Fs ave 20 unfavorable 10 freing 2 re concentrated i femperle ena ang the coastal pais. £0 arnt, the largest cites are FSO Sy sao Paulo on the court. The dante Ocean and the Ar mts as few cites. In the 1950s, sac of raz red to Opn uP ENE Oe pulang a new capital cky at mR me feature 0 page 6) Bs farmland. climate and vege Hin aore than imit where people Ie ey iit the amount of arabe and [eSiehable. Only about 6 percent of ae sultable for farming, com ‘fo pereent ofthe United States tion, however, people In ey have created farmland in desert in An has bil water projects that 10 eto channel ater from mou renorhern desert. In these farmers produce COPS Efeston, wheat, and vegetables ore Cenweal America and Dra, developers ora the ean forests 10 open UP REN aoe Te gl n the ain Frets, hOweNeT eee reay kel. These cleared lands support Ne, eat damage the lad Difficult communication. tandfocms and = eimate have himited contact berween people srnmaal areas and the interior. During colo es ianes, cities such as Buenos Aires had _oser tet to Spain, across the AK, than to the interior of Argentina. (CD) See Con: ctions ‘With erature, page 806, “The the gap between coastal cies and the inte tc Giten, ihe interior was a sronghold of Ni Seerearcan or mestizo culture, io COnMERSE tothe European culture ofthe cles Today rao, television, telephones, and sir nay sak elles and cura areas in 2 OY Fae fo possible in the past. Despite the Changes ‘rough by modernization, dif Ganges pecen urban and rural areas. are eater in atin Amesice than fn countsles Such asthe United States REVIEW, - hoeate: (2) Atacama Desert, (0) Yucaln Peninsuta, () Buenos Ares, () Ro de Jane. _ Deftne: (2) tees ctiente, (0) Uerts templada,() terra fra, () meso Ramee one area of Latin America thet is N2dmen ofthe climate zones created BY elevation, ‘iat resources are important to Latin america? Give ovo examples of how gonesen has Sictes where paopie tive in Latin America Synthestaing Why are few mor cles Pree inthe interior of Bran between the IRranve Oeeen and the Andes Mountains? Wing hoross Cultures. Wite 2 daiog¥e rvnteh students discuss the simiates vectin the peoples of atin Americ 2nd the pooples of the Unites States. EARLY CIVILIZATIONS IND OUT] What early eivilztions developed in the Americas? mat were the major achievements Of these cWilztions? Ho oid the arrival of Europeans affect ‘he first Amesicancbitions? Vocabulary maize, ins eonquistador Tre dese tats of the parched ie erect Mesco sage! 8 lands of menue, these pepe we Ove te es slo ove Su cr kgowrre the Conte Plateau. 191325, wag ng. to legend, the Auec god, Utz Aeeocha vce eee Loh rowel) cold he caper 0 447people where 1 see: “Search until you fn Fe sigan eagle perched atop & cactus holding a snake ints beak.” Sonn aferwand, the Aztecs found the sign on an island in Lake Texcoco, There, ‘Hey bute the ety of Tenochilén (ay naweh Tee aa), Today, Mesico Cy stands on the Spor where the Aztec capital once ourished! SRE Cagle, snake, and cactus have become the national symbols of Mexico, as shown fn the Mexican fag. The Autecs were one of many Native Amer ean cvizations that emerged in what i today un America, Like people everywhere, they bal on the successes of earlier civlizaions The First Americans smousands of years before the Aztecs but renocinilén, nomadic people migrated from dau into Noth Amerea. During the last Ice ge, huge glaciers foze sO much water that Pen levels dropped, exposing a fand bridge fla connected Siberia to Alaska. The fst peo, ple to cross that lanl bridge may have reached the Amencas about 50000 years ago. Stow ‘eine groups moved southward into Cental TMncscr and South America. In time, they eched the southern tip of South Ameri “The easiest Americans lived by huntng fishing, and. gathering wild plants. About Fyn0 years ao, however, people in Mexico Began to farm, They grew maize, or corn, and Planted other crops such as beans and ish As in other pars ofthe word frm Tap allowed people to give up their nomadic Ai of life and sete In vilages. As farming Tnathods Improved, people in some areas produced the food surpluses that were need: advo support advanced civiizations. Maya Cities 66 Theie books were written on large sheets of paper doubled in folds, ‘which were enclosed entirely be- tiveen boards which they decorated, fra they wrote on both sides in Columns following the orcler ofthe {las And hey made this paper fom the roots ofa tee, 99 448 Charter 20 |A Spanish priest wrote that description of the backs kept by the ancient Mayas, Writing, poole, and paper were afew of the remark ble acfevements of she Mayas, By che time the Spanish reached Ge Americas, Maya cv Ttenion as more thar 2,000 years ol. “fhe ancient Mayas lived in the dense, rowtand rin forests of Cental America. Be fereen about AD, 300 and 4. 900, thei ct Testion reached its peak. Prosperous Naja {ites rule the lands from che Yucatin Peni Sula to what is today Guatemala, A network of oad inked ities such 28 Tkal (ee arn) 50 ‘Ganterala and Palenque (pub 128 3) in nico. Merchants da brisk trade earying (Joods, such as cotton cath and ornate gold Bipelny from one city (0. another. They Hippel other goods to distant lands i0 ‘oceangoing canoes. Farming, How cid these cities thrive in the eiffcultropial environment? Scents, Mee onty recently karned how the Mayes de Teloped complex farming methods tO Pt ‘Guee enough food to support city if. 4 Ta fowving arexs, Maya farmers cleared the dense focests and then bait mse fds 7 for erops. These phforms caught and held inner, TF too" much ain fell, farmes ‘pened channels tc drain che fells, The 9 tho worked 50 nell that firmers produced ‘Stn and echer crops t feed! dhemselves pi eurplus to feed es that had as many #8 20,000 people Covernment aad society. Trade, lang and a common cutuee linked che Maj ‘hough they had no single, unified emp Mead, each Maya cgystate had its own Sy ‘Sho ws the mostimportant military 804 lows leader. Below him, nobles and pes Begped to govern the city. Arusans and CGhamis were next In the social order TY ‘supplied the ruling class with fine doth, Ba Srpamen’s, nd feted cloaks and et {a fron race with other city-states Te largest group of people iNcuieg peasants and laborers. They grew £258 2 ued stone co build splendid cemples palaces, A the lowest level of Maya vere slaves, usualy people capeured criminals Religion Mayas elie «ful forces formed he the goes goxts mighe dsascers ‘At the + A oyramidter ods. Som: owe the ¢ ples, arte fals‘These or told an temples we fru nobles. Maya court that poketok, F ‘avoid se lke baskesb, softball, ae bet © m) sere not al throw th fie for fe then watchs tha the gee SSde or anesIncluded ‘0d and ples and 1 socey en ike other ancient peoples the ain hat ts cooled the pov see nature, Ech ey HERS Per Co uals they lev woul plese ‘Funout those ceremonies, the Bec send osm, cought or ether He center of Naya ciies were huge Peeples built to honor diferent Koere pyramids towered 20 sories Ghe ground. On the walls of she ten" ats painted Dailianily colored mu Huge scenes recorded! Istorial events told ancient. legends. Surrouneling the Males were the stone palaces of priests Taya cites hala large rectangular stone That was used for a ball game called ike meodean basketball, the game ‘bh through a hoop. Ua. {0m above the ground. Abo, players Eee not alowed to use their hands (0 catch hvpr the ball, Ordinary people played the ine for fun, When ncbles played the game, ‘Sovrever, it took on religious meaning, Priest then waiched the game carefully, believing that the gods sene messages by allowing one fide or another 0 win. ‘Maya Achievements “The magnificent. buiklings the Mayas Bxcciel are proof of thee great sl in archi tue. The Mayas also left evidence of many Ther achievements. Maya priests developed A system of wrting, using, ieroglyphis Scholars are just begioning to decipher Maya ‘eypha Most glyphs carved on temples and stone pills seem 10 concem religious and store events. Taya priests made important advances ia the sciences, Prestasttonomers studied the shy in order co measure the passage of ime: Asimother ancient societies, the ptests need ‘cleo know when they shout tell peasants © plant and harvest crops. Based on careful observation and. years of regords, the priests developed 3655-27 Maya Wordoro This wal pang on 8 May tele shows wars n combat Seng ceny sor ies end bea ‘anual pings sso te bh cols doing wo oy Ue Mayes a te fhe omomerts nace of ater 2. | Topoeandade.Fne art How do wal | Somirgs hep us aa aout Cay Catone? calendar—the mast aecurate calendar in the ‘world at the time. From their study of the SO the priests aha developed complex Metfematics "They Fearned 0 use ZrO, a breakthrough thar allowed them to express numbers of any size aya cities began to decline in about 800. Historians do not know why this happened: Disease or war may have weakened Maya 80 ‘Gety Some expert tink hat high taxes may fhave ted peasants to rebel against their rules. By 900, most people had abandoned the ies, but Naya culture survived and tn ‘Ghoed other people, from Central America tO Mexico. Chapter 20 449 SS |Sivilizations in Latin America’ ‘Several great czas daveepedin Ltn ‘ann, These ea enzo wee ete fished n Son Amar Cara Tr, tna Hewes. 4 Loceton (3) Which ea Nate een ‘more nos acted nore Yucatan Pore? () Wet was cast? 2. ntereton mong wnish Nae erean ‘tres would you expat fin the rast ‘Santas? expan 3, Amalyinglfomation Wht challnges frig the nas hve fred in Mee ther emp unter? The Aztec Empire ong after the Maya cites had dectined, the Avtecs built an advanced civilization (0 the north and wes of Maya lands. The Aztecs moved into the Central Pateau of Mexico in thout 1200. There, they eame into contact fvith people like the Toltecs, who had ab ovbell ideas from che Mayas. Tom the Toltees, the Autec learned to bull pyramid 450 Chapter 20 temples and indirectly absorbed other ideas from the Mayas, ‘Government. After settling in Tenochuién, the Aztecs embarked on a ceurse of conquest, Unlike the Maya ciystates, cach of which had kee own king, the Aztecs hal only one ruler, Hie was chosen by a small group of press, no bles, and warriors. With ther help, the Artec rule gained control of a vas: teretory. ‘By about 1450, Aztec weirs began to at tack and defeat the ciystates that bordered “Tenochnilén, When the Aziecs defeated a na, tion, they ets rulers in pice. However, the tefeated nation had 10 pay tnbute 10 the Farmers fled farge re anchored thefm in 2 small floating islands planted thei crops. In Tenochidén’s ‘merchants Sold goo pie. & Spanish solcie sctvies OF the market (6 There isan ordetly wares so that each sate in is proper they sell mantesar men’s dees, while Sein the fxm of ee, eo, $8) tre sol ekewhoe Pectio slone, aod gi is BY 1500, ite ale ote etc were collecting but from bo tern deere Soo cesar Ae intecanother ps ‘As the Aztecs expanded, they took thou: sands of prisoners of war They kept some | faptives a6 slaves, but they sacrificed many’ fthers to their god of war, The Aztecs be: Tieved that their sucess in war depended on such human sacrifices. The slaughter of cap: fives mace the Aztecs ‘eared and hated throughout Mexico. Religion. ke the Mayas, he Azsecs shipped! many gods. Priests had a powerful and bread there, of “prepare for “ ‘ee Eda place in Aztec sociesy Press were the i Guardians of the many huge temples i eee A “Fenochlan, Only they could pevform teri mone uals that were thought w please the #9 ‘They also recorded. knowledge of scien ‘mathematics and medicie in books. "Among the clef Aaee gods 35 Q ‘coat kei suht koh 10) who they had brought maize tothe Barth. Accord Tegen’, Quetzalcoat had once taken hugh form el ruled the land. Then, disaster iu his Kingdom, and this iga-skinned, bea ruler was banished, As be sale off nt easter sea,” he vowed 10 return One ‘The gene! of Quetzal woul have consequences forthe Aas, 35 you wile “Tenochtién, at the heart of the empire was the bustling cy of Tenoctil ‘By 1500, i was home to 150,000 peodle ing ithe ingest city inthe word at the ‘Be provide ood, the Accs to fern the swampy kind of Lake TeBed lange red rafts with earth and flake bed. On these them in ch en ebinampas, they Boating tans, Het OPS ses Felin’s busy central market, Pd goods from all over the en Gach soldier descbed the many Gaps of the market Fhree is an orderly arrangement of asso that each kind i sold sepa- ial nits proper place... [Here] ay acl mantles and various kinds of © However, tribute tg cess, while women's dresses oes, Te old elsewhere, There isa place ‘kins. By Gorihe se of shoes, another for Monned deer hides, Cotton is sold Thiyes another place, and grain here dni bread there, of various kinds. 99 Tdveation. The Aztecs were among the people to educate both boys and gis fr eildeen studied cis, history, and rel In TD prepare for theie future, boys re a alning in the arts of war, Gles stud "peas eaucaton | Pres nen ‘fe. Atty fer teaches ‘Th ater, ol nets Ne fe of sence trots. Iwas Que o they bee scoring "en cinacerstiee ae bearded So io the urn one dy oid fave age You wl ex ofthe nee = (Fenochn Opeopie, make Peete cme Sloped va he cnc. ted homemaking ails ard learned herbal medicine ‘Women, Aztec women pad certain eights, ‘A.woman could own property, and she COure Temarty if hee husband ded. Some women betame priestesses, weavers, musicians, nd Priives, Most of them spent theie ys at the time-consuming tasks of preparing food land making clothing forthe family. One fe thee's advice to bis Gaughter shows what a ‘expected of an Aztec woman: 6 How will you full your womanly (dies? Wil you not prepare the food, the drink? Wil you no: spin and tweave? Look well how re the food land drink, how dey are made, that they shouldbe good, know how good. food and drink are prepared. 99 ‘The Inca Empire ar t the south of the Aztec Expire lay the powerul Inca ciation. Prom thei cap fa ar Cuzz the Incas ble vast empire in the ferdle valleys of the Andes. Like the Taos ook shay How i Ars fue et ‘ea sn howto eter fewood, cae, or Fh ‘age ging gran sd wesw Te tee What ters ot ster tctog ae ston ete?‘Azecs, the Ineas acquired skills and learning from earier peoples in the area. By the late 1400s, the Inca Empire stretched 2,500 miles (4023 km) across. what is today Peru Bevador, Bolivia, and Chil, arming. The Incas were able 10 feed a population of 9 million people in part be Eause they developed skilled farming meth fds, Flom earlier eilzations in che region, they leamed to bulld complex isigation sys ems that channeled water from mountain Srranis into the dey lowlands. They created farmland by carving terraces on steep moun- tainsides, By using feniizer, they produced huge crops of core, potatoes, and beans. odesn scientists have studied Inc firming methods to improve crop proxluction today. Religion, Like the Mayas and the Aztecs, the Incas ‘worshipped “many gots. Chiet among them was the sun god In fact the ‘Word Inca means “children of the sun.” The nea royal family climed 10 be descended From the sun god. "The center of Inca worship was the Tem ple of the Sun in Cuzco, Sheets of gold cov fred the temple walls, faming in the Andean Sun. To the Incas, god was "the sweat of the jpods "Press and priestesses performed cor €Emonies to honor the sun god. ‘Government, The Inca emperor owned ll the land, mines, and wealth ofthe empire. He ruled with the id of nobles and press, Of Gals tO) the people where to live and what Jobs to do. They assigned plots of land co peasants to farm and collected taxes on peas: fs" crops, The smoosh running of the em pire aso depended on an elaborate commu pleations network. {A young Inca erouched by the side of a mountain cad. Lat us eal him Cust Pura, His body was tense as he watched a point 100, yards (91 m) down the road. There, the high ‘vay dlsnppeared over aridge. The young man was a ebasqu, or runner Assigned to this stretch of the highway, he 452 Chapter 20 twas one of hundreds of messengers who helped to cary news arass the inca Empire. is "fo keep order in their empire, the Incas in Improved and extended the network of roads built by earier people. The roads provided a 4 ‘an nes Highway Ae 00d esses ial wiley ha Anos. The mourn hpvars ofthe ca Empre etched ‘hovsende of mie ron nor f0 south 10 ee eae rods, nea anes ek ope te sien mottos, Tera ‘od pe eae ole ges oso tgp goes. Power iy ig eens ead vast tne of 08057Foc anmes and ossenpers. Pedro Geta peaigpaish sober snd wehes of she fo, dak one ofthese nea roads rapes over dee valleys ae oy yon eights, ov falls Bova through ving tock and GeeesSiortuous currents. In ll Gee pines, ei level and paved, shee Punta slopes well exces, ee mountain wl terraced Figs iver bank supported by 2 jhe snow heights wh Steps = Sc esting places. 99 cus Puma’s job vegan the moment an- Diper chusquiappeated on the road. He fd dh ut to meet him. Paling in sce gee the tired rannes, he would memo Me message he was given. Sometimes messenger lt cary @ quip, oF Knot rang, to the next chasqul. The tness, Feking system of witng, wed the quips to D recs ana aczounts of such things 25 The sizeof a harvest. B vrin a fresh bust of speed the young, Fanner would ce of, following the rod as graeged uphill. Aer thee miles the runter Teac the nest ely stop. There, he would pars the message of to another chasqul Though this eficent system of eis, Inespuge could travel as fr 36 200 miles (22 acy IF rewot occurred in one part of the empire the ruler would learn oft quickly Fae sea his armies 10 crush the rebels. OF fa, soo, weed the foal for business, but the Tommon peaple could not. ‘The Groat Empiros Fall Both the Inca and the Aztec empires “reached the peak of their power in about 1500. By then, Columbus had claimed the i> lands of the Carinbean and the nearby main “fn foe Spain. thin afew years, conquistadors, oF “Spanish conquers, were following Colin Shun to the Amerias. They fanned Out Across " Midde Americ and South America, hunting for the gold kingcoms that rumor described. se came here to serve God and the king Jndalso to get rch,” delared one conguist Jor about his motives for going tothe Amer Ue Many Catholic priests went with the Spankh to the Americas, Once on shore, hey Span to convert the Native Americans they Found there to Christan. Cortes in Mexice. Herrancio Cortés (hor 1rav) Tonle on the coast of Mexico in 1519. Teedoi ts he heard about the fabulous riches ANtns kate Empire, he mace a daring plan to Gnquer Wil about 600 men, 16 horses, = Sha Ls eannans, he marched on Tenochait. Quthin two yeas, the Spanish destroyed the owertul Adee Empire. How did a ny Spanish force defeat the Aztecs? Many fctore helped Cortés, Fist, the ‘Auce emperor, Moctezuma (mok tuh 400 Jul), hestated 0 fight che Spanish. He be Theva that Cortés was the god-King Queta Co, scuuning as he had promised he ‘oul, Second, Cortés won allies among the people the Aztecs had conquered. ‘Their iimies strengthened the Spanish forces. ‘Thr smallpox and odher diseases that Baro pate browghe © the Americas killed thou ands of Aacecs. In adition, the Spanish rode horses, an mak the Avecs bad never seen before These strange animals tried many AZEC aafaters ‘The metal armor, muskets, ancl eam ans of the ‘Spanish only increased the ‘tees Fear. pizarr in Pera. Similar events soon took place in South America ke Cortés n Mexico, Pancieo Paacro had heaed rumors of the pent weath ofthe Tnea Empie, In 1532, he Bled on the coast of Peru. There, Paro eared! that the Incas had just emerged from ramble civ war Although the emperor $hahuapa (ah ah sav pa) retained his pow tr the fighting had weakened the empice “Once agin, a handful of Spanish soldiers riding hoses and armed with muskers spread error among the Indian armies. Disease, t00, fale! many of thse who might have ‘ought the invaders. Franro used trickery to capture Aahual pa. The Inca emperor then offered to buy his Freedom by filing @ room with gold treasure Chapter 20 453 eerests destroyed much of the material Prclth of Native American cultures. The in- Vnders melted down gold and silver objects Uf great beauty, They burned books and) Sinastied sculptures and temples. Ooly 2 few Simamenis and manuscripts survived the sesicuetion. ‘Throughout the Americas, Native Amer: cans fought against the invaders, Bren alter {he Spanish completed their conquest, rebe Hons were frequent. Among the mast fous (Nas the 1780 uprising led by Tupac Amaro I, descendant ofthe lst Inca emperor. ‘Native Americans who survived the con: ‘quest preserved much of thele cultural ber age. Today, milons of people in Peru, euador, and Bolivia speak Quechua, the ln foage of ehe Incss, In Guatemala and Mexico, lndian groups speak many languages that ae of Maya origin, Temples, pyramid, and tec Plead hitstdes stand today a6 evidence ofthe feat Nath American ciilizations SECTION FE] REVIEW. ‘L Locate: (2) Tenachtitn, (0) Tikal, (6) Cuzco. “| 2 Sony: 2) Quetzaicoat b) Hemando = (Corts, (c) Mactezuma, (8) Francisco ices nem eee a cen ra ee on et Prato, (e) Atahualp. ete ie a sae tm so! a. Beane! ie) gu A rie wrt to eonastace ‘art, such a goien ears of com in ster ‘A. (a) What three civilizations developed in Daskets, wore seized by Corte and his ‘the Americas? (b) Where was €20 a 2a re nt we the Anat ie tin evra 8 eer uo activerent of ech | eehamerean evita «Ga ove reasons ty te Spanish sae ict ets e P cro ee 1 tn bus ten sed he 7, Eg Pst nd Preset Paro ae eas Rabuspa. Witiouta wong may ence he fame on B01 Tanoctian wil never pes,” seed Meong leader, organized Inca resistance f tered. By 1535, Pizarro controlled the vast In ‘atee carving. Do you agree with ts ca Empire. statement? Exoiain. i . - ‘8, Whiting Across Cultures Write 2D Resistance and Survival paragreph comparing the purpese Invent on gaining riches and converting In the ea Empire wih 0 urpose a the Mave Arecicans, Spanish soldiers and roads n the United Sites 454 Chapter 20 Match each = panipas regionals tera cal smestizo conguista 1.) Deserbe {Bow hav - Kimeiew 2.2) st the dy America. () ted importa [ 3. whys the ate snore farmlane (@) How did axiances in § Jun America [Sl eatures an elo there