© _pumtons ‘Mans lay stlaboadig «I py ya) pry Ton date aa ~ audhochy Zigoge, am $e uitthn. of evel a AL Gey, espa fom Uy Tas fst eel? tara, 6, pat pon daienns Grage Seles a) hoy diet a Stabe tat fprv{be sphve a gout ny thy ators clea seme Feil No vudidny cat fiend gpa ° Man Aen Rey deanna 4) aged be crt ee he nah ov ont oly) 8) natlyue ocu7y pare lgnebon wih adreOe snpant \ DEER. “ANB: excert, > aDeesin (ied ppssal deus foibre be faded) A ~~ Mennstadne, note -e expanse pol» wash or les) uP - app ste [oat] peste casey pub ore t ple radon @ - dyes th rads 4 omy prey ~E ~ Deel yal luce sf ‘ a = Roh speciqually vod 4 9 poy extigt~ Gekavert foitentire poner f fnchens (hglat vel exdusn) Byegl CHES! ~ beget ponchos of girl, pov ual Linu gros we Gadhia) riches af Got —Derisins wy pew - Dido ve PRge MAN ibe Coastit fawpul, seojenable, prot fai wealserine ob od ed pod nodes Jr hep wa poly om dha open nbn webu emyina pe temo ony babar | aT ywchen [amiga napewa) ¢ [ivel2eaa TNT] sprees e wnt @®‘The Cro of Administrative Law Adina Action: ‘imitative Action bythe PAJA define: ‘+ Achinsrative aston means any dels’ tken. or file! ake a dision! by vt An Organ of te’ on om Eaertsng «power jn ems if the Consiuton a a provinileesitton; or 1 Exetetong publi! power r penn publ fanton toms of amy gala 1. maura jr forson other than an nga of at’ when exercsins a publi power or performing 2 anton in erm an empowering provision whichadversely affects the rights af any person Sn whi as adie externa legal eft. “Theright 10st Adminsraive Acton Section 33 ofthe Constnton of South Affe 108 of 196 gran all he ight to Just Adminsrative Aston in tems of ‘estion 33, Sot 3 eas 5 follows: “+ Just Administaive Acton: reer the ht oii ston das lawl sonable and peocedurally fi 5 eegone wha right hve boon advencs feted By admisrative acto has he Fight to e elven 4. Nato! elation? must be enacted to ve ffx to hese righ nd must. provide fr review of adinsrtve ston bya court where appropriate and independent and impart ibaa bh mpone at on the sa to give eet othe slats in sbsctons (1) and (2) ad © Promuteanefcien adminstaon “nda ial ake decbion cea ae niente ads props to me, repre oe al: un a rpg provision A Sinn reek stetingsrtanne dain refng oa porting. commen 2 Grgam of state svton 239 of the Constitution se A depavmee fst ov administra the nation, provincia or Wel sphere fv erament oF Aly thereto istitton— 1 facing pero ertorming fonction nerf the Constaton ic power of pertain pbc fetion tater ofthe Comsat ‘en roi at ds nt ial cot ji ce “any soupor sas ofthe pie 2 AGearsttemen ofthe adsinistative ation 1 Ade ace of any tf ef or itera ape whee appleLUNVERSITY EXAMINATIONS. LUNIVERSITEITSEXSAMENS UNISA raza. ADL2601 aan 2011 ‘ADL201M ADMINISTRATIVE LAW Daten 2Hers too mans SECOND PROF WacUKES” This paper consists of two (2) pages 4 jauesrions. 2 Paylatenton othe ALLOCATION OF MARKS and adapt yur answer accordingly. 3 Pidesedo NOT SEPARATE SUBSECTIONS of ausstns, 4 Retro RELEVANT CASE LaW and OTMER AUTHORITY te support your answers 3 Gea wit be given for WELLSTRUCTURED, COHERENT” and” GRAMWATICALLY ‘CORRECT ANSWERS. Food oral (Py) L4é was aware fahing rants to catch 9 cert quarty of plchards and anchowes (se goat) cunng = parser season im tense aachon 181) ef he Manns Lving Resources Act {8 of 1098 by a branch of the Deparment of the Eruronmert. namely Marine an Coastal Management CMCMT) MCM used a formu developed by @ Unveray’s department of mathematics to delermne the vanous quotas. Food-or-a (Py Lie was extremely unhapoy wih Hs quta, saying that n the prewus year ad been alocatad'@certan percentage ofthe total alowabis catch (TAC) of fan. party because had 2 cang factory that could process more than the TAC located I worspred, however thalm tems of he New dustaaloetion Food fort's allocation was Secreased from 5% of the TAG to 3% wihout farm the company or grant t aheanng” Two ‘ther companies, Pengun Fisneres (PF) and Nema Sea Products (RSP) (nether! which had Canning facts), nae baen given mereated thing alocabons (om DOS% to 25% and from #3 555% rospecwely) Foostoral argued hat the CM atocstor of the fehng quotas was Unreasenable since the alocaton favoured some compan man atonal and mexpeable manner newer the following questions. Give reasons forall your answers 3 a bare ayes? or anot or reference toa case or provision is NOT enough. ‘QUESTION + Lee dey ge Sey cee wa = (0) The set of acs retecs an randval admnstave Sa rltonsnp beeen MOM and Food focal Boety dene 3 2) Is admnatvaive action 9 eudence nthe set of facts? In your anewer you Sho ge 8 fal ‘etn of the concept adminsatur achon wn reference ta hs provsions of he Promotion tf AamvstatveJustes et (PAA) 3 2000 cr (©) Dothefolowng actons constute administrate action” Expian your answers Desamtele Me TURN OVER Exe oy Eve ee Palle wre ora jer Raven ee sarve Pe porelfoek- ~2 [ApizorNWiaDL260% MAYUNE 2011 (request for reasons by Food:foral Pty) Lid a |i) ‘The reguiatons published by the Minster ofthe Envronment m terms ofthe Manne ving Resources Act ct (0) The refusal of CM to supply Foocor (Py) Ltd with reasons 2) 51 ‘question 2 (©) = MoM a oan of sae ys he ase gran” Name he organs of saan te et of fats v— Sgt eee 0 (0) Name tre (6) basic pmneies and values govering pail SAhvtsationm toms of secon 185, ‘ofthe Cansituion of the Repub of South Atnca, 1286 o (©) Booty expian when an admewsrator 6 functus ofao Corfine your answer to the res sppigable to cnerousburdensome and bene admtatwe acts 6) TaN eoraliet, wha Atak athe fae 5 Drees aA SS uesTiOns wn BE ay Mee (0) asst all oni has hs proces ar Secment ntemstPAIA (15) (©) Explan the conoopt of proportoalty wih reference to the reasonableness ofthe decston to ir att crs ge a Peet ca ‘QUESTION « (2) Who has locus standin tm of sacton 38 ef the Constation? © (©) Suppose wanspres tat the adrunst ator who sued Food frais quotas director of-PF* SS YasSiorn tio weiner eves Ceca race fo) (©) vy sous seal Snetee et ocktatagd eM ANS Somes sem hans (3) Name ve (5) dia cmos wich oe ales a agreed person 6 tae Bs ve rorat: ce) Fen Bie Sua 2014LuvERS:TY EXAMINATIONS LUNIVERSITEMTSEKSAMENS UNISA l= ‘ADL2601 ‘oeobeeNoverbor 2011 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW Duremn 2 Hour 00 Marks eer tugs soutrwooo SESoNo Prot wacunts. Tay srenmton geting emai pop te Vevey Sou Are ‘This paper consiats of two (02) pages + Anawor all QUESTIONS. + Pay" atontion fo the ALLOCATION OF MARKS and adapt your answer accordingly. + Refer to relovant CASE LAW and OTHER AUTHORITY. + Please do NOT SEPARATE SUBSECTIONS of questions. + Credit will be given to. SYSTEMATIC PRESENTATION, GRAMMATICALLY ‘CORRECT LANGUAGE and reference to LEGAL AUTHORITY, Mr JL Bird ws a prisoner serving a sentence of six years imprisonment for dealing in drags ‘Aseume that he quolites for parole and that he as apple for parole However, Mie ‘application for paroles summarily dismissed wihout any explanation Vinnie Vengeance, 3 member of the parole board that considered Mr Bud's appicaton, cares a longstanding ‘fudge agaist Mr Bed because he (Mr Bird) assaulted Vinmve Vengeance’ sister years ago IMrJ 8a contacts you Aduse him on the followng and give well substantiated roasons for al your answers. Question + (@)_ dent the administrative acton inthe set of fats In your answer you should gve a fll ‘atinaton ofthe concept admunsstratwe acton” with reference to the provisions of the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act (PAJA) 3 of 2000, (8) (b) Define “organ of state" in terms of the Constfution, 1996 Hentfy the organs of state the set of facts and show why such entation of organs of states important (10) (a5) TURN OVER2 ADL2607 ‘ocTNoV2011 ‘question 2 (a) Dscuss whether bias ism evedence i the set of facts (10) (©) Does the decision to refuse Mr Bre#'s applcation constitute proceduraly far ‘administrate action in tarms of PAJA? 5) 5) ‘QUESTION 3 (2) Was Mr Bird ented to reasons? Discuss fuly with reference fo PAJA, including whether reasons are enportant and why (15) (©) Suppose the reasons gwen for the refusal of Mr J Bids application are that he has felused to make his bed for sx weeks Discuss whether thes would be considered adequate" reasons, o (1 Briefly discuss the elements of the prnople of proportionality as 1 relates 10 reasonableness oO a5) QUESTION + (a) Who has locus stand terms of section 38 ofthe Consttuton? 6 (0) Undor whet exeumstances may Mr Bud approach the cour direct? o (©) Demonstrate the difference between statutory appeal and judicial revew 6 (4) What are the orders a court may make in terms of section 8 of PAJA should Mr Bd bo successful m his application for review? oO 25) TOTAL: (100)ADMINISTRATIVE LAW (ADL2601) ‘AN OVERVIEW OF THE DISCUSSION CLASS Pages 2 103 of the study guide set out the our key features of administrative law 41. State authority and the holders of such authority (study units 4 to 4), \Winen confronted witha problem in administrative law, the frst question you need to ask is whether any person or body has acted as an organ of state 2. Administrative action (study unit 8). Once you have determined that an trgan of siate is involved, you have to establish i the conduet is administrative action, 3. Just administrative action (study units 6 to 10). Having established that ‘administrative action was taken. you need to determine whelher such action Complied wih the requirements of just administrative action 4. Control and remedies (study units 11 & 12). ithe administrative action was not just (ie it was unlawfulunreasonable/procedurally urfai, or reasons were not ‘ven). you have to examine the meane of rectng such unjust adminstative action NOTE: This overview is not a summary ofthe study guide to be studied with 2 view to passing the examination. It merely provices a framework of the ‘most important featuros of administrative law, as set out in your study Quide. It remains your responsibilty to work through the study gui summarise itand study it 1. STATE AUTHORITY AND THE HOLDERS OF SUCH AUTHORITY Remember we said that when confronted with a problem in administrative law, the first question you need to askis whether any persen or body has acted as an organ of state. n other words, you have to establish if state authnty was exercised 1.1 ADMINISTRATIVE LAW RELATIONSHIP ‘An administrative law relationship exists between two of mare people, where atleast ne ofthe subjects is a person or body clothed in state authority ho is able to exercise that authority over a parson or body in @ suberdinate position, whose fights are affected by the action Its an unequal relationship. These are the characteristics of an administrative law relationship, You should also be able to cistnguish between general and individual administrative law retabonships 1.2. LEGAL SUBJECTS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE LAW RELATIONSHIP. From the above discussion of the administrative law relationship it emerged that one Of the subjects of this relationship is the authortative party and the other i in asubordinate position. You should be able to identify each of the subjects of the ‘ministrative law relationship. Identification of the authoritative party: In order to dently the authoritative party, you must know the defintion ofan argan of state, as corained in section 239 ofthe Constitution In terms of 230 of the Conetitution, an organ of ztate irclusos (a) any department of state or administration inthe natona, provincial ota! “phere of government of () any other Funetionary or institution that) exercises 2. power or performs a function in terme of the Constitution cx a provincial onstition, of (i) exercises a publle power or performs. a public Tunetion in terms of any legislation. A court and judicial officers are exchided NOTE Work through study unit 3 by doing the actites This wil hone your abilty to recognise the egal subjects in a given factual stuatior ard provide a reason for your view. We recommend that you also work Lough the previous examination paper and its suggested answers fo test your knowledge as you progress 1.3. SOURCES OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW ‘You should know the various sources of administrative lav Constitution Legislation Case law ‘Common law f binging Administrative practice International law Policy documents (Green & White Papers) Reports from Chapter 8 institutions Foreign law 2 ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION 24 WHY IS IT NECESSARY OR IMPORTANT TO ESTABLISH WHETHER ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION IS INVOLVED? It is important because administrative action is the threshold requirement for the application of section 33 of the Constitution 22 HOW DO YOU DETERMINE WHETHER THE ACTION INVOLVED 1S. ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION? ‘You would test the action against the definition of administrative action as set out in section 1 of PAJA, Section 1 of PAA provides. [Adminitrative action means 2 decision taken or failure to take a decision by(2) an organ of state in exercising a power in terme: of the Constitution oF 2 provincial constitution. or exoresing 6 public power oF performing a public netion in terms of any legislation, cr (b) 2 natural of jurietic person which isnot an organ of state when exercising a public power or performing 2 publc function in terms of an empowering Provision, ‘icraaversely affects Une rghit fy persis aid which ah rt wnt legal effect. PAIAals0 defines ‘decision’ as being of an administrative nature under an ‘empowering statute taken by an organ of state as defined in s 239 of the Constitution. There area numberof exceptions to the Gofinition, such as the legsative powers of the Nation, provincial ‘and munpal leilstues, as well as ther Yespectve.executve powers ‘administrator 2s an organ of state or any natural or juristle person taking administrative action ‘ompowering provision’ as a law, @ rule of common law, ‘customary law, or an agreement. Instumont or other document in terms of which an administrative action was purportedly taken NOTE: Yeu must know the defniton of administrative adton as set out in section 1 of PAIA. When confronted with a question requiring you to determine f certain facton constiuies administrative action, you must povide the definiton of {administrative action. The definition contains the requirements for administrative action (underying legal principles) that must be appled to the given facts. After ‘applying the requirements to the given facts, you then reach a conclusion, NOTE: We once again recommend that you work trough the previous Sramnaton paper (0 see wats expected Of you, should a queston of ts ‘ature cop up the upcoming examvnaton. Azo fev the suggested answer | ‘Assignment 07 ints regard, " 2.3. THE LEGAL FORCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION ‘You should also be able to distinguish betwoen the three classes of administrative action and indicate when administrate action takes effect in each instance Legislative administrative action “udieal adminstrative action Puree adminstrative action 2.4 TERMINATION OF THE LEGAL FORCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION ‘The legal force of administrate action is ended by repeal, amendment, lapse of ‘ime, wtharawal of one of the subjects tothe relationship or by court order. Whenthe administratocforgan of state cannot amend, repealrevoke or vary ks decision, it 's said to be functus office. This means that the matter has been deat with finally and the administatoriorgan of state Is no longer able to change his or her mind and revoke, withdraw or revisit the decision Here you once again nave to distinguish between the thee classes of administrative {acton, as the functus officio maxim applies aifferenty in respect of each class of ‘Any invalid action may be alterediwithcrawn by the administrator After all, the ‘acministrator is rectifying action that was defectve in te fst place. However. the administrative action may not be changed by the acmnistator if the affected person has already challenged the vaiity of the adminstrative action before a cautt of higher comestic tnbunal, ori the individual has acquired rights a8 a resut of such inva administrative action Pay particular attention to the application of the functus officio ma Valid onerous administrative action may be changed at any stage: thus an ‘2dministratororgan of state may corecthisiherits own mistakes Valid beneficial administrative action may be altered only where power is conferred ‘expressiviby necessary implication tus itis usually functs office Where administrative acts affect the status of individuals, ey may be altered only if ‘uthorised expressiyiby necessary implication; thus they are usualy functus oficie 3. JUST ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION (STUDY UNITS 6 to 10) We said that once you have estabished that administratve action was taken, you fees to determine whether such action complied with the fequtements of just administrative action, The requicements of just adminisietve action are set out in secton 33 ofthe Constitution. Just administrative action must be + lawful + reasonable + procedurally air + written reasons must be provided for adivinistrative action that adversely affects rights Note that various overarching concepts are used to describe just administrative Acton, ie ma vrestutra vires, appying one's mind to the matte. and legality 3.4 LAWFUL ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION (STUDY UNIT 7), To be awiu!, an administrate acto must comply with al the requirements ofthe law. This guarantees the prohibition of enacting lavs that would aust judicial cont ‘ver administrative action it also means compliance with all the ‘statutory andcommoniaw requirements, namely the Constiution, PAJA, the empowering legislation and commorlaw rules and principles, n other words, all the sources of administatve law. This enrenches the principle of legality, The concept of lawfulness is futher underpinnea by the Constitution in is supremacy clause and the requirement that all organs of state must comply wih all aw. I's also the concept of ‘administrative justice that is the overarching requiremant for the validity of all ‘administrative action Administrative authenty and power derive mainly from legislation. Legistaten that ‘confers administatve authority is termed empoweing legislation. in such empowering legislation, you wild specitc directives relating to the scope, content oF nature of administrative power An adminisvator must act within the powers conferred on him or herby empowering legislation In this regard you must know the rule about delegation 3.4.1 Delegation The following isa summary ofthe aspects you should krow, Please work through the study unt and comple your own nates on delegation Dolagatus delagare non potest ~ the person to whom power is granted may not Gelegate it to another ‘Why? Particular qualifcaton, status, knowledge, responsibilty + When permissibie? Section 238 ofthe Constitution ~ executive organ of state may delegate any powerfuncton ito legislation to any other executive organ Of stale if delegation is consistent with legislation ito which power s exercised ‘+ Rules: Discretion ~ no delegation unless authorised by legislation, may take decision & instruct subordinate to implement; acrinstrator may not accept Instructions rom another body, administrator may eppont fact-finding body ~ Ltmate decision made by delogans ‘+ Forms: Deconceniration ~ intemal hierarchy ~ division of labour Head may withdraw delegation/preseribe Delegate performs in place of delogans Delegans may exercise control ~ reporelieve of dutyintervene if matter not ‘concluded If concluded, cannot undo. ‘Authontatve functionaries in same hierarchy camot be involved in legal sisputes. DDecentalsation - independent body ‘Administrator plays no furtner ole in decision Control by way of appointment, appeatireview of decsions, Mandate Sticty, speaking, not delegation — implement decision of ‘oministrator. 3.4.2 Abuse of power ‘The following are forms of abuse of power by the administrator ‘*exere'sing power with an unauthorised or ulterior purose + exeresing cower using an unauthorised procedure + exercising power using ulterior motives to defeat the purpose ofthe lawPlease work tough the study unit and comple your awn notes on the various forms of abuse by administrators. Remember to note fe applicable case law in each instance, 3.2 REASONABLE ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION (STUDY UNIT 8) ‘Ad administrative action must have a reasonable effect. Administrative acton will have a reasonable effect when the administrator has exeicsed his or her discretion Ina proper way and the decision taken by the administator has been based on objective facts and circumstances. In shor. reasonable administrative action will be ‘any jusbfable decisionmaking. A justifable’ decision is ane based on reason and ot, for example, on the subjective opinion or psychological temperament ~ or even convenience = ofthe administrator ‘After studying this study un, you must be able to answer questions such as the {allowing Why wore the courts hesitant fo express themselves on the reasonableness or \We find the reason for this uncertainty inthe tension between two demands: On the tone hand we see the impact of separation of powers ~ itis not the function of the ‘ours to substitute their decisions (the exercise of their discretionary powers) for those of the public administration. Administrative action is usualy directly related to the exercise of a discretionary power by the administrate. In instances where an administrator has a discretionary power ~ where he or she exercises a choice between two options ~ we should ask whether the exercise of tis discretion was reasonable or not It was argued that his reasonableness relates to the Mets or Substance of the decision, an area in which the courts shauld not intervene ‘Therefore, according to ths tne of reasoning, when reviewing administrative action on the basis of unreasonableness, the courts are required to act as super- administrate organs and to substitute Inele opinions far tse ofthe administration In otner words, caviewing administrative action on the graund of unreasonabieness ‘would be as good as ‘interfering with the decisions of tre administration — action ‘whichis in confic with the separation of powers. (On the over hand, the courts must ensure thatthe decisions of the administration ate inline wih the requirements of basi farness and rationality ‘The task of a reviewing court (reviewing unreasonableness) is not to determine or question administrative poicy orto determine whether a decision is comect or not. oF ‘even to agree with the decision but to apply legal norme to ensure that the procedure followed by the acminstiator was formally corect In other words, it ‘always the task of a reviewing court to determine whethe the discretion has been ‘exerised properly witun the confines ofthe law, Willa decision be reasonable justifiable) whan thera is no evidence of an even balance ~ proportionality ~ between the outcome the decisionmaker wants to‘achieve and the means he or sho usos to achieve the result? In order to answer tis question, you have te consider Roman v Willams. According to Van Deventer J (at 1278) Admins action, ere o prove jsble in reaton te reasons gen fr tru fe" eojectvey tasted’ aganst the twee. requremerts of sutabiy. neces] ahd ‘Srortony) whieh Tegurerents "swive "test of “reesonelaness Gost Srreararnttheso ‘emo tenger a oquremert efoto sorbinionl ten embodioe he ‘Sgurement of pepartonaity betwee te means snd a end ‘The judge's reference to the tree requiements of suitabilty, necessity and proportionality relates to the question of whether reasonableness (or justifiably) Includes adherence to proportional as well (1) The suilabiity of the administrative measure: In accordance with this Fequirement, the administrator must wnen exercising his or her powers, choose only those means (rom the varily of means available) that are most appropriate for achieving the desired end. Ths element is more or less he same as rationaity. In ‘ther words, there must be a rational connection between the end and the means (2) The necessity of the measure: Necessity means thatthe administrator must fake only euch slens as are necessary if any prejudice to én individuals involved. In ther words, the administrator must choose the one that causes least harm to those wo wil be affected by the measure, (3) Weighing up the advantages and disadvantages: This is a very important Fequirement in that it requires weighing up the advantages and disadvantages, and Considering the injury tothe general publc or the individual. The method or means’ ‘must net be out of proportion to the advantages ~ the ‘ends’ ~ to the community. In Shan. proportionality requires tne achievement of an even balance It these requirements are not met. the adminstatve action would not be reasonable {justiiable). as an even balance between the means used and the ends envisaged are not achieves. NOTE We ance again recommend that you work through the previous ‘examination paper to see what ve expected of you, should a question of this nature crop up inthe upcoming examination, 3.3. PROCEDURALLY FAIR ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION (STUDY UNIT 8) Procedurally fair administrative action is a further requirement for the right to just, administrative action a8 contained in the Bill of Rights in the Constitution, 1998 (5 33), 33.4. The rules of natural justice In terms of the common law, proceduraly far administrative action includes the rules cof natural justice ‘The canstiulional ight is, however, not hmited to ~ and is moreComprehensive than — the common-law rules. The rules 2 natural justice comor'se the audi alforam partem rule ana the nemo ddex n sua propa Causa rue ‘You should know the content of these rules and be able to identity and discuss the relevant rule of natural justice with reference to case law, if asked this inthe ‘examination, Please refer to the previous examination paper for an example of a | | question deating withthe rules of natural justice 3.3.2. Section 3 of PAJA and the application of procedural fairness Section 3 of PAJA applies to the individual adminstratve law relationship. ‘Adminstrabve action that mately and adversely affects the right or legttmate ‘expeciations of any person must be procedurally far. The protection is extended beyond s 33 to include legitimate expectations. In Jentins v Government of the Republic of South Atfica, was held that the doctrine has become part of out ‘common law, even if it 8 not refered to in section 32 of the Constiution. Fair ‘Béminisraive practice depends on the circumstances af each case ‘You must know section 3 of PAJA and must be able to apply to a gwven set of facts. You must furthermore be adle to reach a conclusion. Please work through the previous examinaton paper and familanse yourself with the format of a suggested answer. Remember if yu know and can give the content of section 3 (the underiying legal rues) in the examination, you wil arn matks, even i your application to the given facts is ncarect Obligatory requirements (6 3(2))): ‘adequate notice of nature and purpose of proposed action ‘reasonable opportunity to make representations: ‘+ clear statement of administrative action + adequate notice of right of review or internal appeal + adequate notice of right to request reasons Discretionary requirements (s 33) "= opportunity to obtain assistance, even legal assistance in complex cases. {opportunity to present and aispute information and arguments ‘opportunity to appear in person The requirements in s 312) may be departed from only if it's reasonable and |ustffable fo do so. This is determined by taking a relevant factors into account. + the objects ofthe empowering provision + the nature and purpose of and need for the acton 1 the ikely effect ofthe administrative action 4+ the urgency of the matter + the need to promote efficent administration and good governance The limitation must also comply with s 36 of the Constitution, atough the above seem lke a paraphrase of his section.Section 3(5) states that the administrator may also ‘olow a diferent but fair procedure ifthe empowering provision authorises this, 3.4 THE RIGHT TO BE GIVEN WRITTEN REASONS (STUDY UNIT 10) ‘The fourth requirement for just administrative action is the right to be given waiten reasons. In torme of 3 25(4) of tha Conettution, an aggreved pereon ie eitted f2 whiten reasons i histher rights have been adversely affect, 3.4.1. Why is itimportant to give reasons for administrative action? ‘This requirement isa safeguard against any arbitrary or unreasonable aéministratve decisionmaking. Curme and Klaaren suggest that the main purpose of requiring Feasons is 10 justly adminisvatve action, It promoks faimess and correct ‘administrative behaviour, since bad reasons ~ or no reasons ~ may lead to review Proceedings. it also ensures openness, accountabity and transparency in public Administration and reflects the values of an open and semocratc society. Read ‘through the study unit and then try to substantiate your answer further. Providing reasons is important because it demenstrates how the administrative body functoned when the decision was taken ~ whether t acid lawfully of unlawful, ‘attonaly or arbitrary, reasonaby or unreasonably. If reasons are lacking, the person wishing to challenge the action would be at a great disadvantage if no Information is avalable to him/her. issues such a6 the falure of the administrator to apply hisiher mind to the matter, unauthorised purpose and mala fides would be Sithcut © prove. It would therefore be dificult fo find a bass for the appeal or review 342 Section 5 of PAJA Section 5 of PAJA provides for the furnishing of reasons to anyone who has requested reasons and whose rights have been materialy and adversely affected ‘Adequate reasons must be funishes within 90 days cf the request. Failure to furnish reasons leads to the presumption that the decision was taken without good Feason. The Act also provides that a court may review the acton ifthe action i itself not rationally connected with the reasons given. 3.43 When will reasons be adequate? Semel r aayg meet 2 | Please study pages 176 to 180 of your study guide and make a summary of the | content. You have to refer to case law to substantate your answer After you nave | complied an answer, work trough the previous examination paper and compare | | your answer withthe suggested answer 4. CONTROL AND REMEDIES Remember that we said that if the adminisvave acton was nat just (et was Unlawullunreasonablelprocedually unfair, oF reasons were not given). you have to ‘examine the means of rectiying such unjust administrative action.41 INTERNAL CONTROL Internal control is control exercised within the administration itself, that is, ether by senior administrators or specially constituted bodies or insitutons. Under this heading, you have to master the following by working through study unt ce + the forms of internal contro! + the advantages of interna contro! + the precondition of exhausting internal remedies + the exceptions tothe general rule (that all internal channels be used before @ court of lawis approached) 42 JUDICIAL CONTROL Judicial contra is exercised by the courts. The juciary, which acts as a watchdog ‘over the leisiature and the executive, must ensure that al state actions comply with the Constiution. Under this neading, you have to master the folowing by working through study unt 2 ‘+ the forms of jucial control Statutory appeal High Courts do not have inherent appeal jurisdiction Apeal is possibie only ifthe {enabing legislation makes provision fori, Ths is the mostimportant point. In such a ‘case, the appeals limited fo the record of the proceedings, but may inquire int ‘merits of the decision. Appeals le only agaist final decisions, Review Al higher courts have inherent review jurisdiction in tems of the commen law, Ouster clauses are no longer constitutional in terms of = 34 of the Constitution, Review may take place in terms of the Constitution, PAVA, specific statutes or the Supreme Court Act (if reviewing lower courts’ decisions, The grounds of review ‘must be stated and, broadly speaking, they rest on an infngement of a fundamental Fight or challenge the validity of administrative action. It ony decides on the vai fhe decsion, but may go beyond the record Interdit ‘An interdict is aimed at preventing unlawful administrative action that will prejusice the nghts ofthe affected party There must be a clear legal interest, which is being threatened No alternative satsfactory remedy must be avaiable ‘The party wil suffer reparable damage or prejucice if the interict is not granted Mandamus This remedy is used to compel an administrator to perfor a statutory duty. It_may ‘ot, however, stipulate how the power should be exercised. For example, PAIA provides that falure to make a decision’ is a ground for revew. The court may,however, be approached to grant a mandamus inthe event ofa long delay to make 2 decision. Its the fip side of an interdict. unauthorised acton is prevented by means of an interdict. whereas complance witha statutoy duty is enforced by way ‘ofa mandamus, Dectaratory order Tas remedy is applied for when there is a clear dispute or uncertainty about the valety or effoct of administrative action, even where other raimadiar may siao be Felied on. The cout wil give a definitive answer fo the question of what the legal postion is regarding any parteuiar person or a gwven stae of affairs. It clarifies the ‘satus’ ofa matter Defence in criminal proceedings Ifa person is charged with a criminal offence created by legislation (ang o comply win empowering legislation), the charge may be defended by challenging the vaiity ofthe administrative decision tats te subject of te dispute ‘+ The applicant must have locus stand In terms of s 38 of the Constitution, anyone listed in this section has the right to ‘approach @ competent cout alleging that aight in the Bill of Rights has been Infinged or trreatened. The folowing persons have locus stand anyone acting in ther own interest anyone acting on behalf of another, who cannot actin ther own name anyone acting a8 a member of orn the interest of, a group or class of persons ‘anyone acting in the pubic interest an association acting inthe interest ofits members Note. you should be able to substantiate your answer ir terms of section 98 if a {question an locus stands asked ‘+The orders that the court may make ' 91): the court may direct the administrator to give reasons, or to actin a required manner. + 8(1)(b) the court may make an order prohbitng the administrator from acting ina Particular manner. This paragraph thus makes provision fora proniitoy interdict 5 8(1)(c) the court may grant orders setting aside decisis of the administrator. In the main, however. the court would set aside a decision ty the administrator under the circumstances laid down in section 8(7)(0) and serd back to the onginal ‘decisionmaker ‘5 8(1(d) the court is empowered to dectare the rights of tho parties ' 8(1)(): tis provides for the granting of a temporary interdict oF other ternporary relet ' 1)(9: a court may make an order as to castsNote: Please study section 8 of PAJA. Students tend to get tired towards the end Of the study guide and leave out this important section ofthe work, which often features in the examination paper. 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