0 n 2 B “ 6 Primary Mathematics Challenge - February 2015 Answers and Notes “Those notes provide a bref look at ow the problems can be solved ‘There are sometimes many ways of approaching problems, and not all an be given here ‘Suggestions for further work bated on same a these problems are also provided, PLE. wecannot tell m BB 7 kg It should be a moment's work to see that Felix weighs 3 kg, and Marmalade 7 kg 317° The sum of the four angles of every quadrilateral is 360, so the sum of the remaining three must be (360 ~43)" = 317°. 240 The percentage of brown-haired people is 100 11 -23 ~36 = 30%. The number ‘of brown-haired poople is 30% of 800 = 30 x 8 = 240, 1.8km Moving 5 m foreach of 365 days in a year gives a distance of 1825 m = 18 km. {6100 kg The options lead to the average mass as respectively 032 kg, 3.2 kg, 32 kg, 320 kg ‘and 3200 kg only the third, 32 kg represents a reasonable mass for a ten-year-old child 56 After the fourth partof the machine any input up to that point by 0, and so willbe O; subsequent addition of 6 will give 56 14 Given that the numbers ona die are 12,3, 4, Sand 6, to achieve a product of 90, fone ofthe numbers must be 5 and the other two must have a product of 18. Thus the numbers can only be 3, Sand 6, whose sum is 14 173 Trial and error shoul lead tothe discovery that 86 + 25 +37 = 118, which leaves the option 173 unused ll be multiplied } The rectangle has an area of 3 6 = 18 squares. The uppermost unshaded right-angled triangle hasan area of half ofthe rectangle, ie. 9 squares, while the lunshaded triangle inthe bottom right-hand corner has an arca of 3 squares. This leaves an area of 6 squares for the shaded triangle, one third of the rectangle. 1005 am The three girls all hiccup together after a number of seconds which is 2 ‘common multiple of 20,30 and 50. The less common multiple of these numbers {is 300, so that they hiccup together after 300 seconds, j. at 10.05 am. 4.30pm Each hour, the hour hand turns 30°, soit will take 5% hours to turn 165%; the time ‘will therefore be 4.30 pm. 17 Each of the five cubes has sx faces. Five faces are touching the table and so not visible, and eight faces are joined in pairs; thus leaving visible 5 x 6-5 ~8 = 17 90se¢ In order to nick Rob, Nick will have to make up the distance between them, His speed relative to Rob's is 4 km/h, or I km per 15 minutes. $0 to cover an ‘extra 100 m he wil take 1.5 minutes = 90 seconds. 25cm? The length of one side ofthe square is 10cm, and so its area is 100 er “The triangle forms one quarter of the square and so has an area of 5 cn* Since large eggs weigh the sme as 6 medium epas.5 lrge gs weigh the samess 6x3 mashm epg Src io gg weighs aml s 5,8 cexgs 65 medium eggs weigh the same as 6x S& small egg. This athe Bes OXF gos weigh 5.8 small eggs This ist same as 9 small eggs.16 "7 18 » 2» a 2 50m! 6am 222 ‘8p 7 pene eis yofept romaine at ratio? 4 isequivlen 035: 20 Since the quantity of Epi quanto venom mst eens 0200 manana 0 ecansecthe F__0 ‘There are many ways to consider this problem: one can eg hagen PORS aid stele angle ( SA Joined atthe centre 0. So angle RST = 2x 60" = 120%. Since triangle RST is isosceles, angle SRT = (180 - 120)" + 2= 30°. Thetablebow shows the values ofthe surface areas and volumes: 7 fideteginien) [2 [3 [4] 5] 6 isurface area(cm’) | 24 | 54 | 96 | 150 | 216 volume (an?) | 8 | 7 | ot | 125] 26 | Since 1 m = 100 em, 1 m?= 100%100em? = 10000 em, and so 50 m"= 5000000 cm” With two daisies for every square centimetre, Daisy will plant 1 000000 daisies. Four ofthe diagrams can be eliminated as follows: diagram A requires the rightmost column to have no shaded squares, while the top row has all squares shaded - this is impossible; in diagram B, the total number of shaded squares inthe three rows is less than the total i the three columns, again impossible; diagram C exhibits a problem similar to that of diagram A; diagram D apparently requires four ofthe three squares in the bottom row to be shaded, ‘which makes no sense. Only diagram Eis possible, as is shown on the left. If this were possible, the top and bottom faces would, between “ them, include all the numbers from 1 to 8, and have no vertex in common. Therefore they would have a combined total of 14243+445+647+8=36 Having the same ‘fae total, each ofthese two faces would Ihave to add up to half of36, i. 18. The diagram on the right shows one way of achieving this. «4, 3 x Given that 1 Temon costs the same as 3 plums, Chloe could have bought 10 plums and 2 oranges for £1, and Ginny 6 plums and 2 oranges for 72p. From this we can deduce that the cost of 4 plumsis £1 -72p = 2p, meaning that 1 plum costs 7p. ‘Therefore I lemon costs 3x 7p =2ip, and 2 oranges cost (726 » 7)p = 30p. Thus the cost of one ofeach fruit is (21 +15 + 7)p= 43p. Given thatthe product, 15600 is a multiple of 25, the thre numbers between them must contribute two factors of; since they are consecutive and ther oe onl tree of them, this can happen only if one number sito a multiple of 25 teis now worth observing thatthe product of three consecutive numbers is roughly the same as the cube of the mil ofthe three. Since 20 < 15600 < 30, the midale number must ie between 20 and 20, henee one ol the numbers aot b25/The numbers can therefore be (23,24 25), 24,25 26)or eT TTT (25,26 27 The product 13600 = 13 «1205 sos factor ia ofboth 4 and 13. The triple (25, 26, 27) has no factor of 4, and S (23,24, 25 no factor of 13.50, by elimination, the numbers are 24,25 and 26, and ther total is 75. ‘The table on the right shows all the ways in which itis possible for every child to get the wrong sear ‘After Amit says "2015, there are 5102-2015 = 3087 numbers remaining, Thus the counting goes round the table 3087 « 6 514 times with a remainder of 3, so the last to count is Devi Sete |Some notes and possibilities for further problems Q3 _Haiecolour does not infact, ead to very clearly defined groups. Children might attempt a survey ot in fact, lead to very clearly defined groups i of hair and see what difficulties they face! Pethaps there are more suitable traits to use ina survey ~ this might lead toa useful discussion about the power and limitations of statistical analysis. Qs The question refers othe comma butterfly (ited in RSPB News, Spring 2014). The report ofthe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2013 provides further data on species migration Q5__This question arose out of visit to the Natural History Museum in London. Search out some comparable figures fr other dinosaurs. How did a gigonotosaurus or even a spnosauras compare ‘with T. rexineight and mass? And now compare them with a London double-decker bus! Q6 Designing multipart machines is quite good fun: in this case what looks horrendous is rendered casy by multiplication by zero. One canals design machines that simply return whatever the input was originally; for example: faa vn fee) sha few olies Q7 With three dice, we could ask how many different products of the three numbers (like 90) are there? Perhaps there are not as many as one might think, since some are achievable in several Ways: Wa 1x4 6=2 x 2x 602¥3%4 Q8 It might be interesting to ask pupils what hints may help others to tackle this question efficiently. ‘Q10 The method for representing the factors of several numbers in a Venn diagram may be well known, = it allows one to calculate highest common factor (HCF) and lowest common multiple (LCM). Here are 18 and 30 written as Similarly with the numbers_—_And with the four numbers the product of prime factors: 20, 30and 50in this question: 63, 66, 105 and 195: HCP «2% 20 30 @ 105 18 30 2 3 6 195 2 3 5 7 B 3 —— 50 HF Lean 8 2arSe6r ot LOM = 203424535 LeM =2%3%3%5%7%11 013 300 0090, Q11 There are many possible questions concerning the angles between the two hands of a clock = perhaps we should make the most of them while we can, before Big Ben has the only example ‘of an analogue display! So: + through what angle does the minute hand move in one minute? + whats the acute angle between the hands at 6.30 pm? ‘+ what isthe obtuse angle between the hands at 1220 pm? 1024 am? + for how many moments in a day do the hands overlap exactly? Q12. How could childten arrange the five cubes to minimise or maximise the visible surface area? (017 What about the angle between a square and an octagon (i) or a pentagon and a decagon (i), or ..? 7s GOO Tw Ifthe outer polygon has twice as many sides as the inner one, is there a pattern in your answers? If the inner polygon has twice as many sides asthe outer, asin diagram (v), does the angle differ from before? Is it larger or smaller now the polygons are ‘reversed! and is there any connection?e any patterns (18 Pupils might extend the table given inthe answers, and then discuss and investigate any pattern they notice. One curious result arises from multiplying the numbers forthe surface area and the volume together and then dividing their product by 6 (hint look atthe units digit) ~ why i this (21. Is the numbering of the vertices (given in the answers above) a unique solution, of are there others (ymmetry exchided)? (222. For the purposes ofthe question, the information that 1 lemon costs the same as 3 plums is superfluous. Because, if we know that Slemons + 2oranges + t plum cost 100p — (*) and lemon + 2oranges + 3 plums cost. 72p, then we can see that 2 lemons are 28p more expensive than 2 plums, or, more simply, that 1 Iemon costs 1ép more than 1 plum. If we now look again at the stared information and replace one of the lemons with one extra plum, sve would know that 2lemons + 2oranges + 2plums cost (100-14)p and so Lemon + orange +1 plum cost (100-14) 2)p = 4p. Its somehow surprising that even though we can find out how much the three fruit cost in total, without extra information we cannot find out what each individual fruit costs (25. Some points here for children to ponder (and prove) could include: + the sum of 3 consecutive numbers is always 3 x the middle number {the product of 3 consecutive numbers is always a multiple of 6, and ends in 0, 4or 6 + the product of 4 consecutive numbers ends with 0or4 * the product of Sor more consecutive numbers ends with 0 (b) Jill doesn’t take Bill's hat. Fe oa hee a aa ae ae itty bd toes ais oe es Se Beene ‘More generally, we ean use the reasoning above to get the following formula: Dyay=M «(Dy + Dy This means that five children have Ds = 4 x (D, + Ds) =4 x (9+ 2) = 44 ways of swapping scarves, How many ways wil Bill ill, il, Phil, Till and Will have of each getting a wrong scarf? The PMC is organised by The Mathematical Ascociation Contact the Primary Mathematics Challenge at PMC Office, The Mathematical Association, 259 London Road, Leicester LE2 3BE. Telephone: 0116221 0013 Email: office@m-a.org.uk Website: www.m-a.org.uk