TYPES OF DOSAGE FORMS 1.

Implants
-They come in the form sterile disks and cylinders that are inserted surgically. They are intended to release one or more medicaments over a period of time.

2. Insufflations -These are medicated powders designed to be blown into the ear, nose, throat or body cavities by means of a device known as an insufflator. Bulk insufflation has largely disappeared and has been replaced by individual doses of powdered drugs supplied in hard capsules and inhaled from a device which breaks the capsule and allows the patient to inhale the powder. This type of insufflation is used mainly for drug delivery into the respiratory tract by inhalation. 3. Irritation Solutions -These are sterile, pyrogen-free solutions usually intended for irrigation of body cavities, operation cavities, wounds or the urogenital system. 4. Linctuses -They are commonly prescribed for cough relief and they come in the form of viscous, liquid oral preparations. Ordinarily, high proportions of syrup and glycerol is incorporated into it due of their demulcent effect on the membranes of the throat. The volume of the dose is small (5ml) and, they should be diluted to prolong the demulcent action 5. Liniments -They are fluid, semi-fluid or, occasionally, semi-solid preparations that are externally applied to the skin, but not on broken skin. They can be alcoholic or oily solutions or emulsions mostly are massaged into the skin which serve as counter-irritants or stimulating types but some are applied on a warm dressing or with a brush (analgesic and soothing types). 6. Lotions -They are externally applied without friction and they come in the form of liquid preparations. The may be applied on a suitable dressing and then covered with a waterproof dressing to prevent evaporation or it may simply be dabbed on the affected area. 7. Lozenges -They are Solid preparations that consist of sugar and gum that give strength and cohesiveness to the lozenge and facilitating slow release of the medicament. They are used to medicate the mouth and throat and for the slow administration of indigestion or cough remedies. 8. Mixtures

- They consist of one or more medicaments which are dissolved or suspended in an aqueous vehicle. 9. Mouthwashes -They are used for oral hygiene and to treat infections of the mouth. They are quite similar to gargles. 10. Nasal Drops and Sprays -Drugs in solution may be instilled into the nose from a dropper or from a plastic squeeze bottle. The drug may have a local effect, e.g. antihistamine, vasoconstrictor, decongestant. Alternatively the drug may be absorbed through the nasal mucosa to exert a systemic effect, e.g. the peptide hormones oxytocin and vasopressin.The use of oily nasal drops should be avoided because of possible damage to the cilia of the nasal mucosa. Prolonged use of nasal vasoconstrictors may result in rebound vasodilatation and further nasal congestion 11. Ointments -Ointments are semi-solid, greasy preparations for application to the skin, rectum or nasal mucosa. The base is usually anhydrous and immiscible with skin secretions. Ointments may be used as emollients or to apply suspended or dissolved medicaments to the skin. Ointments intended for application to large open wounds should be sterile 12. Oral Emulsions -The term 'oral emulsion' as an oral dosage form may be defined as 'a fine dispersion of droplets of an oily liquid in an aqueous liquid which forms the continuous phase'. Drugs may be dissolved in either of the phases or suspended in the emulsion. 13. Oral Liquids -Oral Liquids are homogeneous preparations containing one or more active ingredients dissolved or suspended in a suitable vehicle. Elixirs, linctuses, mixtures, oral drops, oral emulsions, oral solutions and oral suspensions are included in the general category of oral liquids. 14. Paints -Paints are liquids for application to the skin or mucous membranes. Skin paints often have a volatile solvent that evaporates quickly to leave a dry resinous film of medicament. Throat paints are more viscous due to a high content of glycerol, designed to prolong contact of the medicament with the affected site. 15. Parental Preparations (Injectable Preaprations) -These are sterile dosage forms containing one or more medicaments and designed for parenteral administration. Injections are sterile solutions, suspensions or emulsions in a suitable aqueous or non-

aqueous vehicle and are usually classified according to their route of administration.Powders for injections are sterile solid substances to be dissolved or suspended by adding a prescribed volume of the appropriate sterile fluid. The solution or suspension is usually prepared immediately prior to use to avoid deterioration of the product on storage.Intravenous infusions are sterile aqueous solutions or emulsions, free from pyrogens and usually made isotonic with blood. they do not contain added antimicrobial preservatives or buffering agents and are designed for intravenous administration in volumes usually greater than 10-15 ml. 16. Pastes -Pastes are semi-solid preparations for external application that differ from similar ointments and gels in that they contain a high proportion of finely powdered medicaments. The base may be anhydrous (liquid or soft paraffin) or water soluble (glycerol or a mucilage). Their stiffness makes them useful protective coatings. Pastes intended for application to large open wounds should be sterile. 17. Pills -They are oral dosage forms consisting of spherical masses prepared from one or more medicaments combined with inert excipients. Unfortunately, the word pill is commonly incorrectly used to refer to oral medications. 18. Poultices -They are preparations that resemble paste which are applied externally due to its ability to retain heat. It is used to reduce pain and inflammation. It is heated, spread on a dressing, and is then applied to the affected area. 19. Powder (Oral) Bulk Powders
-Normally, they contain non-potent medicaments like antacitds because the patient gauges th dose by volume with the use of a 5ml medicime spoon. It is then dissolved in water, or in some cases, if it comes in the form of effervescent powers, it must be dissolved before taking Divided Powders -They are individually packaged and are wrapped in put in paper or sealed into a sachet.