KIBOGORA POLYTECHNIC

FACULTY OF THEOLOGY AND RELIGION

DEPARTMENT: UNDERGRADUATE

MODULE: PEACE BUILDING

LEVEL: V

REGISTRATION NUMBER: 1700135,2000355,2000359

GROUP SSGNIMENT

DATE 8/3/2023

INGINGO: lncamake y'lmiterere y'ihakana n' ipfobya bya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi bibera
mu mahanga n'ingamba zo kurwanya

INTANGIRIRO

Ubushakashatsi bumaze gukorwa kugeza ubu ku ihakana n'ipfobya bya Jenoside yakorewe
abatutsi, bwibanze cyane cyane ku miterere y'ihakana n'ipfobya bibera imbere mu gihugu ,
bunasesengura uburyo ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside ishingiye kuri Politiki y' ivangura n'itoteza
yakwirakwijwe uko yashyizwe mu bikorwa na Repubulika ya mbere n'iya kabiri.

Ubu bushakashatsi bugizwe n'imitwe itanu yuzuzanya mukerekana ishusho y'ihakana

n'ipfobya bya Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi bibera mu mahanga.

1. Umutwe wa mbere ukubiyemo inkomoko n'impamvu by'ubu bushakashatsi intego ,

imbago ,ndetse n'uburyo bwakoreshejwe.
2.Umutwe wa kaburi ukubiyemo isesengura ry'inyito z'amagambo yakoreshejwe
mubushakashatsi akanasobanurwa mu murongo ujyanye n'ubumenyi mubya Jenoside

3. Umutwe wagatatu hakubiyemo imiterere y`ihakana n`ipfobya bya jenoside yakoreee abatutsi
bibera my mahanga, isesengura ry`inyandiko n`amakuru kubiganiro mbwirwaruhame cyangwa
inama.

4. MU mutwe wa kane usesenguta imiyoboro y`ingengabitekerezo y`ihakana n`ipfobya bya

jenoside yakoreee abatutsi

5. Mu mutwe wagatanu Ari na wo wa nyuma, hakubiyemo ingamba n`uburyo abantu n`inzego

zitandukanye bakoresha mu gukumira no kurabdura ingengabitekerezo y`ihakana n`ipfobya bya
jenoside yakoreee abatutsi.

Umutwe wa mbere: Inkomoko, Impamvu, Intego, Imbago, N`uburyo Bwakoreshejwe.

 Inkomoko : mu mateka yisi habayeho ibikorwa byinshi bibi byibasiye inyokomuntu

harimo jenoside zabaye mukinyejana cya 20.

Muntambara ya 2 y`isi (1939-1945).

Mu Rwanda, jenoside yakore abatutsi mu 1994 yatwaye ubuzima bw`abatutsi barenga miliyoni
mu gihe cy`iminsi 100 gusa.

Nkuko vyagaragaye mu mwaka wa 2014. Mu gihe cyo kwibuka ku nshuro ya 20 jenoside

yakoreee abatutsi, ni ho ingengabitekerezo y`ihakana n`ipfobya yakajije umurego mu Rwanda
no mu mahanga. Muri icyo gihe, guhakana no gupfobya byaranzwe nibikorwa byo guharabika
ubuyobozi bw`igihugu. Hamwe na hamwe hagiye haburizwamo ibikorwa byo kwibuka ku
nshuro ya 20 jenoside yakoreee abatutsi, Niko mu bufaransa no mu bubiligi, hari naho batanze
imidari yishimwe ku banditsi nabandi bantu bahakana bakanapfobya jenoside yakoreee
abatutsi.

 Impamvu z`ubushakashatsi
 Muri iki gihe, leta y`u Rwanda ihanganye n`ikibazo cyi hakana n`ipfobya bya jenoside
yakore abatutsi bibera mu mahanga, nkimwe mu nzitizi ku bumwe n`ubwiyunge
nimibereho myiza y`abanyarwanda igihugu kimaze kugeraho.
Byo ngeye Kandi ihakana n`ipfobya bya jenoside yakoreee abatutsi ni imwe mungaruka
za jenoside igihugu gifite Kandi kigomba kubonera umuti hakoreshejwe uburyo bwose.
Bumwe muri bwo, ni ukumenya imiterere yabyo, uburyo byigaragazamo , n`uburyo bwo
kubirwanya.
2. Umutwe wa kabiri:IBITEKEREZO NGENGA

Muri uyu mutwe hagaragaramo isesengura ry'inyito z'amagambo yakoreshejwe

mubushakashatsi akanasobonurwa mu murongo ujyanye n'ubumenyi mu bya
Jenoside .Aha herekanwe Kandi ibitekezerezo by'inzobere byakoreshejwe
mugusobanura no gusesengura amakuru yakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi.Ubu
bushakashatsi bwagendeye ku mirongo migari yo mu bumenyi mu bya Jenoside no
kuyikumira yatanzwe ninzobere nka Raphael Lemkin, Gregory Stanton, Samwel Totten,
Yves Ternon , Jean Pierre Chrétien.
Ukurikije ubumenyi bw'inzobere zinyuranye mu bya Jenoside , amagambo y'ingenzi
ubushakashatsi bwubakiyeho ni aya akurikira : Jenoside, ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside,
ihakana n'ipfobya bya Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi .
. Jenoside n'iki?
Mugusobanura ijambo "Jenoside" turashingira ku bitekerezo by'umunyamategeko
Raphaël Lemkin, nkuko bisobanurwamo na Yves Ternon ( Ternon, 1995, p. 17)
wahimbye ijambo "Jenoside " mu mwaka wa 1943

Lemkin yarisobanuye bwa mbere ashingiye ku ijambo ry'ikigereki genos rivuga ubwo cyangwa
inkomoko, hamwe n'iryikilatini caedere risobanura kwica.

Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye gukumira no guhana icyaha cya Jenoside ( UN)

Convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of Genocide
Muri ayamasezerano Jenoside bivuga kimwe muri ibi bikorwa bikurikira bikoranywe umugambi
wo kurimbura Bose cyangwa igice cy'abantu bahuriye kubwe gihugu( national) ,
ubwoko( ethnic) ,ibara ry'uruhu( racial) , idini .lbyobikorwa bikorwa ni ibi:

1. Kwica abantu b'itsinda rimwe

2.Gukomeretsa bikabije imibiri Cyangwa ibitekezerezo by'abantu b'itsinda rimwe

3. Gushyira abantu b'itsinda rimwe mubuzima bubi ubigendereye , ugamije ko barimbuka bose
cyangwa igice cyabo

4. Gushyiraho uburyo bubabuza kubyara

5. Kwambura iritsinda abana babo bahahabwa irindi rifite aho bahuriye.

. ICYAHA CYA JENOSIDE

Ugenekereje mu Kinyarwanda , icyaha cya Jenoside bivuga kimwe muri ibi bikorwa bikurikira
mu gihe bikoranywe umugambi wo kurimbura Bose Cyangwa igice cy'abantu bahuriye ku
bwenegihugu , ubwoko, ibara ry'uruhu Cyangwa idini.

. Jenoside itandukanye n' intambara

Intego yabyo simwe . Intambara iba igamije gutsinda maze abatsizwe bakayoboka abatsinze.
Jenoside iba igamije kurimbura abo yibasiye ntihagire n' umwe usigara.

Intambara igira amategeko ayigenga utayubahirije akaba yabihanirwa.Nta mategeko agenga

Jenoside abayikora ntakibakoma imbere ntibatanga imbabazi.

Intambara igira imfungwa z' intambara . Jenoside iba igamije kumaraho itsinda runaka , ntigira I
mfungwa. Intambara igira ingaruka mbi n'inziza, naho Jenoside ingaruka zayo zose ni mbi.

. Jenoside itandukanye n'ibindi byaha by'ubwicanyi

Habaho ubwicanyi butandukanye: Hari ububa bugamije kwihorera , ubugamije guhana Hari
ubuterwa n' uburakari busanzwe , urugomo n' ibindi . Ubwicanyi nk'ubwo ntibukorerwa
gahunda na Leta ngo butegurwe ishishikarize igice kimwe cy'abaturage bayo kuzakorera ubwo
bwicanyi ikindi gice bayo.Byumwihariko ubwicanyi busanzwe ntibubabugamije kurimbura igice
cy'abaturage no mu bundi bwoko . Jenoside yo nicyo iba igamije : kurimbura abari mu bundi
bwoko bwibasiwe na Leta.

IBYICIRO( steps/ étapes) bya Jenoside

Umwe mu banditsi bazwi cyane kuri iki kibazo ni Gregory Stanton wasobanuye byimbitse uko
Jenoside itegurwa igashyirwa mu bikorwa.Uyu mwanditsi yaje kugaragaza uko ibibyiciro
bigaragara mu nzira itegura ikanashyira mu bikorwa Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda.

1. Kuvangura abantu no kubaremamo gatanya( Classification)

Mbere yabyose abategura Jenoside batandukanya abaturage bakabacamo ibice bibiri

( Twebwe na Bo) bwagendeye ku bwenegihugu, ubwoko , inkomoko Cyangwa imyemerere.

Muri iki cyiciro cya mbere Abantu bacibwamo ibice ndetse hakabamo guhanganisha abantu ku
bandi. Munyandiko Gregory Stanton yanditse mu mwaka wa 2002, aragaza uko ibi byagaragaye
mu mateka ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu mwaka wa 1994.

2.Kubaha ibibaranga ( Symbolization)

Nyuma yo gucamo abaturage bice buri tsinda rihabwa izina ryihariye rikagenderwaho
batandukanywe n'abandi badahuje itsinda. Ibibirango bahabwa birangwa

Bishimangirwa ninyigisho zurwango zirushaho gutandukanya amatsinda yombi, jugezubwo

itsinda ryibasiwe rifatwa nk'umwanzi mu muryango ribarizwamo.

3. Ivangura (discrimination)

Muri iki cyiciro, itsinda ryibasiwe ryamburwa uburenganzira bimwe bw'ibanze mu bihugu
ribamo. Nko mu Rwanda, habayeho politike yiringaniza yatumye Abatutsi batiga Cyangwa ngo
bajye mu murimo ya leta ari benshi abagiyemo Kandi nabwo babaga Ari abantu badafite
icyizere, hakaba amabanga batamenyeshwa , Impamvu zidasobanutse zatumaga birukanwa mu
Madhuri cyangwa mu kazi.

4. Kuvangura ubumuntu (Deahumanisation/Dehumanization)

Ni be igihe igice kimwe cyahimbaga ikindi amazina acyambura ubumuntu.muri rusange abagize
icyo give cyamburwa ubumuntu babita amazina , nk'inzoka, inyenzi, imirizo. Icyo give kubica
byabaga byiroshye bigatinyura abicanyi , gukwiza urwango rwambura ubumuntu binyuzwa mu
itangazamakuru n'icengezamatwara ry'urwango.

5. Gushyiraho gahunda(Organisation/Organization)

Buri Jenoside igira gahunda Kandi ikorwa na leta, ikanakoresha imitwe be yitwara gisirikare
kugira ngo uruhare rwayo rutagaragara. Ingero

Ni nka" SS mu budage, interahamwe, Impuzamugambi na (hutu pawer ) mu Rwanda.

Rimwe na rimwe bikorwa bidashingiye kumategeko yanditse.

6. Guhanganisha abagomba kwicwa n'abazabica (Polarisation/Polarization)

Nyuma yo gutanduka ya amatsinda no kuyaha amazina yihariye kuri buri tsinda, itsinda
ryibasiwe ryamburwa ubumuntu n`uburengenzira bw`ibanze ku buryo bugaragara, abarigize
bakagereranywa n`ibikoko.

Iki gice kigaragazwa n`uko amatsinda ahanganye adasgobora kubana na gato. Mu Rwanda,
habayeho gusobanura umwanzi uwo Ari we, ko Ari umututsi w`imbere mu gihugu cyangwa uwo
hanze yacyo.

7. Imyiteguro ya nyuma (preparation)

Kuri uru rwego, abagomba kwicwa bagira ibibazo cyane hakabaho igeragezwa n`ibitero bya
jenoside hakorwa ubwicanyi bubibasira bitavugwa.

Nk`uko Stanton abyerekana, mu Rwanda naho ubwicanyi bwatangiye mbere ya 1994.

Atanga imibare y`abantu bishwe mu mwaka wa 1990, 1991, 1992, mu vice bimwe by`igihugu
harimo kinigi, bigogwe, bugesera ndetse no muri Kigali.

8. Gutoteza bikomeye (persecution)

Iki cyiciro kirangwa n`ibikorwa byo gushishikariza imitwe y`abicanyi ibikorwa by`ubugome
bikorerwa itsinda rigomba kwicwa. Ubwicanyi butangira buhoro buhoro, bukagaragara
nk`itsemba.

9. Kurimbura (Extermination)

Gushyira mubikorwa umugambi wateguwe birangwa no kurimbura itsinda ryibasiwe. Habaho

gutegeka buri wese kugendana bya bimenyetso byashyizweho no kwegeranya abagomba
kwicwa cyangwa kubakura mu byabo.

10. Guhakana no gupfobya Jenoside (Dinael ; Revisionism)

Mu by`ukuri tugendeye kuri jenoside zabaye hirya no hino ku isi, Jenoside yose irategurwa,
nipfa kubaho, Jenoside igira umurongo mugari igenderaho(Stanton G.H.2013) ni wo uhuza
abasangiye icyerekezo kumwe cyo gukora Jenoside uwo murongo mugari ni wo bita
ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside.

Ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside isakazwa mu bantu benshi, ikagira ingufu, maze abantu

bakayigenderaho bakemera gukora Jenoside Kandi ingengabitekerezo iyo ari yo yose irangwa
no kugira umurongo w`ibitekerezo amaranga mutima na gahunda bishingirwaho ndetse
bikanagira igice cy`abantu byitirirwa.

 Ihakana nipfobya bya Jenoside

 Ibisobanuro ku ihakana nipfobya bya jenoside

Inkoranyamagambo petit Robert yo mu mwaka wa 2001 ku rupapuro rwayo rwa 1659,

isobanura ko ipfobya Ari ijambo rituruka ku rindi risobanuye isubiramo (revision)
Ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu murongo w`imitekerereze yo kugabanya cyangwa guhindura
ukuri kuri jenoside yakorewe abayahudi, hagambiriwe guhakana ko habayeho ibyumba byarimo
ibyuka byica (gaz chambers) byakoreshejwe mu kubarimbira.

Henry Rousso asobanura ko ipfobya ryiganje cyane mu banyapolitike no muri za kaminuza,

byabaye imiyoboro ikomeye yo guhakana no gupfobya amateka ya Jenoside yakorewe
abayahudi (Rousso H, 2006). Agaragaza ko ihakana muri politike riba uburyo bwo kwisobanura
cyangwa se kwivanaho icyaha (auto-justification) Kandi ko biterwa na politike ngenderwaho mu
gihugu.

Ihakana n`ipfobya biratandukanye ariko byose biba bigamije ikintubkimwe niba gupfobya atari
uguhakana, ariko gupfobya ni uburyo bukoreshwa mu kuzimanganya noguhakana ibyabaye.

. Ibitekerezo ngenga ku ihakana n`ipfobya bya Jenoside

Imirongo migari yagendeweho nubu buahakashatsi yubakiye ku bumenyi bw`inzoberevmu

mateka ya Jenoside. Ukurije ibitekerezo byatanzwe na Henry Rousso, " ihakana" ritangira mu "
ipfobya" Ihakana ni ijambo rishya umunyamateka Henry Rousso yahimbye mu mwaka wa 1987
ashaka gusobanura igikorwa cyo guhakana ukuri kuri Jenoside yakorewe abayahudi ikozwe
n`abadage b`anazi mu ntambara ya 2 y`Isi yose, bakunze kwita mu rurimi rw`igifaransa "
negation de la shooh".

Uburyo 12 bwo guhakana no gupfobya Jenoside bwa Gregory Stanton

1. Kujya Impala zidashira ku mibare y`abapfuye

2. Gukemanga Impamvu abavuga ukuri kuri jenoside batanga.

3. Kuvuga ko nta mugambi wo kurimbura wabayeho

4. Kwerekana ko abigishwa bazize ubugome cyangwa ububi bwabo

5. Kuvuga ko urupfu rwabo rwatewe n`inzongano n`intambara z`amoko

6. Kuvuga ko Ari abasirikare bateye umurongo bishe abantu

7. Kwanga kubangamira abicanyi baba bari mu biganiro n`nzira z`amahoro

8. Guhakana jenoside kubera inyungu z`ubukungu

9. Kuvuga ko abicanyi ahubwo bafashwe neza

10. Kuvuga ko ubwicanyi bwabaye atari Jenoside

11. Kuvuga ko abicanyi bizize

12. Kuvuga ko ubwiyunge n`amahoro biruta gushinja abicanyi bakoze Jenoside

  UKo Jean Pierre Chretien asobanura ihakana n`ipfobya bya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi
mu Rwanda
Isengura ry`ibitekerezo bya Jean Pierre Chretien ryerekana ko ihakana n`ipfobya bya
Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi bukorwa mu buryo bukurikira:
 Uburyo bwa mbere: Jean Pierre Chretien abanza kugaragaza ko abahakana Jenoside
yakorewe Abatutsi, babanza kwemeza ko itari Jenoside, ahubwo yari intambara
hagati y`amoko yatewe n`uburakari bwumvikana bwo kuba igihugu cyari cyatewe
nabanzi mu mwaka wa 1990: muri ubu buryo bw`imitekerereze ibyabaye
basobanura ko byatewe n`urwango karande rwahoze hagati y`abahutu n`abatutsi.
 Uburyo bwa Kabiri: bukoreshwa ni ubwo kwemeza ko habaye Jenoside ariko zikaba
Ari ebyiri (Chretien, 2010)
Chretien asobanura ko uburyo ndetse bwashingiweho n`abafaransa bemeza
amahanga ko bagiye gutabara abantu bicana hagati yabo.
Ubwo bikaba byemejwe ko ku mpande zombi habayeho umugambi wo kumarana.
Ubu buryo bwo guhakana no gupfobya Jenoside bugaragaza ko ku mpande zombi
hari inzirakarengane Kandi ko imibare igomba gusubirwamo hagarazwa ko imibare
y`abapfuye ingana.
 Uburyo bwa gatatu : Jean Pierre Chretien ni uguhindura nkaba inyito, uvuga ukundi
ibyabaye.

Urugero : ni no kuvuga ngo Jenoside y`abanyarwanda (genocide Rwandais), ubu buryo

buburizamo ukuri ku byabaye

 Uburyo bwa kane : yagaragaje, ni ihakana n`ipfobya ridasobanutse, ryihishe inyuma

yuburyo bwo kwanga kwemera impinduka zigenda zibera mu gihugu nyuma ya Jenoside.
 Umutwe wa gatatu: IMITERERE Y`IHAKANA N`IPFOBYA BYA JENOSIDE YAKOREWE
ABATUTSI