NCERT Introduction > In our everyday life, we rarely 5 ly come across b pbpatitinl oailias pure substances. Most of these are mixtures of > The use 7 Particular solution in everyday life depends upon its composition. For example, jrass is a homogeneous mixture of copper and zine, German silver is that of copper, zinc and nickel while bronze is that of copper and tin. Types of Solutions > Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more than two components. > Homogeneous mixture means all the components are uniformly distributed throughout the solution. > Solvent is the component that is present in the larger quantity in the solution. > Solute is the component that is present in the smaller quantity in the solution. solution is composed of two components. Solution may ‘also be known as ternary > Abinary; hree or four components respectively. and quaternary when it is made up of t > Solvent determines the ¢ physical state: in which sol solution exists. [Solute | Solvent Typeso! ofsolution | minis ‘Eramples a bea. F ‘Solid solutions ‘Solid Solid | Solid in solid All alloys like brass, bronze, an . an alloy of copper | and gold, etc. | Liquid Solid Liquid in solid = Arlen of mercury with c ae | Solution of Hz in Pa, dissolved gases in minerals. | [Gas Solid _ Gasin solid 1 Pa, dissolved gases in minerals. | ae Liquid solution | Sugar solution, salt solution, Ip in CCl. "Solid “| Liguid So inliquid | “Liquid [Liquid uid in liquid Gas Ta Liquid Beni in’ toluene, alcohol i in water. in water, NH; in water, etc. _| Gas in liquidMEG Objective NCERT aiyy ‘Y Fig, 26 | tions —— | Gaseous sl ours in air, camphor vapours in N,, | ine vay ; Solid Gas Solid in gas se pou in air, CHCl; vapours in N;, | ate Liquid Gas Liquid in gas ‘Air (O2 + Na)_ Gas Gas Gas in gas Iutions : lution Expressing Concentration of So Sean Formula of Symbol an tem Name | Syml Se Amount of solute in grams ‘Noe’ Mass a _ Mass of solute_ 100 present in 100 g of solution, 6 tion percentage %(W/W) tat mass of soluti pt oe ele eee — Mass by —___Massof slute_——_100 dissolved in 100 mL of the change," | volume — % (W/V) Total volume of solution in ml solution. ____ tema percentage Volume of solute in mL Changes = Volume of solute x100 dissolved in 100 ml of the change tt Volume, SOI”) qeralvolumeofsolutioninml “iste = temperature == ~ ; Amount of solute in grams Changes Strength JL Mass of solute in grams _ present in one litre (or dm) change a lor gan?) Volume of solution in L/dm’ erealutisnt os ——_— a Number of parts of solute No effeg Parts per ppm et yt present in million (10°)parts ih Total no. of parts o , milion components of solution pfeclatjen, | oe Ratio of number of moles of | No effect Mole x os one component to the total fraction natnp number of moles of all the components, ee | Moles of solute Number of moles of solute Changes wih Molarity = M ae dissolved in one litre (or one change in Dae dm?) of solution. temperature, Fae ee Moles of solute Number of moles of solute in No effect i Mass of solvent in kg per kg of the solvent, _ Solubility > Solubility of a substance is its maximus 'm amount that can be dissolved in a specified amount of solvent t2 specified temperature. Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid > Every solid does not dissolve i and anthracene do not, > Factors which affect solubility are » Nears a and. seit + Pola solutes dissolve in polar solvents and non-polar solutes in nom pot > Effect of temperature : > Hthe dissolution proces is endothermic (Ault > 0), Fre alton procss is exothermic (AH <0), the » Effect of pressure : Pressure does not have any signitic highly incompressible, na given liquid, e.g, NaCl and sugar dissolve readily in water while naphthalen* the solubility increases with rise in tempera olubility decreases with rise in temperate ie ‘ant effect on solubility of solids in liquids s ths*tions cent | solu . iubility of a Gas in a Liquid 0 or . dissolve in water and solubili Many 68s® and solubility of gases in liquids : 7 Mee pressure: The solubility of gases increases ets Beal affected by pressure and temperate: itati i ith incres proposed a quantitative relation bet m ase of pressure. eensys aw. It states as follows : ‘ween pressure and solubility of a gas in a solvent which is known ¢ solubility of a gas in a liquid at constant t . resent above the surface of liquid oF solution, SmPerature is directly proportional to the pressure of the ges ternatively : The partial pressure of the gas j ‘ (q) in the solution. 88s in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the ex or p=Kyx Here, P= partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase xx mole fraction of the gas in the solution Ky = Henry’ law constant Graphical representation of Henry’s law According to Henry's law, p = Ky.x 27 ‘Therefore, oe cf Pressure o of the gas versus mole fraction of gas in the solution gives a straight line passing through origin. Slope of the lin i aK. pe of the line will give Henry's law Higher the value of Ky at a given pressure, the lower is the solubility of the gas in the liquid. Applications of Henry’s law : » Soft drinks and soda water bottle are sealed under high pressure to increase the solubility of CO>. > The tanks used by scuba divers (persons swimming under water use underwater breathing apparatus known as scuba) are filled with air diluted with helium, (He = 11.7%, No = 56.2% and O2 = 32%). Cause: Underwater pressure is high. Breathing at increased pressure increases the solubility of atmospheric gases in blood. When the divers come towards surface, the pressure gradually decreases. Dissolved gases are released which leads to formation of bubbles of nitrogen in the blood. This blocks capillaries and creates the disease called bends which are painful and dangerous to life. High concentration of nitrogen in the blood has toxic effects also. > Mountaineers (climbers at high altitude) become patient of anoxia (weak and unable to think clearly). Cause : At high altitude the partial pressure of oxygen is less than that at ground level. At lower pressure solubility of oxygen in blood decreases. As a result concentrations of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitudes or climbers becomes low. Low concentration of oxygen in blood causes anoxia. > Effect of temperature : As dissolution is an exothermic process, then according to Le Chatelier’s principle, the solubility decreases with increase of temperature. 2 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions Raoult’s Law = i R Raoult’s law states that for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour - pressure of each component of the solution is directly proportional to its PS and pp = p3 Xn where Pi t “ > e. 3 mole fraction present in solution i.¢. Pi = PIX ‘ 2 and pf are vapour pressures of pure components 1 and 2 respectively, at s the same temperature. Mole faction > According to Daltonis law of partial pressure (p3- Pix: pay a Pr = p+ a= mph +2 phe (1 sant #20 PEN as pers 65 pour > Ify; and yp are the mole fractions of the components 1 and 2 resp graph for ideal solution in the vapour phase then, pi =Y1 Prost and P2= 72 ProtWoGG Objective NCERT at Your ie 2 ‘ f g to Raoult's law, the vapour pressure of , Vol wrdin} Ie fraction in the solution. Hai i Ys Jaw : Acco! w as a special case of Henrys Ja pe > Raoult’s la propo ion is ional to component in a given solution is tion: ie, pee Of Pi= Pi * pressure of the volatile compone i) ‘According to Henry's law, (ea) is proportional to its mole fraction i prem, or p= Ku-% ) itis obvious that, in the solution of gas im liquids the partial in the solution. (i Jaw isa special case of Henry’ law in which Ky, eco mes, From equation (i) and (ii Raoults equal to pj. of Solids in Liquids Vapour Pressure of Solutions ile solute is lower than that of liquid (soh > Vapour pressure ofa solution of non-volat pure liquid (solvent). Ps< PP This is called lowering of vapour pressure. ‘Ap =p Ps where, Ap = Lowering of vapour pressure p° = Vapour pressure of pure liquid (solvent) ps= Vapour pressure of solution Cause: Ina pure liquid the entire surface is occupied by the molecules of resent in the upper surface. the surface has molecules of solute and solvent both. Thus te the liquid. Rate of evaporation will be proportional to the number of molecules p When a non-volatile solute is added to a: solvent number of molecules of solvent present in upper surface is less. ‘The number of solvent molecules escaping from the surface is reduced. Tht ‘The decrease in the vapour pressure of solvent depends only on the quantity ‘of non-volatile solute presentin the except when association and dissociation of solute takes place, e.g., decrease in vapour pressure of 1 molal solution of sucrose and urea in water are same at same temperature. Raoult’s law for solution of non-volatile solute : Raoult law states that for any solution, the partial vapour nent in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction. us, the vapour pressure decreases. solution irrespective of its nature, pressure of each volatile compo of non-volatile solute, the total vapour pressure of solution is only due to the ‘vapour pressure of Ina solution solvent. Thus, vapour pressure of solution i” peexy Of Pe= mip i vp where, p,= Vapour pressure of solution, £2 seen 1p’ = Vapour pressure of pure solvent, is x1 = Mole fraction of solvent in the solution “e “Vote fraction ‘ ‘Therefore, a plot between the vapour pressure of solution and mole of solvent, fraction of solvent is a straight line passing through origin. Different solutions having same vapour pressure are called isopiestic solutions. Variation of vapour pressure with temperature : i w(2)-35(5 2] where P= 7) 230R(% 1 = vapour pressure at T), P, = vapour pressure at T2 and ‘AH = latent heat of vaporisation per mole.a coast | Solutions 29 Bg |deal and Non-ideal Solutions Ideal solutions Obey Raoult’ law at all temperatures and concentrations, Do not obe > — = | = Do ot obey Reo aw tall trnperetres ncaFiip BE Pipi po # mp ‘Hun = 0» AVinix = 0 — AH six # 0, AV nix # 0 ‘A~ Binteractions ~ A ~ A and B - B interactions, - A Binteractions # A A and B— Binteractions. Do not form azeotropes (constant boiling mixtures). Form azeotropes Non-ideal solutions showing positive and negative deviations from Raoults law : [ Solitions showing positive deviation ‘A-B< 0 Alix < 0, AVinix <0 pris pis Phx Form minimum boiling azeotropes. Form maximum boiling azeotropes. "Solutions showing negative deviation A~-B>>A-AorB - B interactions. Examples : Ethanol and acetone, Carbon disulphide and acetone, Methanol and water, Cyclohexanol and | cyclohexane. Examples : Phenol and aniline, Chloroform and acetone, Chloroform and diethyl ether, Chloroform and benzene, Water and H,SO, or HNO; or HCl. Vapour pressure ——> x= mel x,=0 Molefraction x=1 ael x 420 <4 Azeotropes : A binary mixture of liquids having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase which boils ata constant temperature is called azeotrope. a Azeotropes have sharp boiling points like a pure liquid. Components of azeotropic mixture cannot be separated by fractional distillation. Azeotropes are of two types : a : () Minimum boiling azeotropes (ii) Maximum boiling azeotropes ; ; (@) Minimum iene azeotrope : Minimum boiling azeotrope is formed by solutions which show a large Positive deviation from Raoult’s law, ¢.g. 95% ethanol by volume in water forms azeotropic mixture which ha constant boiling point 351.15 K. They have same composition in liquid and vapour, which cannot be separate Oe eae seis why pure ethanol cannot be obtained from ethanol-water mixture obtained by fermentation of sugar. . . i ° ; ii is formed by solutions that show large negative (ii) Maxi a trope : Maximum boiling azeotrope is t e neg deviation from Raoul law eg,aqv85 tric acid (68% HNO and 32% HO by mass) isan azeotropic mixture which has a constant boiling point 393.5 K. se) * Zeotropes : Those solutions which do not changes on distillation are called zeotropes. fractional distillation. boil at the same temperature i.e. their composition ‘The components of the zeotrope can be separated byWsbG Objective NCERT at, Fi 30 "een, ation of Molar Mass m igati i d Determ| Colligative Properties an ich depend onthe number of solute Particles respec, es present in the solution. These are: he > Colligative properties are the properties w’ nature relative to the total number of partic Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure > By Raoult’ law, wep pe Pym XM (+ for dilute solutions, , ee “Re oR om MxM *) Elevation of Boiling Point ; > Solution has lower vapour pressure and hence higher boiling point than pure solvent. The increase in the boiling point, AT» = Tp ~ This known as elevation of boiling point. ‘Vapour pressure Wz x1000 Mp XWa > For dilute solutions, AT), m or AT, = K,m= Ky or My ={ 1000%Waxky AT, XW, where, m is molality of solution and K; is called boiling point elevation constant or molal elevation constany or Ebullioscopic constant, having unit K kg mol”'. > The value of K,, which depends upon the nature of solvents, can be ascertained from the following equation; =a >" 1000 L,, where, w = mass of solute, m = molecular mass of solute W = mass of solvent, T}, = boiling point of solvent, L, = Latent heat of vaporisation Depression of Freezing Point > The lowering of vapour pressure of a solution causes a lowering of the freezing point compared to that ofthe Pure solvent. The decrease in freezing point, AT;= T? - Ty is known as depression in freezing point. Wp x1000 Mg XW, where Kyis known as freezing point depression > For dilute solutions, AT; « m or AT;= Kym -«{ Ky XW x1000 AT; XW, constant or molal depression constant or cryoscopic constant, having unit K kg mol". » The value of Kj, which depends upon the nature of solvent, can be ascertained from the following equation RT? 000, ; where, Ly= Latent heat of fusion or My = ‘Vapour pressure Kye * The addition of ethylene glycol in water is also usefal iling poi | in summer as it also raises the boiling pois of water and prevents what antifreeze advertisements call “boil-over”. Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure > The net spontaneous flow of the solvent molecules Nh tion to prevent the entry of the solvent in the solution through the semipermeable membrane is called the osmoti ic pressure.st | soutions 31 echt Jer, avn oe =a 19 solutions having same Saati Pressure at a given temperature are called isotonic solutions. if one a ee etloveontiaas Pressure, it is called hypotonic with respect to the more concentrated ‘auton. The more concentrated solution is said to be hypertonic with a to the dilute solution. sjapressure higher than the osmotic pressure is applied on the solution, the solvent will flow from the solution . yure solvent through the semi is. It i we p Ct ue permeable membrane and the process is called reverse osmosis. It is Rupture of cell due to inflow of solvent into it is called haemolysis and shrinking of a cell due to 4) outflow of solvent is called crenation or plasmolysis. Osmotic pressure determined by the apparatus ‘osmometer’. « Relation between osmotic pressure and lowering of vapour pressure : 1PM «ART where, M = molecular mass of solvent, d= density fi] Abnormal Molar Masses > For substances undergoing association or dissociation in solution, the molecular mass determined by studying any of the colligative properties is different than the theoretically expected value, and the substance is said to show abnormal molar mass. van't Hoff factor (i) is defined as the ratio of the experimental value of the colligative property to the calculated value of the colligative property. ,_ Qoserved value ofthe coligativeproperty. 4. j= Calculated molecular mass __M, ~ Calculated value of the colligative property ‘Observed molecular mass. _M, ie Total number of moles of particles after association / dissociation = "Number of moles of particles before association / dissociation Modified equations for colligative properties : » for association, i< 1 ; for dissociation, i> 1 APL 85. aT, =iky m, AT/= iKym, n= imRTIV Pe ™ «observed colligative property > normal colligative property ~ the solute is dissociated. +) + If observed colligative property < normal colligaive property - the solute is associated. * Foran electrolyte A,B, undergoing dissociation with degree of dissociation 0 : AB = xa + BE Before dissociation ‘1 mole o ° After dissociation 1-a 20. #. Total = 1-4 xa + yor = a(x +y- 1) +1. isale+y-1) + 1ora= a * Fora solute A undergoing association : nA = An Initial 1 mole 0 After association 1-0 (a) Total=1-a+ = mG a" Gin teat & or a= Gy Gemwe MCQs the learning proce’ art of ssessment is complementary Pé respon con been achieved or not. After going through ga environment, Give yourself four marks for correcta will elp you plan your next step Hl Types of Solutions re of two or more than two Homogeneous mixtu components is called (a) solute (o) both (a) and (b) ‘Which of the following is an example of gaseous solution? (a) Camphor in nitrogen gas (b) Solution of hydrogen in palladium (©) Chloroform mixed with nitrogen gas (4) Both (a) and (c) In amalgam of mercury with sodium, solvent is (a) mercury (b) sodium (© amalgam (a) none of these. (b) solvent (d) solution. Expressing Concentration of Solutions What is the mass percentage of carbon tetrachloride if 22 g of benzene is dissolved in 122 g of carbon tetrachloride? (a) 84.72% (b) 15.28% (©) 50% (d) 44% ‘What is the mole fraction of glucose in 10% w/W glucose solution? (a) 0.01 (b) 0.02 (c) 0.03 (4) 0.04 A solution is obtained by mixing 200 g of 30% and 300 g of 20% solution by weight. What is the percentage of solute in the final solution? (2) 50% (b) 28% (c) 64% (a) 24% ‘When 1.04 g of BaCl, is present in 10° i the concentration of solution is Stn (@) 0.104 ppm () 104 4 ppm (©) 0.0104 ppm (4) 104 ppm, 8. What will be the mole fraction of ethanol j sample of spirit containing 85% ethanol by masgy (@) 069 (b) 082 (©) 085 (4) 060 ss, It Ging NCERT Textbook chapte attempt these question ne mark for wrong answer. A table is given at they ly 1 Corner Extracted from NCERT gives you a total insight whether the learning Outen er and deduct or p12 15, . What will be the molarity of 30 mL of. 5 hy Allthe bey: ‘What is the molarity of a solution cont of NaOH in 500 mL of solution? (a) 0.25 mol L~" (b) 0.75 mot ,-1 (c) 0.5 mol L* (@) 1.25 mol taining y M solution diluted to 500 mL? Hy, (a) 03M (b) 0.03 M () 3M (a) 0.103 M . How many Na® ions are present in 109 mg 0.25 M of NaCl solution? (a) 0.025 x 10° (b) 1.505 x 102 (c) 15 x 107 (d) 25x 108 How many grams of NaOH are present in 250 mL 0.5 M NaOH solution? (a) 7.32g (b) 38g () 5g (d) 05g 13. 250 mL of sodium carbonate solution contains 2.65 g of NazCOs. If 10 mL of this solution is diluted to 500 mL, the concentration ofthe cited acid will be (a) 0.01M (©) 0.05 M (b) 0.001 M (d) 0.002 M . The density of a solution prepared by dissohing 120 g of urea (mol. mass = 60 u) in 1000 g of wate is 1.15 g/mL. The molarity of this solution is (a) 1.78 M (b) 1.02 M (c) 2.05 M (d) 050M What will be the molality of a solution of gu in water which is 10% w/W? (a) 0.01 m (b) 0.617 m (©) 0.668 m (d) 1.623 m 16. ‘The molality of 648 g of pure water is 17. 18, (2) 36m (b) 55.5m (c) 36m (d) 55” What is the mass of urea required for mbit 25 kg of 0.25 molal aqueous solution? @ 37g (b) 25g (@) 1258 Concentration terms like mass percent Mig mole fraction and molality do not 4e70 temperature. However, molarity is a font temperature becausegl solutions a depends on tem ume dep perature and (0) Folves volume molarity molarity involves non-volatile solute while ll er terms involve Volatile solute “ number of moles of solute change with change © i temperature 8 (ay molarity 8 used for polar solvents only. xpress the terms representing the following yp raul. {orrie No. of moles of solute No. of moles of solute (i) jfass of solvent in kg. _, No.of moles of component (ii) —Sfotes in the solution Mass of component _ (7. Mass of solution Ww x Yy Zz (2) Molality Molarity Mass fraction Mole fraction (b) Molarity Molality Mass fraction Molefraction (¢) Molarity Molality Mole fraction Massfraction (@) Molality Molarity Mole fraction Massfraction Solubility 2, Solubility ofa substance is its maximum amount that can be dissolved in a specified amount of solvent. =(W) =(X) Y) (v) It depends upon (i) nature of solute (ii) nature of solvent (iii) temperature (iv) pressure (a) Only (i), (ii) and (iii) (b) Only (i, (iii) and (iv) (©) Only (i) and (iv) (4) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) During dissolution when solute is added to the solvent, some solute particles separate out from the solution as a result of crystallisation. At the stage of equilibrium, the concentration of solute in the solution at given temperature and pressure (a) increases (b) decreases (©) remains constant (4) keeps changing. a. 2. Consider the two figures given below: i ry pm son Gaseous particles we ems Solution 0) (i) . Which of the following statements regarding the experiment is true? (a) The solubility of a gas i d is greater than that in beaker (i). liquid in beaker () 33 (b) The solubility of a gas in beaker (i) is less than that in beaker (ii). (©) The Solubility of a gas is equal in both beakers. (4) ‘The solubility of a gas remains unaffected by change in weights. 23, . The law which indicates the relationship between Solubility of a gas in liquid and is ressure is__- (@) Reoultslaw _ () Henry’ law (c) lowering of vapour pressure (@)_van't Hoff law 24. According to Henry's law ‘the partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution. For different gases the correct statement about Henry's constant is (a) higher the value of Ky at a given pressure, higher is the solubility of the gas (b) higher the value of Ky at a given pressure, lower is the solubility of the gas (©) Ki is not a function of nature of gas (4) Ky value for all gases is same at a given pressure. 25, ‘The value of Henry's law constant for some gases at 293 K is given below. Arrange the gases in the increasing order of their solubility. He : 144.97 kbar, Hy : 69.16 kbar, Np: 76.48 kbar, O, : 34.86 Kbar (a) He < Nz < Hy (©) 55.55 10° (a) 5.55 x 10% 29. How much oxygen is dissolved in 100 mL water at 298 K if partial pressure of oxygen is 0.5 atm and Ky= 14x 107 mol/L/atm?34 30. (a) 22.4 mg (b) 22.48 (©) 224g (d) 2.24 mg / is At high altitudes the partial pressure of oxygen i Jess than that at the ground level. This leads t0 (a) lowconcentrations of oxygen in tissues high concentrations of oxygen in the blood and tissues : release of dissolved gases and formatio bubbles of nitrogen in the blood thickening of blood and tissues. (b) (c (d) Vapour Pressure of Liquid 31. Partial pressure of a solution component is directly — 32. 8 33. 34, 3 £ Solutions proportional to its mole fraction. This is known as (a) Henry's law (b) Raoult’s law (c) Distribution law (d) Ostwald’s dilution law. 3 moles of P and 2 moles of Q are mixed, what will be their total vapour pressure in the solution if their partial vapour pressures are 80 and 60 torr respectively? (a) 80 torr (b) 140 torr (9 72 torr (d) 70 torr 7 (9) Mole fiaction—> %=(2) X, Y and Z in the above graph are (a) X=pitp»Y=1,2=0 (b) X=pitpn¥=0,Z=1 (©) X=pixpy¥=0,Z=1 (d) X=pi-po¥=1,Z=0 Among the following substances the lowest vapour pressure is exerted by (a) water (© ether In three beakers labelled as (A), (B) and (C), 100 mL of water, 100 mL of 1 M solution of glucose in water and 100 mL of 0.5 M solution of glucose in water are taken respectively and kept at same temperature. () alcohol (4) mercury. the blood and yn of © WcGG Objective NceRr atyy 1 Fy ‘ B Which of the following statements jg cant (a) Vapour pressure in all the three ie same. key, Vapour pressure of beaker B is high, Vapour pressure of beaker Cis high Vapour pressure of beaker Bis lover of Cand vapour pressure of beaker ¢ 1 ha than that of A. ‘One (b) (o) (4) ‘The given graph shows the vapour 36. temperature curves for some liquids, Pressure Liquids A, B, C and D respectively are (a) diethyl ether, acetone, ethyl alcohol, water (b) acetone, ethyl alcohol, diethyl ether, water (©) water, ethyl alcohol, acetone, diethyl ether (d) ethyl alcohol, acetone, diethyl ether, water Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions 37. For an ideal solution with p4 > pp, which of the following is true? (2) (&aiquia = (%A)vapour (0) (Xa)tiquia > (%a)vapour (©) (Xa)iquia < (A) vapour @) (a)tigua aNd (Xa)vapour do not bear 87 relationship with each other. . What are the conditions for an ideal solution which obeys Raoult’ law over the entire ans concentration? (2) Amst = 0, AmixV = 0, Prowt = Ph x4 + 28 (©) AnigH = +¥, AmicV = 0, Proxl = PAA + (©) Anil = 0, Amie V = +¥e, Prorat = Pa%A* (d) AmigH! = 0, AmigV = 0, Protal = PE%B Intermolecular forces between n-hexan® * n-heptane are nearly same as between hexant heptane individually. When these two ae mith which of the following is not true about the sO" formed? 3 & 3 39,crest | Solutions Al. 2 43, 44, (a) Itobeys Raoult’slaw, ie. p, (b) AHmixng is 2er0. (0) AVnising iS 2er0. (@) Itforms minimum boiling szeotrope Which of the following solutions gh... deviation from Raoult’s law? (a), Acetone + Aniline (b) Acetone + Ethanol (c) Water + Nitric acid (@) Chloroform + Benzene “*aphand pp xapg shows positive which of the following solutions j negative deviation from Raoult’ tawt ae ot (a) Acetone + Ethanol (b) Carbon tetrachloride + Chloroform (©) Acetone + Chloroform (@ Water + Ethanol Study the figures given below and mark the correct statement. @ @ (a) (i) Nitric acid + Water, (ii) Acetone + Ethyl alcohol (b) (i) Water + Ethyl alcohol, (ii) Acetone + Benzene (© (@ Acetone + Ethyl alcohol, (ii) Acetone + Chloroform (@) () Benzene + Chloroform, (ii) Acetone + Chloroform When acetone and chloroform are mixed together, hydrogen bonds are formed between them. Which of the following statements is correct about the solution made by mixing acetone and chloroform? (a) On mixing acetone and chloroform will form an ideal solution. On mixing acetone and chloroform positive deviation is shown since the vapour pressure increases. On mixing acetone deviation is shown since there is dect vapour pressure. At a specific compositio chloroform will form mi azeotrope. Few mixtures formed by mixin{ ate given. Which of the followin} (b) and chloroform negative rease in (c (a) on acetone and nimum boiling ig two components ig binary mixtures 45, 46. 47. 48. 35 a same composition in liquid and vapour (i) Ethanol + Chloroform (ii) Nitric acid + Water (iii) Benzene + Toluene (iv) Ethyl chloride + Ethyl bromide (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (ii) (©) (, (i) and (ii) (4) Gi) and (iv) When acetone and cd chloroform are mixed HsC. ; together, which of the Hxc7°—0 * Cl-C-H following observations w a is correct? % (a) A-Aand B-B interactions are stronger than A - B interactions. (b) A- A and B - B interactions are weaker than A - B interactions. (©) A-A, B-Band A - B interactions are equal. (d) The liquids form separate layers and are immiscible. Match the column I with column II and mark the appropriate choice. Column I _ Column I (A) AH ix =0,AVmnic=0 (i) Non-ideal - solution (B) AHpix #0, AVmrix #0 (ii) Positive deviation (©), AH mix < 0-AVinix <0 (iii) | Ideal solution (D) AHimic > 0; AVinix > 0 (iv) Negative deviation (a) (A) > (i); (B) > (ii), (C) > Gi), (D) > (iv) (b) (A) > (iii), (B) > (i), (C) > (iv), (D) > Gi) (©) (A) > Gii), (B) > (iii), (©) > (iv), D) > @ (d) (A) > (iii), (B) > (ii), (C) >), (D) > (iv) Fill in the blanks with appropriate words. Azeotropic mixtures boil without change in their . Azeotropic mixtures exist in solutions showing or deviations. solutions do not form azeotropes. (a) colour, positive, negative, non-ideal (b) properties, positive, negative, ideal (c) boiling point, positive, negative, non-ideal (a) composition, positive, negative, ideal ‘The system that forms maximum boiling azeotrope is (a) acetone - chloroform (b) ethanol - acetone (c) n-hexane - n-heptane (d) carbon disulphide ~ acetone.36 ‘i ter (B) form a 49, Two liquids HNO (A) and ven ‘mixed in the maximum boiling azeotrope 1 ratio of 68% and 32% respectively: Itmeans (a) A~B interactions are stronger than A ~ A B - B interactions (b) A-B interactions are weaker than B - B interactions (©) vapour pressure of solution is “pure components (d) vapour pressure of solution is ‘one component vaporises. Which of the following azeotropes is not correctly matched? 7 (a) HNO; (68%) + H,O (32%) : Maximum boiling azeotrope, boiling point = 393.5 K HO (43%) + HI (57%) : Minimum boiling azeotrope, boiling point = 290 K C;H;OH (95.5%) + HO (4.5%) : Minimum boiling azeotrope, boiling point = 351.15 K Chloroform (93.2%) + C,HsOH (6.8%) : Minimum boiling azeotrope, boiling point = 3323K Match the column I with column II and mark the appropriate choice. |" \Cotumnt ‘ | (A) Ethyl alcohol + Water (i) |p = (B) Benzene + Toluene (ii) Effect of pressure ‘on gas solutions (iii) Ideal solution (iv) | Azeotropic mixture (a) (A) > (i), (B) (ii), (C) (iii), (D) > (iv) (b) (A) > (i), (B) > (iii), (C) > (ii), (D) > (iv) (0) (A) > (iv), (B) > (iii), (C) > (ii), (D) > (i) (d) (A) > (iii), (B) > (ii), (C) > (i), (D) > (iv) A~Aand more than the less since only 50. $ (b) © (a) 51. | Column If (© Henry's aw (D)| Raoult’ law Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass 52. The relative lowering in vapour pressure is proportional to the ratio of number of (a) solute molecules to solvent molecules (b) solvent molecules to solute molecules (©) solute molecules to the total number of molecules in solution (4) solvent molecules to the total number of molecules in solution. Vapour pressure of a pure liquid X is 2 atm at J t 300 K. It is lowered to 1 atm on dissolving 1 goof Y in 20 g of liquid X. If molar mass of X is 200, what is the molar mass of y? , 53. 54. 5 . In the graph plotted wot Objective NCERT a eu i (b) 50 (d) 200 (a) 20 Beng (©) 100 ‘An aqueous solution of 2% 1On-Volati exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the normg$ point of the solvent. What is the ‘molec iy a na is (b) 41.35 g Mor! @) 208 g mol of the solute? (a) 23.48 mol"! (0) 10g mol” between vapour pressure (V.P.) and temperature (7), (a) PQ is the curve for solvent, XY is the curve of solution and AT is depression in freezing point PQ is the curve for solution, XY isthe cuny for solvent and ATis elevation in boiling poy PQis the curve for solvent, XY isthe cure solution and AT is molal elevation in boing point PQis the curve for solvent, XY is the curve for solution and AT is elevation in boiling pin, (b) (c (d) A solution containing 12.5 g of non-electrolye substance in 185 g of water shows boiling point elevation of 0.80 K. Calculate the molar mass of the substance. (Kj, = 0.52 K kg mol) (a) 53.06 g mol"! (b) 25.3 g mol! (c) 16.08 g mol"! (d) 43.92 g mol - IE1 g of solute (molar mass = 50 g mol”) isdissahed in 50 g of solvent and the elevation in boiling point is 1 K. The molar boiling constant of the solvent @2 3 @25 @5 » In the given graph, pq, gr and st represent r—?. (8) pq — liquid state of solution, gr — soli s#* of solution, st —> liquid state of solvent (6) pq — liquid state of solvent, qr — solid * of solvent, st —> liquid state of solution (©) pq liquid state of solvent, qr —> solid S* of solution, st —> liquid state of solution r (4) pq — solid state of solvent, gr - livid * of solvent, st > solid state of solution-y eis S08 _ 2g of sugar is added to one litre of wat . 3 “gar solution. What is the effect of aie ive sugar 0” the boiling point and freezing point of of Both boiling point and freezing point i iling poi Point <) Boiling point increases and fre int O secreases. ezing point @ Boiling point decreases and freezi increases. 72n6 Point sprinkling of salt helps in clearing the snow covered ‘ids in hills. The phenomenon involved in the yrocess is {@) lowering in vapour pressure of snow (b) depression in freezing point of snow (0) increase in freezing point of snow (a) melting of ice due to increase in tem by putting salt. oem water? (a) 0. 61, Equimolal solutions in the same solvent have {@) same elevation in boiling point and same depression in freezing point (b) different elevation in boiling point and different depression in freezing point (0) same elevation in boiling point but different depression in freezing point (@) same depression in freezing point but different elevation in boiling point. 62, 4.5% solution (w/W) of cane sugar (molar mass = 342 g mol”) has freezing point 271 K. What will betthe freezing point of 5% glucose (molar mass = 18 g mol”) in water if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K? (@) 273.07 K (b) 269.07 K (0) 273.15K (d) 260.09 K 3. What weight of glycerol should be added to 60 g of water in order to lower its freezing point by 10°C? (Ky= 1.86° C m™) (a) 496 g (©) 310g 64, If semipermeable membr: (b) 2978 (d) 4268 ane is placed between the solvent and solution as shown in the given figure then Soa g_sovent — Solution |__ semipermeable ‘membrane 65. 67. 37 (@) the solvent molecules will flow through the membrane from solution to pure solvent the solvent molecules will flow continuously till the equilibrium is attained the flow of the solvent from its side to solution side across a semipermeable membrane can be stopped if some extra pressure (called osmotic pressure) is applied on the solution. (d) both (b) and (c), Study the following figure showing osmosis and mark the correct statement. (b) (©) Flow indicator Solvent Solution ‘Semipermeable membrane (a) The external pressure applied on the solution to stop osmosis is called osmotic pressure. (b) ‘The external pressure applied on the solvent to stop osmosis is called osmotic pressure. (©). The hydrostatic pressure built up on solvent which just stops osmosis is osmotic pressure. (a) Pressure developed by solvent while solution flows through semipermeable membrane. Relative lowering of vapour pressure, osmotic pressure of a solution and elevation in boiling points are _(p)_ properties. Osmosis isthe passage of _(q)_ through a semipermeable membrane from a solution of _(r)_ towards a solution of _(s)_- Osmotic pressure is equivalent to mechanical pressure which must be applied on _(t)_ to prevent osmosis. In the above paragraph p, q, rs and f respectively are (a) colligative, solution, higher concentration, ower concentration, solution (b) colligative, solvent, higher concentration, lower concentration, solution (6) colligative, solution, lower concentration, higher concentration, solvent (@) colligative, solvent, lower concentration, higher concentration, solution. ‘The osmotic pressure ofa solution can be increased (@)_ increasing the volume (b) increasing the numberof solute molecules (0). decreasing the temperature (@) removing semipermeable membrane.38 68. 69. 70. 7. 72. 23. People taking lot of salt experience puffiness or swelling of the body due to (a) water retention in tissue cells and intercellular spaces because of osmosis water loss from the cells through skin tissues (©) capillary action of water through skin pores (d) excessive thirst and drinking more water. ‘The preservation of meat by salting and of fruits by adding sugar protects them from bacterial action because (a) bacteria die of eating sugar or salt (b) due to osmosis bacteria lose water on salted meat or candied fruit and die due to osmosis bacteria gain water on salted meat or candied fruit and die bacteria get stuck to the salt and sugar layers and die. (b) (© (@) Sea water is desalinated to get fresh water by which of the following methods? (a) When pressure more than osmotic pressure is applied pure water is squeezed out of sea water by reverse osmosis. When excess pressure is applied on sea water pure water moves in by osmosis. Water moves out from sea water due to osmosis. Salt is precipitated from sea water when kept undisturbed for sometime. ‘A 5% solution of cane sugar (Mol. wt. = 342) is isotonic with 1% solution of substance X. The molecular weight of X is (a) 171.2 (b) 68.4 (c) 34.2 (d) 136.2 Which of the following statements is correct about diffusion and osmosis? (i) In osmosis, a semipermeable membrane is used while diffusion is without membrane. (ii) In osmosis, movement of molecules occurs in one direction while in diffusion, movement occurs in all directions. (iii) In osmosis, only the solvent moves while in diffusion both solute and solvent move, (a) Only (i) and (ii) (b) Only (i) (©) Only (ii) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii) 10% solution of urea is isotonic with 6% solution of a non-volatile solute X. What is the molecular mass of solute X? (a) 6g molt (©) 36g mol! (b) © @ (b) 60 g mol! (4) 32g mol 7”. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80, 81. wt Objective NCERT LY Our Fi Wer a i ‘A solution containing 10.2 g glycerine Per j f isotonic with a 2% solution of glucose, wp, ite molecular mass of glycerine? ati i (a) 918g (b) 1198 g (c) 83.98 (q 5 What will be the osmotic pressure in 5 exerted by a solution prepared by gjshth 1.0 g of polymer of molar mass 150,009 ins hing of water at 37 °C? nL (a) 30.96 (b) 3436 (©) 68.72 (4) ol Osmotic pressure of a solution contain; dissolved protein per 300 cm? of soly 20 mm of Hg at 27 °C. The molecular protein is (a) 6239.6 gmol! —(b)_12315.5 g mor! (c) 36921 gmol! —(d)_7368.4.g mol"! ‘Asolution is made by dissolving 20 g ofa substance in 500 mL of water. Its osmotic pressure was foung to be 600 mm of Hg at 15 °C. Find the moleculg weight of the substance. (a) 1198 (b) 500 (c) 1200 (d) 1000 Which of the following statements is not correc? (a) 5% aqueous solutions of NaCl and KCl are said to be isomolar. 1 M sucrose solution and 1 M glucose solution are isotonic. Molecular mass of acetic acid and benzoic acid is higher than normal mass in cryoscopic methods. ng 2 tion ig Mass of (b) © AT, _ K; (4) For the same solution, —*=—*. AT, Kj Grapes placed in three beakers X, Y and Z containing different types of solutions are shown in figures, el il If beaker X contains water, Y and Z contain, (a) ¥-hypotonic solution, Z - hypertonic soutio® (b)_¥-hypertonic solution, Z- hypotonic soli (©) Yand Z- isotonic solutions (4) Y and Z- hypotonic solutions A plant cell shrinks when it is kept in @ (a) hypotonic solution (b) hypertonic (c) isotonic solution (d) pure water. Which of the following statements is cored 1 (@) A saturated solution will remain satu all temperatures. utioncent 84. istry | Solutions ») A plant cell swells when placed j solution. ed in hypertonic (o) The depression in freezin, . proportional to molality ofthe chase (@) Lowering in vapour pressure i a collet property. igative 2, For carrying reverse osmosis for desalination of water the material used for makin membrane is 'g semipermeable (a) potassium nitrate (b) parchment membrane (6) cellulose acetate (4) cell membrane, Which of the following is not an industri t st iological importance of osmosis? nial or (a) Movement of water from soil into plant and upper portion of plant. Pant roots (b) Salting of meat to prevent bacterial action. (c) Reverse osmosis for desalination of sea water. (@ Filling of ink in a fountain pen. . Match the column I with column II and mark the appropriate choice. [Column 1 Columnll | | K, xW, x1000 (A) Ky @ | ee | b i) AT, XW, | | . W, x1000 (B) | M; i) | ———— | (B) | Mz (i) M,xW; —— On Gi) 21 | 1000xLy (0) m (iv) ATxdRT 1000xK, l @ (A) > @, @) > Git), © > @), D) > (b) (A) > (iv), (B) > (ii), (C) > > @)> (© (A)> Gi), B) > Gv), (C) > Git, (D) > (i) @ (A) > Gi), @) > 0.) 0) > Abnormal Molar Masses 85, 86, 5 determined by Why is the molecular mas .e of some measuring colligative property in cas solutes is abnormal? (a) Due to association or di molecules. (b) Due to insolubility of solute molecules (©) Due to decomposition of solute molecules. (@) Due to large size of solute molecules: Which of the following representations of i (van! Hoff factor) is not correct? ssociation of solute 87. 88. 89. 90. 9. 39 (@)_j_2bserved collgative property Expected colligative property (b) j= Normal molecular mass Observed molecular mass Number of molecules actoally preseoe) (9 i= Number of molecules expected to be present Total number of particles taken (yee emotion iteocation) Number of particles after association/dissociation Which of the following relations is not correctly matched with the formula? (a) In case of association, «= (b) In case of dissociation, = /—* ntl (©) Relative lowering of vapour pressure (d) Elevation in boiling point, W, x 1000 Ms x Wy Which of the following will have same value of vant Hoff factor as that of Ky[Fe(CN)6]? (a) Al,(SOy)s (b) AICI; (6) AI(NOs) () AI(OH)s ‘Arrange the following aqueous solutions in the order of their increasing boiling points. (i) 10M NaCl (ii) 10“ M Urea (iii) 10°? M MgCl, (iv) 10°? M NaCl (a) (i) < Gil) < Gv) < (iil) (b) (ii) < @ = Gil) < (iv) (© Gi) < @ < Git) < (a) (iv) < Git) < @ = Gi) Which of the following has the highest freezing point? (a) 1 mNaCl solution (b) 1 m KCI solution (6) 1 mAICl, solution (A) ImCgH,,O¢solution AT, =K,x If ais the degree of dissociation of Na,SO,, the van't Hoff’s factor (i) used for calculating the ‘molecular mass is (a) 1+ () 1 +20 (b) 1-@ (d) 1-20 For which of the following solutes the van't Hoff factor is not greater than one?40 93. 9 95. 96. = (a) NaNO; (b) BaCly (©) Ky[Fe(CN)e] (a) NH,CONH2 What will be the degree of dissociation of 0.1 M Mg(NO3)2 solution if van't Hoff factor is 2.74? (a) 75% (b) 87% () 100% (d) 92% Which of the following will have the highest freezing point at one atmosphere? (a) 0.1 M NaCl solution (b) 0.1 M sugar solution (c) 0.1 M BaCl; solution (4) 0.1 M FeCl; solution A solute X when dissolved in a solvent associates to form a pentamer. The value of van't Hoff factor (i) for the solute will be (@ 05 (b) 5 () 02d) Ol What will be the freezing point of a 0.5 m KCI solution? The molal freezing point constant of water is 1.86 °C m™. (@) - 186°C (co) - 3.2°C (b) - 0.372°C (d) oc 97. 98. 99. WeeG Objective NCERT you ergs What amount of CaCl (i = 247) i disor, 2 litres of — so that its osmotic Pressys is 0.5 atm at 27 °C? 7 (a) 3428 (b) 9.248 (c) 2.8348 (@) 1.820g ‘The van't Hoff factor of 0.005 M aqueous sol of KCI is 1.95. The degree of ionisation of aw (a) 0.95 (b) 0.97 is (©) 0.94 (d) 0.96 ‘The elevation in boiling point of a solution 0f9.43, of MgCl in 1 kg of water is (Ky = 0.52 K kg a ‘Molar mass of MgCl, = 94.3 g mol") f (a) 0.156 (b) 0.52 (0) 017 (d) 0.94 100.0.001 molal solution of Pt(NH3)4Cl, in hed a freezing point depression of 0.0054 °C. If K; fr water is 1.80, the correct formula of the compound is (a) [Pt(NH3),Cl]Cl (c)_ [Pt(NH3)4Cl]Ch, (b) [Pt(NH3),CL} « (d)_ [Pt(NH;),CI]Cl;peli ich of the following units is useful in relatin, ig . concentration of solution with its vapour Pressure? re? (b) Parts per milli (@) Motality on dissolving sugar in water at room temperature (a) Mole fraction (2) Mass percentage "solution feels cool to touch. Under which of the owing cases dissolution of sugar will be mo rapid? i (a) Sugar crystals in cold water (b) Sugar crystals in hot water (0) Powdered sugar in cold water (g) Powdered sugar in hot water ‘At equilibrium the rate of dissolution of a solid solute in a volatile liquid solvent is (@), less than the rate of crystallisation (b) greater than the rate of crystallisation (c) equal to the rate of crystallisation (d) zero ‘A beaker contains a solution of substance ‘A’ Precipitation of substance ‘A’ takes place when small amount of ‘A’ is added to the solution. The solution is (a) saturated (c) unsaturated (b) supersaturated (d) concentrated Maximum amount of a solid solute that can be dissolved in a specified amount of a given liquid solvent does not depend upon ; (a) temperature (b) nature of solute (©) pressure (d) nature of solvent Low concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitude is due to (a) low temperature (b) low atmospheric pressure () high atmospheric pressure (@) both low temperature and pressure Considering the formation, of hydrogen bond, predict w! mixtures will show a positive Raoult’ law? (a) Methanol and acetone (b) Chloroform and acetone (©) Nitric acid and water (4) Phenol and aniline high atmospheric breaking and strength shich of the following deviation from 8 . An __ At a given temperature, osmotic ‘The values of van't Hol Exemplar Problems This section contains MCOs of ‘NCERT Exemplar Problems' book. Colgate Properties depend on 5 @) the nature of the solute particles dissolved in solution (b) (©) the number of solute particles in solution the physical properties of the solute particles dissolved in solution (d) the nature of solvent particles Which of the following aqueous solutions should have the highest boiling point? (a) 1.0M NaOH (b) 1.0 M Na,SO, () 1.0MNH,NO; (4) 1.0M KNO; |. The unit of ebullioscopic constant is (a) K kg mol” or K (molality) (b) mol kg K-! or K"(molality) (©) kg mol"! K*! or K"(molality)"" (a) K mol kg" or K (molality) . In comparison to a 0.01 M solution of glucose, the depression in freezing point of a 0.01 M MgCl; solution is (a) the same (b) about twice (c) about three times (d) about six times. unripe mango placed in a concentrated salt solution to prepare pickle, shrivels because (a) it gains water due to osmosis (b) it loses water due to reverse osmosis (c) it gains water due to reverse osmosis (d) it loses water due to osmosis pressure of a concentrated solution of a substance (a) is higher than that at a dilute solution (b) is lower than that of a dilute solution (c)_ is same as that of a dilute solution (a) cannot be compared with osmotic pressure of dilute solution ff factors for KCI, NaCl and (b) 2,2 and (d) 1, Land 1 K,S0O4, respectively, are (a) 2,2and2 (c) 1,dand242 15. 16. 17. Value of Henry's constant Ky (a) increases with increase in temperature (b) decreases with increase in temperature (©) remains constant (d) first increases then decreases Two beakers of capacity 500 mL were taken. One of these beakers, labelled as “A”, was filled with 400 mL water whereas the beaker labelled “B” was filled with 400 mL of 2 M solution of NaCl. At the same temperature both the beakers were placed in closed containers of same material and same capacity as shown in figure. At a given temperature, which of the following statements is correct about the vapour pressure of pure water and that of NaCl solution. (a) Vapour pressure in container (A) is more than that in container (B). (b) Vapour pressure in container (A) is less than that in container (B). (c)_ Vapour pressure is equal in both the containers. (d) Vapour pressure in container (B) is twice the vapour pressure in container (A). ‘We have three aqueous solutions of NaCl labelled as ‘A, ‘B’ and ‘C with concentrations 0.1 M, 0.01 Mand 0.001 M, respectively. The value of van't Hoff factor for these solutions will be in the order 19. 20. > WoeG Objective NCER tou Meni (©) i4> ips ig @ in cigs ig (a) ig < ip and O; decrease with increase of temperature. 6. Assertion ; At equilibrium, vapour phase will be always rich in component which is more volatile. Reason : The composition of vapour phase in equilibrium with the solution is determined by the partial pressures of the components. 7. Assertion : Decrease in the vapour pressure of water by adding 1 mol of sucrose to one kg of water is higher to that produced by adding 1 mol of urea to the same quantity of water at the same temperature. Reason : Molecular mass of sugar is less than that of urea, 8. Assertion :In an ideal solution, AmisH is 2er0- Reason : In an ideal solution, A - B interactions ar I of assertion On the followed by statement of reason. Mak the corect choice 25 orfect explanation of assertion. On i 'S not the correct explanation of assertion. Assertion : A solution of phenol and aniline will show negative deviations from Raoult’ law. Reason : In case of negative deviations from Raoult’s law, A ~ B forces are stronger than A - A and B- B forces. Assertion : The solutions which show large positive deviations from Raoult’s law form maximum boiling azeotropes. Reason : 95% aqueous solution of ethanol is maximum boiling azeotrope. . Assertion : The vapour pressure of an aqueous solution of sucrose is less than 1.013 bar at 373.15 K. Reason : Vapour pressure of water is 1.013 bar at 373.15 K. . Assertion : Lowering of vapour pressure is not dependent on the number of species present in the solution. Reason : Lowering of vapour pressure and relative lowering of vapour pressure are colligative properties. _ Assertion : Osmosis does not take place in two isotonic solutions separated by semipermeable membrane. Reason : Isotonic solutions have same osmotic pressure. ; __ Assertion : 1 M solution of KCl has greater osmotic pressure than 1 M solution of glucose at the same temperature. Reason : In solution, KCI dissociates to produce more number of particles. . Assertion : Molecular mass of KCl calculated on the basis of coligative properties will be lower than the normal molecular mass. Reason : Experimentally determined molar mass is always lower than the true value lower than A - Aand B teractions.‘The mixture which shows positive deviation fr aoult’ law is fom. (a) ethanol + acetone (b) benzene + toluene (¢) acetone + chloroform (g)chloroethane + bromoethane, (een ‘the correct option for the value of vapour pressure ofa solution at 45° C with benzene to octane in molar ratio 3: 2 is [at45® C vapour pressure of benzene is 280 mm Hg and that of octane is 420 mm Hg. Assume ideal gas} (a) 350mm ofHg —(b) 160 mm of Hg () 168mmofHg (4) 336 mm of Hg (NEET) the size ofa raw mango shrinks to a much smaller size when kept in a concentrated salt solution. Which one of the following processes can explain this? (a) Dialysis. (0) Reverse osmosis (b) Diffusion (4) Osmosis (JEE Main) _ Which one of the following 0.06 M aqueous solutions has lowest freezing point? () KI (b) K,SO4 (©) Al,(S0,)s (4) CeHi20s (IEE Main) . §mL of | N HCI, 20 mL of N/2 H2SOs and 30 mL ofN/3 HINO, are mixed together and volume made to one litre, The normality of the resulting solution is (a) NS (b) N/10 (©) N/20 (a) N/40 (JIPMER) . Which of the following is dependent on temperature? (a) Molarity (b) Mole fraction (c) Weight percentage (4) Molality ‘(EET How many grams of concentrated nitric acid solution should be used to prepare 250 mL of 2.0 MHNO;? The concentrated acid is 70% HNOs- (@) 70.0gconc. HNOs (b) 5408con™ HNO3 4) 90.0 g conc. HNOs (0) 45.0 gconc. HNO3 (4) 8 (EEN) Exam Archive This section incu 5 i Previous ears’ PMTs and JEE Main question based on NCERT Core Content. 8. A solution of sodium sulphate contains 92 8 of Na* ions per kilogram of water. The molality of Na* ions in that solution in mol kg” is (a) 8 (b) 4 (©) 12 (d) 16 9. In water saturated air, the mole fraction of water vapour is 0.02. Ifthe total pressure of the saturated air ig 1.2 atm, the partial pressure of dry air is (a) 1.18 atm (b) 1.76 atm (©) 1.176 atm (d) 0.98 atm. 10. ‘The mixture that forms maximum boiling azeotrope is (a) heptane + octane (b) water + nitric acid (c) ethanol + water (@) acetone + carbon disulphide. (EET) . If molality of the dilute solution is doubled, the value of molal depression constant (Kj) will be (a) halved (b) tripled (©) unchanged (4) doubled. —_(WEET) ‘At 100 °C the vapour pressure of a solution of 6.5 g of a solute in 100 g water is 732 mm. If Ky = 0.52, the boiling point of this solution will be (a) 102°C (b) 103°C (c) 101°C (d) 100°C (EET) 13. The vapour pressure of acetone at 20°C is 185 torr. When 1.2gofa non-volatile substance was dissolved in 100 g of acetone at 20°C, its vapour pressure was 183 torr. The molar mass (g mol") of the substance (JEE Main) (NEET) 1 5 is (a) 128 (b) 488 (o) 32 (d) 64 (JEE Main) 14, A solution containing 62 g ethylene glycol in 250 g water is cooled to -10°C. If Ky for water is 1,86 K kg mol”, the amount of water (in g) separated as ice is (a) 64 (b) 32 (c) 16 (d) 48 (JEE Main) 15. 1g ofa non-volatile non-electrolyte solute is dissolved in 100 g of two different solvents A and IB whose ebullioscopic constants are in the ratio of 1: 5. The ratio of the elevation in their boiling46 points, A) i AT,(B) (a) 5:1 (b) (©) 10:1 (d) (JEE Main) 16. A solution is prepared by dissolving 0.6 g of urea (molar mass = 60 g mol”') and 1.8 g of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol") in 100 mL of water at 27°C. The osmotic pressure of the solution is (R= 0.08206 L atm K"! mol") (a). 8.2 atm (b) 2.46 atm (©) 4.92 atm (d) 1.64 atm. (JE Main) - 5g of Na,SO, was dissolved in x g of H,0. The change in freezing point was found to be 3.82 °C. If NaSO, is 81.5% ionised, the value of x (Ky for water = 1.86 °C kg mol”') is approximately (molar mass of $ = 32 g mol"! and that of WasG Objective NCERT at you ti, The 18. KyHgla is 40% ionised in aqueous solu, value of its van't Hoff factor (i) is (a) 18 (b) 2.2 (c) 16 (d) 2.0 GEE yy 19. For 1 molal aqueous solution of the . : follow compounds, which one will show the hight freezing point? ist (a) [Co(H,0)6]Cls (b)_[Co(H,0)sCI]Cl,H,0 (©) (Co(H,0),Cl,]Cl:2H,0 (d) [Co(H,0)3Cl3]-3H20 (AEE tain 20. Elevation in the boiling point for 1 molal solution, of glucoseis2K. The depression inthe freezing point, 2 molal solution of glucose in the same solvent ig 2K. The relation between Kj, and Kyis Na=23g mol!) (a) Kp=1.5 Kp (b) Ky =0.5 Ky (@) 15g () 45g (© Ky=2Ky (@ Ky=Ky (©) 25g (d) 65g (WEE Main) (VEE Main) ANSWER KEY MCQs Corner L@2@3 04 @5 @6 @7 8 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (@) 20. (d) 21. (©) 22 (b) 23. 31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (d) 36. (a) 37. (0) 38. (©) 82. ©) 53. (A) 67. (b) 68. (a) 69. (b) (©) 82. (©) 83. @ 98. 46. (0) 47. (@) 48. (@) 49. (@) 50. (b) 51. 61. (@) 62. (0) 63. (b) 64. (4) 65. (a) 66. 76. (a) T7. (@) 78 (a) 79. (a) 80. (b) 81. D1. (©) 92. (d) 93. (0) 94. (6) 95. (6) 96 NCERT Exemplar Problems 1 @2@3 4 5 6 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (@) 20. (0) A & R Corner L©O2% O33 4 @S Thinking Corner L@2~O3 M4 @ 5 Exam Archive L@2@3 @4 @5 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. @) 19. (@) 20. (@) 97. (b) 7. (@) & @6 @. @8& @6 ©7 @s& @ 6 © @ 2 © & @% © (&) 24. (b) (@) 39.) (@) 54. (b) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (©) 13. @) 14. ©) 18.0) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (A) 30. @) 40. (b) 41. (©) 42. () 43. (6) 44. () 45. ©) 55. (d) 56. (d) 57. (c) 58 (b) 59. (c) 60. (b) 70. (a) T1. (0) 72. (@) 73. (©) 74. (@) 75. ©) 85. (a) 86. (d) 87. (b) 88. (a) 89. (¢) 90. @) 100.) (@) 84. d) (@) 99. (@) (b) 9 (b) 10. (a) 11. (©) 12. @) 13. (@) 14. @) 15 (©) 9% (@) 10. 4) 11. (b) 12. @) 13. @ 14. @ 15-0 (1198) 9 (100.08) 10, (0.92) ©) % © 10.6) 1. © 12.6 3. @ 4 @ 54