Theorizing Historical Consciousness Edited by Peter Seixas ues | UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS “Toronto Buffalo Lond:© Une o Toronto Pres Incrpred 204 Pmedin Cada ssavosnpeniss 8 Printed onacid ee paper atop trary Canada Calgsing a Pbleioe “Thecshing hiner concionnen / ee by eter Sea Incas iograpa references Ise osmzoa7ise 1. Aton) Pilphy. 2 Hoigrapt Sean, Peter rt 1987- Universo Toroto Pest acnoneges the nancial ance tot pubshingpojram of he Canada Counc othe Aran ney Tron Prom ened the anc spp for ‘epubinling ces ofthe Coerment of Canada ough ‘he ook Ping Indy Developmen Program BET). Contents Acknowledgments i Conuibutors i Ineoduction $ 1. Hisonographier and Mistrial Consciousness “Towasd Theoretic! Framewor for Comparing Historiographie: Some Prliinary Considerations 25 Specie Naraier and Schema: Narathe Templates 49 Jas v. weRTsCHE Historica Concioument Narate Structure, Moral Function, tnd Ontogenet Development. 65 sex nase History, Memory and Hisorical tance 85ames Were 16, 28, 98 capita he rg FreferiBartet, mening A Std Esperia nd Sil Pc {ambige: Cami Untesy Prem 198 x pbned 18) i 812 ners a 2 OSE 34-57, re) rit, Reming os Ppp py fee nl wea enty Restag, nd Hor in John RC, (Comet Th Pa ely Princeton, N:P Janes Wer, Serting wh the Pas: Some Damien of Hori Reyrsemtaon i a Care ap ames FV ogi end Forma Pee istry ede Sot Sore (lle, NF Lawrence tau, 194), 29-98 jumes Wer and Kevin O'Connor Mul cin Ogee Jon amen ty Historical Consciousness: Narrative Structure, Moral Function, and Ontogenetic Development! JORN ROSEN ‘ves: What came medal ito your end, when you eink ‘Anne Tanto be eet? Aarrative in Four Varntions “The ancient caste of Cal oat in he highlands of eolan.eisthe [nce residence ofthe cel ofthe Maclean clan and ai the possession os meraber of the Macean fay, wh lies in the eae Gm tne wall wa stone engraved wih the following Escrito 1f any Iman than of Malick sal appar fre tse hgh he come at Imei, ith @ man’ had hand, he hall find ee soy and Protection again al “This text iors an old Highland weaty concluded upon a highly ‘memorable oceson athe dant ps one ofthe Maclean forefathers ‘Shuained grant the nds of enoter clan rom te Seotsh ing iat in hd forced land by ging offence to the King. Maclean pro ede with an armed force of eo ake pomenon of his new ads ‘Sccompanied by his wie Inthe ening confrontation and bate with the ter hn, Maclean was deestl and lost hi if. His wf ll ino the hands the victor ad was fue peegaant wih child The chi of the wctoriou canter the aegoant Lauy Macean to he eu tovy of te Maclonic fry wi pce plone eid bo ‘oui be abyss te killed immediatly ia i the baby shoul51 frm Risen balloon, Malonich’s wife, who alto was pregnant, gave birt to ‘gil about the ste tne Lay Mactan gave ith 1 boy. They ine stehed the eres “The young boy Maclean, having by thi us of uanspositon survived tne deh sentence pase on hi before it, inne eae hi ‘ign patsimony In raid tothe Macloich clan, he designated his sea place of lager ny member af the Malonih xy no el imeem danger “Thier contained in Samu Joson's Jorn he Wor ‘ante of Stand, ist plied 17752 Tei ny fenton in thie Chapter tulle this ory in order to demonstrate the mature of Irfave competence si various foray and the importance of wc “ompetence for moral conscoustex. To approach this demonsvaton inaconeretemanner let ur eviage this narrate within the eomeat of lav actal sivation in which mora values are challenged, and where thelr use and tegimadon require hier based argumentation, imagine yourare member of the Maclean lan ving now inthe ance cae: one dark night a member of de Maclonicl clan Tet us| {a hn fan = knocks your dor sing for hep He tla ou hee ie snug bythe pie because of 2 erme hei alleged to have Commie. How would you reat? Would you help hide him fom dhe Jie or decom some aher course of ation nage hat ater on ound i necesay to expan what going on toa end of ours whe ‘Chances by and ic waar with he ancient ean narrative. Whatever Sour action in rope to lan Maconich, you are obliged to nara Jour fiend the le about the etched infants in order to make pls Sibleto him (andthe interpeetable) the sition im which you find Yourself andthe decision you have ade, Your narraon ofthis can Icgen wil pro difer depending on the nature of that decison, Noreone your oa decison el pends on ou inerpretaon of the ancent clan legend sot the transposed in subi hat there ae Tour principal posses for aach an inte pretation TN ean hie fan Maclonich becae you feel here i Binding ciation your par o honour he ancient Highland agreement In {hina yn il ellyureend that you =ae3 Maclean feet biged 0 fst I because yu regard a binding the acetal extent es ierecen the two clans ow then proceed to narrate the legend of he ‘Tanspowed inns withthe conclusion that you vl ide lat Mactooieh From dhe pollen Keeping withthe ancient clan Wea, ths enewing and continuing i Tong val fn the relasonaip between the (90 an. You can hide lan Macon, yet do wo fora varies of other reson ‘Ths, you can sy that you have helped fan becuse in Ihe pst Maclotich once aided a member af the Maclean can and you now feel thie to recproeste onde bo a rural rnc of repro of Brora Or you cary that you ae coming toh ld ny rd ofl the obligation ofa tray betwen las: becuse eats have to be Kept ‘Suc, tats they ae binding gu en. Then ou go onto meat ‘helped conch wi ea that util ad rte beeping of {ven betncen clan guiding and nsportnt moral pipe fr Yn, ‘Sprencn aeady when the make baby wa ecoed Yuan refuse tote lan Maconich Then you fit have explain his request for help by naraing the te of the infants andthe tone i i inveipon, Bt you wl coment on this sory by sag hat Jonrdo note iy hat erey «my of Tegend devoid of ay dence or binding valid, and that does no blgate you moral in Sey Or you cat arg hat see the inoducon of moder Engh ine thee od an esis have lot the ality hey once had ad are tutdated. inthis case, you presenta eres or combination of rial Sorat eget 0 ee youre of the obligation to hep the tnetont en. ou gue historically in ederto ave anybonds between ovand the Macongh can whic may have bee valid and binding the pase “ou can decide o convince lan Maclonck that it is rls to hide fom the police and hat it would be beter for him to surrender himself tore athores oui ur, prome todo whatever you can toa, hm, for example by iting the best lsger arable: Ih this ease, you arate he a ofthe nat, bt rsa Kt by ang the flow {hg argument the legal stem hus one dough an enormens wansor tion from the dla lof the presoder age our moder period oust fc obliged to lp someone from the Macloneh clan but wish todo ona wa based om madam msdn, and othe ancient treaty prescribes “Trancen clan oarave dealing with he Maclean, he Matric, and the exchange nants sour varatons provides the point of Aepartre for my arguments here. The le indestes the need fr his {heal comelouels never t deal with oa tales and tora ‘ening es four rr {hope to demonstrat, ele ou ages of evelopment by ari“The Relationship between Hira Conecioumnest {nd Moral Vales and Reasoning tn the sitation depleted in our narrative, we mut decde upon acouse taco. Such declan he dependent on values Thxe values are {eer principle guidlines for Behaviour, ey leas, or perspectives that augges what sboud be dane ina oem stuton where various ‘pons ei Sach values function aa source of arbitration ia coaic Sn aobjertves guiding us when we ac. ‘Whar does i mean eo erm sh wlaes “mora? Our pespecs shape ation email, acknowledging the social elatonship ii Ushich we tne ad have to declde ypon cour of ston to be en. ey expres th sca elatonship sean oiation fr us desing tat he core of our abject and calling upon ou Sense of respons How ocr hisry enter to this oral relationship becween out action, our sel aid our value oientatlon® The narrative sketched 3 “ales ne spn to guide the acon we ak ingen station, we Ise rene them tothe station interpret he vas and hee mora omer nih sespet to the actly which we apply them, and ‘Sate he stan i germ of our code of applicable moral vals. For much 4 medlaton between talues and acon-riented actual Fisorcal contclonsnes ia necemaryprerequiste. Without tat com- sciusness we would no be ale to understand why In Macloich a tske eo hide im from he police Widout such consciousness a Dreveuisit io aton we would beable to del withthe station and Sione ta decon thatappearpaube wal putstnvoled Tan, ny sing end and mela Mace, Tht wy should historical consioumess be a necesary prerequse for orien ina present stan requling sean? After i aac ‘Constousnes by definition fe pointed tard events i the past. The Simple answer i dat istrealconciounessRanetons a + specie “rimttonal mode in actual ie situations inthe presente functions to {idusincompeehending pat actly inorder to ra present acta igs Wahout narrating the ancient story ofthe exchanged Infant it ‘woul be impose explain to my ving end the "actual situation” tnd justi = whi is tvsay legitimate = my decnon. Moreover, the raves explanatory power ees to grou the sation not on fr the uninformed ouside, but for mye aswell as an invoed party 3 Maciesn cans ‘tat de specify “hora inthis explanation, his interpre talon ofthe uation and te leptimaton? Init temporal orientation, Historical conscious hes the pas tose present in ane that Testows oe present octal future peepee. Thsimpled reference toturre ines contained i the hiseriea iterpretaion of the presen. teense such ierpretaion mast enable ur to act ~ that tmnt fillate the deen of ou intentions witha emporat mati, When tre say we fee bound or obligated by the ancent tea. we define 2 Ihture perspectne on our relationship othe Maconih clan. The same Is rue ofall ther Historical explnaons and legmatonsasociated ‘ith our decison Tal derive a general charter of kitoical consciousness and totumeton in praca ie rom te narrative example gin Histrial onsioumen sever ar ake rentaonal element ving practical ie x ‘emporal frame and mtr 8 eoncepon of the ‘course of tine’ Rowing though the mandane ella of daly le, That conception functions 3s ir clemen in the intentions guiding buran acy, our “course of hlons Historical conciousness evokes the pas asa mitrr of experi ie win whieh le in the present Ie reflected and 6 temporal entree revealed ‘Sted succinety story the mirror of pat actly nto which the present peets in on to learn something about Is fue. Historical Eonsclownes shouldbe conceptualized san operation of human intel Iection enering present actualy eligible while shinning ws ue Penpectnes Hatori conscious deal with the past qua exper reveals tows the me of temporal change i wich our ver are nut ups a ese indirect) de ate perspectives toward which ‘Sat ehange i dowsing ‘Histryss meaningful nexus beween pst present and fore =not merely perspec on what has Been, ase ago gwen Is 4 Tandon of fst nto present an inerpretaon of past acta a 8 Conception of texiporal change that encompass fat, presen, ad the ‘Xpectacon of faire eens his conception moulds mora vals nto Stour of tine” ei the body of the continuing valid of an ancient treanh History Gotker alsin temporal experience. Historia com Sioumesttraorme moral values into temporal wholes ations Timeless utes of conduct, concept of deelopment or ater forms of68 Joris compretension of ine, Vues and experiences are mediated by and ‘priced ich onceptons oer change im the hora connioanes of a contemporary member ofthe Maclean ln arate dhe mo ea tat rear are nding and mut Be lied to the conte frm of an coal ey vad ine ne stort concloumea amalgamate a and "ought ino a meaning tare tat bora oat pat rents hp render ie prota Ineligible, and to besow upon presen acy ature prspectne tt 10 dom, historia! concise makes an exe contbution 10 ‘Nosltlicalcnaionme The somecresting procedre of irl ‘Shmroumes are neon formorl aloes and for moral reaoning a alice plac of moral ales at take, The reference hee Mott aint pls of ws (in respect co thelr eaerence, for ‘Ramplc; acto playin tesa hat aes ave an Seep easton Musial consiounes bara practical fancon? W besow pon scttlty temporal decom, teresa that can guide action intenonaly by the agency of ioral menor. This funeon cat be termed = Yemperaierenaton Sch an renin occ ino Spheres oie, von (a) exe pacticl ean () the eral Eiji ofthe ars The temporal onion af He hat two a pets one exer he other internal, The extra spec of orien Tonia hsorycsone te topo aro of praca i nconeing the temporality of erematancs shaped by human ac. The ner tal pec of ewtentauon a Hivory los the tenor dneeon of Iie vey ng scandertanding and erate temporal {Care iin wich they ae cn the form ot historical de, thats ‘Cotte constenc ofthe emporl dimension of he uma se. ‘by means of Metra Kent the human self expands temporal cexttnion bond the it ath and det, beyond mere mortal ‘Vin ciao ientnes prs becomes par fs temporal wae {nner than tarot hisor her penal ie. Thus the rol ofs member of the act can of oy prepposes nora nly Went, which extends bak tothe ane tine whe clas bated over aking of {etry By ging law Malone today wea ede ‘a ea to be 2 Macean in respect to the fue. A more ‘Bar exam asc tera aay” nal in be Ghrarize) enataa deni: Nations often locate thei Seligring nary and ant past and projet an uit tre Penpeete cobodying naond eascrton ad development orc Conclouren 62 “The Narative Competene of Historia Gonclousness “The lnguic form within whlch ioral consousnes realizes is Tune of erientaton i that of the narrate In his wew the oper {tab hich ine aman mod esac the hire yess tthe ‘imenionf ime simultaneous wahtowe of rave and experience ie itnaraton he eling of sory! Once the arate form ofthe trscedar af soviet consists and i fncton a «means of ‘Rinporal odentation are cles pole o characterize the specie ‘uvGocntal competence of hioredconcousnen narrate om- etnce'” Such competence can be defined asthe ably of man ocioumen to cary out procebies tat make see of the pa ‘Stesing teroporal een in presen pact ie by means othe feealecion of put acta ‘Tas general competence concerned wth making nz of the pa cane livid int vee subcomponicien. These can be bet defined eon othe twee clement ta togetber conta x historical tare fms ein snc rpc oon Oe ofthe ‘competence of Matra experienc’: In respect 1 Fevcotpecnce of htvealimerpetaton andi epee fon, the tompecnce of Kato! remain i Hiworalconsoumnes characterized by the ‘competence of cexjttnce!Thscompotence ean sity t ave empl exp See T feeoles te tapacy of easng how to Took atthe pat an SRG, nape wenoral quay, dferentiatng tom the present A More clabonte form of auch comptene is hisorcal ents ‘Piha for marae ibe competence to waders the none (Geen ofthe Maia ene andthe need to take mot of 1s ierp- She hati that bears Informatonimpocant for the members fe cian fr Sinoralconsiounes Is ures characterized by the “ompe tenis of ntxpreaion: Ths comptenc the aby wo bie Se \Gtrences between pst present ad future though a conception of en Ris bythe manne in whieh hitrical consciousness characterizes social ie ttaditions are excuse, and present one's own cultural an ie pat terms a the only acceptabie Laensforen Exemplary thinking enlarges ‘pon this by generalization, while etal thought caborates definite, “iiique based andpoint ard deletions. Genetic tough cet the ‘emporal ground fra pluratsn of tandpoins Moving through the ypoogial serie, theres growing complet inflation to hitorcal went It begin withthe unquestioned orn of Istria selrundersanding imprinted by tradition and extend on to thee ance engendered ymolnenonal mlpenpctal My arguments here have been principally theoreti, but there appears to me to be a cerain amount of empirical evidence a8 well to mabtantate the hypothe that historical consioumest follows the ‘npoogieal order sete ere init evltion "Everyday bseratonecemonstate tha the tadona and exe plary modes of historia eomioumnes are widespread and feqenty ‘encountered eriteal snd genetic moden, in conte te fa more ‘re Tha fact correlate withthe degre of education and knowlege, Sind with the progrest ofthe human ince toward more comple: ‘spies "Experience in the teaching of history in schools indicates that wadiional forms of though are east to lesen, atthe exemplary form dominates most history eurtcla, and that riteal ables, and ienete hiles even more m,reuire enormous mount of effort iy ods teacher and ppl (Obserraons on Hioria Learning and Kp Research tn conclusion, would ike otra to the queson of itorcal easing Learning canbe concepssalited ara proces of digeting experience, of lsorbingtiouo competencies Historical earning ia proces of diese Ing the experience of tine into narathe competences ‘Narrave fompetence’ Is ere underiod as the abiliy to narrate a try by ‘means which practical fee piven an orientational locuria ime. Th “competence consis of tree principal abies 1 he abil to experience hich eae to pt actualy: 2 the bili interpre relted othe temporal wae, which ‘Combine (a) experience ef the past with (D) understanding fot the present ad) expectations regarding the are and 3 the ably wo orlent, related to the practical need wo finda path {hough the tite and eds of poral change In tore terms tot ful to expat the development of sori snscoummen as proceatof earning. Learning concept Jae in this amework ae a specie quality ofthe mental procedures of Novoricalcomslousese: Such prores ar termed ‘earhing” when Competencies ae sue 0 (1) experience pst ine, (2) Interpret {ne forma story and (3) ule that nerpretatin for he prnteal purpose of rintation nie ‘Unng the polo orca easing an be explsined ar proces of surveturl change sori contowmes Historical fearing ental far more than unpy acquiring knowledge ofthe past and expanding the stock of hat Knowledge. Seen a proces by which competences tre propessely acquired, emerges ab a process of changing the Structural forms by which we del wih and utlze the experience and {owledgec pas actualy, progresig fom traditional forms thought Sh todhe gene moder "Thus the gpology less bass fra weflly dered theory of istvel learning Sach 2 teory combines thee central element of trate competence (experienc terpretaton,ortenttion) and four ager of thei development. Aner of sora learning of his Kind abe of rome sigicanc forthe theory ofthe development of moral onsloumese and moral learning ‘Unfortunatly henry sloge dos not sufice for dealing withthe Inottyquentons of storia and moral eonsclousnes. The prool of {cry esi amasingemparcal ence sbanang is theses and here research sll need tobe done. There have heen empirical ves tm historia onscousnes and hii learming# bat thee Ist Comprchensne petlogy of hiseriel learning No farther study on ‘he tladonsip beoeen hikorical nd moral consloustes and ler Ing seems to exe "hn invessgation of thi ature ees formidable obtacles principal among thee the intricate comply of historical consciousness ie competences The four pes frteoted here are ot sit sera testing ecu ar on neato tenes, and i is necewary to diver thelr Herarecal ordering ahd Felson in any empieally gen manifestation of historia com ‘Sumese Nonetheless the poly can focus ou sights and function Feurcaly in defining quesions and preparing arses fr we it2 Jen Rin pias, Suc a typology impress on investors that whats Important discover in regu to historical conciousness not the txtent of knowledge involve, but rather te fumework and eectve Principles operate in making ense of he part ow ean these principles be found In empirical evidence? There i one bate eiciadonrtented approach: let persone relate marae thatare relevant forthe temporal aientation oti enn personal ine, td then ahaje the narrate azuctres of such sores: Such an vat. fave tack eh to entablshsnawere to questions sich at these wht Sp inthe pology) do these eiited narrates sem t follow? Ie ‘lore any relaton between the dominant pe and the age ofthe nari ‘oe? Or wil ise level of eeucation? TEnpircl experiments have been erate by our silent wing this proach in connection wih the Highlands story They were old {he dan tle of Maclean and Maclonich in «ight ‘neue version “They were confronted with the curren tution of Maclean and sake to decde what he should do regard to lan Maclonih's ques for stance, and wit a shor gisifeaon of ther delsion conning & ‘pecie reference tothe moti ofthe wansposed infants These texts Mere then analysed with egurd o the patterns of Msi ierpet Yow they ulied. Empirialy the Tour pes were Indeed dating he, and iteven proved pombe to diferente more sensitively betcen these base pe ofthe potogy Ita established that there ae ig ‘ant cortelatons between the raraive pater used, age ofthe respon ‘ent, and stage of education ad tearing “This constates only one limited example of empirical research, and questions were nt explored regarding the moral component o histor {Gl consciousness Nonetieins {would contend that any dacunion of ‘moral tales and moral restoring should slo stem to relate to the ‘evened dinensons of hire eonseinumnes and laring 1 tien ry ey 2 (00 3 aneJagen Fadel, snr tne, Chic opi (Wem Cent ot): 21-448 5 Sar John, jar the in ed ofSeod(New Hate ad Limon le Univer Pre 197) 136 The version othe ae pre seed bere sinpiiel «Aerating Sonne Gt ‘Sine Hench Gout (Domedor Scan 1985) 4-day, Che eet ter Ggmen hdn Paeeang ts peeing Capron absperpaoe (Paderborn 185) ‘Thinquestn ded pcp he narrow epee ofthe Fanconi enn cl efor example Jorgen Roca ‘Sigs pf -ng- Pi, de (tinge: Vande eck Raper 18), T1231 Atwse Jorn Raven lai Cc, (uns hI ore ran decor Wie ‘Sean Whe Many Tea aati ince ‘nary Eup (iors Hopkins river 05) 8 ine, Hiri man Genes Hr Dc reo er Ccthi (CigensVanderboek& Rope 985) Fal ise Tirand Nera Sl, (oage Useray o Chao rem, [ota and aed ar Tim Nar and ay Booming Indians Unies Pes 198). ‘he question of te main betes ohio aan tories Linen: Grud cine Theoret rc Lre: Grange od ‘Podge: Bi, 198), 7S Fors or dalled expan ae ra Risen Histor Narain: Foundatn, Type Renn irs Try, et Te eprenttion ‘far Ee 1087, 87-7 19 flan Pg us marae tel in Kid (rant a Mae 173) {Sent tng, Zarnaen tui de Kinde (ref Nin Stamp, 1970) ce RN Han, "Pagt nd Thinking in Hor Tota ad, No Moonta Tan of ery (Going: adn Unverty Pre, 97), 162-75. lien, ai Ce Grd Ment par 1 Eten Rn Haun a et ang es84 Jen Riven ene Za: Za Sm gc Zten Prana a Ma Satay, 1979), 5-65. 12 GS Bahay "he Genera andthe Gmc Other: Von of the Attonomous Se Poa niratima, 41086 402-26 15 tama a el ihn hear udeag’ a Rr Marsa reich Ege Woh ere: Die er 96) 1 Freeh Newser Gentle der Mra 1887) Gig Cand ssn Mondnar ey, Sneek Rta Sac natn ‘tines (Manche: Daher Tach Vera, 8), 520-42 fe 'Aman wo ada'cr MeRener orang ime ec ith Sem, 167,389 tral. 16 Gltudger Kaha, Duthil a Mowe Saar emg Snesinnnng en Sing (Otic 5) Jor nen, Nona und arenes sich ‘reer a amt Lm: og eee he okay, 1996), 20U-38 17 Aninereingcontibuion tonic compasion win spc expect {Cine inrograpy Change, Date ep and icheKlar (hina ine Smdrenpgrdonten dsc ip 120- 140 och Sarr rckeye 188) 1s Chnote7 nao, cane Fart, lg and Kua Tha ‘rude Engle Cy Nee Hs 198. 1 fons gi Zan Rnd ron om 2G frn Rie, strc Lore Grd nd Pri ta, 1986), psn 21 Recent pubis in hel in Germany incl Bodo von Bor ins argen Pande ar Rite, ex, Gace prick (Pate Conaurs 10) Bad on Bore Jen Risen ta, (ark mera Vl: Fan eile Pee (Patents: Cavan 89); Mage Angi and Bodo von Borie Yoho Hs: A Gone Eoprs Srey st Coins dP Auda angst oe (abr Raber Sa. 17, Bes on Don gd et ed Erin Rar chan dette Opa: Ls 8 ih 19) edn ‘ores. ar Gash frici: rrsteUe- noon tr epepniges Cprteciagrr ead ‘Zuker Senna Sn a Ot a Wetec (Weitere era, 15) oo Yon Bose, Forehangprobieme ‘Sher Ten de Caches Am Bel ier Ser pices Kalter Hote Bln, red ger an ehapgecicewnd Gonchcshtar hate fr sen se Ctra (A 3-58 ad Bodo vo Bowes nd Hans Jigen Panel ed, “Zar ie rir Dern: Qua unduante ung J ‘che Goch) (Paslenneler Centaurs 194) ‘Mane Comer Sid," ine Geschichte am Naresh” repo. touch der empcenErtorchang ey Cschcsbewlsis vor.