (effective) reinforcement. From the chart on p 80, allow for 127325, at a density of 318 kglr? Walls From p 112 assuming 200 mm thick walls, reinforcement, density is approximately 80 kg/m’. Stas From p 113 say 5 m span and 4.0 kN/nt’ imposed load, reinforcement density ts approximately 30 kg/m? (assume landings induded with floor slab Ra L ‘hitp-www.vietcons.org Reinforcement Slabs = (75x5 + 0.6) x7 x 285/1000.x 1091000 = 316 t Columns = (0.6 x 06x 3.3 x6x 6x7 x 318/1000 = St ‘Walls, say, = 4103.3x02% 7x 80/1000 = St Stairs, say, = 30 flights x5 x 1.5 x 30/1000 = Bt Plant roof, say, = 75x 75x 3x1 x 0.282 x 1059/1000 = 5t Plant room columns, say, = 0.6 x 0.6 x 3.3 x8 x 31871000 = _3t Total, approximately = 421 Answer use 285 mm flat slabs and 600 mm square columns throughaut. Reinforcement quantities for the superstructure would be in the order of 445 tonnes. Commentary: this example is based on the M4CT building in the RCC's Cost Model Study which used 300 mm thick flat slabs and 700 mm square columns, The estimated tonnage of of reinforcement in the superstructure was 452 tonnes. Further work on the Cast Model Study indicated that 2 285 mm slab gives the least-cost solution (albeit with little scope for further design development). More detailed analysis (including live load reduction) revealed that internal columns could be 500 mm square _at 3.4% reinforcement (12T32s) and perimeter columns -450:mm at 2.1% (8132s)g q 3 3 = z g 2 e é z 5 : 53.1 Slabs 3.1.1 _ USING IN-SITU SLABS Inestu slabs offer economy, versatility, mauldability, fre resistance, sound attenuation, thermal capacity and robustness. They can easily accommodate large andl small service holes, fixings for suspended services and ceilings, and cladding support details. Also, they can be quick and easy t0 construct. Each type has implications on overall costs, speed, self-weight, storey heights and flexibility in use: the relative importance of these factors must be assessed in each particular case. 3.1.2 USING THE CHARTS AND DATA The charts and data give overall denths against spans for a range of characteristic imposed loads (Il). An allowance of 1.5 kNin? has been made for superimposed dead loaul (finishes, services, et). Where appropriate, the charts and data are presented for both single simply supported spans and the end span of three continuous spans. Continuity allows the use of thinner, more economic slabs. However, depths can often be determined by the need to allow for single spans in parts of the floor plate In general, charts and data assume that the slabs have line support (ie. beams or walls). The size of beams required can be estimated by noting the load to supporting beams and referring to the appropriate beam charts. See Section 2.6 Two-way slab systems (je. flat slabs, troughed slabs and waffle slabs designed as two-way slabs with integral beams} do not, generally, need separate consideration of beams In these cases, the uttimate load to supporting ‘columns is given. An allowance of 10 kNém characteristic load has been made around perimeters to allow for the self-weight of cladding (approximately the weight of a traditional brick-and-block cavity wall with 25% glazing and 3.5 m floor-to-floor height; see Section 8.2.3. Flat slabs are susceptible to punching shear around columns: the sizes of columns supporting flat slabs should therefore be checked. he charts and data indude the minimum sizes of column for which the slab thickness is valid. the charts and data assume one 150 mm hole adjoining each column, Larger holes adjacent to columns may invalidate the flat slab charts and data unless column sizes are increased appropriately. 3.1.3 DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS Design The charts and data are based on moment and shear factors in BS 8110, Pt 1 tables 3.6 and 3.13 assuming ‘end spans are critical In order to satisfy defection criteria, service stress, is, in ‘very many cases, reduced (to as low as 200 Nim’) by increasing steel contents. Reinforcement Main reinforcement, fy = 460 Nim. Links, fy = 250 Nim? For reinforcement quantities, see Section 2.2.4, Concrete 35, 24 kMim#, 20 mm aggregate. Fire and clurability Fire resistance 1 hour, mild exposure. Variations from the above assumptions and assumptions or the individual types of slab are described in the relevant data. Other assumptions made are described and discussed in Section 7, Derivation of charts and data.One-way solid slabs ‘One-way in-situ solid slabs are the most basic form of slab, Deflection usually governs the design, and steel Nes ‘content is usually increased to reduce service stess and increase span capacity. Generally employed for utilitarian purposes in office buildings, retail developments, warehouses, stoves, etc. ‘Can be economical for spans from 4 to & m. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES + Simple Associated downstand beams may require greater ‘Holes cause few structural problems storey height, deter fast formwork cycles and compromise flexibility of partion location and horizontal service distribution ‘SPAN:DEPTH CHART SLAB DEPTH, mm 40 11.0 «12.0 SPAN, m KEY Characteristic imposed load (IL) = S50 kim — = 7S kN — =10.0 kim ‘itp: /www.vieteons org aDESIGN ASSUMPTIONS. SUPPORTED BY ‘BEAMS. Refer to beam charts and data to estimate sizes End suppor min 300 mm wide. REINFORCEMENT <6.5 mTIGTAR, >6.5 m: T2OTEB una. T10 @ 300 dictibution. 10% allowd for wastage and lps. Ta comply with deflection ate service stess f, may have been reduced. No dT in midspan. Loans ‘A superimposed dead load (SDL} of 1.50 kin? (fr finishes, services et. i included. Ulimate loads assume lactic reaction factors of 05 ta supports af single spans, 1.1 to internal supports and 0.46 to end suppor cof multiple span continuous slabs CONCRETE (G35, 24 18h, 20mm sngregate FIRE & DURABILITY ‘Fe resistance 1 aur; mil exposure SINGLE SPAN, it 40050) 6078010 THICKAIESS, mm 148 we 8B a 3B 160 16 0 eka ts 1 eR aaa saz se 7% oat 458 526 a ULTIMATE LOAD TO SUPPORTING BEAMS, INTERNAL (END), kin 25 kin? fa @2) fa G1) nfaa0)—nfa(S2) —nfa68) nla {8} nla (96) da (118) nda (143) 5.0 kN? ia 81) na (42) fa (58) fa (68) fa (83) la (102) la (120) nla (145) nda (171) We 7.5ktum mia@3) a3) a7) fa@e) ia (101) a (122) la (143) va (170) na (202) 0.0 koi va (as) na (64) fa(Bt) fa (99) a (120) a (142) la(167) wla(T97) wa (230) REINFORCEMENT, ksi? Gacy) = 25ktum 1405) 16190) 1918) 23189) 26189) 30 Ge 24) 39K) 45 (RS) = 5.0 .tum 15,05} 18 (9a) 23409) 27458) 29402) 339} 3890) 43(RR)—_—51 (93) WL= 25k? 18 (108) 70195) 24(86) DESH «-37G7) 36 (03 43.(99) 7093) ——51 (BH) W100 kim? 15,108) 21188) 25(98) 314108) 33.5) O(N 43/95) 482) 54 8) VARIATIONS TO DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS: cifferences in slab thickness fer @ characteristic imposed laad (.) oF 6.0 kivin? Fire resistance 2hous +20mm hows +40 mum Exposure Moderate +15 mm Sever, C40 concrete 425 mm (MULTIPLE SPAN, m 40 50 60708800120 THICKNESS, mm 25 kim? 1s 1800 17RD 318 382 a6 5.0 kim? 134 162 2 6 300 3M] 2.5 kN? a m2 2080236 0.0 kim? 148 1 = a0 34 a a ULTIMATE LOAD TO SUPPORTING BEAMS, INTERNAL (END), kN w= 25 tum 45Q1) 618) OKs] 101 (45) 1254S] 1S4(FO}183(BR) 221 (100) 265 (120) 5.0 kim? 6429) 859) 100/50) 136 62) 16595) 200 (91) 235 (107) 279(127) 324 (147) 2.5 kN? 83.G8) 105 (60) 138 (63) 17148) 205198) 245 (112) 285 (130) 334 (152) 391 (178) 0.0 Wim? TOR NM6) 133 GO) 167 6) 200483) 2a N11) 290 (132) 335 (152) 391 (178) 453 (206) REWWFORCENENT, kg (agit) im? 10) 12185) aK) 170} 19GB) DEY 25K) 291) 33.7) en 1486 «169 = 193) BN) SRD) «322 -39,(90) 130) 1588) 18(86) 20185) 2385) DT a 31] 35) 39 (R4) 145) 17182) 19488) 22660} 26089) 2987) 33(00) 3788) a (Ra) a= Imposed load, gu> 7.25 dead oad, ge © B= oy > 5 kN = 725s used a a 9 9 9 ab ab b b b by bg by bg ab ab ab ab b by by ba by VARIATIONS TO DESIG ASSUMPTIONS: differences in slab thickness far a characteristic imposed load (il) of §.0 kuin Fire resistance Qhous — +Smm hows +25 mum Exposure Moderate +15 mm Sever, C40 concrete 425 mm Tung tam dao tao xy dung VIETCONSOne- way SIADS for use with 2400 mm wide band beams only (One-way slabs with wide beams) ‘Used in car parks, schools, shopping centres, offices, etc. ‘where spans in one direction are predominant and live Joads are relatively light Na Slabs effectively span between edges of the relatively ‘wide and shallow band beams; slab depth and overall depth of floor are thus minimized, Perimeter beams often take the form of upstands. ‘Economic for slab spans up to 8 m (centreline support to -centreline support) and band beam spans up to 15 m in reinforced concrete (see pp 64 and 71) or up to 18 m using post- tensioned concrete (see pp 110 and 111). Thicknesses are typically governed by deflection and, to suit formwork, by ideally restricting the downstands of beams to 150. mm. ADVANTAGES © Medium range spans Simple Large and small holes can be accommodated Fast Amenable to simple distribution of horizontal services SPAN:DEPTH CHART SLAB DEPTH, mm KEY. Characteristic imposed load (It) Tnung tm dao 1a0 xy dung WEROGNG: = S.0kNim? — = 7.5 kAim? = =10.0 kNfmé yg:DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS. SUPPORTED BY ‘BEAMS. Intemaly, 2400 mm wide BEAMS. Refer ta beam charts to estimate sites DIMENSIONS ‘Square panels, minimum of tao (ox end spans) or thee dab spans x three beam spans SPANS Spans quoted in chars and data are centeline support to centeline suppart (eo. aid to ari). However, the designs ofthese slabs are based on spans of end span 1.2 m+ di, or intemal span 2.4m +d. REINFORCEMENT <1.5 me T6748, >7.5 m:T2OTEB una. T10 @ 300 distibution 10% allowed for wastage and laps. Ta comply with deflection itera service stess f, may have been reduced. No dT in midspan. Loans ‘A superimposed dead load (SD1} at 1.50 kn? (lr finches, services, et) ic induced. Ukimate loads assume lactic reaction factors of 1.1 w intemal beams and 0.5 to end beams. CONCRETE C35, 24 bin, 20mm apgregste FIRE & DURABIUTY ‘ie resistance 1 aur; mil exposure BASED ON END SPAN, m so 6070 D010 12.0 THICKNESS, mm ‘Add minimum 100 rom for minimum depth of 2400 spine beam 25 kNim? 125 “6 O22 DB 312 354 5.0 kN? B00 58RD 298 32 376 = 7.5.2 138 ee eH 350 aa 0.0 ki? 14a 1% OED 330 30 at? ULTIMATE LOAD TO SUPPORTING BEAMS, INTERNAL (END), kN 56 (25) 7333) 9B (42) 115652) 1D GS} 168(TM 201 GT) 238 (108) 80 (36) 1O2(G6) 127658) 1550) 187 (HS) 224 (101) 257117) 300 (136) 103 (7) 130068) 160473) 194 8) 231 C105} 271 (123) 343 (142) 364 (166) 12667) 158072) 194482) 233 (106) 276 (126) 321 (146) 368.(167) 426 (198) 908 1209 130) 160) 180) 23083) 24 8) 30) ey 133 150 ee) | A 24) 22B) 3B AS) 1208) 14(85) 18 (88) 20 S127 (ES) 30GB) 35 (85) 13480) 16489) 19088) 2G) 5H) 79(K6) 33S) 37 (87) a= Imposed load, gx.> 7.25 dead load, ge B= ae > S kN g = 128s used 5 9 9 9 9 9 ab ab b b b bg ba bo ab ab ab ab b bg ba bg BASED ON INTERNAL SPAN, m so 60) 70 DO 101.0120 THICKNESS, men “Ac mma 180 mer aan dept f 2400 spine baa 25 kim? iM i186 2028 5.0 kim? 5 M6 mu om wm 302 2.5 kN? 14 1 he 2B 0.0 kim 10 1a 2a sop a4 ULTIMATE LOAD TO SUPPORTING BEAMS, INTERNAL (END), kN = 25ktum 2 (nda) 101 (nda) 126 (nis) 1494nva) 17S (vs) 2064s) = 5.0 ktum 93 (ula) 116 (nda) 140 (nda) 170 (nia) 2004nva) 233 (ns) 267 (n'a) 2.5 ki? AD (ala) 148 (oda) 178 (rds) 213 (ova) 249,rva) 287 (i's) 327 dota) 0.0 kN? 148 (ala) 188 (nda) 297 (nda) 256 ode) 296 la) 341 (v's) 387 (ota) REWUFORCENAENT, kg fegyrnt) tm? 07) =o) O10) 1808 Oe 19g 1308) «6 197) 207) 24 eo) soe) 13083) 1508) TB ET) 24083) 27 8S) 11 14 (85) 16182) 20 (85) 24 (00) 26085) 28.4) = lpased load, oy,> 7.25 dead IOad, ge B= Ge > 5 kN = 728s used a = 9 ab ab ab b b by bg ab ab ab ab ab ba bg Tung tam dao tao xay dying VIFTCONSRibbed slabs (One-way joists) ADVANTAGES ‘Medium to long spans Lightweight Holes in topping easily accommadated Large holes can be accommodated Profile may be expressed architecturally, or used for heat transfer in passive cooling SPAN:DEPTH CHART Introducing voids to the soffit of a slab reduces dead ‘weight and increases the efficiency of the concrete section. A slightly deeper section is required but these stiffer floors facilitate longer spans and provision of holes. Economic in the range 8 to 12 m. The saving of materials tends to be offset by some complication in formwork. The advent of expanded rene moulds has made the choice of trough profile infinite and largely superseded the use of standard T moulds. Ribs should be at least 125 mm vide 4 suit reinforcement detailing. The chartand data assume line support (ie, beam or wall) and bespoke moulds. DISADVANTAGES ‘© Higher formwork costs than for other slab systems ightly greater floor thicknesses * Slower g SUAB DEPTH, arm 3 e KEY Characteristic imposed load (IL) = 5.0 kim ‘itp: /www.vieteons org | 20} = 7S kNime — =10.0 kMDESIGN ASSUMPTIONS. SUPPORTED BY ‘BEAMS. Refer to beam chants and data to estimate beam sizes and reinforcement. DIMENSIONS ‘Square panels, minimam of thre slab spans. Ri 150 mm wide @ 750 mm cc. Topping 100 mm. Moulds af bespoie depth. Ribsold intersection at beam span? from centreline of intemal support and at spani9 from end support. (REWNFORCENAENT ‘Maximum bar sizes in ris: 27258, 2T20T fn tap of wet) and RE links. 25 rum allowed for A142 mesh {@ (0.12%) in topping. 10% allowed for wastage and laps f, may hae been reduced. Loans ‘A superimposed dead load (SDL} of 1.50 kn? (fr finishes, services etc) i included. Ukimate loads assume felactic reaction factors of 1.1 w intomal beams and 0.5 to end beams. Saif woight used accaunts for 10, degree slope 10 ribs and solid ends as described above CONCRETE G35, 24 100i, 20mm angregate FIRE & DURABIUTY Five resistance 1 haur; mil exposure SINGLE SPAN, m 60 70 8013.0 180 THICKNESS, men wo (te Boa 54 GW ma mo poh aa sa me M640 aT He BBS ULTIMATE LOAD TO SUPPORTING BEAMS, INTERNAL (END). kNm ia@5) fa (43) a2) fa 61) vat) la (BF) wa(105) wa (126) ia (8) fa (58) fa (70) fa (83) nla (G7) la (116) la (146) ia (61) fa (78) fa (88) fs (108) a 126) mia 74) na 29) va {06) na (129) AEWFORCEMENE hr tn) Slab onl. add mest and beam reinforcement 1M 2a) 168) 169 REN LED Leo an 1a) 1189 16) BH LEH EH 1206 ney 2B E9205) BH 1168 126) 2G 12H) (MULTIPLE SPAN, so 70130180 THICKAIESS, mm mo 80 me 3D 482 520 S88 wo 35H soo 6s wo 0 me kaka ma Bs OMe Be 3 AIS 5830 ULTIMATE LOAD TO SUPPORTING BEAMS, INTERNAL (END), kNim? 25 kin? 59(d0) 10508) 125656) 142 (65) 165 (75) 193 (68) 224 (102) 261 (119) SOkWim? §——T01KG6) 1225) 144 (65) 167 MG) 192 (BP) 223 (HOH) 257 (117) 297 (135) 346 (157) ‘75M? — 12969) 15490) 181 2} 2104) 242 N10) 279(127) 328 (149) 389(177) W=10.0Kwm= = 15677) 187 BS) 219400) SANTIS) 2971135) BAECS) 411 (18) EERTORCONENL Habe? te Slats only. add mest and beam reinforcement 1145) 121651) I7GN) 1S} 18M) TGS) 1G) 1263) 1669 1669 ©1863) TEE) TET} 18GB) 181) 18.07) 166 17160) 18057) 18050) 18K) 18GB) 8G) 18H) 176) 17159) 18053) 18186) 188) 1G) 1805) b> 1.269) Ds qe>SkNM c= 27208 d= doffection criical @ = designed links in ribs e e de de be e e abe abe able ade abe bée be be abe abe abe ade ae abe be VARIATIONS TO DESIGIY ASSUMPTIONS: differences in slab thickness far @ characteristic imposed load (I) of §.0 kin? Fire resistance hours, 150 £115 topping +5 mm hours 150 ib & topping se below Expesure Moderate 15 mm Severe, C40 concrete see below Standard moulds Tmaulds see below MB: T moulds 125 nm ribs @ 600 Thickness, mum Span, m 20 so ono 20 is 190 ab & topping 300 cy a) Severe, 40 concrete 288 366 ead Te mould, 175 deep am Mr 250 MO 3 re SM ‘itp-www.vietcons.org TS mould 400 deep 0 ByRibbed slabs tor use with 2400 mm wide band beams only (One-way joists with wide beams) As with solid slab arrangements, the band beam has a relatively wide, shallow cross section which reduces the ‘overall depth of floor while permitting longer spans. ‘Used in car parks, offices, etc. where spans in one sdiection are predominant and live loads are relatively light. Slab spans up to 10 m {centreline support to centreline support) with beam spans up to 16 m are economic. ‘Charts and data assume wide beam support, minimum 100 or 180 mm downstand, and bespoke moulds. For ‘beam thicknesses refer to pp 64, 71, 110 or 111). Thicknesses are typically governed by deflection and, to suit formwork, by restricting the downstands of beams. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES ‘© Medium to long spans ‘© Higher formwork costs than for other slab systems «Lightweight ‘© Slightly greater floor heights * Holes in topping easily accommodated (but avoid * Slower beams) Large holes can be accommodated ws ae KEY Characteristic imposed load (IL) = S50 kim — = 7S kN — =10.0 kim ‘itp: /www.vieteons org ByDESIGN ASSUMPTIONS. SUPPORTED BY ‘BEAMS. ntemaly, 2400 mm wide BEAMS. Refer tu beam charts to estimate sites DIMENSIONS ‘Square panels, minimam of two (or end spans) or the Slab spans x the beam spans. Ribs 150 mm wide (@ 750 mm cc. Topping 100 mm, Ribsolid intersection at beam spani? from ceatreline of intemal support, and at sav from end support. SPANS Spans quoted in chats and data are centeline support to centeline suppartfeg_ grid to ri). However, the signs of these sls ve based on spans of end span 1.2 m + di, or intemal span -2.4m + d. REWFORCEMENT ‘Maximum har sizes in dbs: 27258, 2T20T (in top af web) and i links. 25 mm allowed for ALA2 mash (6 0.17%) in topping. 10% alowed for wastage and laps. Loans ‘SDL of 1.50 ki finishes) included, Ulimate loads assume elastic reaction factors of 11 ta internal beams ‘and 0.5 to end beams. Self weight used accounts for 10 degree slope to rbe and solid ends as deserbed above. CONCRETE G35, 24 Lin, 20mm apgregste FIRE & DURABIUTY BASED ON END SPAN, m ‘Fe resistance 1 haur; mil exposure 70 80900120 13.0 14.0 THICKNESS, mm 25 kN? ‘Adid minimum 100 ram far minimum depth of 2400 spine beam 20 16 3503808 524 268 Ma 34 ao S12 536 wo oka a6 OD 6 Be HE aT 754 ULTIMATE LOAD TO SUPPORTING BEAMS, INTERNAL (END), kN? 101 (46) 118452) 139163) 156 (71) 190 (62) 20995) 242 (110) 139463) 161 03) 184 (4) 210 (96) 2483 (110) 279.0127) 322 (146) 151 (69) 176480) 203492) 233 (106) 266 (121) 305 (139) 357 (162) 425 (193) 182083) 213497) 2460102) 282 (128) 327 (148) 342 (174) 451 (205) Slab only. add mest and beam reinforcement 1d 1203) 16) UB 18S) 18) 18 Ga) 1248) 1669 1762) 1} 1840) TGS) 1) (8) 16671769 18) 1} GN «8G OW W=10.0Kum 1560) 1769 18653) 1815) 18GB) 8G) BR) DESIGN NOTES Imposed load, 9y.> 1.25 dere load, gy B= ae > Skim? = fesignes inks in ribs 2.5 kim? 5.0 kim? e e ® e e e e 2.5 kim? abe abe abe abe abe be be be ML =10.0 kN abe abe abe abe ate abe be BASED ON INTERNAL SPAN, m 70 8080 13.0 140 THICKAIESS, mm ‘Add minimum 180 rom for minimum depth of 2400 spine bear 25 kim? 2 R20 3886 5.0 kN? 2000 2k 5B BB 86 2.5 keine 22 mK aD 2 0.0 ki? 2300 e380 SB 8B ULTIMATE LOAD TO SUPPORTING BEAMS, INTERNAL (END), kN? 25 km? 128668) 147 (G7) 166 (75) 188 (HS) 214 (97) 50 kNim? 153(70) 175,80) 198 (80) 223 (101) 252 (114) 287 (131) 2.5 ki? 195 (80) 222 (01) 250 (144) 281 (178) 316 (14a) 358 (163) 0.0 kN? 205493) 226107) 2681122) 306 (139} 338 (154) 382 (173) 430 (195) REINFORCENENT, kg (agit) Slab only. aad most and beam reinforcement 25 kNim? wwe) 1346) 14 (4a) 16043) 17 At) 5.0 kN? 1363) 1462) 15650) 16) 1745) 17) 7.5 kom? 1464 16653) 17661) 2166) 2G) 21 (43) WL =10.0 eum 1469 15 (56) 16153) 19051) 216) TET) 22 KA DESIGN NOTES Imposed load, g1.> 1.25 dead load, ge B= qu > Skim? e@ = designed links in ribs 25 kee? 5.0 kim? e e e e e e 15 kim? abe abe abe abe ate be = 10.0 kN abe abe abe abe abe abe abe Tung tam dao tao xay dying VIFTCONSeee Troughed slabs (Ribbed slabs with integral beams and level soffits, troughed flat stabs, one-way joist floors) Troughed slabs are popular in spans up to 12 mas they ‘combine the advantages of ribbed slabs with level softs. “Economic depths depend on the widths of beams used. Deflection is usually critical to the design of the beams, which, therefore, tend ta be wide and heavily reinforced. The chart and data assume intemal beam widths of bbeam sparv3.5, perimeter beam width of beam span/9 plus column width'2, They include an allowance for an ‘edge loading of 10 kNim. (See also Ribbed slabs). Jn rectangular panels the ribbed slab should usually span ‘the longer direction. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES © Longer spans than one-way solid or flat slabs ‘© Higher formwork costs than plain softs Lightweight * Level soft «Profile may be expressed architecturally, or used for heat transfer © Holes in ribbed slab areas cause little or no problem SPAN:DEPTH CHART g SLAB DEPTH, mm & 5 5 5 KEY Characteristic imposed load (IL) = S50 kim — = 7S kN — =10.0 kim ‘itp: /www.vieteons org BgDESIGN ASSUMPTIONS. ‘SUPPORTED BY ‘COLUMNS. Refer t coma chants and data to estimate Sizes te DIMENSIONS Square panel, minimum at wor spané x two beam spans. Ric 150mm wide @ 750 mm cc. Topping 100 rum. Moulds warible depth. Inieal beams span! S wide Edge beams, spani9-+ edge column with wie Eges fash with columns, Level softs seewroRceMENT a. ba sis, ns: 27258, ZO (top of we and inks beams: T32T 8,18 links 25 mm allowed for A1A2 mesh (@ 0.12%) in topping. 10% alowed far wastage, ec To comply with deflection criteria, service sess, may have been reduced. Loans ‘01 of 150 kd? (nshes) and peimets oad of 10 kin included. Utinate los to beams fom sibs assume ers of 1.2 internal and 06 at ends Ultimate loads m columns assume ers of 1.0 and 05, Self ‘weight used accoums for 10 degre spe to ribs ands ens a desnbe above CONCRETE 35, 261004 20m apgresste FRE & DURABIUTY Fie resistance 1 hour; mid exposure (MULTIPLE SPAN, m 40 so 607.020 THICKNESS, em 25 kN? 20018 3% 8S 514 woe 36a «0 86 B40 ha 46 532 eto a 308383 53620 ULTIMATE LOAD TO SUPPORTING COLUMNS, INTERNAL (EDGE) PER STOREY, Mi 25 kum oa(og 0505) 0807) 1.108) 1.40.0) 18113) 230.4 5.0 kim? oa (oa 06(05) 0806) 1.108) 1.070) 1803) 230 3000) 2.5 ki? 05 (00) O76) 10108 1400) 1803) 23406 2900 3708 0.0 kn? os Ms) 9907 1209 1702) 2105) 2809 2523) 4sa9) REN ORCENENY, ka?) 25 kim 2o(g 330119) 39012) 4OGTI@ aT (106) 12) a6 RY 5.0 kim? 3027) 2148) 360120) 38112) 45 C129) 50(122) 48S) 49 (8G) WL 2.54Nim 32025) 34118) 370104) 4111) 46 (112) 46 (100) a9 (91) 50182) 0.0 ki? 3703) 350113) 41108) 440110) 46 (105) 4790) 50) 49 (68) B= qe> 1.25 ge b= gee Skflime @= designed links inribs, NBcheck punching shear at all columns w= 251um 5.0 kim? e e e e 2.5 Nim? a ae abe: abe ake abe be be 0.0 kN? abe abe abe abe abe abe ae abe LINKS, ¢AGE BY WEIGHT OF REINFORCEMENT Links in rits and beams 25 kin? HHT TT 5.0 kim? MSHS oe % 25 km? 2% TK TOM m % w= 10.0 km 2% 1% S12 % 1% 10% VARIATIONS TO DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS: cifferences in slab thickness fer @ characteristic imposed load (.) oF 6.0 kiuin? Fire resistance hours, 150 i &115 topping +5 mm 4 ours, 150 sib & topping see below Exposure Moderate 20mm Severe, (40 concrete see below Cladding load No.daciing load 0mm 20 ktm lading load 425 mm Dimensions 125 mm ibs & 600 +m Beam widths: 125 mm ibs @ 750 +0 mm Intemal US.edgeL2-+ col? see below 150mm its @ 900 40mm Internal U4, edge LPO + eol2 +10. 200mm ibs & 1200 0mm Internal L3.5, edge L/S-+ coll? as original 250 mm ibs @ 1500 40mm Internal U3 edge 8+ ol? 10 ram, other 25 mum cover H0 mm Rectangular beams (cf & 'L) som Single spans Single slab span soe below Single spine beam span see below Thickness, mm Span, m 60 20 0 oo 00110120 Ties i80b 8 topping 150 —~—~SSSSSS Severe, C40 concrete 290320350, 524 T es Beams BUI2wide = 2963323 sa ad {pan sab 2 aC wD 583 span spine beam soo 38K aR us Rectangular panels: equivalent spans, m Use an equivalent square span, below, to derive thickness oo 70 80 so 0010120 ieamgpan= 50m 5a e265 SS 60 6g 6a Te so 8 66 70 23 19 91 1B 1S a 16 20 84 92 16 1S a0 as 86 90 4 106 11S 90 93 96 9s 1015S 2 10S 0ST 9 m9 stTwo-way solid slabs ADVANTAGES ‘Economical for longer spans and high loads SPAN:DEPTH CHART Two-way in-situ solid slabs are utilitarian and generally cused for retail developments, warehouses, stores, etc. ‘Economical for more heavily loaded spans from 9 to 12 'm, but difficult to form when used with a grid of ddownstand beams. Design is usually governed by deflection. Steel content is, usually increased to reduce service stress and increase ‘span capacity. DISADVANTAGES ‘= Presence of beams may require greater storey height ‘© Requires a regular column layout © Grid of downstand beams deters fast formwork regyding Flexibility of partition location and horizontal service distribution may be compromised SUAB DEPTH, arm 70 ~«=80~COCSCiSC SPAN, m KEY Characteristic imposed load (IL) = 5.0 kim ‘itp: /www.vieteons org | 26 | = 7S kNime — =10.0 kMDESIGN ASSUMPTIONS. SUPPORTED BY ‘BEAMS inter orthaganal directions. Rete to beam chars andl data to estimate sizes, etc DIMENSIONS ‘Square panels, minimum of two spans x two bays. Supports minimum 300 mm wide. REINFORCEMENT <8.5 mT1GTAB, »8.50m: TZOTEE uno, 10% alloed for wastage and laps, may have been reduced. Loaps SDL of 1.50 km? (finishes et) included. Utimate loads to intemal beams assume two adjacent commer panels. Load are applicable asa ud over 754 of the beam’ length. CONCRETE C35, 24 Kili? 20 mm apgregate FIRE & DURABIUTY Five resistance 1 haur; mil exposure estan ‘Design based on cormer panels Single span (both ways) assumes torsional restraint. SINGLE SPAN, m 40.50 60709010 THICKNESS, mn 01658 318 1s 152 17806 ks 34 aa ie = 90k an a2 138 168 198 23026285 3B aan ULTIMATE LOAD TO SUPPORTING BEAMS, INTERWAL (END), kim Includes 1.5 kin? SDL. See note above WL= 25 elm nia (t) nfa23)ofa9)nfa36) la (43) la GSP) la (63) (74) 5.0 kN? nia (13) fa 25) fa 2) fa 39) fa (48) nla (57) nla (GP) a (80) da (93) 7.5 kim mia@4) ma G2) fa(at) —nfa(S0) nvae0) nla (70) a 2) a (97) a (112) 0.0 ke ‘va (@q)— fa 9) fa (a9) rfa6O) nva(FT) nla (83 wl (A) wa(113) wva(130) REINFORCEMENT, kat? (act) Including wastage but excudiing beam reinforcement fl 90) 10) GN 150) ee) Ye) 1D 11s) 12082) 15087) 10H} H) 24 9} 27K) BB) 3H RH) 1262) 15691) 17480) 20060) 23.03) 26,03) 31.095) B41) 38 (ES) 1498) 16186) 19197) 27196) 26108) 29-09-3309) 3795) a1 (82) so 60 70 80.0120 ns 1a us tee 10 =e tka 25 134 nn ee es! 8B 1s az 166 1282 a0 3D 1s 48 m4 02k RAB ULTIMATE LOAD TO SUPPORTING BEAMS, INTERWAL (END), kMuin 3602) 20d ST RT 806) 86 GT) TAG) 13845) 164.53) 2705) S89} 74H — 9B 08H) 128(HN TSO(eH) 17BGH) 208 68) 60 (209) 7625) geaT) 1147) 136,44) 162 (52) 136 (60) 218,91) 252 (2) G3) $2G0) 1147) 13845) 16464) 182 (3) 222072) 258 GA) 286 (86) REINFORCEMENT, kop Gacy) 25 kim? Ei BO) 0TH) 1203) 1d) TH} SOT 8d 1008) 13483) 1583) 17085) © 20085) 22086) 25 Ga) 28 BI) 1003) 128) = 1487) 17T) 201) DE 252) ew) 3187) 1208 1493) 160) 19085) 210) GS} 27) 3163) 34M) a=q7 12a b= >SkWin’ d= deflection eitical g= T25sused 8 d d a ab a a» b b b b by bg ab a es ab a» ab b ba bo VARIATIONS TO DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS: differences in slab thickness fer a characteristic imposed laad (.) oF 6.0 kivin? Fre resistance Dhous +10mm hows 430 mum Exposure Modecte +15 mm Severe G40 concrete +25 mum Thickness, mm ‘Span, m 60 10 80 so oo 120 intemal panel 1a 166 Tea 0 Rectangular panels: equivalent spans, m Use an equivalent square span, Belo, to derive thickness. See Section 2.6 80 96 101201310 a7 3a a0 67 6a 20 mM 2 7 a 79 81 at 22 83 20 aa a7 89 90 92 93 ey a4 97 99 1102 wo 802,411Waffle slabs designed as two-way slabs (standard moulds) Introducing woids to the soffit reduces dead weight and ‘these deepes stiffer flaors permit longer spans which are ‘economic for spans between 9 and 14 m. The saving of materials tends to be offset by complication in site ‘operations. Standard moulds are 225, 325 and 425 mm deep and are used to make ribs 125 mm wide on a 900 mm grid. Toppings are between 50 and 150 mm thick. ‘The chart and data assume surrounding and supporting sdownstand beams, which should be subject to separate consideration, and solid margins. Both waffles and sdovmstand beams complicate formwork. ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES * Medium to long spans ‘Higher formwork costs than for other slab systems © Lightweight ‘Slightly deeper members result in greater floor Profiles may be expressed architecturally or used for hei heat transfer ‘© Slov. Difficult to prefabricate reinforcement SPAN:DEPTH CHART 600 500 400 = 300 B a 2 200 178190 9910s ; saa SPAN, m CV. Characteristic imposed toad (L) = S0KNim = 7SkNme — 210.0 kim: ‘itp: /www.vieteons org EJDESIGN ASSUMPTIONS. SUPPORTED BY ‘BEAMS inter orthaganal directions. Refer to beam chars and data to estimate sizes, etc DIMENSIONS ‘Square panels, minimum of tao spans x two bays. Rs 125 mm wide © 900 ma ce. ‘Mouls 225, 325 or 425 mm deep. Topping 100 to 150 mm. Ritsold intersection at 900-+ 1252 from centrelin of support. (REWNFORCENAENT ‘Maximum bar sices in ribs: 27258, 2T20T (in top of web) and 8 lnk 25 mum allowed for AIA? or A193 mesh {6-0.12%) in topping. 10% allowed for westage and laps. fymay have been reduced. Loans SDL of 1.50 kim? finishes etc) include. Ukimate loads to intemal beams assume two adjacent commer panel. Loads are applicable as 2 udl over 75% of the beams length. Sel weight used accounts for 5:1 hope 1 tbs, sold edges as described above and topping as infested CONCRETE (G35, 24 10h, 20mm angregate FIRE & DURABIUTY Five resistance 1 hau; mil exposure DESIGN ‘Design based on corner panes Single span (both ways} assumes torsional restraint. SINGLE SPAN, m 72 at 90 99 18TH THICKNESS, mn 25 kN? RS OMS 3000S AS 52s SS ms WS 65 SBS. mS 0 Sad) BSS STD S40. ULTIMATE LOAD TO SUPPORTING BEAMS, INTERNAL END), kN 25 kum a Q3) nla G2) wfai8) fats) wva(aa) nla (59) ala 9) 5.0 kim? vas) na (43) fa(52) fa (SB) nva68) nla (76) 2.5 ki? ia (dé) fa 6) fa (Gt) fa (72) fa (83) 0.0 kn? mia G7) na (62) ae) fa(29) va (99) REINFORCEMENT, kat? (ect) f 80g 1265) 1540 1951) 18 tm) 8G) 218) 1163) 18656) 20053) 17140} 21.5) 22 Cp 15@5) 1965) 1607) 2188) 2087) 1967) 20853) 20486) 22K) 23 2) MULTIPLETWO SPAN, m 7.28.1 90 99 08 7126 135th THICKNESS, mm 25 kim? ms pS SS ws 525585 5.0 kim mS oS m5 3S 35080 525585 2.5 kim? RS WS SSS aS TS 535 0.0 kN? RS OMS mS DSSS S75 ULTIMATE LOAD TO SUPPORTING BEAMS, INTERNAL (END), kN w= 25 kum 63) 756 SEH G2 106) 122 (43) 139(48) 158GE) 184 65) > 5.0kNor B9Gi) 1005) 1119) 1723) 13949) 158 (55) 177(62) 20000) 228 a) We 25k? 117,83) 124(44)138(85) 15405) 180063) 193 (68) 226(79) 24a BO) W=10.0kqwm = 13347) 14952) 166458) 189466) 212078) 237 83) 264(93) 300 (105), REINFORCEMENT, kal Gegyrat) w= 25k Si 700) 85) 1082) 3G) BSG ON 170) 5.0 kN? 70 90H «1G 15446) 19655) 18) 20) 19H) 7.5 kim? acs 1163) af) 1958) 2155) 200) 2A) 23 3) 0.0 km vO — 13440) 18055) 2159) 1B KAR) DESO DIG) 24 GA DESIGN NOTES 92> 125 ge B= qo Skin? = designed sinks may be required in ribs 25 kim? ® e e e e 5.0 Nim? e e e e e e e 2.5 Nim? ab abe abe abe be be be be 0.0 kim abe abe abe abe abe abe be be VARIATIONS TO DESIG ASSUMPTIONS: differences in slab thickness far @ characteristic imposed load (.) oF 5.0 kivin Thickness, mm Span, m 12 al 30 99 RT 126 a a eT] tes 1$0rb & topping § 375 37S STS TS 575 SIS Moderate exposure um SMS 525 Severe expasure (C40) 325325345 aS 535 Rectangular panels: economic thickness, men Long span, m 126 135 53620 OS 3S mS RS OMS BS 380 3550 53S os os SS as ws, a ee ee) 490450. a 8S 5S 525 52s 535 0 SISWaffle slabs designed as two-way slabs (bespoke moulds) ADVANTAGES ‘© Medium to long spans © Lightweight * Profile may be expressed architecturally, or used for heat transfer SPAN:DEPTH CHART SLAB DEPTH, mm 8 3 Bespoke moulds make the choice of profile infinite, but ‘their cost will generally be charged to the particular project. Polypropylene, GRP or expanded polystyrene ‘moulds can be manufactured to suit particular require ‘ments and obtain overall economy in spans up to 16 m. ‘Minimum width of rib usually 125 mm, although 150 mm ‘may be more practical to suft reinforcement detailing on Jlonger spans. Minimum topping thickness is usually ‘90 mm to suit fre requirements. The chart and data assume a 900 mm grid and solid ‘margins adjacent to beams. Supporting downstand beams complicate formwork, DISADVANTAGES ‘© Higher formwork costs than for standard moulds and other slab systems Slightly deeper members result in greater floor heights ‘© Slow. Difficult to profabricate reinforcement 3.0 14.4 SPAN, 39 KEY Characteristic imposed load (IL) Trung tam dao ta0 xay dying WP TROONE? — = 5.0 kim? ‘itp: /www.vieteons org | 30] TSkNim? | — =10.0 kim?DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS. SUPPORTED BY ‘BEAMS inter orthaganal directions. Refer to beam chars and data to estimate sizes, etc DIMENSIONS ‘Square panel, minimum af to spans two bays. Ribs 125 mm wide @900 mm cc. Mould: variable depts. Fibold intersection @ 900 + 12572 from centreline of suppor. Topping 100 man. REINFORCEMENT ‘Maximum bar sizes in nibs: 27256, 2T20T in top of web) and RE inks. 25 mum allowed for A142 mesh {© (0.129%) in topping. 10% allowed for wastage and laps. woaps ‘SDL of 1.50 kN? (finishes et) included. Ultimate loads to intemal beams assume two adjacent corner panel. Loads are applicable a 2 ual over 75% of the beams kngth lf weight used accounts for 8:1 slope 10 fs and slid edges a described above, CONCRETE C35, 24 bi, 20 mm apgregste FIRE & DURABIUTY Five resistance 1 aur; mil exposure DESIGN ‘Design based on corner panels Single span (both ways} assumes torsional restraint. SINGLE SPAN, m 72 at 90 99 8 TST THICRAIESS, mm = 25m we zh mS 3h 4h 52 er me HO 03936 580610 HB 1665S. ULTIMATE LOAD TO SUPPORTING BEAMS, INTERNAL (END). kN ma@8) na G2) naG7)nfa(@2) falas) nla (57) a GA) (78) (3) ia G7} fa (43) fa (49) fa (56) fa (65) nla (75) nla EP) wa (103) ia (7) fa 5) nfa63) fa (71) fae) nla (84) la (109) nia (G7) na (66) fa (76) fa 86) fa (98) a (113) REINFORCEMENT, ko? Geci) = 25 .2um 109 1287) a(t) 17H) 1) EE 0G) =—22BH 23,81) i= 5.0m 1665) 1865) 19152) 2008) 2105) 1) 226) 238) 186H 196g = 20052) fy 21) GG) 1968 206) 2160 2m 2M Ban MULTIPLETWO SPAN, m 7.28.1 90) 99 08 7126 135th THICKNESS, mm 25 kim? wo 8 kaa sop 586 5.0 kim? wo | Ba ase 80 son 586 2.5 Nim? ss mo 6 aT 532 538 ML =10.0 kN m6 23835 sm Gab ULTIMATE LOAD TO SUPPORTING BEAMS, INTERNAL (END), kim = 25 kum 6127) 7ORH 792K SABI 103) T1BKAN 135(EF] 1555) 177 62) WL= 5.0K BG) 953) 1068) 171 42) 13648) 154 GSA) 174 GI) 19769) 2022.08) ‘7S kWh? —— 106,87) 121 (42) 136,48) 153454) 172160) 193 (68) 216(76) 242 5) 273 86) 0.0 kW? T2845) 14661) 16558) 185455) 208103) 233 (82) D60(91) 291 (102) 226 (115) REINFORCEMENT, kop Gacy) 25 kNim 70 96) 10G] «1263 «-263) BG) «MG 15a9 16am) 5.0 kN? rod) 13149) 148) 16) 1G) 1971943) -208) 21 G7) 2.5 kN? 12448) 1554 17655) 19657) 2065) 2160) 2246) 2343) 23.) 0.0 km 155) 1758) 1945) 20058) 21H) 22 G49} 23445) -24GK2) 25,88) DESIGN NOTES a= qu>1.25qu B= qu> Slim? d= deflection critical @= designed links may be required in rite 25 kim? ed ed ed ei ed e e e ed ed ed ed ed abe abe ae abe be be be be be abe abe abe abe abe ate abe be be VARIATIONS TO DESIG ASSUMPTIONS: differences in slab thickness far @ characteristic imposed load (oF 5.0 kiviné Thickness, mm Span, m 1 at 90 99 08117128 Thnsfie, 115 wpping 2706 ~—SCSSSCSSCSSC SC tes 1$0rb & topping «14 33RD 450 502 586 Moderate exposure amo Ra aD 50 6aO Severe wxpasure (C40) «276 30K 3. 3a 36 58 60 Rectangular panels: equivalent spans, m Use an equivalent square span, belo to derive thickness See Section 2.6 1268S MASH TRO 33 a4 5 8 a7 oy 39 10210305106 = 107 tt m9 os W218 R22 AB NT Re 1273 1BD 1G 1358613718Waffle slabs designed as two-way slabs with integral beams and level soffits (standard moulds) ADVANTAGES = Medium spans © Lightweight Level soft © Profile may be expressed architecturally, or used for heat transfer SPAN:DEPTH CHART These slabs are popular in spans up to 10 m. They ‘combine the advantages of wafile slabs with those of Jovel softs. ‘Standard moulds are 225, 325 and 425 mm deep and are used with toppings between 50 and 150 mm thick. The ‘ribs are 125 mm wide on a 900 mm grid. Depth is governed by detlection of the beams, which, ‘therefore, tend to be heavily reinforced. The chart and sdata assume internal beams at east 1925 mm wide (ie. ‘wo waffles wide) and perimeter beams at least 962 mm (Ge. one watfle) plus column widtiv2, wide. They include an allowance for an edge loading of 10 kN/m, DISADVANTAGES ‘Higher formwork costs than for plain soffits Slow. Ditfcut to prefabricate reinforcement 8 SUAB DEPTH, arm 5. 63 Te ai : 7 126 SPAN, 1m KEY Characteristic imposed load (IL) nung_tam dao tao xay dung WIG BOARS: — = 5.0 kNim= ‘itp: /www.vieteons org | 32 | = 7S kNime — =10.0 kMDESIGN ASSUMPTIONS. SUPPORTED Y ‘COLUMNS Refer to columa charts and data to estimate sizes, et. DIMENSIONS Square pans minimum of two spans x two bays Ribs 125 mm wide @ 900 mm cr. Moukis 225, 325 or 425 mm deep. Topping 100 to 150 mm deep. intemal beam tro waffles wide, edge beam one wrfie wide, ‘i. bold intersection at 900 +125/2 from centeline of support, REINFORCEMENT ‘taxi mun bar sizes, rs: 27258, 2720T (in top of web) and RB links; beams: 321 7326 and T8 links 25.mm allowed for A142 or A153 mesh (@ 0.12%) in topping. 10% allowed for wastage and laps femay have been reduced Loans SDL of 1.50 kN? (nshes) and perimeter loa of 10 kim (cading) included. Ukimate Inds to columns assume elastic reaction factors of 1 interally and 05 at ends Self weight used account fr §:4 slope to nibs, soli beam ateas as described above and topping as interred ‘CONCRETE (C35, 26 atin, 20mm aggregate FIRE & DURABIUTY Five resistance 1 hour; mid exposure. DESIGN ‘Slab design based on come panes (MULTIPLE SPAN, i S463 72199 B AT 16 THICKNESS, mm We 25kWm RS SSB aS STS RS RS MP STS mS S858 BRT RS MS Sas ULTIMATE LOAD TO SUPPORTING COLUMNS, INTERNAL (EDGE) PER STOREY, ts W= 25kWme 05 (03) 6 (Od) 0805) 10007 13608) 1.70.0) 2243) SOkMm = 06 (Od) O8(OS) 1.0106) 14108) 17010) 22113) 75k — 07 (04) 09H 12107) 160.0) 2203) 27015) O0kNm = ORS) 11 150 1901) 2S(14) REINFORCEMENT, kei?” (agit) including beam reinforcement w= 25kWm= Gm 2405) 28s) 290) 2e KG) 3316) 20H 2866) ©3201) 29) 478) CGS) 28Gs) 3209) 3405) 3400) 346) 39.074) 3004 35¢01) 32476) 38186) 38103) B= qe>T.25q Be qe>SkNim? = designed links may be required in ribs » ob be bbe be bbe a ab ae ate be LINKS (Séage by weight of reinforcement) Lisi cits rd earns 25 kim (em) 46) GEN) GER) GI) TR SH) 5.0 Kum? wow) GIR) GT) TER 75 kim? (ae) SH) GES) TK) TH) Ha) t= 10.0 ki Co a eS ee) VARIATIONS TO.DESIGW ASSUMPTIONS: cfferonces in slab thickness fer a characterkstc imposed laad (jl) oF 6.0 kN/n? Fire resistance hours 115 topning +20 mm {hours 1S0ib & topping see blow Exposure Moderate exposure +010 25 mm ‘Severe, 40 concrete +010 25 mm Cladding load No dscing load Om 20 Lim elading load 40012 mm Dimensions 125 mmsib 6800 cc see below 150 me 1b 6 825 ce +0035 mm {mmr @950ec +010 25 mm 225 mm rb @ 1080 ce see belaw Single spans one way +010 12 mm Both ways 401012 mm Thickness, mm Span, m 5565 382th hes 150% Stopping 37ST Span, m 1260 $6 tod 11220 125 bs @ woe maT a 55S Span, 6a 70 so top 110 20 25 ribs @ Too ORS as St Rectangular panels: economic thickness, men tong span, m a) so soos 728 Short pan ms CDSS Shor span mse S85 Shot span pF aS SD Short pan 2 ASD 7 was SSS 55 SSWaffle slabs designed as two-way slabs with integral beams and level soffits (bespoke moutds) ADVANTAGES ‘© Medium spans Lightweight * Profile may be expressed architecturally, or used for heat transfer SPAN:DEPTH CHART These slabs are popular in spans up to 10 m as they ‘combine the advantages of bespoke waffle slabs with level soffits. Bespoke moulds can overcome the dimensional and aesthetic restrictions imposed by standard moulds. However, site operations remain complicated. “Economic depths are a function of the beam width. The bbeams are governed by deflection and, therefore, tend to bbe heavily reinforced. The ribs are a minimum of 125 mm wide. ‘For simplicity the chart and data assume a $00 mm grid, iimtemal beams at least 1925 mm wide (ie. two waffles ‘wide) and perimeter beams at least 962 mm (je. one waffle) plus column width’2, wide. They indude an allowance for an edge loading of 10 kNim. DISADVANTAGES ‘© Higher formwork costs than for standard moulds and other slab systems Slightly deeper members result in greater floor heights ‘© Stove Difficult to prefabricate reinforcement SLAB DEPTH, mm 3 o 63 (72 a1 a eT SPAN, KEY Characteristic imposed load (IL) Trung tam dao (a0 xay dung WEROONE? — =5.0kNim? — ‘itp: /www.vieteons org 34] TS kNim? — =10.0 Mim?DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS. SUPPORTED BY (COLUMNS. Refer to column chars and data to estimate sizes, etc, DIMENSIONS ‘Square panel minimum of two spans x two bays. Ribs 125 mm wide @900 mam cx. Tapping 1OO ra. Boul ‘etible depth Internal beam two wales vide; edge beam ane wafile wide ie ribald intersection at 900, + 12522 fram centeline af support. (REWNFORCENAENT ‘ax bar sizes, ns: 27258, 2720T (in top of web) and Rf links; beams: T32 T & 8,18 links. 25 mm allowed {for A142 mesh (6 0.12%) in topping. 10% allowed for wastage etc. Loans ‘SDL of 1.50 kV? (fishes) and perimeter load of 10 Kim {clang} included, Ukimate Ina to columns ‘assume elastic reaction facors of 1.0 internally and 0.5 at ends. Self weight used accounts fr 5:1 lope to tbs and solid beam areas as described above. CONCRETE (G35, 24100, 20mm angregate FIRE & DURABIUTY Five resistance 1 hau; mil exposure DESICN ‘Slab desion based on commer panels (MULTIPLE SPAN, 54 63 2 E we 11 126 THICKNESS, mm 25 kN? we mH 5.0 kim? mo (3d Me ME aS na 2.5 kN mo RG 35 OCI TL 536 6M 0.0 kN? Mm MZ BHR 55 BID. ULTIMATE LOAD TO SUPPORTING COLUMNS, INTERNAL (EDGE) PER STOREY, Mii 25kMin? 4 (03) OH (OH OBS) 1.0106) 1308) 16010) 2103) 28018 SokWm? == 5(ad) 07 (05) 1.0006 13008) 17010) 2103) 2708) 3902) = 2.5kWm? 07 (04 09 (06) 1207) 160.0) 21112) 2605) 3620) LOkwm = BO) 1.107 1509 1900 2514) 32 (18) REINFORCENENT, kg (egy) Inetucing beam reinforcement 31(12q 31 (109) 30,05) 2980) 318) DC) UKE 3S HY 33 (12g 32(105) 51 O56) 34078) 3602) 38067) 37 8) 32 (10) 3209 345) 35485) 378) 39073) 39156) 3a(ig 24q101) 375) 84S) 408) 1 (GT) 9 => 125g. B= q>SklWim’ = designed inks may be required in ribs ab a b be be be be be ab ah ake the abe be LINKS (S6age by weight of ceinforcerment ) Links i its ane Boas 25 kim? en a = SOkWm cs en eC, en 7.5 kim mG) GE) TK) TH) KTS) 0.0 kim (aes) GH) SH] SH) Te VARIATIONS TO.DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS: cfferances in slab thickness fer a characterktc imposed lac (h) of 6.0 kNMné Fire resistance ‘hows, 115 topping +5:mm up 10 10m 4 hours, 150 rib & topping +15 mm up to 10 m Exposure Moderate +25 mm up to 101m Severe C49 concete +15 mm upto 10 m (ding a Om 20m dadcinglaad + 10.mm up to 10 m Sno spans 725mm up 1 10m ‘Bath ways 425 mm up 1010 m Dimensions see below Thickness, rum so 70 tO ast @ 7508 sos SES 150 ibs @ 7503 jos 3s aap 5 1Gribs@900# = asorig «338 3H SZ 1S0its @ 9008 2000 8% SGT 128 rite @ 1000 20s 3a] 2a 130 ibs 1000 23a 80 130 ibs @ 12008 3 G30 a S80 225 rte @ 120038 3306 32s intemal beams 3 wales wide & 320k D + Data interpolated fram modkdar spans Rectangular panels for non-square panels use an equivalent square span to deve thickness mo 636375 a3 a 6 6388 8793 tha 2m 2 895113 ai 22 91 97 eH oo St 99 81H 99 ttt B wz 91 tip:www.vietcons.org Shor span na asFlat slabs (Solid flat slabs. Flat plates in US and Australia) Flat stabs are quick and easy to construct but punching shear, deflections and holes around columns need to be considered, Nonetheless, fat slabs are popular for office Sean buildings, hospitals hotels blocks of flats etc. as they are quick allow easy service distibution and are very economical forsquare panels with a span of 5 to 8 m. The chart and data assume a perimeter loading of 10 kNim and ane 150:mm hole adjacent to each column. They assume columnsizes wil atleast equal those given inthe data ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Simple and fast formwork and constuction ‘Holes can prove dificult, especially large holes near Absence of beams allows laver storey heights columns © lecbilty of partition location and horizontal service + Shear provision around columns may need to be cistbution resolved using larger columns, column heads, drop © Architectural finish canbe applied directly to the panels or proprietary systems. underside of slab *# Deflections, especially of edges supporting cladding, may cause concen SPAN:DEPTH CHART E 00 a 3 = 100 ao) 5.0. 20) 80COCNOSCCSCT. SPAN, m KEY. Characteristic imposed load (It) Tnung tm dao 1a0 xy dung WEROGNG: = S.0kNim? — = 7.5 kAim? = =10.0 kNfmé gy:DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS. SUPPORTED BY (COLUMNS. Refer to column chants and data ta estimate sizes, ete. Minimum dimensions of columns ae data. DIMENSIONS ‘Square panel, minimum of tvee span x three bays. Outside edge Rush with columns. REINFORCEMENT ‘Main bars: T20.uno, Links 8. Fehelp deflection, 25% A,T at fist intemal support used aE A’ at midspan of end spans. Senice stress, f, may have been reduced 10% allowed for wastage and laps. Loans SDL of 1.50 kim (finishes) and perimeter load of 10 Klin (cladding) induced. Ultimate loads assume elastic reaction factors of 1.0 w intemal columns and 05 to end columns. CONCRETE (G35, 24 10h, 20mm sngregate FIRE & DURABILITY ‘Fe resistance 1 haur; mil exposure HOLES (One 150 mm square hole assumed to adjoin each column, Larger holes may invalidate the data below. (MULTIPLE SPAN, m 40 50 60 70 tO THICKNESS, mn mo om ot MG mo 20 26833 S02 mM 8 68k RL a6 a dB 8 mo 6k 3a SH ULTIMATE LOAD TO SUPPORTING COLUMNS, INTERNAL (EDGE) PER STOREY, 140i 25kNm? — 2 (02) 03/03) O50) 0705) 10007) 1405) 1801) 280.4 3109) W= 5:0kWm = 0302) 04(03) 97/04 09106 1308 1700) 230 2008) 3903) 7Skwm = 3 (02) OS (OM) OBS) 12007) 18 (10) 21113) 2809) 3621) 46R6) O0kWin? §— 4 (03) OT (Od) 1.0106 1409) 19/11) 2505) 3309) a2a4 S20) REINFORCEMENT, kas Gacy) 25 kim 10,62} 1595) 19487) SHO 28AIO1) 32(TET) 38/108 4B (104) 50.108) 5.0 kin? 1365) 18186) 22482) 294108} 33 {10) | 39(115} da (tid) 5014) 54 (107) 2.5 kim? 16a 21183) 264103) 32182} 390123) aa CT, DUN) 53.14) 59011) 0.0 kw? — 20100) 24KI0TY 29¢T0R) 34113) 434126) 52198) 54123) SACI) (120) ‘COLUMN SIZES ASSUMED, rim square, intemal (perimeter) Ws 25kWhme — 250225) 2501225) 2701250) 320.290) 380.340) 44D (a) 510 (460) $90 530) 680 (610) 250 (25) 250230) 310(280) 3701830) 430380) 500450} 580510) G60 (590) 750 (670) 230 (25) 280,250) 340(300) 410860) 480 (420) 560490} 640 (360) 730 (640) £20 (730) 250025) 310,270) 3800330) 4501890) 530 450) 610 (520) 680 (600) 780 (690) 870 (770) DESIGN NOTES a= o> 1.25 q. B= qu >S hin? f= shear eitcal (mitily vs21q) g= T2Ssused n= 132s used = 251m 1 t 9 9 n h 5.0 kim? t t 9 8 h b 2S kN? ab ab » bf BF bo bo bh bh 0.0 kN? ab ab abo oabt bf ba bo bh bh LINKS, MMAKIMUM NUMBER OF PERIMETERS (and percentage by weight of reinforcement). na. (95) 25kNm? = (4K) TIKI 728%) GSK) TOE) TOIT TASK) 727%) 622%) SOkWim = 7 (60%) EGS) 629%) ERIK) 61TH) 626K) 626) 71%) 7.0%) 15k = 7 (59%) 67K) GRIN) EGIK) 68%) 6G0K) 628%) 7G6%) 73.6%) 0kWin? §=—§ GLEN) OGTK) 69%) EGS) EGA%) EBOR) 7E7%) 79%) 749%) WARIATIONS TO DESIG ASSUMPTIONS: afferances in slab thickness for = characteristic impesed load (R) af 5.0 kin? Fire resistance Thous +10 mm “hours 35mm Exposure Moete 220mm Severe C0 cancete 325 mm lading toad No dacing oad Omm 20 ein dating aod 225 mm Other No oles mm Rectang columns (1:2) ‘som Using Tass 120: 40mm 2 spans 0m ‘Thickness, mm ‘Span, m 6.0 10 80 90 00 0 12.0 Shear 28831 Nochoar is “40 Sesh Stokes adj cok = EBL aaa +300 holes adj. cols. as 454 46 458 468 480 510 ‘Stiff edge (basic d= 40) 266 30 34 386 28 498 S72 fecangular panels: equivalent spans, m sean equivalent square spn, blow 0 dee tickness ong span, so 70 30 100 10120 a Sotpen=G0m «DSTA 83 Start san = 7.0m 70075888 Shore san = 8.9 m a 8ST Short yr Tong tam dan tan xay oie SORTS wp sta tow vietenns. arg Stor span=11.0m nos