Schematic diagram of photobioreactor system for simulated flue gas capture by microalgae.

1, Pure CO2
cylinder; 2, air compressor; 3, air tank; 4, gas container with high concentration of CO2; 5, simulated flue
gas cylinder with 1% NOx, 0.5 SOx, and 98.5% N2 (v v−1); 6, mixed gas container with 10% CO2 (v
v−1), 800 ppm NOx, and 400 ppm SOx; 7, mixed gas container for simulated flue gas capture; 8,
thermostatic water bath; 9, bubble column photobioreactors; 10, LED lamps
Diagram skematik sistem fotobioreaktor untuk simulasi penangkapan gas buang oleh mikroalga. 1,
silinder CO2 murni; 2, kompresor udara; 3, tangki udara; 4, wadah gas dengan konsentrasi CO2 yang
tinggi; 5, silinder gas buang simulasi dengan 1% NOx, 0,5 SOx, dan 98,5% N2 (v v−1); 6, wadah gas
campuran dengan 10% CO2 (v v−1), 800 ppm NOx, dan 400 ppm SOx; 7, wadah gas campuran untuk
simulasi penangkapan gas buang; 8, pemandian air termostatik; 9, fotobioreaktor kolom gelembung; 10,
lampu LED

2.2. Determination of growth rate, photosynthetic activity, and pH in medium Both Chlorella sp.
AE10 and Chlorella sp. Cv were cultivated under different simulated flue gases for 7 days. The
biomass concentration, the pH in medium, and the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II of
the microalgae (Fv/Fm) were determined every day. The growth profiles of both Chlorella sp.
AE10 and Chlorella sp. Cv were characterized by the cell dry weight method [18, 19]. It was the
standard protocol and used in the previous studies so that the procedure was not mentioned again
in detail. Ten milliliters samples in PBRs were collected every day. The pH was measured by pH
meter (PHSJ3F; Leici, China). The Fv/Fm of microalgae was determined by fluorescence
monitoring system (FMS2; Lufthansa Scientific Instruments, Ltd., UK) [8]
2.2. Penentuan laju pertumbuhan, aktivitas fotosintesis, dan pH dalam medium Kedua Chlorella
sp. AE10 dan Chlorella sp. Cv ditanam di bawah simulasi gas buang yang berbeda selama 7 hari.
Konsentrasi biomassa, pH dalam medium, dan hasil kuantum maksimum fotosistem II mikroalga
(Fv/Fm) ditentukan setiap hari. Profil pertumbuhan kedua Chlorella sp. AE10 dan Chlorella sp.
Cv dikarakterisasi dengan metode berat kering sel [18, 19]. Itu adalah protokol standar dan
digunakan dalam studi sebelumnya sehingga prosedur tidak disebutkan lagi secara rinci. Sepuluh
mililiter sampel dalam PBR dikumpulkan setiap hari. PH diukur dengan pH meter (PHSJ3F;
Leici, China). Fv/Fm mikroalga ditentukan oleh sistem pemantauan fluoresensi (FMS2;
Lufthansa Scientific Instruments, Ltd., UK) [8]
2.3. Kinetic model There were lots of kinetic models including parameters related to light
intensity, light quality, and temperature for microalgae growth [20, 21]. The growth curves of
microalgae under 10% CO2 and different simulated flue gases were correlated by the equation
below [22, 23]

where C is the biomass concentration, g L−1; C0, initial biomass concentration, g L−1; Cmax,
maximal biomass concentration, g L−1; t, culture time, day; µmax, maximal specific growth rate,
d−1. The correlation performance was evaluated by root mean square error (RMSE) described by
Eq. (3) [24]

where Ccorr, i was the correlated biomass concentration at i-th day; Cexp, i was the experimental
biomass concentration at i-th day; Nexp was the total number of the experimental days (Nexp =
8). The correlated biomass concentrations were solved by function, nlinfit, in Matlab (R2012,
USA)