MICROBIOLOGY, PUBLIC HEALTH, Calymmatobacterium granulosum: granuloma

IMMUNOLOGY inguinale

Plasmodium vivax:
Immunofluorescence: visual detection of antigen in
- needs Duffy antigen as binding site
tissue sections cell suspensions or cell monolayers
- Resistant population: African-American Black
Radioimunnoassay: quantify antigens and haptens
people
that can be labelled radiactively
Acyclovir: most of Herpes virus
Endospore:
Gancyclovir: Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- Cell membrane
Ribavirin: Influenza A and B, RSV, Lassa virus
- Peptidoglycan mesh
Amantadine: “adamantanes”, Influenza virus
- Exosporium
ECHO viruses:
Neutrophils:
- Enteric Cytopathogenic Human Orphan virus
- Cannot be differentiated into other cells when
- Infects intestinal tract
they mature
- Aseptic meningitis
- Attacks polygenic (pus-forming) bacteria
- Febrile illness with or without rashes
- Presents antigen into other lymphocytes
- Common cold
- Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis

Rotaviruses: most important cause worldwide of

gastroenteritis in infants and children

Actinomyces:
- Local trauma and invasion of the normal flora
- Forms yellow/sulfur granules

Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)

- Marked hypotension
- Scarlatiniform rash
- Desquamation
Endotoxin components of LPS:
- Lipid A (toxic part)
Ureaplasma urealyticum
- Conserved core polysaccharide
- Non-gonococcal urethritis in males
- Highly variable O polysaccharide
- Lung disease in premature infants of low birth
weight
Tuberculin skin test:
1. Exposure to bacilli: 24-48 hours
Bartonella henselae: Cat-scratch disease
2. Maximal reaction time/Interpretation: 48-72
hours
*Larval invasion does not occur in beef tapeworm
infection
Iododeoxyuridine: treatment of herpetic
conjunctivitis
Giardiasis: sexually-transmitted protozoan that is
Griseofulvin: Microsporum-induced disease of the
common among male homosexuals
hair
Taenia solium: humans as both definitive and
Dapsone: erythema nodosum leprosum
intermediate hosts
Penicillin V: Lyme disease (erythema chronicum
Pneumocystis: fungus that is previously a parasitic
migrans)
Sporozoan
Trichinella: intracellular parasite
Yersinia pestis virulence factor: F1, V, and W antigens
Leptospira: tightly coiled, thin, and has tiny hook at its
Antigenic drift: small changes; epidemic
end
Antigenic shift: complete change; pandemic

Chlamydia trachomatis: lymphogranuloma venereum

Measles during pregnancy:
 - Spontaneous abortion Trichinella spiralis: increase muscle enzymes
- Premature labor (creatinine phosphokinase)
Trichuris trichiura: increase eosinophils
Giardia lamblia: 1st intestinal organism to be observed
under the microscope PARALYSIS TO HELMINTHS:
Isospora belli and Cryptoporidium hominis: causes - “-bendazole” (inhibits microtubule synthesis)
severe diarrhea in IC patients - Ivermectin (paralysis of Strongyloides)
- Praziqunatel
ARBOvirus (Arthropod-borne viruses): - Pyrantel pamoate
- Bunyavirus
- Flavivirus Diethylcarbamazine: increases suceptibility of
- Togavirus microfilariae to phagocytosis
Niclosamide: inhibits oxidative phosphorylation
Anti-HBsAg: immunity to Hepa B virus
HBeAg: high infectivity and active Hepa B virus Listeria monocytogenes: only gram (+) bacteria that
produces endotoxin
Koplik spots: Measles
Forchheimer’s spots: Rubella/German measles ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE:
Rose spots: Typhoid fever - Alteration of target site
Peyer’s patch of the intestine: Poliovirus (target site) - Synthesis of enzymes to destroy or alter the
antibacterial agents
Negri bodies: - Alteration of the access to the target site
- Usually found in rabies
o Brain cells of an infected animal AMINOGLYCOSIDES:
o Humans with cysts on their cytoplasm -micin: from Micromonospora spp.
-mycin: from Streptomyces spp.
Cysts: ingested, infective form of protozoans
Trophozoite: feeding and growing stage of parasite; Erythromycin: alt for patients allergic to Penicillin
mobile Fusidic acid:
Sporozoite: infective stage of Plasmodium - Inhibits protein synthesis by binding to:
Merozoite: formed when sporozoite goes into the o EF-G
liver and undergoes schizogeny o Guanosine diphsphate
o Ribosomes
Spiramycin: experimental drug given to AIDS patients - Used for gram (+) cocci with combination due
with Cryptosporidiosis to rapid resistance

DOC for AIDS px with Isospora belli: Co-trimoxazole Clofazime:

- used for dapsone-resistant M. Leprae
Leningrad’s curse: Giardia lamblia - Expensive
Montezuma’s revenge: Escherichia coli
Hydatid disease: Echinococcus granulosus INHIBITS DNA/RNA SYNTHESIS:
- Idoxuridine
Merozoites: causes fever, chills, and sweats of malaria - Acyclovir
Gametocytes: taken up by the mosquito as it bites on - Zidovudine
humans - Vidarabine
- Ribavirin
Primaquine: radical cure for malaria (P. Vivax and P. - Foscarnet
Ovale) - Gancyclovir
- Deoxycytidine
Amastigote: blood-borne flagellate which is non-
flagellated VACCINES:
- Live attenuated
Filiariasis: Ivermectin and Diethylcarbamazine - Killed
Strongyloides stercoralis: Thiabendazole - Toxoid
- Subcellular fractions
Hepa B vaccine: first vaccine made by recombinant
DNA technology
Rabies: has successful post-exposure vaccination due
to long incubation period

BASIC STAIN ACID STAIN

Colored cation + Colorless cation + Colored
colorless anion anion
Binds to negative- Does not color the
charged phosphate of bacterial cell wall but
the bacterial cell wall instead the environment
(Negative staining)

Feugel stain: specific stain for nuclei (DNA)

STAINING:
1. Gram staining
2. Acid-fast staining/Ziehl-Nielssen/Hot method
3. Spore staining/Scaheffer-Fulton Method
4. Capsule staining/Welch method

Rudolf Virchow: Theory of Biogenesis

Emil von Behring: DTaP vaccine
Robert Koch: Pure Culture Technique