Republic of the Philippines

Occidental Mindoro State College

College of Agriculture
Murtha, SanJose, Occidental
Mindoro

(RESEARCH ETHICS)
UNIT IV

Submitted by;

Mangilog, Kristine M.

Submitted to;

Ma’am Susanita G. Lumbo

BTVTed 3-ACP
Name: Mangilog, Kristine M. Date: November, 21, 2022

Year and Section: BTVTED 3- ACP

4.6 Check your Progress

1. Discuss ethics in the conduct of research using animals?

 Animal ethics can be defined as “arguments about the right and wrong way to
treat animals” Ethics maintains an order of the way humans relate to their
surrounding environment including non-human animals. It describe human-
animal relationships and how animals ought to be managed and treated. The
subject matter includes animal rights, animal welfare, animal law, animal
cognition, wildlife conservation, the moral status of nonhuman animal, and the
history of animal use. The Norwegian National Committees for Research
Ethics (September 24, 2018) forwarded that ethical assessments related to
the use of animals in research are wide-ranging. At the same time, the
general opinion is that animals have a moral status, and that our treatment of
them should be subject to ethical considerations. Because animals have an
intrinsic value which must be respected, they are sentient creatures with the
capacity to feel pain.

1. What are the five freedoms in animal research that need to be observed and
respected?
 Five freedom of animal welfare, ensuring that certified animals have
appropriate space, lighting, air quality, food and water. The concept of Five
freedoms originated with the report of the UK Technical Committee to enquire
into the Welfare of animals kept under Intensive Livestock Husbandry
Systems in 1965. These Five Freedoms are globally recognized as the gold
standard in animal welfare, encompassing both the mental and physical well-
being of animals, they include: (1) Freedom from hunger or thirst by ready
access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigor. (2) Freedom
from discomfort by providing an appropriate environment including shelter
and a comfortable resting area. (3) Freedom from pain, injury or disease by
 prevention of rapid diagnosis and treatment. (4) Freedom to express (most)
normal behavior by providing sufficient space, proper facilities and company
of the animal’s own kind. (5) Freedom from fear and distress by ensuring
conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering.

3. Define replacement, reduction, and refinement in animal research. If you were a

BSA student major in Animal Science, how will you apply these 3Rs in the conduct of
your research using animals?
 The 3Rs concept was first developed by Russell and Burch (1959) and has
become rooted in legislation and guidelines concerning animal
experimentation in many countries. Replacement involves the adoption of
alternatives to protected animals it means substituting “higher” form of
animals with “lower” form of animals. Such replacement may be non-
protected species or immature forms like microorganisms, eggs, reptiles,
amphibians, and invertebrates which can be used in some studies to replace
warm-blooded animals. Alternately, live animals may be replaced with non-
animal models, such as dummies for an introduction to dissection for teaching
the structure of the animal or the human body and mechanical or computer
models, audiovisual aids, or in vitro modeling. Reduction concerns
minimizing the number of animals used to effectively achieve the goals of an
experiment. By examining these parameters, it can be determined if sound
experimental design was employed to minimize overall animal use. This
requires consulting statistician as to the number of animals needed to obtain a
significant result. While Refinement involves either reducing the invasiveness
of a technique or improving animal welfare and health during scientific
studies. It means purifying experimental protocols to minimize pain or
distress. This can be achieved through better assessment of the animal’s state or
improved husbandry and housing. Refining the experiment or the way the
animals are cared for can reduce their suffering by using less invasive
techniques, better medical care, and better living conditions.
 Animal testing represents a special challenge to us as researcher, we have
both of responsibility of ensuring the welfare of the animals and we feel
responsible of their well-being at the same time. Therefore we need scientific
advances to develop more effective safer medications and therapies. So if I
am a BSA student major in Animal Science I will apply these 3Rs in the
conduct of my research using animals through understand why animals do
what they do and recognize limitations in their ability to adapt to different
environments. I must consider their needs and discomfort. If I will use them in
the conduct of my study, especially in experiment I will provide the correct
sized of housing for them, which it avoids over-crowding, and have access to
ample food, water, and beddings. I will also controlled the temperature,
lighting and noise levels that will keep them all comfortable. I will used the
correct number of animals that I will used in the conduct of my research and
lessen it if possible. I must consider the 3Rs principle and the animal ethics. I
should be careful and used the correct data and will not let to have a research
misconduct. I must ensure that my research follow the ethical standards so
that animals will get the life they deserve. Because, animals are also living
creature as well and they should be treated according to their rights. Every
animal deserves to have a good life where they enjoy the benefits of the five
freedom.