ee | eS i if plate, anierometer serew which is connected withthe reflector i xi ini As the reflector plates moves, the artode current varies from maximum to Mm and vice-versa, The distance measured in micrometer s: rminima is equal to the half of the wavelength of ult . By noting initial and final readings in micrometer corresp maxima, the wavelength is determined. By knowing the frequency of generator V an velocity of sound in the liquid can be determined. : 10.The compressibility of the liquid can be calculated using the velocity of sound and the density of the liquid. 2 crew corresponding (0 successive maxima or rrasonic Waves. onding to n number of { measuring the wavelength, the 2 Observations: Difference between two consecutive Sr. | Micrometer reading corresponding to maxima/minima(W/2) No. maxima/minima (in m0) La | oxo. = 0-29 0.29 2 | 05 +16 x00} [ 0-34 : z | V2. —4. 1 +44 x 0.0! "0-10 S| 5 +agXool = |.9¢ —o.44 € 2 + 26x0-01 = 2.26 0-38, [aT 25+ nx aos a6 [0-28 ___—_ 2.5 $449x0-012 2.94 0.38 ong d= 0.294 0.394 0124 0404+ 0-444 60.38 +035 +039 oo 4 = 0-40 mmSample; Waly, Frequency of the ultrasonic interferometer: f= 2 MHz. ar ne Average o differences beeen consecutive maximalinima (¥/2),_0:40- velocity of sound in the liquid: v=2xf=_1¢00™/s Density ofthe liquid p=_Joon Ka fm? Compressibility of the liquid 8 =_L_= ud bedi maya Ber I POL Ua ayy mn 40 x2 = 080mm V= ago x10? x2 106 0.80 x 2 x 193 So 3 eX 2X0 Je x10 }600 mJs wy pagael : fox Cle xr)* =o = 0.0084) x107 sé we anxwl? Teacher’s Signature: 8SLLONS-ANSW. | | | fo vatat fibre optic system? ‘ : | ~» Fiber eplic cable ot eee haw conumuatcaton, PTE hat ethieleness Of few i | TE uh made up of glavs 0 plastic. ; | > Bt jas Song immunity to electrortdlic | uinlonfuonce 2. What is Kevlar? oe 7 TE ls the pisat proleding Aayer 7 Te 4B surrounded by paburetine jaye 7 hayer made up 8 yam Type matertal > Des ako brown os te Thengtr vumbs, 3. Explain in brief the working principle of fibre optic ca’sle and important conditions to be satisfied for it. ae aliedbs COAL clad 1. 4. What are the main components of a fibre optic cable? ~The ot F main dompanils af sore optic cable They ait | Lom yladddag nlp. Jacket Kowlor and pelywrrthene facket.aperture and aeceptanee angle oF 8 fibre optic cable? 5. What do you mean by Numerical > Numuteal apedune : Lyle getioning 6. (On what factors, numerical aperture of a fibre optic cable depends? . on theConclusion: current bvrectty tn arte at treshold cunt SF iv0, | rorwara mias rorwara Curren a Voltage Vr in Volts | in mA | ot oO 2 Od oO 8 0°38 0.125 4 oy 0.250 5 05 0-400 6 Oe |.00 4 0.7 14.5 crue sudolen 14.6 mk veltags value OnFV oct forwore Teacher’s Signature: 28 uA— ee QUES HIUNDS-ANS WES ; 1, What are p-type and n-type semiconductors? . Th a patype sont conductor the hole alonscty ols wu Thon due eithen dunsthy- > Tha nAype Semfconductor an tutus Cmbrondluster doped ubel phosphorous 2, What is a p-n junction diode? . = A pn junthion diode allows eleelnic. ehorges | Lo flow in one olieetion but net un the appndite direction. | | 3. What do you mean by forward bias and reverse bias condition ofa diode? foword boa fran > Deployer 7 Dept Sayer tick) at Se4. What is depletion layer? ‘on un 0 pr {undlien ~ Ayr vd a Maven Aspletc no male vars OAL poset 5. ci do you mean by Threshold voltage? i: fo! 2 ndninem qouverd waltage aeyined. a. diode to conduct 3 called anrehald wattage. “fortold Voltage Lu cthe abane whlel omit 6. What are the applications on p-n junction diode? (8) solar ett Oe: Gi) wlan ebtadle fs gourd bas dt can be uatd dn Le (ir) ausltyten os a weltage coithoues excelsA) Reverse Bins, SrNo. | Reverse Bias Reverse Current In in Voltage Vp in Volts | mA ) | | 0 = 2 2 0 3 3 0 i ; 4 4 ° } 5 5 oO ' 6 4 oO # + 0 { i g B.2 lomA ) ! Conclusion: > Thaubald woltage Us 8-2V Teacher’s Signature: 4| 3 | QUESTIONS-ANSWERS 1, What is a zener diode? 7 tu diode ot " pen function henuly eloped i How does a ener diode differ from a p-n junction diode? ) pot nfuncLion olfode i) tenet olinde => i) sf tpn 8) a tgaly aged nw p n ee for, ue sian te pon funtlion disde ue isla eae 3. What is breakdown voltage? a wr the corn cbtstics of insulator Fae wale niin vettage Loel oct whele on dnsulaTor bauwing as conduttor and covducls Lethietty iy puown ay ee BE " Breakdown valiege 4, What is the relation between depletion layer and concentration of impurities? The wlidtte daplition, Augton depends er ea concyiliotion.3. What are the applications of zener diode? > wobage ae Sage suppHHts 3 hw swdtthiing applications and obipreé ots cuit. 36© RED _ LED: Cutin voltages, lov Sr No. Voltage (V) Current (mA) : 0.5 0 ; Lo 0 a 1S oO ‘ 2-0 lo S| 6 7 8 GREEN LED: Cutin voltage= 825 V Sr'No. Voltage (V) Current (mA) . 0.5 oO : t-0 Oo ; 15 ° i 2-0 oO a 26 ‘9-00 : 2.60 2.25 7 40 ai| Conclusion: choradirtities a4 a LED & shulled and Teacher’s Signature: a |QUESTIONS-ANSWERS, : 1. What is the working principle of LED? Also draw its symbol. > LED works an the Cledtiobunines conce > sypbel be LED symbol 2, How does LED differ from a photodiode? Z i > dn LED commerts eleebilcal emungy to Light — & pluotsdfade converts AUG Xo dachiical ene, 3. What are the materials used in the manufacturing of LED? > DSH Sewheouduclen LTa, bats, baP and Mal. wostty opin LEO qelitum arsenide , 4. What is biasing condition of an LED? 7 LED operates unoler fouard bey 2SSO EE $$$ 5. What are the benefits of LED over conventional Nighting? — LEDS are up to 40"), Uk Powers than Un rear olescevet bothly . 6. What are applications of an LED? > Applreation 04 LED ) PPateirs phones amd dligekal worches ond consume | 8) bvtatcon, ai and caloulator 4) Rigital comp wiles ©) Protpic styl and laos oe 6) micro processors and wuld plerirs 43 || Observation Table: ——T iP Voltages 4 TP Voltages \ Voltage | Current Light Se} Voltage | Current ] Light No. | (¥) (mA) | Intensity | (Y) (mA) | Intensity 1 4 92 Dark 6 33 Dark 2 3 40 Medium | 4 60 | Medium 3 o go Full Oo {00 Full chatagtristics of protodiods ca studied © plotted Teacher’s Signature: 47A. What is the working principle of a photodiode? Also state its symbol, | ® o un he ~ a Us subsetled to photons : | | eee nee om a Sig oih, affect the yeni o EHP | ¥ > Symbols ue | 2. On what factors output of a photodiode depend? — Tet depencls on twicltte 6 aleplutfon. tyes. and also on th Gutewily af Sige. cca, 3. Why does a photodiode work in reverse bias? ustdtle ls Aayeh Increase as composed to found bared and @ Small Aone uvrrenct flows thiough the didele,’ y ' , ) ' | 4. What is the difference between photodiode und solar cell? | — + phatediade connects Laut ito mPa by gentraling 2 ounce whin photons Wt A) Swijace. i oA Salen ell qennally an elecbuc ore | ot utith wo need for diuetty spom suuligit | OM tyTonal Sevier Of pow, 5. What will happen when a photodiode is forward biased by mistake? > Tn patttutar placing a photediede we Altrse bias ar Small fourord courts the autput corud to be a Lmoar function of vincpuct: Lit fron sty 6. What are the applications of photodiode? — phatedtodas aie und “un sapsty declronics dud as fire and smoke detectrs. Te ted An numerous medical applitotion 3 Te used Dn solar eoll panels.eens 2 Carateristes of sonar cen Photovoltaic (PV) / Solar cells can be modeled as a current source in parallel with a diode. When there is no light present to generate any current, the PV cell behaves like a divde, As the intensity of incident light increases, current is generated by the PV cell, Procedure: . Connect the voltmeter and ammeter as shown in the circuit 2. Apply different intensity of light on the solar cell 3. Measure the voltage across the solar cell and current passed through the circuit and take readings Observation Table: [ SrNo. Voltage (V) Current (mA) Light Intensity | 1 Ou 2 ce 2 0.3 5 Medium 3 4. 4 45 High 52CIRCUTT DIAGRAM omioatet II Procedure: 1) Make the connections as shown in figure. 2) Insert the thermometer in the hole provided with oven. 3) Now put the power supply ON/OFF switch to “ON” positi glowing. 4) Put the ‘OVEN’ switch to “ON” positon and allow the temperature to inerease 5) As soon as the temperature reaches 70 °C, switch off the oven. 6) Take the readings during the fll of temperature from70 °C in step of 5 8C up to room temperatuire. ee 7) Tabulate your readin ss in the form as shown in the observation table 8) Plot the graph betwe.n In Tvs 10°/ TK, the nature of graph is straight line. 9) Find the slop and calculate band gap with the formela shown below. ion and see that the jewel light is p t0 70°C, Observation table: SrNo.| Temp-T(°C) | TEMP T 9 (C4273) 10/T Reverse (I) itr Log (D current in uA a 65 33g |Qaqee| ta | 18h 2 60 333 3003 | 502 | |.40 3 55 328 3.0427 | 525 | |42 ! 50 323 3-095 | oe) | 144 A 45 3Ig 344 | 128 |. 404 ‘ 40 313 3+194 | 06-4 | 0.806 sa“2803 leaipTc = Ln ~ 68. Lo) WORKSHEET -€. Is eve afeer Sdn tg = Un — £3, ker KeT 1, bogie dnd — Es 2-303 2-303 <: beg pls =e - 602418 Ey - dee Crm (hots) =— 5,034 £4. \ovo/y (& 2 Bb) X 10 ek)$2O.2em 1, +2005 om oe ce €9/akeT g = c.e al anger Nuke dnc + Ey ae 696 = lnc 2-303 Bg. rea kgT = dnc + asi i és 2.303 G3 (4ls) = 2 Jn 2 Cbed'h)-rossection Factor) = F945 S= 2s Vv aa Gty(e) $= 0.04539~~~ ewe wwe Current (I) = $ mA | Distance between probes (02m TWickness of erystal (9) © 0.08 em St] Temp: Tee) No. — 1 TEMPT"(°C+273) | Voltage (mv) 1077 S= 0.0453xV (Us) RLU Me