Kosovo

akademikosi levan aleqsiZe
amonaridi:
ლევან ალექსიძე, საერთაშორისო სამართალი და საქართველო - ანტიკური ხანიდან დღემდე -
ტ.I. (რედაქტორი ქეთევან ხუციშვილი) თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი, 2012წ.
gv.680-714
daaknina Tu ara `kosovos precedentma~ saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso

Tanamegobrobis erTguleba gaeros wevr-saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli mTlianobis
xelSeuxeblobisadmi saqarTvelos CaTvliT?
abstraqti
saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba kvlav dgas sisxliani Sida
saxelmwifoebrivi konfliqtebis winaSe. erT-erT yvelaze saSiS gamowvevad rCeba
evrovnul umciresobaTa mcdeloba gamoeyon saxelmwifoebs, romelTac
damoukidebloba moipoves ruseTis sabWoTa socialisturi federaciuli
respublikisa da iugoslaviis yofili sabWoTa socialisturi federaciuli
respublikis daSlis Sedegad. am umciresobaTa nawili amtkicebs, rom maT SeuZliaT
kuTvnili TviTgamorkvevis uflebis gamoyeneba maT Soris gamoyofac da, Tu saWiro
gaxda, Zalis gamoyenebac am miznisaTvis. ibadeba kiTxva: marTla aniWebs Tanamedrove
saerTaSoriso samarTali erovnul umciresobebs gamoyofis uflebas? kosovosa da
samxreT oseTis SemTxvevebi1 naTlad aCvenebs saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis
damokidebulebas: erovnul umciresobaTa ufleba gamoeyon demokratiul suverenul
saxelmwifos – gaerosa da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis wevrs – ar aris
aRiarebuli (egredwodebuli samxreT oseTi) garda im SemTxvevisa Tu dafiqsirdeba
evrovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis uxeSi da sistematuri saerTaSoriso
samarTalTan SeuTavsebeli darRveva (kosovo).
Sesavali
2008 wlis Tebervali didi xniT darCeba saerTaSoriso samarTlis istoriaSi,
radgan rogorc mosalodneli iyo azrTa sxvadasxvaobas kosovoSi ganviTarebuli
movlenebis legalurobis Sesaxeb SeeZlo Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi
wesrigisaTvis safrTxis Seqmna.
erTi SexedviT araferi axali ar iyo kosovoeli albanelebis mcdelobaSi
formalurad gamoyofodnen serbeTs kosovos damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT. aqamde
ukve 18 wliT adre 1991 wlis 22 seqtembers ukve kargad iyo cnobili rom
albanelebma iugoslaviis erT erT regionSi moiTxoves kosovos damoukidebloba
referendumis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, romlis mixedviTac absoluturi umravlesoba
uWerda mxars kosovos damoukideblobas. 2
im droisaTvis saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam ufro konkretulad
ki evroatlantikurma saxelmwifoebma ignorireba gauwies am moTxovnas radganac
kosovos garSemo ganviTarebuli konfliqti miCneul iqna erTerTad im
ramdenimeTagan romelic mimdinareobda iugoslaviis yofili socialisturi
federaciuli respublikisa da (SemdgomSi – SFRY) sabWoTa socialisturi
respublikebis kavSiris (SemdgomSi – USSR) teritoriaze daSlis procesSi.
1
imis gamo, rom konfliqtis mxareebs da saerTaSoriso organizaciebs Kkonfliqis
msvlelobisas hqondaT gansxvavebuli midgoma cxinvalis regionis saxelwodebisadmi,
saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam SeimuSava kompromisuli varianti _ “Abkhazia, Georgia, and the
Tskhinvali Region/South Ossetia, Georgia”, rac aisaxa sxvadasxva dokumentebSi, MmaT Soris gaeros
generaluri asambleis mier miRebul rezoluciaSi 64/296 (7 seqtemberi, 2010 weli) –
àfxazeTidan, saqarTvelo, da cxinvalis regionidan/samxreT oseTidan, saqarTvelo, qveynis
SigniT gadaadgilebul pirTa da ltolvilTa statusi~ (e. w. saqarTvelos teritoriis
SemadgenlobaSi osebis istoriisTvis ix. sqolio 42.)
2
Weller, M. (2009) Contested Statehood (Kosovo’s struggle for Independence), OUP, p. 39; Rich, R. (1993) Recognition
of States, the Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, in: European Journal of International Law, 36, p. 61.
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
ufro metic evrokavSirma gamoaqveyna Zalian mtkice da saerTaSoriso
samarTlisaTvis mniSvnelovani gancxadeba: “... sazRvrebis Secvla SesaZlebelia
mxolod mSvidobiani meTodebiT da [evropuli Tanamegobrobis wevri saxelmwifoebi –
l. a. ] axseneben kosovos mosaxleobas rom maTi legitimuri moTxovna avtonomiaze
unda moeqces evropuli Tanamegobrobis samSvidobo konferenciis farglebSi”. 3
sruliad gansxvavebuli movlenebi moyva kosovos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis
meore mcdelobas, meore dResve ufro zustad 2008 wlis 18 Tebervals amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis mier kosovos damoukideblobis aRiarebas moyva aRiarebaTa
mTeli talRa ukve Crdilo atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis werv
saxelmwifoTa (SemdgomSi – NATO), evropaSi usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis
organizaciis (SemdgomSi – euTo), evropis sabWos (SemdgomSi – CoE), da gaeros
(SemdgomSi – gaero) mxridan. 4
damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan daaxloebiT or TveSi zemoT CamoTvlil
saerTaSoriso organizaciaTa wevr saxelmwifoTa didma umravlesobam maT Soris
amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma (SemdgomSi – a. S. S.) gaerTianebulma samefom,
safrangeTma, germaniam, da sxvebma aRiares kosovos damoukidebloba. 2011 wlis
oqtombis bolosaTvis 80 saxemwifoze metma aRiara kosovos damoukidebloba maSin
rodesac did saxelmwifoTa nawili (ruseTis federacia, CineTi) danarCen 110
saxelmwifosTan erTad inarCunebs negatiur pozicias radganac aRniSnuli faqti
miaCnia saerTaSoriso samarTlis amosavali principebis gaeros wevr saxelmwifoTa
teritoriuli mTlianobisa da suverenitetis xelSeuxeblobis uxeS darRvevad.
a. S. S. -s saxelmwifo mdivnis kondoliza raisis gamosvlidan dawyebuli
romelic xazs usvamda kosovos SemTxvevis unikalur xasiaTs romelic ar unda
yofiliyo miCneuli precedentad yvela amRiarebeli saxelmwifos mTavrobebi da
liderebi imeorebdnen am daTqmis teqts:
“kosovoSi dafiqsirebul faqtorTa uCveulo erTianoba – maT Soris iugoslaviis
daSlis konteqsti istoriulad dafiqsirebuli eTnikuri wmenda da danaSaulebi
samoqalaqo pirebis winaaRmdeg kosovoSi da gaeros administraciis
gaxangrZlivebuli periodi – ar aris aRmoCenili sxvagan arsad kosovos garda
Sesabamisad es aqcevs kosovos gansakuTrebul SemTxvevad. kosovo ar SeiZleba
miCneul iqnas Tanamedrove msoflioSi arsebuli arc erTi sxva SemTxvevis mimarT
precedentad”. 5
am konteqstSi upriania aqve movaxdinoT citireba ruseTis federaciis liderTa
gancxadebebisa kosovos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis aRiarebis Semdgom.
2008 wlis 1 ivlisis interviuSi didi 8-nis saxelmwifoTa Sexvedraze dimitri
medvedevma Jurnalistebs ganucxada: “Cven migvaCnia rom kosovo safuZvels uyris
saxifaTo da dasanan precedents. Cven migvaCnia rom aRniSnul sakiTxze miRebuli
gadawyvetilebebi ar aris erTjeradi da arc sui generis bunebisa rogorc diplomatebi
ityodnen aramed afuZnebs precedents. dekadebis Semdeg evropa iwvnevs Sedegebs.
ufro metic am pozicias gamoiyeneben sxva separatistuli reJimebi, sakuTari
statusis gasamarTleblad rogorc samarTlis subieqtebisa. am faqts veravin
gaeqceva da veravis daadanaSaulebs”. 6
3
EC Press Statement, Luxemburg, 15 June 1992, cited from: Grammatikas, V. (2009) Kosovo vs. South Ossetia? (Modern
Politics of Secession and International Law), Journal of International Law (Tbilisi State University) no. 1, 2009, p. 33,
available at: http://www. law. tsu. ge/files/Publications/Journal%20International%20Law_N1_2009. pdf.
4
http://www. peach. dreab. com/p-
International_recognition_of_Kosovo#States_which_formally_recognise_Kosovo_as_independent.
5
Statement by Condoleezza Rice on Recognition of Kosovo as Independent State (February 18, 2008), available at: http//
www. america. gov/st/texttrans – English/2008/February/20080218150254bpuh5. 512637e-02. html.
6
Available at: http://archive. kremlin. ru/eng/speeches/2008/07/03/1850_type82916_203509. shtml.
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
ruseTis prezidentma morigi gancxadeba 2008 wlis 15 ivliss saqarTvelo-ruseTis
omis dawyebamde 3 kviriT adre gaakeTa:
“samwuxarod arebuli mdgomareoba Seicavs amgvar darRvevas-ufro konkretulad
kosovos mxridan damoukideblobis calmxrivad gamocxadeba da misi saxelmwifod
aRiareba. amgvar sakiTxebze samarTlebrivi gadawyvetilebebis miReba unda xdebodes
procesSi CarTuli yvela mxarisa da im mxareebis SeTanxmebiT romlebzec
gadawyvetileba moaxdens gavlenas. kidev erTxel saerTaSoriso samarTali calsaxad
adgens erT erT yvelaze ufro fundamentur princips saxelmwifoTa Tanaarsebobis
Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli principi adgens gzas romelsac evropa da msoflio unda miyves.
”7
aSkaraa rom ruseTis federaciis prezidenti arc ki cdilobs dauSvas rom
kosovos SemTxveva gamoyenebul iqnas rogorc precedenti sxva msgavsi (sui generis)
SemTxvevebis mimarT. aqve unda iqnas aRniSnuli v. putinis mier 2006 wels (rodesac
kosovos damoukideblobis sakiTxi ganixileboda) dafiqsirebuli sakuTari
ganzraxvis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos konfliqtur regionebTan afxazeTisa da e. w.
samxreT oseTis mdgomareobasTan kosovos precedentis misadagebis Sesaxeb: Tu vinmes
miaCnia rom kosovom unda moipovos sruli damoukidebloba maSin ratom ar SeiZleba
afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis xalxsac hqondeT analogiuri ufleba
saxelmwifoebriobaze?”8
sanam saerTaSoriso iuristebi, politikosebi da sazogadomoRvaweebi CarTulebi
iyvnen cxare debatebSi kosovos SemTxvevis sui generis-ad aRiarebis kanonierebaze, manam
marTlac Sokis momgvrelma movlenam SeZra msoflio.
2008 wlis 8 agvistos ruseTis federaciis jarebi SemoiWrnen saqarTveloSi
moaxdines e. w. samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis iseve rogorc saqarTvelos im
teritoriebis okupacia romlebic saqarTvelos am teritoriuli erTeulebis
sazRvrebs miRma imyofeboda. 9
2008 wlis 26 agvistos ruseTis federaciis prezidentma d. medvedevma ganacxada:
“osi da afxazi xalxis Tavisufali nebis, gaeros wesdebis, 1970 wlis deklaraciis
saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis Sesaxeb romelic aregulirebs saxelwifoTa
Soris megobrul urTierTobebs, euTos helsinkis 1975 wlis finalur aqtze da sxva
saerTaSoriso instrumentebze dayrdnobiT me xeli movawere dekrets ruseTis
federaciis mxridan samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis aRiarebis Sesaxeb”. 10
ruseTis federaciis prezidentma teritoriebis ganzrax dakavebis
gasamarTleblad ramdenime braldeba wamoayena – saqarTvelos “agresiulma”
Tavdasxmam gamoiwvia ganzrax “samSvidoboTa didi nawilis sikvdili,” samoqalaqo
mosaxleobisa da ruseTis federaciis moqalaqeTa gaJleta, genocidis danaSaulis
ganzrax Cadena am yvelaferma erTad medvedevis SexedulebiT moiTxova humanitaruli
intervencia udanaSaulo xalxis dasacavad saqarTvelos mxridan Cadenili ganzraxi
danaSaulebrivi aqtebisagan.
7
Speech at the Meeting with Russian ambassadors and Permanent Representatives to International Organizations July 15,
2008, available at: http://www. kremlin. ru/eng/speeches/2008/07/15/1121,type82912_type84779_204155html.
8
Press conference of the President of the Russian Federation, 31. 01. 2006, available at: http//www. kremlin.
ru/eng/text/speeches/2006/01/31/0953_type82917_100901html.
9
ix. ruseTis mcdelobis iuridiulad gaemarTlebina Tavisi intervencia da okupacia
saqarTveloSi detaluri anatomia: Allison, R. (2009) The Russian Case of Military Intervention in Georgia:
International Law Norms and Political Calculation in European Security, vol. 18, N2, June, p. 174, available at:
http://dxdoioig/1080/0966283093468734
10
Statement by President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev (August 26, 2008), available at: http://archive.
kremlin. ru/eng/text/speeches/2008/08/26/1543_type82912_205752. shtml#.
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
Seexo ra ruseTis federaciis yvela mcdelobas, gaemarTlebina sakuTari
agresiuli qmedebebi, antonio kasesem, romelic aramarto ganswavluli mecniereia
aramed gamocdili Tavmjdomare ramdenime saerTaSoriso sisxlis tribunalebisa
ukve 2008 wlis 1 seqtembers pasuxi gasca saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg wamoyenebul yvela
braldebas. Tavis mokle magram yovlismomcvel statiaSi kasesem gaakeTa Semdegi
komentarebi:
“ruseTma udavod saqarTvelos suverenitetis qveS myofi teritoriebis afxazeTsa
da samxreT oseTSi SeiaraRebuli SeWris gasamarTleblad daasaxela oTxi mizezi.
ruseTi amtkicebs rom misi intervencia miznad isaxavda (1) saqarTvelos agresiis
SeCerebas samxreT oseTis mosaxleobis mimarT; (2) saqarTvelos mier am teritoriaze
Cadenili eTnikuri wmendis, genocidisa da omis danaSaulebisaTvis bolos moRebas;
(3) ruseTis moqalaqeTa dacvas da (4) samxreT osebis dacvas boris elcinsa da
eduard SevardnaZes Soris 1992 wels dadebuli samSvidobo xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze.
arc erTi am samarTlebrivi argumentidan ar aris safuZvliani. samxreT oseTSi
SeiaraRebuli danayofebis gagzavniT saqarTvelo marTalia politikurad
gaumarTleblad moqmedebda magram mas aranari saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi norma
ar daurRvevia, ramdenad nominaluric ar unda iyos misi suvereniteti. arc genocidi
da eTnikuri wmendis faqtebi fiqsirdeba. Tu omis danaSaulebi iqna Cadenili isini
mainc ar amarTleben SeiaraRebul SeWras. ufro metic samxreT osebs ruseTis
moqalaqeoba mxolod imitom aqvT rom am ukanasknelma maT is calmxrivad moaxvia
Tavs. sabolood 1992 wlis SeTanxmeba Sida daZabulobebze dakvirvebis uflebas
iZleva da ara SeiaraRebuli Zalebis masiuri gamoyenebisa. 11
rac Seexeba ruseTis federaciis intervencias saqarTveloSi, es faqti
Tavdapirvelad dagmobil iqna saerTaSoriso iuristebis nawilis mier. iuristebs,
politikosebs, sazogadomoRvaweebs da diplomatebs Soris arsebul diskusias ufro
detalurad Seexo kasese.
kristofer borgani aRniSnavs: “cxadia rom 2008 wlis 8 agvistos ruseTis
SeiraRebulma Zalebma gadakveTes samxreT oseTis teritoria da daiwyes samxedro
kampania ramac mTlianad saqarTvelo moicva, umTavresi qalaqebisa da portebis
CaTvliT da miaRwia Tbilisamde saqarTvelos dedaqalaqamde ramdenime kilometris
siaxloves. 12
roi elisoni sworad usvams xazs:
civi omis dasrulebis Semdgom ruseTis intervencia saqarTvelos teritoriaze

2008 wlis Semodgomaze iyo moskovis pirveli samxedro Seteva saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg civi omis dasrulebis Semdgom. 13
upriania aseve im Sefasebis moxmobac rac damoukidebelma saerTaSoriso faqtebis
damdgenma misiam saqarTvelos konfliqtze aRniSna Tavis moxsenebaSi (SemdgomSi –
misia)14:
11
Cassese, A. (2008) The Wolf that ate Georgia, Monday, September 01, 2008, available at:http://www. guardian. co.
uk/commentisfree/2008/sept/01/georgia. russia1?qusrc=rss&feed=worldnews
12
Borgan, Ch., (2010) States and International Law: The problems of self-determination, cessation and recognition; in:
International Law for International Relations, (Başak Çali, ed.), Chapter 9, p. 209.
13
ix. sqolio 9, gv. 174
14
2008 wlis 2 dekembers evropis kavSiris sabWom daavala Sveicariis diplomats Heidi
taliavins, daavala Seeqmna “damoukidebeli saerTaSoriso faqtebis damdgeni komisia
saqarTveloSi konfliqtTan dakavSirebiT” (“Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict
in Georgia”) (SemdgomSi – IIFFM). Misia Sedgeboda 19 damoukidebeli wevrisagan da miznad isaxavda
gamoeZia saqarTveloSi konfliqtis warmoSobisa da mimdinareobis procesi, maT Soris
saerTaSoriso samarTlis, humanitaruli samarTlis da adamianis uflebebis konteqstSi. 2009
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
misiis moxseneba ruseTis intervenciaze saqarTveloSi adgens rom: “ruseTi
ramdenadme CarTuli iyo konfliqtSi. pirvel rigSi is rusi mSvidobismyofelebi
romlebic samxreT oseTSi iyvnen ganTavsebulebi soWis SeTanxmebis safuZvelze
iyvenen cxinvalis konfliqtSi CarTulebi. meore ruseTis regularuli sajariso
danayofebi ibrZodnen samxreT oseTSi, afxazeTSi da Rrmad saqarTvelos
teritoriaze. mesame Crdilo kavkasieli araregularebi monawileobdnen konfliqtSi.
sabolood ruseTi exmareboda afxaz da samxreT oseTis Zalebs mravalmxrivad,
gansakuTrebiT treiningiT, SeiaraRebiT, aRWurviT, dafinansebiT ... gaeros wesdebis
me-2:4 muxlis Sesabamisad da Sesabamisi CveulebiTi samarTliT, ruseTis armiis
samxedro operaciebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze (maT Soris samxreT oseTi, afxazeTi
da saqarTvelos sxva teritoriebi) 2008 wlis agvistoSi warmoadgenda fundamentur
saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv akrZalvas Zalis gamoyenebisa. 15
ruseTis federaciis arc erTi mcdeloba samarTlebrivad gaemarTlebina
saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli moqmedebebi ar aris dadebiTad Sefasebuli
moxsenebaSi. es moqmedebebi moicavs: Zalis gamoyenebas TavdacvisaTvis,16
aucileblobas da proporciulobas ruseTis moqmedebebis,17 samSvidobo misiis
ganxorcielebisas Zalis gamoyenebas,18 samxreT oseTis mTavrobis TxovniT
intervencias,19 koleqtiuri Tavdacvas,20 humanitarul intervencias rusi da osi
moqalaqeebis dacvas genocidisagan,21 Zalis gamoyenebas sazRvargareT myof
moqalaqeTa dasacavad da gadasarCenad22.
aucileblad migvaCnia aseve sxva daskvnebis moxmobac: saqarTvelos mxridan rusi
mSvidobismyofelebis bazaze ganzrax Tavdasxmas ar adasturebs misia23; udaoa rom
Tu rus samSvidoboebze marTlac ganxorcieldeboda Tavdasxma maT qondaT ufleba
dauyovnebeli sapasuxo reaqciisa. dauyovnebeli SeiaraRebuli samxedro Tavdasxma
iqneboda aucilebeli da proporciuli aseT pirobebSi. jer kidev sadaoa ramdenad
iyo Tavdasxma ganxorcielebuli rus samSvidoboebze24; ufro Znelia gadawyvito Tu
ramdenad iyo saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli SeiaraRebuli kampania
proporciuli da aucilebeli25; saqarTveloSi ruseTis intervencia ar SeiZleba
gamarTlebul iqnas saqarTveloSi myofi rusi moqalaqeebis dacvis motiviT26; aqedan
gamomdinare saqarTvelos policiisa da samxedro danayofebis yofna kodoris
xeobaSi ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnas afxazeTis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul
SeiaraRebul Tavdasxmad27; afxazeTis mier Zalis gamoyeneba ar iyo gamarTlebuli
wlis 30 seqtembers komisiam warudgina damfuZnebel organos Tavisi moxseneba (SemdgomSi

moxseneba).
15
Ibid., pp. 263-264.
16
Ibid pp. 264-269
17
Ibid pp. 269-275
18
Ibid pp. 275-276.
19
Ibid pp. 276-280
20
Ibid pp. 280-283
21
Ibid pp. 283-284
22
Ibid pp. 285-289
23
Ibid p. 268
24
Ibid., p. 270.
25
Ibid., p. 271
26
Ibid., p. 289
27
Ibid., p. 293
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
saerTaSoriso samarTliT da Sesabamisad warmoadgenda ukanono aqts. igive
vrceldeba ruseTis mier afxazeTis daxmarebaze Zalis gamoyenebaSi. 28.
zemoT aRniSnuli daskvnebis Sesabamisad dgindeba rom saqarTvelo gaxda
ruseTis federaciis SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis msxverpli rac mis daSlas isaxavda
miznad. ruseTis federaciis mTavrobis mcdeloba gaemarTlebina ruseTis
intervencia natos operaciaze dayrdnobiT romelic am ukanasknelma yofil
iugoslaviaSi gamoiyena aris yovlad usafuZvlo radganac natos mier
ganxorcielebuli e. w. humanitarul intervencias yofili iugoslaviis teritoriaze
1999 wels qonda sruliad gansxvavebuli xasiaTi – sahaero Tavdasxmebis Semdgom
saxmeleTo danayofebs ar mouxdeniaT kosovos okupacia da samSvidobo operaciac
dasrulda maSinve rogorc ki kosovoeli albanelebis dacva SesaZlebeli gaxda.
TumcaRa ruseTis federacia mainc jiutad agrZelebs kosovosTan mimarTebiT
dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis damokidebulebasTan – midgomasTan paralelebis
gavlebas yvela saerTaSoriso forumze. samwuxarod zogierTi avtori iziarebs im
mosazrebas rom saqarTvelos ukanono Tavdasxmebma cxinvalze gamoiwvia saqarTvelo
– ruseTis konfliqtis dawyeba, Tumca isini mainc iZlevian Tanmdevi movlenebis met
naklebad obieqtur suraTs. 29
Cven unda Tavi movuyaroT ramdenime sakiTxs raTa pasuxi gavceT mTavar
SekiTxvas: ra msgavseba da gansxvavebebia kosovosa da samxreT oseTis SemTxvevebs
Soris?
erTi SexedviT advilia imis danaxva rom orive SemTxvevas aqvs msgavsebebi da es
msgavsebebi umetesad dakavSirebulia demografiul aspeqtebTan. marTlac kosovoeli
albanelebi iseve rogorc osebi arian:
a) tipiuri erovnuli umciresoebebi: TiToeul maTgans aqvs sakuTari ena,
tradiciebi, kultura, adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifosagan gansxvavebuli
sazogadoebisadmi kuTvnilebis grZnoba;
b) kosovoeli albanelebi iseve rogorc osebi raodenobrivad warmoadgenen
umciresobas Tumca im regionebSi sadac isini cxovroben arian umravlesobaSi;
g) kosovoeli albanelebic iseve rogorc osebi arian sakuTari mSobeli xalxis
nawili romelic cxovrobs saxelwifos sazRvrebs miRma da aqvT sakuTari
damoukidebeli(albaneTi) an federaluri (CrdiloeT oseTi – alania ruseTis
federaciaSi) saxelmwifoebrioba.
d) aris aseve kidev erTi viTom saerTo niSani: orive umciresobas CamoerTva
avtonomiuris statusi rac maT gaaCndaT SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dawyebamde.
TumcaRa mizezebi da Sedegebi orive movlenisa iyo sruliad gansxvavebuli rac
ganxiluli iqneba qvemoT.
aq unda gakeTdes erTi SeniSvna: kosovos sakiTxis garSemo arsebobs uamravi

publikacia30. swored amitom migvaCnia rom ufro mizanSewonilia koncentracia
moxdes ufro metad samxreT oseTisa da nawilobriv afxazeTis SemTxvevebze
radganac am ukanasknelebis gaanalizebis mxriv pirvelad wyaroebze dayrdnobiT
gakeTebuli publikaciebi Zalian cotaa. arseboben aseve mkvlevarebi vinc mciredi
faqtobrivi uzustobebis miuxedavad warmoadgenen kargad sturuqturirebul da
28
Ibid., p. 294
29
Havkin, G. The Russo-Georgian War 2008. Developing the Law of Unauthorized Humanitarian Intervention after
Kosovo – (Boston University International Law Journal), vol. 28:2019
30
kosovos saqmis da TandarTuli bibliografiis (2009 wlis CaTvliT) amomwuravi analizi ix.
Weller, M. (2009) Contested Statehood (Kosovo’s struggle for Independence), OUP.
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
analitikur kvlevebs pirvel wyaroze dayrdnobiT kosovosa da samxerT oseTis
SedarebiTi analizis kuTxiT. 31
Caidina saqarTvelom genocidis danaSauli?
erT erTi sakiTxi ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos ganzraxvas gaeJlita afxazi da osi

mosaxleba genocidis danaSaulis CadeniT.
sakuTar gancxadebaSi saqarTvelos konfliqturi regionebis damoukideblobis

aRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT ruseTis federaciis prezidentma aRniSna: “... saakaSvilma
mimarTa genocids raTa sisruleSi moeyvana ... politikuri miznebi [afxazi da osi
xalxis mospoba – l. a. ] 32
genodicis xsenebiT ruseTis federaciis prezidents ar Seutania raime saxis
siaxle kremlis ritorikaSi piriqiT es iyo kidev erTi mcdeloba ruseTis mxridan
rom kanonierad gaemarTlebina intervencia saerTaSoriso humanitarul da
saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi.
2008 wlis 10 agvistos cxinvalis okupaciidan meore dRes ruseTis federaciis
premier ministri v. putini vizitiT imyofeboda vladikavkasSi (CrdiloeT oseTis
respublikis – alania dedaqalaqi, ruseTis federaciis subieqti) sadac man
daadanaSaula saqarTvelo samxreT oseTSi genocidis CadenaSi, rasac moyva
medvedevisa da sxva rusi maRalCinosnebis gancxadebebi. 33
Tavis moxsenebaSi misiam genocidis aranairi faqti ar daadgina: – “ruseTisa da
samxreT oseTis braldebebma saqarTvelos mxridan viTomda genocidis Cadenis
Sesaxeb ramdenime TveSi ufro iSviaTi xasiaTi miiRo radgan saqarTvelos mxridan
genocidis Cadena ar damtkicda. gardacvlilTa ricxvi os samoqalaqo mosaxleobas
Soris ufro naklebi aRmoCnda vidre amas Tavdapirvelad amtkicebdnen. rusi
oficialuri Tanamdebobis pirebi Tavidan amtkicebdnen rom daaxloebiT 2000
samoqalaqo piri daiRupa samxreT oseTSi qarTuli Zalebis Tavdasxmebis gamo, magram
mogvianebiT dadginda rom osi samoqalaqo mosaxleobis danakargma 2008 wlis
konfliqtSi 162 Seadgina”. 34
“Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi normebis WrilSi faqtebis zedmiwevniTi gaanalizebis
fonze misia askvnis, rom saqarTvelos mxridan 2008 wlis agvistoSi Cadenili
genocidis danaSauli ar dgindeba arc samarTliT da arc faqtobrivi
35
mtkicebulebebiT”.
sainteresoa imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom adamianis uflebaTa evropulma
sasamarTlom 2010 wlis dekemberSi 1,549 ganacxadi dauSveblad cno 3000-ze meti
ganacxadidan romelbic Seexeboda saqarTvelos mier osi samoqalaqoebis mimarT
genocidis Cadenas. 36
31
Mullerson, R., (2009) Precedents in the Mountains: on parallels and Uniqueness of the Cases of Kosovo, South Ossetia
and Abkhazia – Chinese Journal of International Law vol. 8, N1 p. 2-25; Borgan, Ch., The Language of Law and the
Practice of Politics: Great Powers and the Rhetoric of Self-Determination in the Cases of Kosovo and South Ossetia,
Chicago Journal of International Law July 2009; see also footnote 13; Nussberger, A., “The War between Russia and
Georgia – consequences and unresolved questions” – Göttingen Journal of International Law 1,(2009),2, p. 341-364
32
ix. sqolio. 10.
33
Putin accuses Georgia of Genocide available at: http://rt. com/news/putin – accuses- georgia-of genocide/print/
34
IIFFM Report, vol. I, para. 17, vol. II, para IV allegations of genocide, pp. 421-428. See also R. Allison, op. cit, p. 183.
35
Ibid., Report vol. I. para. 2.
36
http://cmiskp. echr. coe. int/tkp197/view.
asp?item=7&portal=hbkm&action=html&highlight=GEORGIA&sessionid=70640968&skin=hudoc-en
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
ufro metic rogorc cnobili gaxda zemoT aRniSnuli ganacxadebi Sedgenil iqna
200 rusi gamomZieblis mier ruseTis federaciis prokuraturidan vinc saeWvo
viTarebaSi krebda informacias genocidis Sesaxeb.
ganacxadebis adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi gagzavnis Semdeg aravis
ucdia sasamarTlosTan komunikaciis damyareba romelmac moiTxova damatebiTi ufro
detaluri informaciis miwodeba genocidis msxverplebTan dakavSirebiT.
informaciis miuReblobis pirobebSi maSin roca sasamarTlom mesamed Seaxsena
avtorebs amis Sesaxeb am ukanasknelma gadawyvita uari eTqva ganacxadebis
ganxilvaze. ufro metic msxverplTa umetesobam arc ki icoda rom ganacxadi hqonda
gagzavnili adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi. 37
a. kasese iyo pirveli saerTaSoriso samarTlis specialistebs Soris vinc
kategoriulad uaryo genocidis Cadenis faqti e. w. samxreT oseTSi: “arc genocidi
da arc eTnikuri wmendis Cadena ar ikveTeba”. 38
aSkaraa, rom ar arsebobs aranairi niSani imisa rom 2008 wlis agvistos omis
dros saqarTvelos mxridan Cadenil iqna genocidi da eTnikuri wmenda.
afxazebisa da osebis “diskriminaciis” ucnauri suraTi
SevxedoT afxazeTsa da e. w. samxreT oseTSi konfliqtamde arsebul saqarTvelos

diskriminaciul politikas.
sabWoTa kavSiris 1924 wlis konstituciis Sesabamisad afxazeTis sabWoTa
socialisturi avtonomiuri respublika iseve rogorc samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri
olqi warmoadgendnen suverenuli saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis
ganuyofel nawils. xsenebul avtonomiur erTeulebs ar qondaT gamoyofis ufleba
sanam saqarTvelom ar gamoiyena sabWoTa kavSiris sadamfuZneblo xelSekrulebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli sabWoTa kavSiridan nebayoflobiTi gamoyofis SesaZlebloba. 39
afxazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi avtonomiuri respublikis konstitucia iyo
erTaderTi samarTlebrivi aqti sabWoTa kavSirSi romelic afxazur enas (qarTul da
rusul enebTan erTad) aniWebda saxelmwifo enis statuss regionSi.
1976 wlisaTvis maSin rodesac CrdiloeT kavkasiis avtonomiuri respublikebis
skolebSi swavleba mxolod rusul enaze warmoebda afxazeTSi iyo 25 skola sadac
afxazurad iswavleboda da aseve ramdenime skola sadac swavleba rusul-afxazur-
qarTulad mimdinareobda.
1989/1990 saswavlo wlis dasawyisisaTvis afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi iyo
73 afxazuri da Sereuli saSualo skola. Sereul skolebSi afxazur enaze swavleba
mimdinareobda I-IV klasebSi xolo V_XI klasebSi ki swavleba mTlianad rusulad
da qarTulad mimdinareobda. qarTuli ena arc erTi skolis kurikulumSi ar iyo
dafiqsirebuli. ufro metic qarTuli enis rogorc saxelmwifo enis gamoyeneba
mkacrad ikrZaleboda.
daaxloebiT 20 kvleviTi centri da umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba
funqcionirebs afxazeTSi maT Soris iseTi didebi rogoricaa afxazeTis saxelmwifo
universiteti, subtropikuli kulturebis instituti, d. i. gulias afxazeTis enis,
xelnawerTa da istoriis instituti, maswavlebelTa daxelovnebis afxazeTis
instituti, Tbilisis sasoflo sameurneo da indistriul-teqnikuri skolebis
filialebi, samedicino da saxelovnebo kolejebi da mravali samusiko da
37
Parkhomenko, V. (2011), Has Genocide been exhausted (Strasburg will not consider claims of inhabitants of South
Ossetia against Georgia: they have forgotten that they had complained ) – “Novaya Gazeta”, 12 January 2011, available at:
http//www. novaya gazeta. ru/data/2001/001/10. Html? Print= 2011170111134.
38
ix. sqolio 11, Cassese, A., agreTve, sqolio. 31, Nussberger, A.
39
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis proceSi amomwuravi da kargi analizi sabWoTa kavSiris da
saqarTvelos ssr konstituciuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb ix. sqolio 31, Nussberger, A., at 347-353
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
saxelovnebo saSualo skola. Zalian warmatebiT funqcionirebdnen saxelmwifo
erovnuli Teatri, afxazeTis saxelmwifo muzeumi, saqarTvelos Teatralur da
musikalur-qoreografiuli sazogadoebebis filiali mweralTa, kompozitorTa,
arqiteqtorTa kavSirebi, afxazeTis saxelmwifo erovnuli simRerisa da cekvis
jgufebi, saxelmwifo simfoniuri orkestri, sasule sazogadoeba da sxva. radio da
televizia programebs gadascemdnen afxazurad, afxazuradve ibeWdeboda Jurnalebi,
samecniero gamocemebi da Sromebi.
afxazeTis yvela samTavrobo struqturaSi afxazebs qondaT adgilebis
umravlesoba: umaRles sabWoSi ... warmodgenili iyo 57 afxazi, 53 qarTveli da 14
rusi; saqalaqo da regionalur sabWoebSi afxazebi iyvnen 1/3. afxazebi Seadgendnen
komunisturi partiis saqalaqo komitetis naxevars. 12 minsitridan 8 iyo afxazi;
saxelmwifo komitetebis 8 Tavmjdomaridan 5 iyo afxazi; 8 saqalaqo da regionuli
prokuraturidan 5-s xelmZRvanelobda afzaxi, 1990 wlisaTvis afxazebi mravlad
iyvnen warmodgenilebi saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialistur respublikis samTavrobo
da partiul organoebSi.
ufro metic 1991 wels umaRlesi sabWos wevr qarTvel da afxazebs Soris
SeTanxmebuli axali kanonis Sesabamisad 93,000 afxazi vinc Seadgenda respublikis
17%-s umaRles sabWoTaSi warmodnelni iyvnen 28 wevriT maSin rodesac 250,000
qarTveli vinc Seadgenda avtonomiuri respublikis 46%-s warmodgenilni iyvnen 26
wevriT da sxva eTnikur jgufebs (rusebi, somxebi, berZnebi da sxvebi), vinc Seadgenda
mosaxleobis 37%-s yavda 11 warmomadgeneli. 40
Sesabamisad mtkiceba afxazebis diskriminaciaze SeuZlebelia realobis
damaxinjebis gareSe.
rac Seexeba samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqs, aqac situacia iseTive iyo
rogorc zemoT aris aRwerili, sadac 1990-ian wlebSi 60,000 osi da 30,000 qarTveli
cxovrobda. upriania vaxsenoT rom 100,000-mde osi gabneuli iyo saqarTvelos sxva
teritoriebze da kargad integrirebuli qarTul sazogadoebaSi.
pirvel rigSi unda vnaxoT oseTis humanitarul mencierebaTa patriarqis

profesor abaievis nezavisimaia gazetaSi (erT erTi yvelaze cnobili rusuli
gazeTi) dafiqsirebuli mosazreba statiaSi “samxreT oseTis tragedia”41 man aRniSna:
“Cemi mizania obieqturad Sevafaso Tu ramdenad mimarTa osurma mxarem naCqarev,
daufiqrebel moqmedebebs romelsac SeeZlo gamoewvia SeiaraRebuli konfliqti. unda
vaRiaro rom aseT qmedebebs marTlac qonda adgili. vgulisxmob damoukideblobis
gamocxadebas da am mxriv ruseTze orientirebas samxreT da CrdiloeT oseTis
gaerTianebis mizniT... kavkasionis mTavari gamyofi mTagrexili aris saqarTvelosa da
oseTs Soris arsebuli bunebrivi sazRvari da nebismieri qmedeba aRniSnuli
sazRvris darRvevisa gamoiwvevs osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris dausrulebel
konfliqts... pirvel rigSi unda SeCerdes yvela saubari samxreT oseTis
saqarTvelosagan gamoyofis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos arc erTi mTavroba ar daTanxmdeba
amaze da iqneba kidec absoluturad marTali, radganac amiT irRveva saqarTvelos
teritoriuli mTlianoba... isini visac surT mSvidoba samreT oseTSi mcxovreb
osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris sabolood unda gamoemSvidobon samxreT oseTisa da
40
unda aRiniSnos, rom es yvelaferi keTdeboda maSin rodesac moskovis oficialuri versiiT
saqarTveloSi mZvinvarebda nacionalizmi da batonobda lozungi “saqarTvelo
qarTvelebisTvis”, romelic prezidentma zviad gamsaxurdiam wamoswia?!
41
Москва, No. 13, 22. 01. 1992
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
CrdiloeT oseTis gaerTianebis ideas. isini visac surT ruseTsa da saqarTvelos
Soris mSvidoba aseve unda daiviwyon es idea. aseTia realoba. ” 42
unda aRiniSnos rom saqarTveloSi mcxovreb osebs qondaT Seqmnili yvelanairi
piroba saimisod rom ganeviTarebinaT sakuTari kultura da ekonomika. upriania xazi
gaesvas rom 1990/1991 saswavlo wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi arsebul 97 skolaSi (maT
Soris 90 yofili atonomiuri olqidan) an swavleba mTlianad osurad mimdinareobda
an osuri ena da literatura iswavleboda rogorc damoukidebeli sagani. amasTan
dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania CrdiloeT oseTis umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris
batoni galazovis statiidan amonaridis moyvana: “me yovelTvis Zalian ganvicdi imas
rom Cemi erovnebis warmomadgeneli axalgazrdebis umravlesoba kargad flobs ucxo
enebs da erkveva msoflio civilizaciebSi, magram ar icis elementarulic ki osuri
kulturis Sesaxeb... axalgazrdebs waerTvaT sakuTari mSobliuri ena. gasul wlamde
CrdiloeT oseTSi ar arsebobda arc erTi skola sadac swavleba warimarTeboda
osur enaze. ” 43.
maswavlebelTa daxelovnebis instituti, sasoflo sameurneo teqnikuri skola,
samedicino, musikaluri, saxelovnebo skolebi da a. S. funqcionirebda qalaq
cxinvalSi. e. w. samxreT oseTs meore adgili ekava sabWoTa kavSirSi (1979 wlis
monacemebiT) aTas sul mosaxleze umaRlesi ganaTlebis qonis gaangariSebiT.
daibeWda umavravi mniSvnelovani wigni: “oseTis istoria” (dokumentebi da
masalebi antikuri xanidan dRemde), “samxreT oseTis istoriis” ori tomi, “osuri
42
rac Seexeba osi mosaxleobis dasaxlebas Sida qarTlSi, aRsaniSnavia ramdenime faqti: XI-
XII saukuneebSi alanebma (qarTul wyaroebSi isini òvsebad” moixsenieba) daafuZnes
feodaluri saxelmwifo CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, romelic mogvianebiT monRolTa (XIIIs.) da
Temur-lengis(XIVs.) Semosevebis dros ganadgurda. Sedegad, alanebi iZulebulni gaxdnen
mietovebinaT Crdilokavkasiis dablobebi da Tavi kavkasionis viwro xeobisaTvis
SeefarebinaT. mogvianebiT, isini kavkasionis samxreT ferdobebisken daeSvnen. XVII-XVIII ss-Si
osTa nawili saqarTveloSi, Sida qarTlis teritoriaze dasaxlda/Casaxlda.
gaWirvebis gamo da ukeTesi momavlis molodinSi osebi cdilobdnen saqarTvelos mTian
soflebSi gadasvlas da xSirad saxldebodnen qarTveli miwaTmfloblebis kuTvnil miwebze.
AaRniSnul xels uwyobda barSi SedarebiT ukeTesi ekonomikuri pirobebis arsebobis gamo
qarTveli mosaxleobis mTidan barSi Camosvlis procesic.
osebi ZiriTadad saxldebodnen didi liaxvis, patara liaxivs da qsnis mdinareebispira
xeobebSi. mogvianebiT, osi mosaxleoba saqarTveloSi, goris da duSeTis administraciuli
regionebSi dasaxlda. maTi mcire nawili ki – raWaSi. 1921 wlis intervenciaSi osebis
CarTulobisaTvisMmoskovma madliereba samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebis miRebiT gamoxata. stalinma da orjonikiZem Zal-Rone ar daiSures gegmis
Sesasruleblad, Tumca winaaRmdegobebic SexvdaT. saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebis saxalxo
komisariatis cnobiT: àr arsebobs samxreT oseTi, rogorc geografiuli warmonaqmni,
arsebobs mxolod osebiT dasaxlebuli sxvadasxva regioni, romlebic erTmaneTTan arc
ekonomikuri da arc topografiuli kavSiriT ar arian dakavSirebulni”. saxalxo
komisariatma miuReblad miiCnia olqis Seqmna masSi goris, duSeTisa da raWis
administraciuli erTeulebis qarTuli soflebis CarTulobis xarjze, vinaidan aRniSnuli
soflebis mosaxleoba am ideis kategoriuli winaaRmdegi iyo.
miuxedavad amisa, 1921 wlis 31 oqtombers olqi mainc Seiqmna. aqve unda SevaxsenoT mkiTxvels,
rom am droisaTvis cxinvalis administraciul centrSi mxolod 2 osuri ojaxi saxlobda,
xolo aTobiT aTasi osi erovnebis piri saqarTvelos teritoriis masStabit iyo gaSlili
(1980-ian, 1991-1992 ww-Si). (ix.: giorgi JorJoliani, solomon lekiSvili, levan mataraZe, levan
ToiZe, ediSer xoStaria-brose, qarTul-osuri konfliqtis istoriuli, politikuri da
samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi, saqarTvelos mecnierTa akademiis erTa Soris urTierTobebis
kvlevis centri, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba ,,samSoblo”; Мусхелишвили Д. (Гл. Редактор), Некоторые
Вопросы Истории Осетии, Шида Картли, Тбилиси, 2010; SoTa malaSxia, konfliqtebis anatomia,
Tbilis 2011 weli, gv. 133-161).
43
Newspaper “Pravda”, Moscow, November 11, 1989.
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis” oTxi tomi, “osuri enis ganaxlebuli leqsikoni, ”
mravaltomiani “osuri literaturis istoria”, “osuri xalxuri zRaprebis”
samtomeuli, osuri xalxuri simRerebis, krebuli da sxv. aseve funqcionirebda
saxelmwifo erovnuli Teatri, saxelmwifo simRerisa da cekvis kompania, erovnuli
muzeumi, saxelmwifo xelovnebis galerea, sajaro biblioTeka, saqarTvelos
Teatraluri, musikaluri da qoreografiuli sazogadoebebis, filiali mweralTa,
kompozitorTa da msaxiobTa kavSirebi; adgilobrivi radio mauwyeblobda osurad,
adgilobrivi presis, samecniero publikaciebisa da naSromebis enac osuri iyo. 1988
wels osur enaze cxinvalSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze 5-jer ufro meti axali
dasaxelebisa da 3-jer ufro meti xelaxali gamocemebi dafiqsirda vidre CrdileoT
oseTis avtonomiur respublikaSi. 1980-ian wlebSi osebi warmodgenilebi iyvnen
saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis mmarTvel organoebSi. upriania
aRiniSnos rom osebs ekavaT ministrTa sabWos Tamjdomaris moadgilis posti, erT
erTi iyo ministris moadgile, sxvebi saxelmwifo komitetis Tavjdomaris moadgilis
posts ikavebdnen iseve rogorc osebis xelSi iyo aseve mmarTvelobiTi Tanamdebobebi
saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialistur respublikaSi.
amave dros 1990 wlis monacemebis Sesabamisad qarTvelebis monawileoba
avtonomiuri regionis marTvaSi imaze ufro mcire raodenobiT iyo warmodgenili
vidre es regionSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa procentul maCvenebels Seesabameboda.
regionSi arsebuli 140 partiidan mxolod 34 iyo qarTuli. 44
mtkicebulebaTa am mciredi nawilidanac kargad Cans rom qarTvel xalxs da
mTavrobas diskriminacia osebis mimarT arasodes gamouyenebia. aramed piriqiT am
ukanasknelT SeeqmnaT yvelanairi piroba imisaTvis rom ganviTarebuliyvnen erovnul-
kulturuli, socio-politikuri da ekonomikuri kuTxiT.
aSkaraa rom 1990-1992 wlebis konfliqtamde arc osebs da arc afxazebs ar

ganucdiaT rasobrivi diskriminacia miuxedavad imisa rom samxreT oseTis
avtonomiuri olqi Seiqmna absoluturad yovelgvari samarTlebrivi, politikuri da
istoriuli perspeqtivis gareSe da mxolod warmoadgenda komunistebis mxridan
gamoxatul madlierebas osebis mimarT, radgan es ukanasknelni daexmarnen wiTel
armias 1921 wlis TebervalSi saqarTvelos okupaciaSi.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlidan maleve ruseTis federaciis xelisuflebam daiwyo
1921 wels saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis winaaRmdeg Cadebuli bombebis
amoqmedeba.
diplomatebisa da politologebis midgomis Sesabamisad aqtorTa realuri
ganzraxvis codnis gareSe SeuZlebelia politikuri da samarTlebrivi realobis
Sefaseba. swored amitom aris saWiro mokled gavixsenoT rusi diplometebisa da
politikuri establiSmentis mosazrebebi. general-maior p. sutinis (ruseTis sabWoTa
socialisturi federaluri respublikis samxedro ataSe) Sexedulebis Sesabamisad
romelic man gamoTqva 1921 wlis 26 aprilis moxsenebaSi. zustad ori Tvis Tavze rac
wiTelma armiam daikava saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika sisxliani
konfliqtis gziT, generalma ganacxada:
“erT erTi prevenciuli RonisZieba ... amave dros zogadi politikuri buneba
gamomdinareobs wiTeli armiis Zlieri kontigentis yofnisgan saqarTveloSi. meore
meqanizmi ramac Seasusta saqarTvelos Zliereba orive teritoriuli da ekonomikuri
kuTxiT Cemi azriT aris afxazeTis gamoyofa. aseTi aqti gaazrebul strategiasTan
44
detalurad ix.: And Again: Aggression, Intervention and Occupation of Georgia aimed at Razing the Sovereignty
and Territorial Integrity of the Country. Statement of the International Law Institute of Law Faculty of Iv. Javakhishvili
Tbilisi State University (2008), Journal of International Law (TSU), N2, available at: http://www. law. tsu. edu.
ge/files/Publications/Journal_2_2008. pdf
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
da politikur datvirTvasTan erTad xels uwyobda saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani
erovnuli sikeTis gadasvlas ruseTis federaciis sasargeblod”.
igive rCeva mosazreba gamoikveTa 1990 welsac. 1998 wels gazeT “nezavisimaia
gazetas” danarTis – “sodruJestvo” pirvelive nomerSi romelsac uZRveboda
zatulini (dRes is aris ruseTis federaciis spikeris moadgile) dsT kavkasiis
ganyofilebis analitikur moxsenebaSi saxelwodebiT “saqarTvelo-afxazeTis
konfliqti: warsuli, awmyo da momavali” miTiTebulia:
“[kavkasiaSi] strategiis gansazRvrisas ruseTma unda gaiTvaliswinos rom
saqarTvelo ar iqneba madlieri partniori da tkbili mokavSire saxelmwifo.
saqarTvelos ltolva dasavleTisa da natos mimarT gamowveulia misi teritoriuli
mTlianobis problemiT romlis gadaWrac SeuZlebelia ruseTis gareSe... dRevandeli
gadasaxedidan cxadia, rom momavalSi afxazeTi, samxreT oseTi da garkveuli
procentiT aWaris avtonomia gaxdebian ruseTis mokavSireebi saqarTvelosTan
mimarTebiT. ”
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi erovnul gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba gaZlierda
baltiis pireTsa da saqarTveloSi, romelic gaCerebas ar apirebda iqamde sanam ar
miaRwevda mizans – gamoyofoda sabWoTa kavSirs sabWoTa kavSiris konstituciis
muxlebis gamoyenebiT. sabWoTa kavSirSi miiRes kanoni secesiis procesis
“realizaciis” Sesaxeb (romelic faqtiurad krZalavda gamoyofas). am kanonis
Sesabamisad TiToeul saxelmwifos SeeZlo Tavisufali gamoyofa Tu es
ganmtkicebuli iqneboda qveynis teritoriaze Catarebuli referendumiT da
TiToeuli avtonomiuri erTeulis xmebis daTvla moxdeboda cal-calke., am
ukanasknelebs SeeZloT sabWoTa kavSirSi darCena, Tu maT es miTiTebuli eqnebodaT
referendumis dros. es afxazi da osi separatistebis mxridan miCneul iqna rogorc
damoukidebolobis mopovebis samarTlebrivi safuZveli. maT daiwyes dekretebisa da
kanonebis miReba, suverenitetze, TviTgamorkvevasa da secesiaze. situacia ufro
metad daiZaba rodesac e. w. samxreT oseTis regionuli sabWoTa saxalxo deputaciis
XX yrilobis XIV sesiaze miRebul iqna deklaracia (1990 wlis 20 seqtemberi)
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis (l. a.) samxreT oseTis sabWoTa demokratiul
respulbikad gardaqmnis Sesaxeb.
1990 wlis 21 seqtembers saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma sabWom gaauqma
samxreT oseTis regionaluri sabWos es ukanono da arakonstituciuri rezolucia.
miuxedavad amisa, regionaluri sabWos XX yrilobis XV sesiam (1990 wlis 16
oqtomberi) ganamtkica misi wina gadawyvetileba. metic, imave sesiaze airCies e. w.
respublikis droebiTi aRmasrulebeli komiteti, miiRes arCevnebis droebiTi
statuti da Seiqmna centraluri saarCevno komisia.
qarTuli xelisuflebis oficialuri gafrTxilebis miuxedavad, e. w. samxreT
oseTis demokratiuli olqis ,,uzenaesi sabWos” arCevnebi Catarda 1990 wlis 9
dekembers, rasac 11 dekembers mohyva ,,uzenaesi sabWos” gamoyofa. am ukanono nabijis
sapasuxod saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma sabWom 1990 wlis 11 dekembers miiRo
kanoni, riTac gaauqma saxreT oseTis avtonomiuri respublikis statusi, ,,rac
Seqmnili iyo 1992 wels regionSi mkvidri qarTveli mosaxleobis nebis
sawinaaRmdegod da sruliad saqarTvelos interesebisTvis zianis miyenebis xarjze”.
45 qarTulma xelisuflebam cxinvalSi gagzavna aTobiT policieli. am mSvidobian
qmedebas mohyva policielTa Seuracxyofa kargad gawvrTnili da SeiaraRebuli
osuri ,,boevikebis” mier, romlebic SeiarRebulni iyvnen regionSi ganTavsebuli ssrk
samxedro bazidan. unda gaviTvaliswinoT is faqtic, rom im dros saqarTvelos
hyavda araregularuli armia an Tundac Sinagan saqmeTa saministros SeiaraRebuli
45
JorJoliani, g. da sxv., (1992) ,,qarTul-osuri konfliqtis istoriuli, politikuri da
samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi”, saqarTvelos mecnierTa akademiis erTa Soris urTierTobebis
kvlevis centri, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba ,,samSoblo”, gv. 12.
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
Zalebi, da brZola mimdinareobda saqarTvelos cxinvalis regionSi ganlagebuli
rusuli samxedroebis mier gawvrTnil daqiravebul pirebs da boevikebsa da qarTul
praqtikulad nebayoflobiT formirebebs Soris, romlebic cdilobdnen, daecvaT
saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba. unda aRiniSnos, rom orive mxridan
dafiqsirda danaSaulTa Cadena, magram ara im doziT, rom adgili hqonoda genocidis
masobriv da sistematur politikas saqarTvelos mxridan. 1991 wels soWSi ruseTis
federaciis xelisuflebam aiZula saqarTvelo, xeli moewera cecxlis Sewyvetisa da
erToblivi samSvidobo operaciis inicirebis xelSekrulebisTvis. niSandoblivia,
rom am Zalebis Semadgenloba iyo sakmaod uCveulo, is Sedgeboda qarTuli, rusuli
da CrdiloeT osuri (TiTqosda, es ukanasknelebi ar yofiliyvnen ruseTis
federaciis nawili) Zalebisgan. amis Semdeg es mSvidobismyofelebi da afxazeTSi
ganlagebuli damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis mSvidobismyofelebi
(faqtobrivad, isini mxolod ruseTis federaciis Zalebisgan Sedgebodnen)
faqtobrivad ,,Tvalaxveulni” aRmoCndnen maT zurgsukan mimdinare separatistebis
mzardi samxedro militarizaciis mimarT.
unda aRiniSnos, rom 2003 wlidan, rogorc ki intensiuri demokratiuli
cvlilebebi daiwyo, saqarTvelos mTavrobis da piradad prezident m. saakaSvilis
mxridan araerTi samSvidobo programis SeTavazeba ganxorcielda, rac miznad
isaxavda ,,gayinuli konfliqtebis” dasrulebas da rasac mxars uWerda saerTaSoriso
Tanamegobroba. magram, Cveulebisamebr, afxazma da osma separatistebma arc ki ,,naxes”
isini, radgan es dokumentebi efuZneboda gaeros formulas – separatistuli
regionebis statusi unda gadawydes saqarTvelos teritoriis farglebSi.
yovel dRe cxilvalidan ganxorcielebuli provokaciebisa da cecxlis gaxsnis
Sedegad izrdeboda adamianTa sasicocxlo danakargi da nadgurdeboda eTnikuri
qarTvelebis saxlebi. rodesac aSkara gaxda, rom osi separatistebi, ruseTis 58-e
armiis mxardaWeriT, apirebdnen agresiuli SemoWris dawyebas, saqarTvelos unda
gamoeyenebina prevenciuli Tavdacvis ufleba da, 7 agvistos RamiT da 8 agvistos
saqarTvelom daiwyo SeiaraRebuli boevikebisa da daqiravebuli pirebis mier
okupirebuli teritoriis dabombva, da gadavida rusuli tankebis dabombvazec.
rogorc moxsenebaSia aRniSnuli: ,,da mainc, es iyo zrdadi dapirispirebis,
provikaciebisa da incidentebis mxolod kulminaciuri wertili. ”46 magram erTxel
ukve daZruli uamravi jariskacisa da tankis SeCereba ukve arafers SeeZlo, da
ramdenime dReSi maT moaxdines saqarTvelos teritoriis 20 procentis okupacia. 47
xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebis zogierTi aspeqti

rac Seexeba xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebas, maT Soris gamoyofis uflebas,
winamdebare kvlevis formati ar iZleva am sakiTxTa Rrmad da detalurad analizis
saSualebas. amitomac me Sevajameb sxva saerTaSoriso samarTlis iuristTa mier
gakeTebul daskvnebs, rac ganxorcielda arsebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis
instrumentTa (gaeros wesdeba, 1970 wlis deklaracia saerTaSoriso samarTlis
principebis Sesaxeb, 1975 wlis helsinkis daskvniTi aqti, 1993 wlis 25 ivnisis venis
deklaracia da samoqmedo programa; 1966 wlis adamianis uflebaTa paqtebi, 1995 wels
evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleis mier miRebuli erovnul umciresobaTa CarCo
konvencia da sxv.) kvlevis safuZvelze.
46
Report, v. I, para. 3.
47
Латынина, Ю., (2008) 200 км. Танков: О российско-грузинской войне “Новая Газета” 19-28 Ноября, 2008;
statiis amonaridebi inglisur enaze xelmisawvdomia: saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali,
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, N 1, 2009, danarTi, ix.: http://www. law. tsu. edu.
ge/files/Publications/Journal%20International%20Law_N1_2009. pdf.
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
aris zogierTi Zalian saintereso gamocema, rac iZleva kosovosa da samxreT
oseTis SemTxvevebis Sedarebas. 48
saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas ar surs aRiaros patara da didi
eTnikuri erTeulebis gamoyofis ufleba mSobeli saxelmwifosgan, am ukanasknelis
mier naTlad gamoxatuli Tanxmobis gareSe. rogorc antonio kasesi marTebulad
askvnis:
,,Tanamedrove diplomatiur praqtikaSi gamoyofas an gareSe TviTgamoxatvas ar
moepoveba myari mxardaWera. gaeros Seqmnis dRidan diplomatebi da iuristebi xazs
usvaven, rom TviTgamoxatvis ufleba ar aris gamoyofis zogadi ufleba. ”49
rogorc kristofer borgani marTebulad aRniSnavs: ,,saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba
gansakuTrebiT skeptikuria gamoyofis mimarT da man ukve Camoayaliba samarTlebrivi
reJimi, romelic mxars ar uWers gamoyofas”. 50
msgavsi Sexeduleba daafiqsira angelika nussbergerma – ,,saerTaSoriso
samarTali zogadad mtruli damokidebulebisaa gamoyofis mimarT”. 51
v. grammatikasi aRniSnavs, rom saxelmwifoTa Sesabamisi praqtikis, romelsac
erTgvarovnebis aranairi niSani ar aqvs da romelic ganicdis saxelmwifoTa mxridan
opinion juris naklebobas, gamokvlevis safuZvelze, ar SeiniSneba aranairi CveulebiTi
normis arseboba, romelic gaamyarebda gamoyofis, rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis
uflebis, arsebobas da aseve, danamdvilebiT ar moipoveba aranairi saxelSekrulebo
samarTali, romelic daadasturebda mis arsebobas”. 52
TviTgamorkvevis ori zogadad aRiarebuli cneba arsebobs – Sida TviTgamorkveva
(ISD) da gare TviTgamorkveva (ESD). Ggaeros Seqmnis Semdeg miRebuli yvela dokumenti
aRiarebs gare TviTgamorkvevis SeuzRudav uflebas, upirveles yovlisa, yvela
koloniur xalxTa da ucxoelTa batonobis qveS myof xalxTa mimarT. rac Seexeba
gaeros suverenul wevr saxelmwifoebs, romlebsac ar hyavT koloniebi da maT
batonobas iZulebiT daqvemdebarebuli sxva xalxebi, da sadac kanonis uzenaesobaa,
isini aniWeben yvela erovnul umciresobas (xalxebi, romlebsac hyavT monaTesave
saxelmwifo sazRvargareT) iseve, rogorc im xalxebs, romlebsac ar hyavT aranairi
monaTesave saxelmwifo sazRvargareT da istoriulad cxovrobdnen am saxelmwifos
teritoriaze, maT aniWeben kanonierad dacul uflebas, ganaviTaron TavianTi
eTnikuri identuroba, ena, tradiciebi, kultura. arcerTi am jgufis mimarT ar aris
nebedarTuli aranairi calmxrivi gamoyofa.
am konteqstSi mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos dsT-s samarTlis eqspertebis mier 2000
wlis 14 ivliss miRebul dokumentSi gacxadebuli midgoma:53
48
Mullerson, R., (2009) Precedents in the Mountains: on parallels and Uniqueness of the Cases of Kosovo, South Ossetia
and Abkhazia – Chinese Journal of International Law, t. 8, N. 1, gv. 2-25; aseve: sqolio 32, Borgan, Ch.,; ix.
aseve: sqolio 13; Nussberger, A., (2009) The War between Russia and Georgia, in Consequences and Unresolved
Questions – Göttingen Journal of International Law 1 (2009) 2, gv. 341-364; Grammatikas, V., (2009) Kosovo V. South
Ossetia? Modern Politics of Secession and International Law, in saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali,
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, N. 1, gv. 26-44 http://library. law. tsu.
ge/files/publications/Journal%20International%20Law_N1_2009. pdf. ; Borgan, Ch., (2010) States and International Law:
The problems of self-determination, cessation and recognition; in: International Law for International Relations, (Başak
Çali, ed.), Tavi 9, gv. 209.
49
Cassese, A., (1995) Self-Determination of People’s Legal Reappraisal, gv. 51; ix. aseve: sqolio 30, Borgan, Ch.,
(2009) “ The Language of Law and Practice of Politics: Great Powers and the Rhetoric of Self-Determination in the cases
of Kosovo and South Ossetia – Chicago Journal of International Law, gv. 5.
50
sqolio 13 Borgan, Ch., gv. 15.
51
Nussberger, Angelika, The War between Russia and Georgia – consequences and unresolved questions – “Gottingen
Journal of International Law” 1 (2009) 2, gv. 363.
52
Grammatikas, V., sqolio 50.
53
daskvniT nawilSi konferenciam Seajama:
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
,,konferencia SegaxsenebT, rom Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali ar
akanonebs da ar iwonebs aranair qmedebas, romelic gamoiwvevs saxelmwifoTa
teritoriuli mTlianobisa da politikuri erTianobis, Tanasworobisa da xalxTa
TviTgamorkvevis principebis (nawilobriv an mTlianad) xelyofas. gamoyofa ar aris
TviTgamorkvevis uflebis realizaciis gardauvali elementi. is ar unda gascdes
TviTgamorkvevis uflebis farglebs. erovnul, eTnikur, lingvistur da religiur
umciresobebs ar aqvT TviTgamorkvevis ufleba... rac Seexeba xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis
uflebas, gamoyofis uflebis CaTvliT, am mxriv Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso
samarTali sakmaod kategoriulia da aRiarebs yvela xalxis TviTgamorkvevis
uflebas ukve arsebuli saxelmwifos farglebSi da imave teritoriaze mcxovrebi
raodenobrivad mcire sxvadasxva xalxebis mimarT, romlebic amgvari saxelmwifos
mosaxleobis nawilia. amave dros saerTaSoriso samarTali uaryofs am xalxebis
mimarT, romlebic cxovroben demokratiul saxelmwifoSi, calmxrivi gamoyofis
uflebas, mTliani saxelmwifos nebis gauTvaliswineblad”. 54
me ganzrax vaxden dsT-s samarTlis eqspertebis, gansakuTrebiT rusi eqspertebis,
mier Camoyalibebuli debulebebis citirebas, radgan zemoT dasaxelebuli TiToeuli
paragrafi cxadyofs ruseTis xelisuflebis mier samxedro intervenciisa da
saqarTvelos teritoriis 20 procentis okupaciis gasamarTleblad dasaxelebuli
argumentebis usafuZvlobas.
problema, rasac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos winamdebare kvlevis
farglebSi, ukavSirdeba ,,gamoyofas darRvevaTa sapasuxod”. 55
yvela saerTaSoriso samarTlis iuristi efuZneba deklaracias megobruli
urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, zogic aRniSnavs adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb gaeros
msoflio konferenciis mier miRebul venis deklaracias da samoqmedo gegmas.
sakiTxi, romelic ganxilul iqna, exeba im debulebis moqmedebis sferos,
romelic aregulirebs SezRudvebis gareSe gamoyofis uflebis mqone xalxTa wres.
SeTanxmdnen ra, rom es ufleba upirobod ekuTvnis koloniur da damokidebul
xalxebs, saerTaSoriso samarTlis iuristebis midgomebi gansxvavdeba Semdeg
sakiTxze – es dokumentebi zRudaven Tu ara beneficiarTa kategoriebs, an isini
ramdenad axdenen gavlenas saxelmwifoebze antikoloniuri konteqstis miRma.
radgan me uSualod veswrebodi im samuSao jgufis Sexvedras, romelmac
SeimuSava teqsti, rac venis msoflio konferenciis plenarul sxdomaze iqna
,,1.saxelmwifom ar unda mimarTos SeiaraRebul Zalas, Tu TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxi

warmoiSveba imgvarad, rom ar arRvevs konstituciur procedurebs. Tumca, saxelmwifos aqvs
ufleba mimarTos adeqvaturi Zalis gamoyenebas, maT Soris SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
gamoyenebas, Tu TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxis wamoWrisas konstituciuri wyobileba dairRva an
ganxorcielda Zaladoba.
5. Tanasworobis principisa da xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis darRveviT warmoSobili
saxelmwifoebis aRiareba saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtebad ar moxdeba.
6. rodesac mimdinareobs brZola gamoyofisTvis, konfliqtSi mesame saxelmwifoebis mier
SeiaraRebuli Careva dauSvebelia, gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos sanqciis gareSe.
7. saxelmwifos aqvs ufleba, daicvas sakuTari suvereniteti, teritoriuli mTlianoba da
politikuri erTianoba (misi konstituciuri wyobilebisa da saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis
dacvis farglebSi) nebismieri ukanono aqtis winaaRmdeg, rac xorcieldeba TviTgamorkvevis
uflebis realizaciis konteqstSi.
54
Выводы и рекомендации конференции экспертов по правовым вопросам государств-участников СНГ – Право на
самоопределение и отделение в современном международном праве, 12-14 июля, 2000, “Московский журнал
международного права”, N. 4, 2000, gv. 9-21.
55
aRniSnul sakiTxze sxvadasxva doqtrinis midgomaTa ganviTarebis mokle, magram Rrma
analizi, dawyebuli l. s. buCneitiT “Who coined the term remedial secession” mocemulia Semdeg
statiaSi: “Secession in Theory and Practice: the Case of Kosovo and Beyond, “Gottingen Journal of International Law”
2 (2010),2, gv. 545-548.
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
miRebuli, SemiZlia davadasturo, rom 1990-ian wlebidan moyolebuli rac konoliuri
sistema mTlianad gauqmda, diskusiis mTavar sagans warmoadgenda konsensusis miRweva
iseT teqstze, rac dRevandel realobaze iqneboda morgebuli.
konferenciam ganasxvava es sakiTxebi da naTlad Camoayaliba:
,,yvela xalxs aqvs TviTgamorkvevis ufleba. am uflebis safuZvelze maT
SeuZliaT Tavisuflad gansazRvron TavianTi politikuri statusi, da Tavisuflad
ganaxorcielon TavianTi ekonomikuri, socilauri da kulturuli ganviTareba. ” (am
formulirebas vxvdebiT 1966 wlis adamianis uflebaTa orive paqtis erTian pirvel
muxlSi – l. a.)
mxedvelobaSi iReben ra koloniuri an ucxouri okupaciis qveS ucxoelTa
batonobis sxva formebs daqvemdebarebuli xalxebis gansakuTrebul mdgomareobas,
adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb msoflio konferencia aRiarebs xalxTa uflebas,
TavianTi ganusxvisebeli TviTgamorkvevis uflebis realizaciis mizniT
ganaxorcielos nebismieri legitimuri qmedeba, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis
wesdebis Sesabamisad. adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb msoflio konferencia
TviTgamorkvevis uflebis uaryofas ganixilavs adamianis uflebebis darRvevad da
xazs usvams am uflebis efeqturi realizaciis mniSvnelobas. (aq Cven vxvdebiT
TviTgamorkvevis uflebis ufro mtkice da konkretul definicias, vidre aqamde
ganxorcielebula – l. a.)
gaerTianebuli erebis wesdebis Sesabamisad saxelmwifoTa Soris megobruli
urTierTobebisa da TanamSromlobis Taobaze saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis
Sesaxeb deklaraciis Tanaxmad, es ar unda iqnas gagebuli, rogorc nebis darTva an
mowodeba nebismieri iseTi qmedebisaken, rac mTlianad an nawilobriv daanawilebs an
zians moutans teritoriul mTlianobasa an politikur damoukideblobas
suverenuli da damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebisa, romlebic moqmedeben Tanabari
uflebebis principisa da xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis Sesabamisad da amgvarad, hyavT
warmomadgenlobiTi mTavroba yvela im xalxisa, romelic nebismieri saxis
gansxvavebis gareSe ekuTvnis mis teritorias. (aqac, monawileebi Seecadnen
gaefarToebinaT diskriminaciis saxeTa wre, rogorc es 1970 wlis deklaraciis
SemTxvevaSi moxda – ,,nebismieri saxis gansxvavebis gareSe rasis, aRmsareblobis an
feris miuxedavad” – l. a.)
amgvarad, udavoa, rom zemoxsenebuli paragrafi adasturebs ra, rom
TviTgamorkvevis ufleba ar gulisxmobs demokratiuli mSobeli saxelmwifosgan
calmxrivi gamoyofis uflebas, amave dros aRiarebs, rom rodesac danarCeni
mosaxleobisgan eTnikurad gansxvavebuli xalxi daCagrulia da diskriminirebuli,
mas SeuZlia Tavisi eTnikuri identobisTvis brZolaSi mimarTos gamoyofis uflebas,
rogorc ukanasknel saSualebas.
savaraudod gamoxatuli ,,Tavisufali neba” teritoriaze, sadac mosaxleobis

raodenoba Semcirda
sxva sakiTxi ukavSirdeba ruseTis federaciis prezidentis gancxadebas, rom
afxazeTisa da e. w. samxreT oseTis aRiareba ganapiroba ,,iq mcxovrebi xalxebis
Tavisuflad gamoxatulma nebam”.
magram romeli xalxis nebaze SeiZleba visaubroT, rodesac ,,xalxebi”, romlebmac
gamoxates es neba, maT iZulebiT, ganociduri zomebis gamoyenebiT, winaswar
gamoaZeves regionidan sxva, ufro didi eTnikuri sazogadoebis wevrebi, romlebic
cxovrobdnen am regionSi aTasobiT wlebis manZilze. 56
56
ix. aleqsiZe, l. (2001), Unsound Endeavours of the Abkhaz Side to the Conflict in Abkhazia, Georgia to Prove the
Legitimacy of claiming “The Right of Abkhazia to Self-determination, Including Secession from Georgia”
“saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali” (Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti) N1, gv. 58-79.
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
am kuTxiT, mniSvnelovania mokled mimovixiloT afxaz da saxreT os xalxTa
,,nebis” gamoxatvis problema, romlebic amtkiceben, rom saqarTvelosgan gamoyofis
ufleba aqvT. wamoWril sakiTxTa Soris es erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia – ra
igulisxmeba sityvebSi ,,xalxis neba”? afxazeTis SemTxvevaSi, sakmarisia gadavxedoT
arsebul dokumentebs, inter alia gadawyvetilebebs, romelic miRebulia gaeros
uSiSroebis sabWos, euTos samitebis da dsT-s formatSi, raTa Segveqmnas sruli
warmodgena im danaSaulebriv qmedebaTa, masobrivi mkvlelobis, gaupatiurebis da
kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sxva danaSaulebebis Sesaxeb, romelic Caidines
separatistebma afxazeTSi da samxreT oseTSi, afxazeTSi demografiuli struqturis
Secvlis mizniT Semdegi sloganis qveS – ,,afxazeTi qarTvelebis gaerSe”.
pirveli saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelic Tavidanve gamoexmaura afxazeTSi
mimdinare tragikul movlenebs, iyo evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis
organizacia (euTo). ukve 1994 wels budapeStis samitis monawile saxelmwifoebma
gamoxates Rrma SeSfoTeba ,,,eTnikuri wmendis’, xalxis masobrivi gaZevebis,
ZiriTadad qarTvelebis, maTi sacxovrebeli adgilebidan da udanaSaulo samoqalaqo
pirebis didi raodenobiT xocvis”57 mimarT.
Tumca, afxazeTSi separatistebis mier gatarebuli politikis yvelaze sruli,
magram lakoniuri definicia mocemulia lisabonis samitis deklaraciaSi (1996 wlis
3 dekemberi): ,,Cven (euTos wevri saxelmwifoebi – l. a.) vgmobT ,eTnikur wmendas’,
romelmac gamoiwvia masobrivi ganadgureba da ZiriTadad qarTuli mosaxleobis
iZulebiTi gaZeveba afxazeTidan”. 58
1999 wlis noembers stambulSi gamarTul euTos samitze miRebul deklaraciaSi
saxelmwifoebma ,,gaimeores” TavianTi ,,mtkice gadawyvetileba, gacxadebuli
budapeStisa da lisabonis samitis dokumentebSi, rac gmobda ,,eTnikur wmendas”,
romelic aisaxa masobrivi ganadgurebasa da ZiriTadad qarTuli mosaxleobis
iZulebiT gaZevebaSi afxazeTidan, saqarTvelodan, da rac gmobda 1998 wlis maisSi
galSi dabrunebul pirTa mimarT ganxorcielebul Zaladobas”. 59
gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo 1995-2006 wlebSi miRebul yvela rezoluciaSi
,,ixseniebs” euTos budapeStis gadawyvetilebebs da Semdeg lisabonis da stambulis
samitebis daskvnebs, da afxazeTis konfliqtis Sedegad ganxorcielebul
demografiul cvlilebebs miuReblad miiCnevs. 60
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom 2006 wlamde yvela rezolucia Seicavda miTiTebas
lisabonis da stambulis gadawyvetilebebze, magaliTad, rogoricaa 2002 wels
miRebuli rezolucia, romelSic uSiSroebis sabWo ,,ixseniebs” lisabonis (S/1997/57,
danarTi) da stambulis samitis daskvnebs afxazeTSi, saqarTveloSi arsebul
situaciasTan dakavSirebiT.61
2008 wlis 29 maiss, saqarTveloSi ruseTis SemoWramde sul raRac ori TviT
adre, gaeros generalurma asambleam miiRo rezolucia (62/249 ,,afxazeTidan,
saqarTvelodan devnilebis da ltolvilebis statusi”), sadac ,,ixseniebs ra
uSiSroebis sabWos yvela Sesabamis rezolucias, da aRniSnavs ra evropaSi
uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis budapeStis (1994), lisabonis (1996) da
stambulis (1999) samitebis daskvnebs, gansakuTrebiT moxsenebebs afxazeTSi,
saqarTveloSi ,,eTnikuri wmendis” da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis sxva
57
euTos wevri saxemwifoebis mTavrobebisa da saxelmwifo meTaurebis Sexvedra, 1994 wlis 4
da 5 dekemberi, ix. “Towards a Genuine Partnership in a New Era”, UN Doc. A/49/800-S/1994/1435, annex.
Budapest Decisions, Regional Issues, Georgia, paragrafi 2.
58
Lisbon Summit Declaration, 3 December 1996, UN Doc. A/51/76, appendix I, paragrafi 20.
59
OSCE Istanbul Summit Declaration, 19 November, 1999, paragrafi 17, www. osce. org.
60
ix.: United Nations Security Council 1036/1996/12 January 1996; 1065-1996, 12 July 1996.
61
ix.: Resolutions 1427/29 July 2002; 1582/28 June 2005; 1615 (2005); 1656 (2006).
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
seriozuli darRvevebis Sesaxeb, da gmobs afxazeTSi, saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebul
eTnikur wmendas. ”62
2010 wlis 7 seqtembers generalurma asambleam miiRo rezolucia 64/296, romelic
exeba ra orive separatistul regions, uaryofs maT ,,damoukideblobas” da
dokuments moixseniebs saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli wesiT: ,,afxazeTidan, saqarTvelodan da cxinvalis
regionidan/samxreT oseTidan, saqarTvelodan devnilebis da ltolvilebis statusi,
gamoxatavs ra sinanuls eTnikuri wmendis politikis mimarT”.
2008 wlis agvistoSi cxinvalis regionSi qarTvelebis mimarT savaraudod
ganxorcielebul eTnikur wmendas rac Seexeba, Human Rights Watch–ma gamosca
moxsenebebi, sadac aRniSnulia, rom ramdenime qarTuli sofeli srulad iqna
ganadgurebuli. 63 12 agvistos HRW-ma ganacxada:
,,13 agvistos saRamos, rodesac Human Rights Watch mkvlevarebi brundebodnen
cxinvalidan javaSi, maT dainaxes, rom ukve meore dRe iyo, rac ramdenime qarTul
sofelSi saxlebi cecxlSi iyo gaxveuli. aSkara iyo, rom maT cota xnis win
waukides cecxli. samxreT osuri Zalebis erT-erTi kontrdazvervis oficeri
uktkicebma Human Rights Watch–s, rom: ,,Cven gadavwviT es saxlebi. gvinda davrwmundeT,
rom isini [qarTvelebi] ukan veRar dabrundebian, radgan Tu dabrundnen, maSin es isev
qarTuli anklavi gaxdeba da es ar unda moxdes””.
moxseneba pirdapir askvnis: ,,rac Seexeba samxreT osuri Zalebis mier
araregularuli SeiaraRebuli jgufebis doneze ganxorcielebuli eTnikuri wmendis
braldebebs, marTalia, misaim moiZia SemTxvevebi im eTnikuri qarTvelebis iZulebiTi
gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb, romlebic sabrZolo moqmedebebis dawyebis Semdeg darCnen
TavianT saxlebSi. amasTanave, iyo mtkicebulebebi samxreT oseTSi eTnikuri qarTuli
soflebis sistematuri... ganadgurebis Sesaxeb. Sedegad, sxvadasxva elementebis
safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom samxreT oseTSi eTnikuri wmenda namdvilad
iyo eTnikuri qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli praqtika rogorc 2008 wlis
agvistos konfliqtamde, aseve mas Semdeg. ”64
eTnikurma wmendam asaxva hpova evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleis mier
miRebul rezoluciaSi 1647 (2009), romelic moicavs 2008 wlis agvistoSi da Semdgom
saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebs.
saparlamento asambleis rezolucia 1664 (2009) aRniSnavs:
,,samxreT oseTSi is soflebi, romlebic adre qarTuli kontrolis qveS iyo,
miwasTan gaaswores (xazgasma – l. a.), saxlebis mcire raodenobis gamoklebiT.
aSkaraa eTnikuri qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli teritoriis wmendis ganzraxva. ”65
eTnikuri qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Zaladobrivi eTnikuri wmendis
sakmaod Rrma aRwerilobaa mocemulia Human Rights Watch-is erT-erT moxsenebaSi:66
,,UNOSAT veb-gverdze (http://unosat. web. cern. ch/unosat/) xelmisawvdom fotoebs Soris
aris ruka, sadac moniSnulia cxinvalis garSemo ganlagebul eTnikur qarTul
soflebSi satelitidan dafiqsirebuli cecxlis gaxsnis aqtiuri adgilebi. ruka
aCvenebs cecxlis gaxsnis aqtiur adgilebs eTnikur qarTul soflebSi 10, 12, 13, 17, 19
da 22 agvistos, karga xnis Semdeg rac 10 agvistos im teritoriaze aqtiuri
62
UN General Assembly Resolution 62/249.
63
Human Rights Watch – Russia/Georgia: Investigate Civilian Deaths, August 12, 2008, xelmisawvdomia:
<http://www. hrw. org>.
64
Report, v. I, para. 27 (p. 27), v. II, p. 421-428.
65
PACE, Resolution 1664 (2009), adopted on 29 April 2009.
66
Human Rights Watch, Georgia Satellite Images Show Destruction, Ethnic Attacks, xelmisawvdomia: http://hrw.
org/english/docs/2008/08/28/georgia1972_txt. html.
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
sabrZolo moqmedebebi dasrulda. aRniSnul dReebSi Rrublebis naklebobis Sedegad
SesaZlebeli gaxda satelitidan am adgilebis naxva.
UNOSAT-ma aseve gamoaqveyna cxinvalidan CrdiloeTiT cxra kilometrze gaWimuli
eTnikuri qarTuli soflebis anklavis maRali xarisxis satelituri fotoebi, sadac
Cans, rom soflebidan umetesoba ganadgurebulia”.
im braldebebis sapasuxod, rom ziani dadga saqarTvelos mxridan
ganxorcielebuli saartilerio cecxlis gaxsnisa da dabombvis Sedegad, moxseneba
acxadebs:
,,fotoebi aSkarad mianiSnebs, rom soflebSi ganxorcielebuli ganadgurebis
didi nawili, xuT sofelSi – TamaraSeni, kexvi, qvemo aCabeTi (rusulad – Нижный
Ачабети), zemo aCabeTi (rusulad – Верхный Ачабети) da qurTa – gamoiwvia ganzrax
gadawvam. am soflebis maRali xarisxis fotoebi ar mianiSnebs Semomavali
saartilerio dabombvis an saraketo cecxlis gaxsnis, an sahaero dabombvis Sedegad
gaCenil aranair kvalze. ganadgurebuli saxlebis umetesobis Robeebis Sida da gare
kedlebi gadarCenilia, magram xiT naSeni saxuravebi Cangreulia, rac mianiSnebs, rom
Senobebi gadawves. mxolod TamarSenTan ZiriTadi gzis gaswvriv aris SesamCnevi
ramdenime saxli Camongreuli gare kedliT, rac SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos tankis
mier cecxlis gaxsnis Sedegad. ”67
natos saparmaneto asambelis 382-e rezoluciaSi weria
,,5. Rrmad SeSfoTebuli afzaxeTis da samxreT oseTis saqarTvelos okupirebul
teritoriebze arsebuli humanitaruli situaciiT, aseve ori regionidan
gadaadgilebuli qarTuli mosaxleobis mimarT dabrunebis uflebis mudmivi
uaryofiT...
14. mouwodebs ruseTis federaciis parlaments da mTavrobas, aseve afxazeTis,
saqarTvelos da samxreT oseTis, saqarTvelos de facto xelisuflebas:
a. aRmofxvras Sedegebi imisa, rac saqarTveloSi konfliqtTan dakavSirebiT
faqtebis damdgeni saerTaSoriso damoukidebeli misiis da sxva saerTaSoriso
dokumentebis mier aRweril iqna, rogorc eTnikuri wmenda, da neba mieces yvela
devnils usafrTxod da Rirseulad dabrundes TavianT saxlebSi. ”68
amrigad, afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi mcxovreb ,,xalxebs” ar aqvT aranairi
ufleba, miiRon gadawyvetileba regionebis statusis Sesaxeb, sanam yvela gaZevebuli
piri ar daubrundeba Tavis saxls.
hqonda Tu ara kosovos SemTxvevas uaryofiTi zegavlena saerTaSoriso

samarTlis progresul ganviTarebaze?
erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxi, rac mecnierebisa da politikosebis ganxilvis
sagania saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli mTlianobis principis momavalTan dakavSirebiT
gulisxmobs – kosovos SemTxvevam mniSvneloba xom ar daukarga mas gare
TviTgamorkvevis sasargeblod?
kristofer borgani marTebulad aRniSnavs: ,,saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba
gansakuTrebiT skeptikuria gamoyofis mimarT da man ukve Camoayaliba samarTlebrivi
reJimi, romelic mxars ar uWers gamoyofas. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifoTa
mniSvnelovani raodenobis arsebobisas SeiZleba moxdes kosovos msgavsi secesiuri
elementis aRiareba. magram es warmoadgens gamonakliss (xazgasma – l. a.)
saerTaSoriso politikaSi. ”69
realurad saxelmwifoTa msoflio Tanamegobrobidan, nikaraguis garda, aravin ar
aRiara afxazeTi da samxreT oseTi damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad. mogvianebiT kidev
67
Ibid.
68
NATO Parliamentary Assembly Resolution 382 on the Situation in Georgia, adopted on 26 November, 2010.
69
Borgan, Ch., Language of Law, gv. 15, ix. sqolio 13.
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
erTi saxelmwifo daiyolies gaekeTebina igive – es aRmoCnda nauru – gaeros yvelaze
patara wevri saxelmwifo.
rac Seexeba msoflio Tanamegobrobas, mTlianobaSi aRebuls, misi
damokidebuleba naTelia – dRemde (2011 wlis maisi) damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa
Tanamegobrobis monawile saxelmwifoebic ki gamoxatavdnen mtkice mxardaWeras
teritoriuli mTlianobis principisa da saqarTvelos suverenitetis mimarT.
niSandoblivia, rom im saxelmwifoebma, romelmac aRiara kosovos
damoukidebloba, mas Semdeg avlenen ufro mtkice mxardaWeras saqarTvelos
teritoriuli mTlianobisa da suverenitetis mimarT da mudmivad gmoben da uaryofen
ruseTis mier afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis okupaciasa da maTi damoukideblobis
aRiarebas, da mouwodeben ruseTs gaauqmos am separatistuli regionebis
damoukideblobis aRiareba.
saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba da gansakuTrebiT evro-atlantikuri
saxelmwifoebi mudmivad adastureben saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas
evrokavSiris, evropis sabWos, euTos da natos mmarTveli organoebis mier miRebul
dokumentebSi.
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos ramdenime maTgani.
rusuli jarebis mier afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis okupaciis da maTi
damoukideblobis aRiarebis dasawyisSive, evropis sabWos saparlamento asamblea:
,,mouwodebs yvela wevr saxelwmifos da organizaciaSi damkvirveblis statusis
mqone saxelmwifoebs, rom:
24. 1 ar aRiaros samxreT oseTis da afxazeTis damoukidebloba...
24. 4 mtkiced dagmos rusuli Zalebis da samxreT oseTis de facto xelisuflebis
efeqtur kontrols daqvemdebarebul teritoriaze ganxorcielebuli eTnikuri
wmenda. ”70
2009 wlis ianvarSi asambleam kidev erTxel:
,,4. dagmo ruseTis mier samxreT oseTis da afxazeTis damoukideblobis aRareba
da miiCnia es saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da evropis sabWos damfuZnebeli principebis
darRvevad. asamblea kidev erTxel adasturebs Tavis erTgulebas saqarTvelos
teritoriuli mTlianobisa da suverenitetis mimarT da ruseTs kidev erTxel
mouwodebs, gaauqmos samxreT oseTis da afxazeTis damoukideblobis aRiareba da
srulad sces pativi saqarTvelos suverenitetsa da teritoriul mTlianobas iseve,
rogorc misi sazRvrebis urRveobas.
9. 3 mouwodebs ruseTs srulad da upirobod ganaxorcielos saparlamento
asambleis 1633 (2008) rezoluciis yvela moTxovna, maT Soris gaauqmos saqarTvelos
ori separatistuli regionis damoukideblobis aRiareba, da ... [6] kidev erTxel
adasturebs Tavis srul mxardaWeras saqarTvelos suverenitetis da teritoriuli
mTlianobis mimarT iseve, rogorc misi sazRvrebis urRveobis mimarT... ”71
angelika nussbergeri rodesac komentars akeTebs am rezoluciis me-4 paragrafze,
aRniSnavs: ,,amgvaria evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleis rezoluciis teqsti,
saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris 2008 wlis 7 da 8 agvistos Soris RamiT dawyebuli
xuTdRiani omidan naxevari wlis Semdeg. gzavnili naTelia da calsaxa, sxvadasxva
poziciebs Soris gansakuTrebuli diplomatiuri balansis dacvis gareSec. masSi
gamoyenebuli mkacri toni sakmaod uCveuloa iseTi saerTaSoriso politikuri
organosTvis, rogoric saparlamento asambleaa. Sesabamisad, mas uWiravs
mniSvnelovani adgili afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis separatistuli regionebis
samarTlebriv statusTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris mimdinare
70
Resolution of PACE 1633 (2008) adopted October 2, 2008.
71
Resolution 1647 (2009) adopted on 28 January 2009, para. 4, 6, 9. 3.
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
omSi da ruseTisgan, rogorc wevri saxelmwifosgan, elis am mkacri rezoluciisadmi
daqvemdebarebas. ”72
2010 wlis 16 noembers natos saparlamento asambleam ganacxada:
11. ganamtkicebs ra erTgulebas saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da
suverenitetis mimarT, rogorc gacxadebulia saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos araerT rezoluciaSi;
12. mouwidebs Crdilo-atlantikuri aliansis wevr mTavrobebsa da parlamentebs,
ganamtkicon natos Ria karis politika, buqarestis samitis deklaracia, rom
saqarTvelo gaxdeba natos wevri. 73
2011 wlis agvistoSi afxazeTSi Catarebuli e. w. arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT
evrokavSiris umaRlesi warmomadgenlis, k. aStronis spikerma gamoaqveyna gancxadeba
,,saqarTveloSi afxazeTis separatistul regionSi Catarebul arCevnebTan
dakavSirebiT”.
2011 wlis aprilSi natos ministrebma kidev erTxel daadastures TavianTi mtkice
mxardaWera saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da suverenitetis mimarT
saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebul sazRvrebSi. maT aseve ganamtkices lisabonis
samitze aRiarebuli politika samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis regionebis
araRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT, ufro konkretulad ki gadawyvetileba, ganagrZon
mouwodon ruseTs, gaauqmos samxreT oseTis da afxazeTis saqarTvelos regionebis
damoukidebel saxelwifoebad aRiareba. 74
saqarTvelos separatistul regionSi, afxazeTSi, soxumidan dResdReobiT
miRebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, aleqsandre ankvabi airCies axal prezdentad, es
imis fonze, rom evrokavSiri ar cnobs im konstituciur da samarTlebriv CarCos,
romlis farglebSic es arCevnebi Catarda.
evrokavSiri kidev erTxel gamoxatavs Tavis mxardaWeras saqarTvelos
teritoriuli mTlianobisa da suverenitetis mimarT, rac aRiarebulia saerTaSoriso
samarTliT. 75
msgavsi gancxadeba gaakeTa natos generalurma mdivanma afxazeTSi, saqarTveloSi
Catarebul arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT. ,,amgvari arCevnebis Catareba xels ar uwyobs
saqarTveloSi situaciis mSvidobian da saboloo mogvarebas. aliansi kidev erTxel
gamoxatavs Tavis srul mxardaWeras saqarTvelos suverenitetisa da teritoriuli
mTlianobis mimarT, saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebul sazRvrebSi. ”76
saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli mTlianobis principis mniSvnelobis da am kuTxiT,
gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos mimarT, saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis da
gansakuTrebiT evrokavSiris Tanamedrove midgomis yvelaze srulyofil
gamoxatulebas vxvdebiT evropuli parlamentis mier 2011 wlis 17 noembers miRebul
rezoluciaSi N2011/2133 (INI):
,,(d) gaaZlieros evrokavSiris mxardaWera saqarTvelos suverenitetisa da
teritoriuli mTlianobis mimarT da, rogorc ki daideba, uzrunvelyos SeTanxmebis
gamoyeneba saqarTvelos mTels teritoriaze; am mxriv, gagrZeldes aqtiuri
CarTuloba konfliqtis gadawyvetaSi, inter alia EUMM-is meSveobiT, romlis mandati
cota xnis win isev gagrZelda 2012 wlis 15 seqtembramde;
72
Nussberger, A., op. cit., gv. 343.
73
xelmisawvdomia: http://www. nato-pa. int/default.
asp?CAT2=2185&CATO=576&SHORTCUT=2245&SEARCHWORDS=resolution,georgia.
74
Joint Statement at the Meeting of the NATO-Georgia Commission at the level of Foreign Ministers in Berlin, Germany –
April 15 2011.
75
Brussels, 27 August 2011, A/334/11.
76
nato ar cnobs saqarTvelos regionSi, afxazeTi, 26 agvistos Catarebul arCevnebs.
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
(g) aRiaros afxazeTis da cxinvalis regionis/samxreT oseTis saqarTvelos
regionebi okupirebul teritoriebad;
(h) gaaZlieros molaparakebebi ruseTis federaciasTan, raTa uzrunvelyos, rom is
upirobod asrulebs 2008 wlis 12 agvistos ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris cecxlis
Sewyvetis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis yvela debulebas, gansakuTrebiT im debulebas,
romelic acxadebs, rom ruseTma unda uzrunvelyos EUMM–is sruli SeuzRudavi
Sesvla afxazeTis da cxinvalis regionis/samxreT oseTis okupirebul teritoriebze;
xazs usvams imis saWiroebas, rom saqarTvelos zemoxsenebul regionebSi moxdes
stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa;
(i) mouwodebs ruseTs, gaauqmos afxazeTis da cxinvalis regionis/samxreT oseTis
saqarTvelos regionebis gamoyofis aRiareba, bolo mouRos saqarTvelos am
teritoriebis okupacias da srulad sces pativi saqarTvelos suverenitetsa da
teritoriul mTlianobas iseve, rogorc saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebuli misi
sazRvrebis urRveobas, rac Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTals, gaeros wesdebas,
evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb helsinkis daskvniT aqts da
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis uSiSroebis sabWos Sesbamis rezoluciebs. ”
daskvna
kosovos mier damoukideblobis gamocxadebasTan dakavSirebiT warmoSobili
azrTa sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, es SemTxveva ar gaxda sayovelTaod aRiarebuli
precedenti, rac Zirs uTxris saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli mTlianobis
ganusxviseblobas. sapirispirod, saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobam
saqarTvelosTan urTierTobaSi gamoamJRavna mtkice mxardaWera gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis erT-erTi am mTavari sayrdeni cnebis mimarT.
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam kidev erTxel daadastura, rom erovnul
umciresobebs saerTaSoriso samarTalSi ar aqvT samarTlebrivi safuZveli mieniWoT
gare TviTgamorkvevis ufleba – es aris ufleba gamoeyo mSobel saxelmwifos.
,,gamoyofa darRvevaTa sapasuxod” aris eqskluziuri ufleba, romlis gamoyeneba
SeiZleba mxolod kargad gansazRvrul SemTxevebSi, rodesac SeuZlebeli xdeba
umciresobebis eTnikuri identurobis dacva. nebismieri humanitaruli intervencia,
romelic xorcieldeba erT-erTi saxelmwifos mxridan, dauSvebelia. daCagruli
xalxisadmi daxmareba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod saxelmwifoTa mxridan
miRebuli koleqtiuri zomebis Sedegad da, upirveles yovlisa, gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis uSiSroebis sabWos nebarTviT. dauSvebelia separatistuli
regionebis de facto separatistuli reJimebis aRiareba, rac sabolood iwvevs
demokratiuli saxelmwifos, mis separatistuli regionebis CaTvliT, okupacias.
me vfiqrob, Cemi naSromi unda davamTavro situaciis politikuri SefasebiT.
miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba (nato,
evrokavSiri, evropis sabWo) moiTxovs ruseTis federaciisgan saqarTvelos
separatistuli regionebis e. w. damoukideblobis aRiarebis gauqmebas, situacia
mxolod uaresdeba. ruseTis federaciis ukanono damokidebuleba saqarTvelis
teritoriuli mTlianobis mimarT kvlav grZeldeba: is vlindeba aRniSnul
regionebSi ruseTis samxedro yofnis gaZlierebiT, rac ,,gamarTlebulia”
,,damoukidebel saxelmwifoebTan” ,,dadebuli” ,,SeTanxmebebiT”, da rac aseve vlindeba
am teritoriaze nebismieri saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis an misi damkvirveblebis
arSeSvebiT, sanam isini ar aRiareben regionebis damoukideblobas.
ruseTis prezidentis v. medvedevis bolo gancxadebebi mowmobs, rom moskovi ar
apirebs gaiTvaliswinos msoflio Tanamegobrobis damokidebuleba mimarTuli
saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da suverenitetis gaZlierebisaken; piriqiT,
amgvari gancxadebebiT man daiviwya mis mier gacemuli garantiebi, rac gulisxmobda
,,osebis mimarT genocidis qarTuli politikis SeCerebas” da aSkarad gamoavlina
amonaridi:
gv.680-714
ruseTis agresiis realuri mizani, srulad moaxdinos saqarTvelos izolireba
natosgan. 2011 wlis 21 noembers 58-e armiis oficrebTan Sexvedrisas, romlebic
SemoiWrnen saqarTveloSi 2008 wlis agvistos, medvedevma aRniSna, rom am SeWris
Sedegad (rac warmoadgenda ,,saqarTvelosTvis mSvidobis motanis operacias”)
regionSi arsebuli geopolitikuri viTareba ruseTis sasikeTod Seicvala. ,,me
SemiZlia vTqva, rom 2008 wels ukan rom dagvexia, exla geopolitikuri viTareba
sxvagvari iqneboda. da mTeli rigi saxelmwifoebisa (ramdenime saxelmwifo – l. a.),
romlebic cdilobdnen natoSi xelovnulad Sesvlas, savaraudod, exla iq
iqnebodnen. ras niSnavs es? Cven ar varT winaaRmdegi, rom viRac sadRac
daregistrirdes, magram es mxolod erT rames niSnavs: rom CvenTan aris ara mxolod
mezobeli saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, aramed samxedro organizacia, romelic
aSkara mizezebis gamo gviqmnis uxerxulobas. ”77
ramden xans moiTmens saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba amgvar cinikur midgomas
Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi wesrigis fundamenturi debulebebis
mimarT? am mxriv, moxseneba aRniSnavs: ,,aris saWiroeba, rom ufro drouli da ufro
gansazRvruli zomebi iqnas miRebuli warmoqmnili krizisuli situaciebis
samarTavad, da rom agvar situaciebSi saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis, gansakuTrebiT
gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos, iseve rogorc sxva mniSvnelovani regionaluri da
araregionaluri aqtorebis, mxridan ufro mdgradi CarTuloba aris saWiro. ”78
77
xelmisawvdomia: http://kremlin. ru/news/13605.
78
Report, v. I, p. 3, 34, para. 2-3.
amonaridi:
ლევან ალექსიძე, საერთაშორისო სამართალი და საქართველო - ანტიკური ხანიდან
დღემდე - ტ.I. (რედაქტორი ქეთევან ხუციშვილი) თბილისის სახელმწიფო
უნივერსიტეტი, 2012წ.
gv.680-714

Kosovo

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akademikosi levan aleqsiZe

daaknina Tu ara `kosovos precedentma~ saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso

civi omis dasrulebis Semdgom ruseTis intervencia saqarTvelos teritoriaze

wlis 30 seqtembers komisiam warudgina damfuZnebel organos Tavisi moxseneba (SemdgomSi

aq unda gakeTdes erTi SeniSvna: kosovos sakiTxis garSemo arsebobs uamravi

Caidina saqarTvelom genocidis danaSauli?

erT erTi sakiTxi ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos ganzraxvas gaeJlita afxazi da osi

sakuTar gancxadebaSi saqarTvelos konfliqturi regionebis damoukideblobis

afxazebisa da osebis “diskriminaciis” ucnauri suraTi

SevxedoT afxazeTsa da e. w. samxreT oseTSi konfliqtamde arsebul saqarTvelos

pirvel rigSi unda vnaxoT oseTis humanitarul mencierebaTa patriarqis

aSkaraa rom 1990-1992 wlebis konfliqtamde arc osebs da arc afxazebs ar

xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebis zogierTi aspeqti

,,1.saxelmwifom ar unda mimarTos SeiaraRebul Zalas, Tu TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxi

savaraudod gamoxatuli ,,Tavisufali neba” teritoriaze, sadac mosaxleobis

hqonda Tu ara kosovos SemTxvevas uaryofiTi zegavlena saerTaSoriso

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