BUS BOOKING SYSTEM

Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE
Submitted by
Name: Reg. No:
R.GOWSALYA B7S20912
M.PON DEEPIKA B7S20935
Under the Guidance of
Ms.V.KALAISELVI,M.SC.,B.Ed.,Mphil.,SET.
Department of Computer Science

Mangayarkarasi College of Arts & Science for Women

(Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University)
Re Accredited with ‘B’ Grade by NAAC
ISO 9001: 2015 Certified Institution
Paravai, Madurai.
April-2020

DECLARATION
 I hereby declare that the project work entitled “BUS BOOKING
SYSTEM”to the Department of Computer Science, “Mangayarkarasi College of
Arts & Science for Women, Paravai, Madurai.” for the partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Computer
Science. I declare that this Project or any part thereof has not been submitted for
getting any degree or diploma from any University or College.

Place: Madurai Signature of the Student:

Date: (R.GOWSALYA)

(M.PON DEEPIKA)
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project work entitled “BUS BOOKING
SYSTEM” is a bonafide record of the project done by R.GOWSALYA
(REGNO: B7S20912) & M.PONDEEPIKA (REGNO: B6S20935) submitted in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of the Bachelor
of Science in Computer Science of Madurai Kamaraj University during the period
December 2019-April 2020.

Submitted for viva voce Examination Held On ______________

INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT PRINCIPAL

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“A Little Encouragement Can Spark a great endeavor”

Behind every successful achievement lies great contribution by some great

people. To then although more of gratitude is insufficient for their unlimited
contribution. I take this opportunity to reveal my thank all of them who supported
me in completing this project work.

I take this privilege in thanking my beloved principal Dr.S.RAJESWARI,

M.Sc., M.A., M.Ed., P.G.D.S.A.,Ph.D. for helping me to do this project.

I express my sincere thanks to the Mrs.G.MIDHU BALA, MCA., M.Phil.,

B.Ed.,(Ph.D)., Head, Department of Computer Sciencefor her valuable suggestion
and guidance that the rendered throughout the project.

I particular, we are very much thankful to our Project Guide Ms

V.KALAISELVI,M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,SETfor her involvement and lead our
project to make successful. Finally we thank one and all, who were involved in the
project.
 I render my special thanks to my parents for encouraging me while doing
this project and also for satisfying the financial requirement of this project.

Above all I thank the almighty for giving me peace of mind, physical and
mental strength throughout this duration, which helped me in finishing of the
project successfully.
 CONTENT
S.NO CONTEXT PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 SYNOPSIS 2
2. SYSTEM SPECIFICATION 3
2.1 HARDWARE SPECIFICATION 4
2.2 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION 5
3. DOMAIN AND SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION 6
3.1 DOMAIN SPECIFICATION 7
3.2 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION 8
4. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND STUDY 9
4.1 EXISTING SYSTEM 9
4.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM 9
4.3 FEASIBILITY STUDY 9
5 SYSTEM DESIGN 9
5.1 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM 9
5.2 USE CASE DIAGRAM 9
5.3 DATABASE DESIGN 9
6. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 9
6.1 MODULES 9
6.2 MODULE DESCRIPTION 9
7. SYSTEM TESTING AND IMPLEMENTATION 9
7.1 UNIT TESTING 9
7.2 INTEGRATION TESTING 9
7.3 VALIDATION TESTING 9
7.4 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION 9
8. CONCLUSION 9
9. FUTURE ENHANCEMENT 9
10. APPENDIX 9
10.1 SCREEN SHOTS 9
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY 9
INTRODUCTION

1
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 SYNOPICS

Bus Booking System project is developed using PHP, CSS and JavaScript. Talking about the project, it
has all the essential features required for the bus bookings. This project contains only the admin and customer’s
side where he/she can manage customers, buses, routes, seats, bookings and much more. The Admin plays the
main role in the Maintenance of the system. In this project, all the main functions are performed from the
Admin side. Admin has full control of the system, all the main functions are to be performed from Admin panel.
Here, the user can view customers and add them. Customer’s information such as ID, Full name, phone number
and Id number is included in this section. For bus bookings, he/she has to provide Id number, full name, phone
number, select bus, seat number, date, and select whether the customer carries luggage or not. Buses and Seats
are also added using the system. The user has to provide the bus number only in order to add bus. While adding
seats the user just have to provide seat name. After all these, the customer has to check for bus availability
which is also maintained by the admin. To maintain bus availability, he/she has to select bus, route, date,
departure time and maintain status. Another feature of Bus booking system is Routes details. To add a route
detail he/she has to route name with time and amount. The admin can view summary reports such as availability
reports, routes, status, booking reports, customers, and seat report. Just like the admin dashboard, the customer
login also has same responsive dashboard as of admin. The difference is that customer cannot use full system. A
customer can make bookings, check buses, routes, seats, and availabilities. .

2
SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

3
 2. SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

2.1. HARDWARE SPECIFICATION

 Processor : Core i3 (or) i5

 RAM : DDR 3 (4 GB)

 Hard Disk : SATA (500 GB)

 Monitor : LED 15’ Flat

 Mouse : Optical Mouse

 Keyboard : Multimedia Keyboard

2.2. SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION

 Operating system : Windows 7 / 8 /10

 Web Designing : HTML, CSS

 Client Script : JavaScript

 Server Script : PHP

 Back End : My SQL

 Web Server : Apache

 Environment : XAMPP Server

4
DOMAIN AND SOFTWARE
SPECIFICATION

5
 3. DOMAINAND SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION

3.1 DOMAIN SPECIFICATION

Data mining is an interdisciplinary subfield of computer science. It is the computational process of discovering
patterns in large data sets ("big data") involving methods at the intersection of artificial intelligence, machine
learning, statistics, and database systems. The overall goal of the data mining process is to extract information
from a data set and transform it into an understandable structure for further use. Aside from the raw analysis
step, it involves database and data management aspects, data pre-processing, model and inference
considerations, interestingness metrics, complexity considerations, post-processing of discovered structures,
visualization, and online updating. Data mining is the analysis step of the "knowledge discovery in databases"
process, or KDD.

The actual data mining task is the automatic or semi-automatic analysis of large quantities of data to
extract previously unknown, interesting patterns such as groups of data records (cluster analysis), unusual
records (anomaly detection), and dependencies (association rule mining). This usually involves using database
techniques such as spatial indices. These patterns can then be seen as a kind of summary of the input data, and
may be used in further analysis or, for example, in machine learning and predictive analytics. For example, the
data mining step might identify multiple groups in the data, which can then be used to obtain more accurate
prediction results by a decision support system. Neither the data collection, data preparation, nor result
interpretation and reporting is part of the data mining step, but do belong to the overall KDD process as
additional steps.

The related terms data dredging, data fishing, and data snooping refer to the use of data mining methods
to sample parts of a larger population data set that are (or may be) too small for reliable statistical inferences to
be made about the validity of any patterns discovered. These methods can, however, be used in creating new
hypotheses to test against the larger data populations.

6
Data mining involves six common classes of tasks:

Anomaly detection (Outlier/change/deviation detection) – The identification of unusual data records, that might
be interesting or data errors that require further investigation.

Association rule learning (Dependency modelling) – Searches for relationships between variables. For example,
a supermarket might gather data on customer purchasing habits. Using association rule learning, the
supermarket can determine which products are frequently bought together and use this information for
marketing purposes. This is sometimes referred to as market basket analysis.

Clustering – is the task of discovering groups and structures in the data that are in some way or another
"similar", without using known structures in the data.

Classification – is the task of generalizing known structure to apply to new data. For example, an e-mail
program might attempt to classify an e-mail as "legitimate" or as "spam".

Regression – attempts to find a function which models the data with the least error.

Summarization – providing a more compact representation of the data set, including visualization and report
generation.

Data mining has attracted a great deal of attention in the information industry and in society as a whole
in recent years, due to the wide availability of huge amounts of data and the imminent need for turning such
data into useful information and knowledge. The information and knowledge gained can be used for
applications ranging from market analysis, fraud detection, and customer retention, to production control and
7
science exploration. Data mining can be viewed as a result of the natural evolution of information technology.
The database system industry has witnessed an evolutionary path in the development of the following
functionalities data collection and database creation, data management (including data storage and retrieval, and
database transaction processing), and advanced data analysis (involving data warehousing and data mining). For
instance, the early development of data collection and database creation mechanisms served as a prerequisite for
later development of effective mechanisms for data storage and retrieval, and query and transaction processing.
With numerous database systems offering query and transaction processing as common practice, advanced data
analysis has naturally become the next target.

Since the 1960s, database and information technology has been evolving systematically from primitive
file processing systems to sophisticated and powerful database systems. The research and development in
database systems since the 1970s has progressed from early hierarchical and network database systems to the
development of relational database systems (where data are stored in relational table structures; data modeling
tools, and indexing and accessing methods. In addition, users gained convenient and flexible data access
through query languages, user interfaces, optimized query processing, and transaction management. Efficient
methods for on-line transaction processing (OLTP), where a query is viewed as a read-only transaction, have
contributed substantially to the evolution and wide acceptance of relational technology as a major tool for
efficient storage, retrieval, and management of large amounts of data.

Database technology since the mid-1980s has been characterized by the popular adoption of relational
technology and an upsurge of research and development activities on new and powerful database systems.
These promote the development of advanced data models such as extended-relational, object-oriented, object-
relational, and deductive models. Application-oriented database systems, including spatial, temporal,
multimedia, active, stream, and sensor, and scientific and engineering databases, knowledge bases, and office
information bases, have flourished. Issues related to the distribution, diversification, and sharing of data have
been studied extensively. Heterogeneous database systems and Internet-based global information systems such
as the World Wide Web (WWW) have also emerged and play a vital role in the information industry. The
steady and amazing progress of computer hardware technology in the past three decades has led to large
supplies of powerful and affordable computers, data collection equipment, and storage media. This technology
provides a great boost to the database and information industry, and makes a huge number of databases and
information repositories available for transaction management, information retrieval, and data analysis.Data can
now be stored in many different kinds of databases and information repositories. One data repository
8
architecture that has emerged is the data warehouse a repository of multiple heterogeneous data sources
organized under a unified schema at a single site in order to facilitate management decision making. Data
warehouse technology includes data cleaning, data integration, and on-line analytical processing (OLAP), that
is, analysis techniques with functionalities such as summarization, consolidation, and aggregation as well as the
ability to view information from different angles.

9
3.2 SOFTWARESPECIFICATION
This makes the sense about the various software as well as the tools to build this useful utility. In
developing this utility, I have use PHP and HTML as the Front End and PHP My SQL as the Back End.

HTML

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used language to write Web
Pages.

 Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked together. Thus, the link
available on a webpage is called Hypertext.
 As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML to simply "mark-
up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to structure it to display.

Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like headings,
paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information between researchers.

10
 Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags available in
HTML language.

Brief History of HTML

In the late 1980's , A physicist, Tim Berners-Lee who was a contractor at CERN, proposed a system for CERN
researchers. In 1989, he wrote a memo proposing an internet based hypertext system.

Tim Berners-Lee is known as father of HTML. The first available description of HTML was a document called
"HTML Tags" proposed by Tim in late 1991.

Features of HTML

1) It is a very easy and simple language. It can be easily understood and modified.

2) It is very easy to make effective presentation with HTML because it has a lot of formatting tags.

3) It is a markup language so it provides a flexible way to design web pages along with the text.

4) It facilitates programmers to add link on the web pages (by html anchor tag) , so it enhances the interest of
browsing of the user.

5) It is platform-independent because it can be displayed on any platform like Windows, Linux and Macintosh
etc.

6) It facilitates the programmer to add Graphics, Videos, and Sound to the web pages which makes it more
attractive and interactive.

HTML Tags

As told earlier, HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to format the content. These
tags are enclosed within angle braces <Tag Name>. Except few tags, most of the tags have their corresponding
closing tags. For example, <html> has its closing tag </html> and <body> tag has its closing tag </body> tag
etc.
11
Sr.No Tag & Description

1 <!DOCTYPE...>

This tag defines the document type and HTML version.

2 <html>
This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly comprises of document header
which is represented by <head>...</head> and document body which is represented by
<body>...</body> tags.

3 <head>
This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML tags like <title>,
<link> etc.

4 <title>
The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the document title.

5 <body>
This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML tags like <h1>, <div>, <p>
etc.

6 <h1>
This tag represents the heading.

7 <p>
This tag represents a paragraph.

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 To build websites, you should know about HTML — the fundamental technology used to define the
structure of a webpage. HTML is used to specify whether your web content should be recognized as a
paragraph, list, heading, link, image, multimedia player, form, or one of many other available elements or even
a new element that you define.

At its heart, HTML is a fairly simple language made up of elements, which can be applied to pieces of
text to give them different meaning in a document (is it a paragraph? is it a bulleted list? is it part of a table?),
structure a document into logical sections (does it have a header? three columns of content? a navigation
menu?) and embed content such as images and videos into a page. This module will introduce the first two of
these, and introduce fundamental concepts and syntax you need to know to understand HTML.

Getting started with HTML

Covers the absolute basics of HTML, to get you started — we define elements, attributes, and all the
other important terms you may have heard, and where they fit in to the language. We also show how an HTML
element is structured, how a typical HTML page is structured, and explain other important basic language
features. Along the way, we'll have a play with some HTML, to get you interested!

What’s in the head? Metadata in HTML

The head of an HTML document is the part that is not displayed in the web browser when the page is
loaded. It contains information such as the page <title>, links to CSS (if you want to style your HTML content
with CSS), links to custom favicons, and metadata (which is data about the HTML, such as who wrote it, and
important keywords that describe the document.)

HTML text fundamentals

13
 One of HTML's main jobs is to give text meaning (also known as semantics), so that the browser knows
how to display it correctly. This article looks at how to use HTML to break a block of text up into a structure of
headings and paragraphs, add emphasis/importance to words, create lists, and more.

Creating hyperlinks

Hyperlinks are really important — they are what makes the web a web. This article shows the syntax
required to make a link, and discusses link best practices.

Advanced text formatting

There are many other elements in HTML for formatting text, which we didn't get to in the HTML text
fundamentals article. The elements in here are less well-known, but still useful to know about. In here you'll
learn about marking up quotations, description lists, computer code and other related text, subscript and
superscript, contact information, and more.

Document and website structure

As well as defining individual parts of your page (such as "a paragraph" or "an image"), HTML is also
used to define areas of your website (such as "the header", "the navigation menu", "the main content column".)
This article looks into how to plan a basic website structure, and write the HTML to represent this structure.

CSS

14
 This first CSS article is designed to get your ‘feet on the ground’. You should know at least a little about
HTML and web design before you begin. Once you finish reading this page, you will be ready to jump into the
tutorial!

CSS is the acronym for: ‘Cascading Style Sheets’. CSS is an extension to basic HTML that allows you to style
your web pages.

An example of a style change would be to make words bold. In standard HTML you would use the <b> tag like
so:

<b>make me bold</b>

This works fine, and there is nothing wrong with it per se, except that now if you wanted to say change all your
text that you initially made bold to underlined, you would have to go to every spot in the page and change the
tag.

Another disadvantage can be found in this example: say you wanted to make the above text bold, make the font
style Verdana and change its color to red, you would need a lot of code wrapped around the text:

<font color="#FF0000" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">

<strong>This is text</strong></font>
This is verbose and contributes to making your HTML messy. With CSS, you can create a custom style
elsewhere and set all its properties, give it a unique name and then ‘tag’ your HTML to apply these stylistic
properties:

15
<p class="myNewStyle">My CSS styled text</p>
And in between the tags at the top of your web page you would insert this CSS code that defines the style we
just applied:

<style type="text/css">
.myNewStyle {
font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-weight: bold;
color: #FF0000;
}
</style>
In the above example we embed the css code directly into the page itself. This is fine for smaller
projects or in situations where the styles you’re defining will only be used in a single page. There are many
times when you will be applying your styles to many pages and it would be a hassle to have to copy and paste
your CSS code into each page.

Besides the fact that you will be cluttering up your pages with the same CSS code, you also find yourself
having to edit each of these pages if you want to make a style change. Like with JavaScript, you can
define/create your CSS styles in a separate file and then link it to the page you want to apply the code to:

<linkhref="myFirstStyleSheet.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">

The above line of code links your external style sheet called ‘myFirstStyleSheet.css’ to the HTML document.
You place this code in between the <head></head> tags in your web page.

How to create a linked external style sheet

To create an external style sheet all you need to do is create a simple text document (on windows you
simply right-click and select new -> text document) and then change the file from type .txt to .css.

16
 You can change the file type by just changing the file’s extension. The file’s extension on windows tells
the computer what kind of file it is and allows the computer to determine how to handle the file when for
example you try to open it.

You probably guessed it; CSS files are just specially formatted text files, and much in the same way
HTML pages are. There is nothing special or different in the file itself, rather it is the contents of the file that
make an HTML document and a CSS page what they are. When working with a external CSS document, there
are a couple of points to remember:

1. You don’t add these tags in the CSS page itself as you would if you embedded the CSS code in your HTML:

<style type="text/css"></style>

Since the CSS link in your web page says that you are linking to a CSS page, you don’t need to declare
(in the external CSS file) that the code in the CSS page is CSS. That is what the above tags do. Instead you
would just add your CSS code directly to the page like.

CSS3 is the latest evolution of the Cascading Style Sheets language and aims at extending CSS2.1. It
brings a lot of long-awaited novelties, like rounded corners, shadows, gradients, transitions or animations, as
well as new layouts like multi-columns, flexible box or grid layouts. Experimental parts are vendor-prefixed

17
and should either be avoided in production environments, or used with extreme caution as both their syntax and
semantics can change in the future.

CSS Level 2 needed 9 years, from August 2002 to June 2011 to reach the Recommendation status. This
was due to the fact that a few secondary features held back the whole specification. In order to accelerate the
standardization of non-problematic features, the CSS Working Group of the W3C, in a decision referred as
the Beijing doctrine, divided CSS in smaller components called modules . Each of these modules is now an
independent part of the language and moves towards standardization at its own pace. While some modules are
already W3C Recommendations, other still are early Working Drafts. New modules are also added when new
needs are identified.

independently, the standard CSS consists of CSS2.1 amended and extended by the completed modules,
not necessary all with the same level number. At each point of time, a snapshot of the CSS standard can be
defined, listing CSS2.1 and the mature modules. The W3 consortium periodically publishes such snapshots, like
in 2007, 2010, 2015 and 2017.

Though today no module with a level greater than 3 is standardized, this will change in the future. Some
modules, like Selectors 4 or CSS Borders and Backgrounds Level 4 already have an Editor's Draft, though they
haven't yet reached the First Published Working Draft status.

Prerequisites

18
 For web pages, CSS is always used in combination with a markup language, usually HTML/XHTML.
CSS may be used for other purposes, but in this tutorial, we will focus on how you use it together with HTML.
Most examples have HTML code in them, to show you how CSS and HTML work together, so a bit of HTML
knowledge is preferable. If you don't already know HTML, then I suggest that you have a look at this HTML5
Tutorial.

You don't need any special tools to write CSS - it can be done in any plain text editor, e.g. Notepad. If
you already know HTML, then you probably also have a favorite web editor which can likely be used for CSS
as well.

CSS3 modules

CSS3 is collaboration of CSS2 specifications and new specifications, we can called this collaboration is
module. Some of the modules are shown below

1. Selectors
2. Box Model
3. Backgrounds
4. Image Values and Replaced Content
5. Text Effects
6. 2D Transformations
7. 3D Transformations
8. Animations
9. Multiple Column Layout

19
CSS Template Layout Module

CSS is a simple, declarative language for creating style sheets that specify the rendering of HTML and
other structured documents. This specification is part of level 3 of CSS (“CSS3”) and contains features to
describe layouts at a high level, meant for tasks such as the positioning and alignment of “widgets” in a
graphical user interface or the layout grid for a page or a window, in particular when the desired visual order is
different from the order of the elements in the source document. Other CSS3 modules contain properties to
specify fonts, colors, text alignment, list numbering, tables, etc.

The features in this module are described together for easier reading, but are usually not implemented as
a group. CSS3 modules often depend on other modules or contain features for several media types.
Implementers should look at the various “profiles” of CSS, which list consistent sets of features for each type of
media.

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CSS Print Profile

This specification defines a subset of Cascading Style Sheets Level 2, revision 1 [CSS21] and CSS3
Module: Paged Media [PAGEMEDIA] for printing to low-cost devices. It is designed for printing in situations
where it is not feasible or desirable to install a printer-specific driver, and for situations were some variability in
the output is acceptable.

This profile is designed to work in conjunction with XHTML-Print [XHTMLPRINT] and defines a
minimum level of conformance as well as an extension set that provides stronger layout control for the printing
of mixed text and images, tables and image collections.

Java Script

Most elements that appear on web pages are Java Script objects. The syntax of Java Script is very
similar to that of HTML, making it easy to learn. Furthermore, it is parsed sequentially, meaning that the
computer reads the language in sequence, performing each step in the order in which it was written. Java Script
differs from HTML in that it is object oriented; while HTML includes attributes within an element's definition,
Java Script links the object and the property, allowing one to be changed. For example, if you have a document
and you want to change the background color, you would work with the document. bgcolor. Use Java Script
with single lines of code placed within anchor tags, or for more complex functions contained within tags or
before anchoring tags.

Java Script is also an object oriented programming language. Objects can be maneuvered through what
is called method acting, when actions methods perform. Some methods work for any object and some work for
just some objects. For example, let's call your object pete and your action walk. To make your object, pete,
perform the action, walk, you would write pete.walk. Properties can also be changed with method acting. So,
for example, if you would like to make your object, pete, red, you would code pete.red. To perform both
property and method, you could write pete.red.walk, or object.property.method.

Basic Scripts are easy to write with the knowledge of names of objects and properties that modify them.
Functions are long, complicated strings of Scripts, which can be compiled with if/then operators such as &&
and parenthesis.

 It is a programming language.

21
  It is an interpreted language.

 It is object-based programming.

 It is widely used and supported

Use of Java script

 Use it to add multimedia elements With JavaScript you can show, hide, change, resize images, and
create image rollovers. You can create scrolling text across the status bar.

 Create pages dynamically Based on the user's choices, the date, or other external data, JavaScript can
produce pages that are customized to the user.

 Interact with the user it can do some processing of forms and can validate user input when the user
submits the form.

Writing JavaScript

JavaScript code is typically embedded in the HTML, to be interpreted and run by the client's browser.
Here are some tips to remember when writing JavaScript commands.

 JavaScript code is case sensitive

 White space between words and tabs are ignored

Advantages

 Javascript is executed on the client side

This means that the code is executed on the user's processor instead of the web server thus saving
bandwidth and strain on the web server.

 Javascript is a relatively easy language

The Javascript language is relatively easy to learn and comprises of syntax that is lose to English.
It uses the DOM model that provides plenty of prewritten functionality to the various objects on
pages making it a breeze to develop a script to solve a custom purpose.

22
  Javascript is relatively fast to the end user
As the code is executed on the user's computer, results and processing is completed almost
instantly depending on the task (tasks in javascript on web pages are usually simple so as to prevent
being a memory hog) as it does not need to be processed in the site's web server and sent back to the
user consuming local as well as server bandwidth.

 Extended functionality to web pages

Third party add-ons like Grease monkey enables Javascript developers to write snippets of
Javascript which can execute on desired web pages to extend its functionality. If you use a website
and require a certain feature to be included, you can write it yourself and use an add-on like Grease
monkey to implement it on the web page.

PHP

PHP (recursive acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open source general-
purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTML. The
best things in using PHP are that it is extremely simple for a newcomer, but offers many advanced features for a
professional programmer.

PHP is a server-side scripting language designed for web development but also used as a general-
purpose programming language. As of January 2013, PHP was installed on more than 240 million websites
(39% of those sampled) and 2.1 million web servers. Originally created by RasmusLerdorf in 1995, the
reference implementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP Group. While PHP originally stood for Personal
Home Page, it now stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, a recursive backronym.

PHP code is interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module, which generates the resulting
web page: PHP commands can be embedded directly into an HTML source document rather than calling an
external file to process data. It has also evolved to include a command-line interface capability and can be used
in standalone graphical applications.

PHP is free software released under the PHP License. PHP can be deployed on most web servers and
also as a standalone shell on almost every operating system and platform, free of charge.

Introduction
23
 PHP is a powerful language and the interpreter, whether included in a web server as a module or
executed as a separate CGI binary, is able to access files, execute commands and open network connections on
the server. These properties make anything run on a web server insecure by default. PHP is designed
specifically to be a more secure language for writing CGI programs than Perl or C, and with correct selection of
compile-time and runtime configuration options, and proper coding practices, it can give you exactly the
combination of freedom and security you need.

As there are many different ways of utilizing PHP, there are many configuration options controlling its
behavior. A large selection of options guarantees you can use PHP for a lot of purposes, but it also means there
are combinations of these options and server configurations that result in an insecure setup.

The configuration flexibility of PHP is equally rivaled by the code flexibility. PHP can be used to build
complete server applications, with all the power of a shell user, or it can be used for simple server-side includes
with little risk in a tightly controlled environment. How you build that environment, and how secure it is, is
largely up to the PHP developer.

This chapter starts with some general security advice, explains the different configuration option combinations
and the situations they can be safely used, and describes different considerations in coding for different levels of
security.

24
File system Security

PHP is subject to the security built into most server systems with respect to permissions on a file and
directory basis. This allows you to control which files in the file system may be read. Care should be taken with
any files which are world readable to ensure that they are safe for reading by all users who have access to that
file system.

Since PHP was designed to allow user level access to the file system, it's entirely possible to write a
PHP script that will allow you to read system files such as /etc/password, modify your Ethernet connections,
send massive printer jobs out, etc. This has some obvious implications, in that you need to ensure that the files
that you read from and write to are the appropriate ones.

PHP is mainly focused on server-side scripting, so you can do anything any other CGI program can do,
such as collect form data, generate dynamic page content, or send and receive cookies. But PHP can do much
more.

There are three main areas where PHP scripts are used.

Server-side scripting: This is the most traditional and main target field for PHP. You need three things to
make this work. The PHP parser (CGI or server module), a web server and a web browser. You need to run the
web server, with a connected PHP installation. You can access the PHP program output with a web browser,
viewing the PHP page through the server. All these can run on your home machine if you are just experimenting
with PHP programming. See the installation instructions section for more information.

Command line scripting: You can make a PHP script to run it without any server or browser. You only
need the PHP parser to use it this way. This type of usage is ideal for scripts regularly executed using cron (on
unix or Linux) or Task Scheduler (on Windows). These scripts can also be used for simple text processing tasks.
See the section about Command line usage of PHP for more information.

Writing desktop applications: PHP is probably not the very best language to create a desktop application
with a graphical user interface, but if you know PHP very well, and would like to use some advanced PHP
features in your client-side applications you can also use PHP-GTK to write such programs. You also have the
ability to write cross-platform applications this way. PHP-GTK is an extension to PHP, not available in the
main distribution. If you are interested in PHP-GTK, visit » its own website.

25
 PHP can be used on all major operating systems, including Linux, many Unix variants (including HP-
UX, Solaris and OpenBSD), Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, RISC OS, and probably others. PHP has also
support for most of the web servers today. This includes Apache, IIS, and many others. And this includes any
web server that can utilize the FastCGI PHP binary, like lighttpd and nginx. PHP works as either a module, or
as a CGI processor. So with PHP, you have the freedom of choosing an operating system and a web server.
Furthermore, you also have the choice of using procedural programming or object oriented programming
(OOP), or a mixture of them both. With PHP you are not limited to output HTML. PHP's abilities include
outputting images, PDF files and even Flash movies (using libswf and Ming) generated on the fly. You can also
output easily any text, such as XHTML and any other XML file. PHP can auto generate these files, and save
them in the file system, instead of printing it out, forming a server-side cache for your dynamic content.

One of the strongest and most significant features in PHP is its support for a wide range of databases.
Writing a database-enabled web page is incredibly simple using one of the database specific extensions (e.g.,
for mysql), or using an abstraction layer like PDO, or connect to any database supporting the Open Database
Connection standard via the ODBC extension. Other databases may utilize cURL or sockets, like CouchDB.

PHP also has support for talking to other services using protocols such as LDAP, IMAP, SNMP, NNTP,
POP3, HTTP, COM (on Windows) and countless others. You can also open raw network sockets and interact
using any other protocol. PHP has support for the WDDX complex data exchange between virtually all Web
programming languages. Talking about interconnection, PHP has support for instantiation of Java objects and
using them transparently as PHP objects.

PHP has useful text processing features, which includes the Perl compatible regular expressions
(PCRE), and many extensions and tools to parse and access XML documents. PHP standardizes all of the XML
extensions on the solid base oflibxml2, and extends the feature set adding SimpleXML, XMLReader and
XMLWriter support. And many other interesting extensions exist, which are categorized both alphabetically
and by category. And there are additional PECL extensions that may or may not be documented within the PHP
manual itself, like » XDebug. As you can see this page is not enough to list all the features and benefits PHP
can offer. Read on in the sections about installing PHP, and see the function reference part for explanation of
the extensions mentioned here.

Database

26
 A database is a structure that comes in two flavors: a flat database and a relational database. A relational
database is much more oriented to the human mind and is often preferred over the gabble-de-gook flat databases
that are just stored on hard drives like a text file. MySQL is a relational database.

In a relational structured database there are tables that store data. The columns define which kinds of
information will be stored in the table. An individual column must be created for each type of data you wish to
store (i.e. Age, Weight, and Height).

MySQL :

The data in MySQL is stored in database objects called tables. A table is a collection of related data
entries and it consists of columns and rows.Retrieving Data with PHP & MySQL

Usually most of the work done with MySQL involves pulling down data from a MySQL database. In
MySQL, data is retrieved with the "SELECT" keyword. Think of SELECT as working the same way as it does
on your computer. If you wanted to copy some information in a document, you would first select the desired
information, then copy and paste.

 MySQL is a database management system.

A database is a structured collection of data. It may be anything from a simple shopping list to a picture
gallery or the vast amounts of information in a corporate network. To add, access, and process data stored in a
computer database, you need a database management system such as MySQL Server. Since computers are very
good at handling large amounts of data, database management systems play a central role in computing, as
standalone utilities, or as parts of other applications.

 MySQL databases are relational.

A relational database stores data in separate tables rather than putting all the data in one big storeroom.
The database structures are organized into physical files optimized for speed. The logical model, with objects
such as databases, tables, views, rows, and columns, offers a flexible programming environment. You set up
rules governing the relationships between different data fields, such as one-to-one, one-to-many, unique,
required or optional, and “pointers” between different tables. The database enforces these rules, so that with a
well-designed database, your application never sees inconsistent, duplicate, orphan, out-of-date, or missing data.

27
 The SQL part of “MySQL” stands for “Structured Query Language”. SQL is the most common
standardized language used to access databases. Depending on your programming environment, you might enter
SQL directly (for example, to generate reports), embed SQL statements into code written in another language,
or use a language-specific API that hides the SQL syntax.

SQL is defined by the ANSI/ISO SQL Standard. The SQL standard has been evolving since 1986 and
several versions exist. In this manual, “SQL-92” refers to the standard released in 1992, “SQL:1999” refers to
the standard released in 1999, and “SQL:2003” refers to the current version of the standard. We use the phrase
“the SQL standard” to mean the current version of the SQL Standard at any time.

 MySQL software is Open Source.

Open Source means that it is possible for anyone to use and modify the software. Anybody can
download the MySQL software from the Internet and use it without paying anything. If you wish, you may
study the source code and change it to suit your needs. The MySQL software uses the GPL (GNU General
Public License), to define what you may and may not do with the software in different situations. If you feel
uncomfortable with the GPL or need to embed MySQL code into a commercial application, you can buy a
commercially licensed version from us. See the MySQL Licensing Overview for more information

 The MySQL Database Server is very fast, reliable and easy to use.

If that is what you are looking for, you should give it a try. MySQL Server can run comfortably on a
desktop or laptop, alongside your other applications, web servers, and so on, requiring little or no attention. If
you dedicate an entire machine to MySQL, you can adjust the settings to take advantage of all the memory,
CPU power, and I/O capacity available. MySQL can also scale up to clusters of machines, networked together.

You can find a performance comparison of MySQL Server with other database managers on our
benchmark page.

Its connectivity, speed, and security make MySQL Server highly suited for accessing databases on the
Internet.

 MySQL Server works in client/server or embedded systems.

28
 The MySQL Database Software is a client/server system that consists of a multi-threaded SQL server
that supports different backends, several different client programs and libraries, administrative tools, and a wide
range of application programming interfaces (APIs).

We also provide MySQL Server as an embedded multi-threaded library that you can link into your
application to get a smaller, faster, easier-to-manage standalone product.

AJAX

AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a web development technique for creating interactive
web based applications that can asynchronously interchange data between server and client.

29
Advantages

In many cases, related pages on a website consist of much content that is common between them. Using
traditional methods, that content would have to be reloaded on every request. However, using AJAX, a web
application can request only the content that needs to be updated, thus drastically reducing bandwidth usage and
load time.

The use of asynchronous requests allows the client's Web browser UI to be more interactive and to
respond quickly to inputs, and sections of pages can also be reloaded individually. Users may perceive the
application to be faster or more responsive, even if the application has not changed on the server side.

The use of AJAX can reduce connections to the server, since scripts and style sheets only have to be
requested once.

30
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND STUDY

31
 4. SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND STUDY

4.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

 The work is done manually.

 This creates a huge time consuming process for the Customer of the Office.
 Needs a lot of working staff and extra attention on all the records.
 Finding out details regarding any information is very difficult, as the user has to go through all the books
manually.

32
4.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

 A new system is helpful to both employees as well as the customers.

 New system provides help to the customer as they can inquire about the Bus model, its Ticket price,
available Seats, facility of the bus etc. and they don’t need to walk to the office.
 There is login and password service for employee and Regular customers to use this system this would
holds a secure process with the confidential details of the users.
 Any person across the world, having internet can access this service.
 Availability of seats can be enquired very easily.
 Passengers can also cancel their tickets easily.
 Minimum time needed for the various processing.

33
4.3 FEASIBILITY STUDY
The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth with a very
general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis the feasibility study of the
proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the proposed system is not a burden to the company.
For feasibility analysis, some understanding of the major requirements for the system is essential.

Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are

 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
 SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

This study is carried out to check the economic impact that the system will have on the organization.
The amount of fund that the company can pour into the research and development of the system is limited. The
expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed system as well within the budget and this was achieved
because most of the technologies used are freely available. Only the customized products had to be purchased.

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
This study is carried out to check the technical feasibility, that is, the technical requirements of the
system. Any system developed must not have a high demand on the available technical resources. This will lead
to high demands on the available technical resources. This will lead to high demands being placed on the client.
The developed system must have a modest requirement, as only minimal or null changes are required for
implementing this system.

SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

34
 The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the system by the user. This includes the
process of training the user to use the system efficiently. The user must not feel threatened by the system,
instead must accept it as a necessity. The level of acceptance by the users solely depends on the methods that
are employed to educate the user about the system and to make him familiar with it. His level of confidence
must be raised so that he is also able to make some constructive criticism, which is welcomed, as he is the final
user of the system.

35
SYSTEM DESIGN

5. SYSTEM DESIGN

36
INPUT DESIGN

Input design is the process of converting a user-oriented description of the inputs to a computer based
business system into a program-oriented specification.

The objectives in the input design:

 To produce a cost-effective method of input.

 To achieve a highest possible level of accuracy.

 To ensure that input is acceptable to and understood by the user staff.

INPUT STAGES:

Several activities have to be carried out as a part of the overall input process. They include:

 Data Recording – Collection of data at its source.

 Data Description – Transfer of data to an input form

 Data Conversion – Conversion of the input data to a computer acceptable medium.

 Data Verification – Checking the conversion

 Data Control – Checking the accuracy and controlling the flow of data to the computer.

 Data Transmission – Transmission or transferring the data to the computer.

 Data Validation – Checking the input data by program when it enters the computer system.

 Data Correction – Correction the errors that are found at any early stages.

37
OUTPUT DESIGN:

The output design is an ongoing activity almost from the beginning of the project, and follows the
principles of form design. Effects and well define an output design improves the relationship of system and the
user, thus facilitating decision-making. A major form of output is a hard copy from the printer, however soft
copies available.

The Types of output used in the system are: -

 Internal outputs: Whose destination is within the organization and is the user’s main interface with
the computer.

 Interactive outputs: Which involves the user in communicating directly with the computer?

 External outputs: Whose destination is outside the organization and which require special attention
since they project the image of the organization

5.1.DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

38
 Data Flow Diagram (DFD) specifies data sources and data sinks, data stores, transformation to be
performed on the flow of data between sources, sinks, transformation and stores.

A data store is a conceptual data structure in the sense that physical implementation details are
suppressed only the logical characteristics of data are emphasized on a DFD.

- Data sinks\ Data sources.

- Transformation, Process

- Data Stores

- Data Flow

DFD follows a top down approach. An initial overview model is “exploded” into more detailed, lower
level diagrams that show additional features of the system. Each process can be broken into a yet more detailed
is describe to allow the analyst to understand the portion of the system under investigation.

Thus DFD concentrate on the data moving through the system not on devices or equipment.

39
Level 0:

Add Bus Info

Cancel Booking Route Information

Bus Booking System

Booking Tickets Fare Management

Login Management

40
Level 1:

Admin Login

Forget Password Check Authentication Manage Modules

Manage Bus Info Manage Booking Manage Fare and

Route Info Cancel Booking

Reports

41
5.2 USECASE DIAGRAM

Add Bus Info

Doain Name Management

Configurable network oriented CMDB (Configuration Management Database)
Add Route and Fare
Request Management
Portal use

View Bus and Fare

Booking

Cancel Booking

42
5.3DATABASE DESIGN
The database design is a must for any developed especially more for the data store projects, since the
chatting method involves storing the message in the table and produced to the sender and receiver, proper
handling of the table is a must.

Customer

Buses

Routes

43
Bookings

44
PROJECT DESCRIPTION

45
 6. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
6.1MODULES

 Admin
 Update Bus Info
 Update Route & Fare details
 Update Package Details
 View Booking Info
 User
 Registration
 Login
 View Bus Info
 Route and Fare Details
 Package Details
 Ticket Booking
 Cancel Booking
 Report Generation

46
6.2 MODULE DESCRIPTION
Admin

InthissystemadmincanmaintainalltheBusinformationandalsomaintainBus category,commentsetc. In this

system admin can maintain the registered users, manage news and also admin can generates a reports and
manage the whole system.
 Update Bus Info
In this module admin can add or update bus using this module. It contains the information about
the bus type, photo, description, location of tour, available seats in bus etc.
 Update Route & Fare details
In this module the bus route details are updated by the admin. The fare details are also updated by
the admin regarding the bus route.
 Update Package Details
In this add package modules admin enter the packages which is available for him .at the time of
admin add a package he give a package name ,validate date, agent name,duration, rate, email id.
 View Booking Info
The user’s booking information is viewed by the admin for their response.

User

First of all in this website, any user or visitor are view our system and also search the bus and how many
seats are available in the buses. User can also register its own seats in bus through this website. User can post a
comment on different bus services, but user can compulsory registered first in the system and also search bus
category wise.

 Registration
In this website provide some facility user can registered in this website. User can use this facility so
user can make a registration.
 Login
Login module includes various utilities like user authentication, change password and forgot
password.
 View Bus Info

47
 The users are allowed to view the bus information for their comfort journey.
 Route and Fare Details
The route and fare details are also viewed by the user for their booking seats in the bus.
 Package Details
The package details are inspected to make decision for their journey regarding the bus.
 Ticket Booking
In this module user can book their tickets before the journey and with comfort bus seats for their
good journey based on their route and fare.
 Cancel Booking

In this module the user can cancel their booked ticket.

48
SYSTEM TESTING AND
IMPLEMENTATION

49
 7. SYSTEM TESTING AND IMPLEMENTATION

SYSTEM TESTING

A primary purpose for testing is to detect software failures so that defects may be uncovered and
corrected. This is a non-trivial pursuit. Testing cannot establish that a product functions properly under all
conditions but can only establish that it does not function properly under specific conditions. The scope of
software testing often includes examination of code as well as execution of that code in various environments
and conditions as well as examining the aspects of code: does it do what it is supposed to do and do what it
needs to do. In the current culture of software development, a testing organization may be separate from the
development team. There are various roles for testing team members. Information derived from software testing
may be used to correct the process by which software is developed.

7.1 UNIT TESTING

In computer programming, unit testing is a software testing method by which individual units of source
code, sets of one or more computer program modules together with associated control data, usage procedures,
and operating procedures, are tested to determine whether they are fit for use. Unit testing is a testing technique
using which individual modules are tested to determine if there are any issues by the developer himself. It is
concerned with functional correctness of the standalone modules.

The main aim is to isolate each unit of the system to identify, analyze and fix the defects.

UNIT TESTING-ADVANTAGES

 Reduces Defects in the newly developed features or reduces bugs when changing the existing
functionality.
 Reduces Cost of Testing as defects are captured in very early phase.
 Improves design and allows better refactoring of code.
 Unit Tests, when integrated with build gives the quality of the build as well.

7.2 INTEGRATION TESTING

50
 Integration testing (sometimes called integration and testing, abbreviated I&T) is the phase in software
testing in which individual software modules are combined and tested as a group. It occurs after unit testing and
before validation testing. Integration testing takes as its input modules that have been unit tested, groups them in
larger aggregates, applies tests defined in an integration test plan to those aggregates, and delivers as its output
the integrated system ready for system testing.

The purpose of integration testing is to verify functional, performance, and reliability requirements
placed on major design items. These "design items", i.e., assemblages (or groups of units), are exercised
through their interfaces using black-box testing, success and error cases being simulated via appropriate
parameter and data inputs. Simulated usage of shared data areas and inter-process communication is tested and
individual subsystems are exercised through their input interface. Test cases are constructed to test whether all
the components within assemblages interact correctly, for example across procedure calls or process activations,
and this is done after testing individual modules, i.e., unit testing. The overall idea is a "building block"
approach, in which verified assemblages are added to a verified base which is then used to support the
integration testing of further assemblages. Software integration testing is performed according to the software
development life cycle (SDLC) after module and functional tests.

 Integration testing: Testing performed to expose defects in the interfaces and in the
interactions between integrated components or systems. See also component integration
testing, system integration testing.
 Component integration testing: Testing performed to expose defects in the interfaces and
interaction between integrated components.
 System integration testing: Testing the integration of systems and packages; testing
interfaces to external organizations (e.g. Electronic Data Interchange, Internet).

51
7.3 VALIDATION TESTING
In software project management, software testing, and software engineering, verification and validation
(V&V) is the process of checking that a software system meets specifications and that it fulfills its intended
purpose. It may also be referred to as software quality control. It is normally the responsibility of software
testers as part of the software development lifecycle.

Validation checks that the product design satisfies or fits the intended use (high-level checking), i.e., the
software meets the user requirements. This is done through dynamic testing and other forms of review.

Verification and validation is not the same thing, although they are often confused.

Validation: Are we building the right product?

Verification: Are we building the product right?

In this project validate the input file is video or other format file because of extraction module get
images from video. Suppose the user gives doc or image file the image extraction module makes error.

52
7.4 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

There are a number of factors to consider when putting a new system into production.  They are even more
important if the new system is replacing or upgrading an old one.  It is also important that all of these items are
considered and included in the project plan.

 Once a technology system has been built it should be thoroughly tested before being put into
production.  In most cases it is more difficult and time consuming to fix a problem in a production
system than it is in a QA or staging system.

 Good documentation is essential.  Most developers don't like writing documentation and many
organizations don't like the time and cost involved in creating it, so many projects end up with little
more than the system diagrams and object models created during system design and sparse code
comments saved in text files as their documentation.  While these are important the most critical
documentation is that which described the relationships between the various system components, any
assumptions upon which the operation of the components or their relationships depend, and any
complex, creative, unorthodox, or other unusual design and programming techniques used with the
reason they were needed.

 System upgrades and maintenance should be part of the initial project plan and well documented.  Even
the designers and developers who built the system may have to spend time refreshing their memories if a
change needs to be made months or years after the system is first put into production and good
documentation can substantially reduce the time and risk required to make such a change. Training of
internal staff is essential - not only of the people who use the system but of the technical staff that must
maintain it.  While we are always available to help with maintenance and upgrades, it is usually more
cost effective for internal staff to be adequately trained on how to administer, configure, and make minor
updates to the system. 

53
 For large or complex systems you may find that you need additional staff, particularly if you want to
handle major modifications and functionality upgrades internally.  You may even want to hire these people
towards the beginning of the project to reduce the initial development costs and ease the transition to full
internal control of the system.  If this is the case we can assist you with finding well qualified personnel.

The difference between our recruiting services and those of many other staffing agencies is the quality
of the resumes you can expect.  Most agencies provide you with a stack of resumes for people who have some
level of experience with the major skills defined in your job description.  It is then up to you to sift through
these resumes and pick the ones that seem well enough qualified to be worth interviewing.

We first work with you to clearly develop a detailed job description and then find candidates whose
skills and experience fit that description very closely.  We interview them ourselves and then send you the
resumes of the two or three that are best qualified for you to interview, saving you a substantial amount of time.

54
 CONCLUSION

8. CONCLUSION

It can be observed that computer applications are very important in every field of human endeavor. Here
all the information about customer that made reservation can be gotten just by clicking a button with this new
55
system, some of the difficulties encountered with the manual system are overcome. It will also reduce the
workload of the staff, reduce the time used for making reservation at the bus terminal and also increase
efficiency. The application also has the ability to update records in various files automatically thereby relieving
the company’s staff the stress of working from file security of data. This project, as a whole, will give a new
way in bus reservations and ticketing processes. The automation and management of seats and reservations will
be done online. However, this project does not limit the walk-in passengers that is passengers who visit the
company’s counter because it also caters for them. This also lessens the use of papers like in the traditional way
of ticketing.

56
FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

57
 9. FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

The system can contribute more on those bus representatives handling the account if it can generate
reports by trip so that they will no longer go to a certain module to check the reservation and its details. Also, it
will be more beneficial to both clients and bus representatives if clients can create an account just like in airlines
websites. With that, the system can record the modifications made. Other functionalities such as E-Mail facility
for sending Ticket to passenger, Online Payment with Credit Card / Debit Card etc. could also be integrated into
the system in order to enhance user friendliness and interactions

58
APPENDIX

59
 10. APPENDIX

10.1 SCREEN SHOT

Login

60
Admin Home

61
Add New Customer

62
Customer Info

63
Add Bus

64
Seats Info

65
Seat Availability

66
Seat Bookings

67
Route Info

68
Reports

69
Admin Area

70
BIBLIOGRAPHY

71
 11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCE BOOKS

1. A Programmer's Introduction to PHP 4.0 -W. J. Gilmore

2. Title PHP Reference: Beginner to Intermediate PHP5 - Mario Lurig
3. PHP and MySQL Web Development (Developer's Library) Paperback by Luke Welling (Author), Laura
Thomson (Author)
4. PHP MySQL and Apache by Julie C. Meloni (Author)
5. Learning PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS & HTML5, 3rd Edition by Robin Nixon (Author)

REFERENCE WEBSITES

1. www.w3schools.com
2. www.php.net
3. www.planet-php.net
4. www.codeacademy.com
5. www.homeandlearn.co.uk
6. www.tutorialspoint.com/php/
7. www.guru99.com/php-tutorials.html
8. www.killerphp.com/
9. www.html.net
10. www.arpatech.com

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