Solutions to the Practice Problems from J.F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, 6th Edition, Prentice- Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2005 Beginning with Chapter 2, a set of Practice Problems follows immediately after worked-out Sample Problems. These exercises follow directly from the preceding solutions and are intended to provide a carefully guided journey into the first calculations in each new area. The solutions provided here allow students to independently check their own approach to these problems.Section 2.1 - Atomic Structure PP 21 Calculate the number of atoms contained in a cylinder 1 wm in Glameter by 1 wm deep of (a) magnesium and (b) lead. (See Sample Problem 2.1.) a = bb 110! ations Cu x LTE lem Diy iy ae O98 aE x bRES9 Ca May thre Co 24319 MH ty whome My = 3.38 x10" atoms My 4 7 on e349 Fem) Fh, OG, pg * 6M cs Ca 0 C293.9 len!) Co x SESSI Cu /Nigy tome Co 9072 9 My atrme. PE = 259 x10” atone Ph eee PP 22 Using the density of MgO calculated in Sample Problem 2.2, cl oe culate the mass of an MgO refractory (temperature resistant) brick with dimensions: 50 mm x 100 mmx 200 mm. 2] mapV = Ca6og lent No" em font) x (S0N(100 e200 mm 2 = S.box0%y = 3604S PP 2.3 Calculate the dimensions of (a) a cube containing 1 mol of copper and (b) a cube containing 1 mol of lead. (See Sample Prob- em 2. 3) FS 9/ me PP 2.3] @) edje = aes 86 omm Lm 12.23 mm Greye > (zat), lomel,, = 2634 mn M349 lemSection 2.2 - The Ionic Bond (a) Make 4 sketch similar to Figure 2-4 ilustraing Mg and O PP 24 axoms and ions in MgO. (b) Compare te elecronic configurations for the atoms and ions ilustrated in part (a). (€) Show which ‘ble gas atoms have elecronic configurations equivalent to those iluswated in part (a). (See Sample Problem 2.4) @) Maz 1s22s72pt3s* 0: 1s225*2pt - - Maat: Ls? as*apt O77 Ls22s72p 6 () Ne ond Ne (a) Using the ionic radii data in Appendix 2, calculate the coulom- PP 2.5 bic force of attraction between the Mg?*—O?- ion pair. (b) What is the cepulsive force in this case? (See Sample Problems 2.5 and 26) @FonAppendig 2, Hage = 0.07P am [oa- = O03 2am Thin, = "age 4 2.07% am bt 0.1382nm = 0.210 nn Fa — (9x10 Vm /e)(¢2Noubx10""e)CaNlo.lex1o-"C) . (0.210 x/o~%,,)* = 20.9x10-7N (s) Fee - 2 320.9007 9NPP 2.6 Calculate the minimum radius ratio for a coordination number of “ (a) 4 and (b) 6. (See Sample Problem 2.7.) Dror OFber + O86OR oR 0.1834 R = 0.8166 ay, Fall & = 0.25 ) he} Pp r+R O245° +2 Kk sm 4572 RO 0.107 r +0,.707R =R gy, Frail. a Be 44In the next chapter we shall see that MgO, C20, FeO, and NiO all shere the NaCl erysal sucrure. AS a result in each case the ‘mesa ions will have the same coordination aumber (6). The case of MgO and CaO is treated in Sample Problem 2.8. Use the radius ratio caleulation tose if estimates the CN = 6 for FeO and NiO. From Appendix 2) Tpedt = O88T Im Ryde .07EHm, Pyar 0:18am For Feo, Ds 2.08 Tne , a A Ro SRE = oe br which Table 2-1 give CNG Fer Nio, Tz 0.078 nmSection 2.3 ~ The Covalent Bond In Figure 2-14 we see. the polymerization of polyethylene PP 28 _ 4[$rnh + frnt] 2B J(otebm)s Co.B2am)]= 0.0585 rm? 3 2.08tSnm? 549 IPF = 010th ——n (b) a3 [2e.0r7mm) +2(0.132n0)] = 0840nm! Vine 2% [e087 mm) *s C0182 Jt] 0.04% rm? 3 IPF eth ae = 0.590 Cc) a3= [200.078 sm)¢ 2 (0.32nmY) © 0.074/ nm? Vou $2 [.070am)"+C0.1320m)¥] © 0.0485 nui? 3 IPR = 2:0865m) 0.074 am eee Ud) Me. Ae se by Ha ealealathrnn abort, the IPF is a Auchmof Ke rsdiua rahe.PP 3.5 Calculate the density of CaO. (See Sample Problem 3.4.) DM 2 2(0.10bnm)¢ 2(0.13.20m)#0.47bnm Vesteell = 22 (04 7am) 0.106 1m? [40 40.083) +4 (0.00 9)] Mogens x10*#, fee y - 0.108 nm > a = 3.45 glo Section 3.4 — Polymeric Structures How many unitcells are containedin 1 kg of commercial polyethy- PP 3.6 lene thats 50 vol % crystalline (balance amorphous) and hasan overall product density of 0.940 Mg/m*? (See Semple Problem 35.) Firat note Hat unit colle ae priatc mby 1” He cryrhathe peter Vigy = ite = byw (Ay Hse) «06 x10°3 mi? Pit LoD 6, Ga tg (nd ofne™ a2? Vengrtillne = 0-5 Civb x102q3) = 0.532 #1077 : 6 a Vyait tell = 0.0933 om! x (Gla)s B33n0 Eur ny cs ; 3 a 0.53240 = 253280 ___ = 5.70 x10 emit tells Nacht ™ 933510" a aateel) | Section 3,5 - Semiconductor Structures In Sample Problem 3.6 we find the atomic packing factor for PP 3.7 silicon to be quite low compared to the common metal struc- tures. Comment on the elstonship betwesn ths characteristic and the nate of bonding in semscondsor sco, PP 3.7 Bonding im silicon és Aighly covalint, The asieciated dirtchonalihy of te bonds dominatea. oven efbceat™ packing of spherea Ca chanectristic of nom-divechmal, metilic bonding)pp 3g ilculatethedensity of germanium, using data from Appendixes 1 and 2. (See Sample Problem 37.) YS a= Fre o g : 7 as #% + FE Gl2am) 20. S634m as 079mm? 7 p> fst, « 22818 y (ioe) O17 nm? 0.6023 x10** atime oon = 5.39 alent CObnnsly, Be Comin at He bation of Semple Prblin 367 ogplta hee aber.) Section 3.6 - Lattice Positions, Directions, and Planes From Table 3.2, list the body-centered lattice point positions for (a) the bee Bravais lattice, (b) the body-centered tetragonal lattice, and (¢) the body-centered orthorhombic lattice. (See Sample Problem 38.) (4) body- contend posi (b) Same (c) Same. Use a sketch to determine which lattice points lie along the PP 3.10 (111) direction in the (a) bcc, (b) body-centered tetragonal, and (©) body-centered orthorhombic unit cells of Table 32. (See Sample Problem 3.9.) (a) c (b) Some. (c) same. PP 39 lative ponds are: 000, 242, IIIPP 3.11 Sketch the 12 members of the (110) family determined in Sam- ple Problem 3.10. (You may want to use more than one sketch.) [PP 3.11] bs 4-4, planet as Ler PP 3.12 (a)Determine the (100) family of directions inthe cubicsystem, and (b) sketch the members ofthis family. (See Sample Problem 3.10 and Practice Problem 3.11.) (a) (100) = [100], Lo1o], Leo] Pri] g [Tee], Lovo], Leet}PP 3.13 PP 3.14 Calculate the angles between (a) the {100] and [110] and (b) the [100] and ga directions in the cubic system. (See Sample Problem 3.11, (a) 5 anon (14222) sornenecly = 45" 4 () S. arcces (HEE) sarcces abe = ‘Sketch the (311) plane and its intercepts. (See Sample Problem 3.12 and Figure 3-30.) intercept at © FZ nderagt at — b rtenept at 3 %Sketch the 12 members of the (110} family determined in Sam- PP 3.15 ple Problem 3.13, (To simplify matters, you will probably want to use more than one sketch.)Calculate the linear density of atoms along the (111] direction PP 3.16 in (a)beciron and (b) foc nickel. (See Sample Problem 3.14.) a —rtr— rvs soa = 4.03 atoms am = 2 rpe Alaa)” DEAT (2) Fir fee Wi #,.4 22 FGF Fe O25) = 0. 354mm _ ch = 6S ahs pm rile deat Fe leiay * Lessin PP 317 Calculate the planar density of atoms in the (111) plane of (a) " bcc iron and (b) fcc nickel. (See Sample Problem 3.15.) (a) Fir be Fe: Dra] 2 FF hat Fy (Ovatam) = 0-286 nm Le VZA27F (0.2861m)= 0.495 9m A gy. F (2405 mm)= 0.0770 »m* ateme deoihy = oSielo 2.5 atoms, © 8.0710 nme ® ae QO) Fr fe Mi: AVE Vang @ = 03540 Cfny PP 3. Le VE O.354am)= 0.500 mm As gr Blosmn)'s 2.108 nm * :) givens ethnic deasthy = Pitot = atone A 0.108 nm? 18. $ atroa Zam *PP 3.18 Calculate the linear density of ions along the [111] direction for CaO, (See Sample Problem 3.16.) Ae Bre ap FAG s- © 2(0./0onm)t 2(0.132hm) PP = 0.47bam L273 a+ VE (0.4% nm)= 082A rm I” ual GG** 410? Vfo. titan, = (21 Ca** 442107 hom Calculate the planar density of ions inthe (111) plane for CaO, PP 3.19 (See Sample Problem 3.17.) PPM as 2 rege + tga. * 2 (Ollbrm)+2 (0.1.20m) #04 76am LYE 02 VE (0.42bhm) * 0.673 am Az abhs = (0.5.73nm)*= 0 196 bm? Ionic Lhasity = Riema (0.196 nm? = 10.2 (Ca or 02° Vim? Find the linear density of atoms along the [111] direction for PP 3.20 germanium. (See Sample Problem 3.18.) (PP 320] y= Sate Rate 2 atom, nen desi = FeO —= Fes aos Se Find the planar density of atoms in the (111) plane for germa- PP 3.21 nium. (See Sample Problem 3.19.) 43 [Proceed sora! L bans» Bates = 2.27 ath fam © 0.275 nmSection 3.7 - X-ray Diffraction In Sample Problem3.20 we characterize the geometry for diffrac- PP 3.22 tionby (111) planesin MgO. Suppose the crystals tilted slightly so that the (111) diffraction spot is shifted to a position 0.5 em from the film center. What wavelength (i) would produce first- order diffraction in this case?” Goon ten (SEE), 244" RO* to" Fm 120° 9.46% [70.5 ° 6° 253° naz adsmO ae Bsn hong Had calekited in Sample rsblan 2.20: Ne (22 22ttm ) 4, 5.3") = O48 3 nmThe diffraction angles for the fist three peaks in Figure 3-39 are calculated in Sample Problem 3.21. Calculate the diffraction angles forthe remainder of the peaks in Figure 3-39. PP 3.23 d= Seta, 5 22404 1 = 0/23 mm S03 etl oO yan? SEAR FOAM 2 BLT nm fa*ta%sa*® Via O.fodim 2.4040 oo po/p, ‘4 tere dot 40dnm & 0.40F nm. OA FOT = 0.092 74m, 381 Vata) TF 2.404 nm 4o40m 0.09034 4*#a*t0 (ao ans = tee * ©, = ercsm SSAA 2 39,36 op (20),2 785° on 2xa/2am = Qresm O:fS4anm "oe 2 72.8 Bag = orm SUA a4 we 20s eee pn arin SUE mH ow G8) > HE 5 1543. 5 23" 6,,, = aresm gees 563 Ge), U3 O,,, tacsm ONS Fhm a Shb% or BOY NT? “#0 2 x0.0%08 mm ‘tseSection 4.1 — The Solid Solution - Chemical Imperfection Copper and nickel (which are completely soluble in each other) PP 4.1 satisty the frst Hume-Rothery rule of solid solubility, as shown in Sample Problem 4.1. Aluminum and silicon are soluble in each other to only a limited degree. Do they satisfy the first Hume- Rothery rule? Type OthB ney) Py 07am 0.14 Same = OU nm 0-143 nm Huehre, no C% redioa ditbomwe > 15% ‘The interstitial site for dissolving a carbon atom in a-Fe was shown PP 4.2 in Figure 4-4. Sample Problem 42 shows that a carbon atom is ‘more than four times too large for the site and, consequently, car- on solubility in a-Fe is quite low. Consider now the case for Interstitial solution of carbon in the high-emperamure (fec) struc- ture of y-Fe. The largest interstitial site for a carbon atom is a 01 type. (a) Sketch this interstitial solution in a manner similar Figure 4-4, (b) Determine by bow much the C atoms in y-Fe is Oversize. (Nove that the atomic radius for fec iron is 0.127 nm.) «) x100R @ 182 Cate at 201 Oe eee 4 Ar ndoshibal ™ Z3"Fq- 2p Vidal = VE Tpg = Way # 0414 rg, = 0.416 (0.1270) = 00536 am or Farben. 0.077, aisehn, mm 4 "hniestihal 0.0 526 nm Tresetore, Ke Carbon are is Raphly 50% te lege. Note: This ta am’ eblem. It shaus that Antal Cail te, le ten Hose ™ o- Fey erin Moygh te ovtrell APE Sor I*Fe is gear.Section 4.2 - Point Defects - Zero-Dimensional Imperfections PP 4.3 Calculate the density of vacant sites (in m7) for aluminum at {660°C (just below its melting point) where the fraction of vacant lattice sites is 8.82 x 10+. (See Sample Problem 4.3.) vac docsihy = 8.82410 ton”! 6.0810 tas rm”? $.31x107F 973 Section 4.3 - Linear Defects, or Dislocations - One-Dimensional Imperfections Calculate the magnitude of the Burgers vector for an hep metal, PP 44 Mg. (See Sample Problem 44.) Fr yan hap mel agam IB days 2h = 2(0.1e0nm)= 0.320 mmmSection 4.4 - Planar Defects - Two-Dimensional Imperfections PP 45 PP 4.6 PP 4.6 In Sample Problem 4.5 we find the separation distance between dislocations for a 2° tilt boundary in aluminum. Repeat this calculation for (a) @ = 1° and (b) @ = 5°. (@) Plot the overall trend of D versus @ over the range 6 = Oto 5°. Il _ 0.2tb ne D= 2 CS ob nme @) 6° [*e(ind/eaey (b) De BL, 2:28am _. 3, a8 nm OS's (ind/573°-)) (c) 20 qn € 8 Copa sas 6 Gy) Figure 4-22 gives a sample calculation of grain-size number, G. ‘Sample Problem 4.6 recalculates G assuming a magnification ‘of 300% rather than 100%. Repeat this process, assuming that the micrograph in Figure 4-22 is at SOx rather than 100%. Any = 3.98% (B2)*2 15.92 in® gy “ ponbay of N= sage 2.01 grare/n* 759a% Neat! or Bie (Mad so Mat eee sre SAMs 0 2.01 or GERSection 4.5 - Noncrystalline Solids - Three-Dimensional Imperfection PP 48 PP 4.7 __ Estimate the atomic packing factor of amorphous silicon if its density is reduced by 1% relative to the crystalline state, (Re- view Sample Problem 3.6.) From fyi Prooght = 233g hn? Paver 7 099 (2.33 in?) = 2.307 My fn? Troefre, (APF) = CAPEpeaht 70.99 Ving 1a result of Sample Frrblim 3-16) Gred_ = 0.240 09% 0.337 Section 4.6 — Microscopy In Sample Problem 4.8,we calculate the diffraction angle (28) for 100-keV electrons diffracted from (111) planes in aluminum. What would be the diffraction angle from (a) the (200) planes and (b) the (220) planes? (a) d= 2fednee © O.D0am—m [a* soe 6 =aum (2:7207 m5 9 535* of (20), 2 Txaacaen (6) dj, GA¢bm 5 0.143 am Batre Qamcsm (ZO Free) we 0.762" we (20) 2 48! Zero 40 oeSection 5.1 — Thermally Activated Processes Given the background provided by Sample Problem 5.1, calcu- late the value of the rate constant, &, for the oxidation of the PPS.1 ‘magnesium alloy at 500°C. % > ‘R004 273K =k ‘300 Fee * Ase Rive (320,000 Thal) 4, 515065 = hos io" hy Hmt.s] e~ F314 Tfnol-K m8 @ fi te 8G a) e |. a4 «07) = 0.572 Agllmt- 5] Section 5.2 — Thermal Production of Point Defects Calculate the fraction of aluminum lattice sites vacant at (a) ‘500°C, (b) 200°C, and () room temperature (25°C). (See Sam- PP 5.2 ple Problem 5.2.) (a) Ao sore 72), by BU IAT, “$2 a Ce alae = 128x107 + (b) At 200% @ 473K), a ~ (0:76e¥) Pe 2 (1,2) Cra awe-tve FE) = 9.00% 0 Maites (ce) At asec Coat? x), ~ Goer) a = Cina) @” (tb anoteviR VTS = LS Ixt0 my sitesSection 5.3 ~ Point Defects and Solid-State Diffusion Suppose that the carbon concentration gradient described in Sample Problem 5.3 occurred at 1100°C rather than 1000°C. Calculate the carbon atom flux for this case. dithaswe fe He tummt coleadation sin Be apr Dei. tre, nese = De = (20x07 b/g) 07 3 Moelle 314 Talle X37) = 728K Ys ging ues Tee -D¥ =- Catasio mvs 8.28 wo dhe) = 652%10!9 ate Jn 8s)PP 5.4 In Sample Problem 5.4 the time to generate a given carbon concentration profile is calculated using the error function table. The carbon content at the surface was 1,0 wt % and at 1 mm from the surface was 0.6 wt %. For this diffusion time, what is the carbon content at a distance (a) 0.5 mm from the surface and (b) 2 mm from the surface? lage KS x04 . 2° DBE * 3 a.Aiwo-' eV Getew ay ET Indep fom Table $.1 gues 2.25- 0.2387 _ _0.2763- ert, 0.25- 0.89 ~ 0.37%3-02227 erty = 0.2642 — 3 ~ Co Cu O.2ut% _ 75 449 (070.267 % tae og Cx 0-77 ot % 2 Sxo-t = 3 21 Gite Ger) = 09544 # ardey, slatag oom Tide 41 p> £00-0.9549 47 ert “hoe 0.45 Baa or ert 30. 8230 ary Cen=28eth 15 6230 (1-2-0. 2a % or Cy = 0.344%PP SS Repeat Practice Problem 5.4 using the graphical method of Sample Problem 55. (a) Foe DE Aed, we need my lok for eduing by onnball i090 Bon XBT = 0.95 te X/VER «= 0.475. Piper SI give er the lather case : Cache Cnea | Brey 50-733 or a 7733 gm CF 0.79 wh % C (b) Fee xe x 200.95) L90, S& % 9,125 piceage oF eT ONS Jing Cm PP 5.6 In Sample Problem 5.6 a carburization temperature is calcu- lated for a given carbon concentration profile. Calculate the carburization temperature ifthe given profile were obtained in S hours rather than 10 hours, as originally stated. Prac] In Hie cant, Da 7s wee). 2.160 Ys Co.45)*(ex 3.6x/033) = Coosio-beat/s) ce ~Cieere tinal Yh MAT fael-e)] T ong Te 43 ke FoSection 5.4 — Steady-State Diffusion For the purification membrane in Sample Problem 5.7, how PP 57 much hydrogen would be purified per hour if the membrane used is 3 mm thick, with all other conditions unchanged? B-9)- Sad] Xe . al ad Bxlorm = 0.0144 hy fh aa = InAs 0.0144 hy Anh xO.2m > = 2.88x103 ha Sh Section 5.5 — Alternate Diffusion Paths PP 5.8 In Sample Problem 5.8, we calculated the extent of impurity penetration for volume and grain boundary paths. For further comparison, calculate the penetration for surface diffusion for which Daudace = 1.0 x 10-* m2/s. X= 21824) [Cox ECxio s/h) = AID x10 mn = 21 9K/0 m = 21 bamSection 6.1 - Stress versus Strain In Sample Problem 6.1, the basic mechanical properties of @ PP 6.1 — 2024-T81 aluminum are calculated based on its stress-strain curve (Figure 6-3). Given at the top of page 201 are load- clongation data for a type 304 stainless tee! similar to that pre- sented in Figure 6-2. This steel is similar to alloy 3(a) in Table 662 except that it has a different thermomechanical history, giv- ingit slightly higher strength with lower ductility. (a) Plot these data in a manner comparable to Figure 6-2. (b) Repiot these data as a stress-strain curve similar to Figure 6-3. (e) Replot the initial strain data on an expanded scale, similar to that used for Figure 6-4. (d) Using the results of parts (a)-(c), calculate @ E, (© YS. () TS, and (g) percent elongation at failure for this 304 stainless steel. For parts ()-(f), express answers in both Pa and psi units. Load (N) Gage length (mm) Load (N) 0 50.8000 35,220 4,890 50.8102 35,720 9.779 50.8203, 40,540 14,670 50.8305, 48,390 19,560 50.8406 59,030 24,450 50.8508 65,870 27,620 50.8610 69,420 29,390 508711 669,670 (maximum) 32,680 50.9016 68,150 63.500 33,950 50.9270 60,810 (fracture) 66.040 (after fracture) 34,580, 50.95: Original, specimen diameter: 12.7 mm.ea Llmm) Ahlan) lnm) ° 40 49 4670 Mse0 a4, 450 27620 24390 23600 34950 34,500 3520 357 4st 4630 spr b5070 64, 420 64,670 bbi90 6970 FAL % Cate) @) 60 - I (hn) * | zo I ° ° lo Py)(Pa) 300 R00 ° ‘nee! ac08 0.008 0.004 (d) The constwetion inn the graph of parte) mndicates. Ht Bs TEMPS «ins nsotA Pe « £4 "As o.14se00 pad fy = 28010" ¢s(ec) Agam aablang the graph port (0) we see Hat ¥S= 27SMR x PR aM Sue nip = 39, f00 pai (1) Frm put (6), a Pa, ae xO uSHe nash = 74, 800 pat G) Ving past ayo elrgatin ot Bile = 100% 6 is Bfoore.3= 30% For the 304 stainless stel introduced in Practice Problem 61 PP 6.2 calculate the elastic recovery forthe specimen upon removal of the load of (a) 35,720 N and (b) 69,420 N. (See Sample Problem 62) (a) © PA, Fir Ps 35,720N, = es ofp Finn PP 6.1, E2193 xia, Es (ataxu! RY (isn apa) = 146 00-3 a 357 peel _ ap, 7/ Gate hye AMA (b) Fir Ps 64,420N, bY 420K oe ee 2 5 49MPn (are aay Ex (540 wo AY/i93n0 Ifa) = 28421072PP 6.3 For the alloy in Sample Problem 6.3, calculate the rod diameter at the (tensile) yield stress indicated in Table 6.2. The yield shonglh 2 Task 6.2 = /45MPa, €,-Ce 145m 3 & Toxo ~ aaa Edie -v = - (0.33) (207x107) =-b.84x107 Then, d,* d, Cggt = lomm (-bedxio-*4/) = 4.9932 mm Calculate the breaking strength of a given glass plate containing ase (@) 2 0.5-um-long surface crack and (b) a S-yem-long surface crack. Except for the length of the crack, use the conditions described in Sample Problem 6.4 (a) oF 3, (€)"* = # Comtr (eats go (Cb) ors £ Cro nto, )(e Bede m on = BSP Sno = “The data in Sample Problem 65 permit the Bexurl modulus to be ealculated. For the configuration described, an applied force of 680 N causes fracture of the nylon sample. Calculate the corresponding Nexural tenth, Using Eg uation 6.10, BEL _ 3(6t0NX Sowo 3m). Bbh® 20/0 SATO Im) = F0./n00% N/a = 80.1MPa In Sample Problem 6. strain is calculated for various materials, PP 6.6 under a stress of 1 MPa. While the strain is relatively large for polymers there are some high-modulus polymers with substan tially lower results. Calculate the strain in a cellulosic fiber with a modulus of elasticity of 28,000 MPa (under a uniaxial stress of 1 MPa). PP 6.5 FSs.= AMPs as7x/0* EE 24000mA éSection 6.2 - Elastic Deformation (a) Calculate the center-to-center separation distance of two Lie Fe atoms along the (100) direction in unstressed iron. (b) Calculate the separation distance along that direction un- der a tensile stress of 1000 MPa. (See Sample Problem 67.) (a) Far « bee stractunt, she at bth where te tei ar ke hte pater w ms = (b) €= %e = (coma jasnpaomPa)® 0008 OP seethed = LGOEHO Mhtam 2 Q REET nm Section 6.3 - Plastic Deformation PP 6.8 Repeat Sample Problem 6.8, assuming that the two directions are 45° rather than 60° and 40°, Ta ces deo P= (obtomPr) cos 45) cs l4sr) = O.34S5MPy (50.0pei) Section 6.4 - Hardness PP 6.9 Suppose thata ductile iron (100-70-03, air-quenched) has ten- sile strength of 700 MPa. What diameter impression would you ‘expect the 3000-kg load to produce with the 10-mm-diameter ball? (See Sample Problem 6.9.) Figue 6-286) give (for TS. TeomPa)) 220 BUN. 2(3000) Finfen Tord? ] or d= 4.08 mn 2208Section 6.5 - Creep and Stress Relaxation Using an Arhenius equation, we are able to predict the creep Pew rate for agiven alloy at 600°C in Sample Problem 6.10. For the same system, caleulate the ereep rate at (a) 700°C, (b) 800°C, and (e) 900°C. (4) Plot the results on an Arrhenius plot similar to Figure 6-34. (ae = ((£0.5:10Y, pu houn Je” HM We s14x078) “foots = L470? % per hour (6) Egoee® (£0-5x10% pe hou) en Ont FD fet. 314X078) = 40 K10°2 th per baun (0) Egg = (#0.5010°% perhun) € = 198x007? % per hun = Cann )/ce.314 (1173) O) Tek) 7 te bebe 1 to! wt 7 Eig 4 - Ny ws 0.8 09 bo bl 2 4xteoo (k~) PP 6.11 © in Sample Problem 6.11, we are able to estimate a maximum service temperature for Inconel 718 in order to survive a stress (of 690 MPa (100,000 psi) for 10,000 h. What is the maximum service temperature for this pressure vessel design that will al- low this alloy to survive (a) 100,000 h and (b) 1000 b at the same stress? (a) Fora sugtoa bre of 10°: Zi) TeX) es S40 " 595 45 bsoTere) cr > TS50°¢ (b) For « sugtue time of t07): 140 =. uo 595 as ose ss Jos CIn menitrmg Ke rtenlln of Sample Problonn 6.1} and Practice Problem 6/1, wt rake Mat, under He girta atone, 0 chenge of serwne Lemptratne of muck htae thar 100°C /eada h 0 Yuo order-at-magmihede chacge im Iheboma, )PP 6.12 In Sample Problem 6.12a the time for relaxation of stress to 1 MPa at 25°C is calculated. (a) Calculate the time for stress to relax to 0.5 MPa at 25°C. (b) Repeat part (a) for 35°C using the result of Sample Problem 6.12b. -th (a) ome 4 Mood) O.SMPat AMPa e@ or t= - (60d) £.(C42)= 23.2 dope (t) v= 0, 78/7 osmPas anh e~ t/40.84) or t2 ~ (405d) (2) 2 56-1 deze Section 6.6 ~ Viscoelastic Deformation PP 6.13 In Sample Problem 6.13 various viscosity ranges are character- ized for a soda-lime-silica glass. For this material, calculate the annealing range (see Figure 6-12). PP 6.13 | rye tect port ct Kat He asncalng riege jMustrated in Figuee 6-42 is betiseen 21075 andl 10'*© poise. Using He date. Brn Serpe Problem, 6.135 Tee OT ith ats pete ad Qa Hh 5hIT/ml ao ‘465,000 Too! = (33/010 puise Jet LEM Tima T 10 pois * T,2 80K = 537°C degen + 1o'®S poise. * G.31n10 pase) & (eset ] Cr simy om aanealing range = 5M he 537°CSection 7.1 - Heat Capacity PP 7.1 ‘Show that a heat capacity of 32 is a reasonable approximation to the specific heat of copper given in Table 7.1 (See Sample Problem 7.1.) = 3x F394 FD ydmol 5 I eee aa, Bg 78” Thy K («% 385 Thy K » Take 71) Section 7.2 - Thermal Expansion PP 7.2 AO.L-m-long mullite furnace tube is heated from room temper a ature (25*C) to 1000°C. Assuming the tube is not mechanically constrained, calculate the increase in length produced by this heating. (See Sample Problem 7.2.) 4L2 &l.4T = [3x10 flame C)](0.1 4) ((000-5)°C. = 0.517 x10 Fm = 0.517 ba Section 7.3 - Thermal Conductivity PP 7.3 Calculate the steady-state heat transfer rate through a 10-1 thick sheet of copper for a 50°C temperature drop, from 550°C to 500°C. (See Sample Probiem 7:3.) Aspen using deck, fon Table 74, (aa lst Vg. -h (fax) = = GI T/omk) ([500-580]"¢ /fpxtom]) = 1864108 T/mtsSection 7.4 - Thermal Shock PP 74 In Sample Problem 7.4 the stress in an Al;O3 tube is calculated ° as a result of constrained heating to 1000°C. To what temper- ature could the furnace tube be heated to be stressed to an acceptable (but not necessarily desirable) compressive stress of 2100 MPa? C= Ee = EaAaT Pr BT = Fe = RleomPa ° Ex © (370 x10 MPa 8.2 x 10-§ 00-1) = 645° or T= (645 425) 0 = 670% PP 7.5 (1 In Sample Problem 7.5 a temperature drop of approximately 50°C caused by a water spray is seen to be sufficient to fracture an AlzO3 furnace tube originally at 1000°C, Approximately what temperature drop due to 2 2.5-Ibi(s - ft2) airflow would cause a fracture? Agen sain Piqua 7-8 and ety the babiege of tah asserted saith thi Cmditim, He Henrprute diyp could be 250° ty (000 C& 700°C range) Section 8.1 - Impact Energy PP 8.4 I Find the necessary carbon level to ensure that a plain-carbon steel will be relatively ductile down to 0*C. (See Sample Prob- lem 8.1.) As m Sampls Problter 8.1, tt see fom Bynt 8-30) Wot wot real a carbon level 2 Section 9.2 - The Phase Diagram Qualitaively describe the microstructural development that will ‘occur upon slow cooling of a melt of an alloy of equal parts of AaB and AB. The dnd lh papas te pce Peper, Me cong bod cote oan tn-phast mitrstinchve oo Ay ad i lary PP 9.2Section 9.3 - The Lever Rule PP 9.3 Suppose the alloy in Sample Problem 9.3 is reheated to a tem- perature at which the liquid composition is 48 wt % B and the solid-solution composition is 90 wt 9% B. Calculate the amount of each phase. ms ES Wt hes = 8 A, thy )= 403, Ga In Sample Problem 9.4, we found the amount ofeach phase in ‘a eutectoid steel at room temperature. Repeat this calculation fora steel with an overall composition of 1.13 wt % C. $.69= 113 oye SHEL (14s) 0 otsidy « £33 re? GEES Ay)= 0.169 dy » Uhhg In Sample Problem 9.5, the phase distribution in a partially stabilized zirconia is calculated. Repeat this calculation for @ Zirconia with 5 wt % CaO. Neby that Suh th Goer 10 mL % Coo mol % monselnic = L512 is PP 9.4 PP 9.5 = 38.5 mol cubic L002 1s-2 «100% = 2 GLS mol BZSection 9.4 - Microstructural Development During Slow Cooling Ir Sample Problem 9.6, we calculate microstructural informa PP 9.6 tuon about the B phase for the 70 wt % B alloy in Figure 9-35, Ina similar way, calculate (a) the amount of a phase at 73 for 1 kg of a 50 wt % B alloy and (b) the weight fraction of this or phase at Ts, which is proeutectic. (See also Figure 9-36.) PP 9.6 A) AG, m= Tense. ee CAy)o 0667dy » o7. (1) At TT, mye goose (ily)x0.283g = 3g. Fre $34. - 0, cin pretadecic et 0.50 Pp 9,7 (slate the amount of procutectoid cementite at the grain -7 boundaries in 1 kg of the 1.13 wt % C hypereutectoid steel ilustrated in Figure 9-40. (See Sample Problem 9.7.) In effect, te mud te ealealate ths eguilibriing omeont of Cementive at T2k*C. CLA) = °. ovoedy = boty ‘tn Sample Problem 9.8, the amount of carbon in kgota3 wt % PP 9.8 C gray iron is calculated at two temperatures. Plot the amount asa function of temperature over the entre temperature range (of 135°C to room temperature. From SP 9.8 sat U53°C, mes htey at rem ty 7g = 30.09 (thie onant pple up fh exentaly 372) At 739%, 200-0. Hh) met Feet by) 28g Tre nuaaliing ple t 30 ae Thre g) w ty ewe ° taco Jom fo bm 4m dm 0 Tee)PP 9.9 In Sample Problem 9.9, we monitor the microstructural devel- : pment for 1 kg of a 10 wt % Si-90 wt % Al alloy. Repeat this Problem for a 20 wt % Si-80 wt % Al alloy. (a) =ba0% (4) Satd solubom 2 with « compositor of % 100 ot %5: Cc) At the eatecthe Hemyptrahu, ST7C (a) At 578, 2orta6 erry Cy) = wenerety= BtTg Ge) At 576, mys Bae (dy) obeys ogg. > (org P69" nig Finn (d), om protabeche ps = 459. Tove aT Mag = 477 - ty . wag ™, = Poally, Sidy eatahe w= Gobo YAY) = 120 Sim etek fg = C00 Niodg)= loa 4 Sim poo g = (1-00 08S 4)= as APP 9.10 In Sample Problem 9.10, we calculate the weight percent of 8 phase at room temperature in a 95.5 Al-45 Cu alloy. Plot the ‘weight percent of @ (as a function of temperature) that would ‘occur upon slow cooling over a temperature range of S48*C to room temperature. Soph Preblin 9.19 gis Mertenlt ty Atom toppahoe: TEAL. Cootny fom S48%C, He Sat © preepitto will ocun at % 490 °C At Sorc, AUB = 07, by defriten At 4eorc, wt = 25275 Von = 40% SRS At 3oorc, 1.9.02 LERIO 100% = 67 % 53-40 Aesoling plot be . ot LO wok ow "bcp 5m deo 500 820 feo 0 ree)PP 9.11 Calculate microstructures for (a) «40:60 Pb-Sn solder and (b) a . 60:40 Pb-Sn solder at 200°C and 100°C. (See Sample Problem 9.1) (a) For 200%, C1) Ligurd onle Gi) Lam bout % Sn Gi) bh = loo For loo*c, G) sand, Gi) ofem Sh Sm anh Bin & at Kn Se RSet Se ON hte 5 et Se Gi) ot b= Zbe xloRs 415% +2e 2 $225, yo Za 525% np = eB x ooZn S25 % (4) Fr 200°C, Cah od ged Gi) C1158 BAGS andl Loe E4064 Su Gi) ep Uote E442 nie a 4% wt bere FE nro = 389% eles FE Sot. 2Sm and Bde = 99K “Sn Se AR eh ee iii) ote Not = 29-40 =C2ar% Gi) Fe eh = bare wht ps BOS xed = 972%PP 9,12. Isthenoteat the end of Sample Problem 9,12, the point smade 7 that the results can be easily converted to weight percent, Make these conversions. Thenasvlds were: (i) Sid, t mullite Gi) Sia, t O% Aos __rrullife 60 mel % ALO, Gi) 445 male S10 # 55.5 tool hdaullite For Gi), thane is me need for converaion, For Gi), Orel: Alzos* O wt. % AL Oy On the bean of 100 melee oF ALOy #Si0y t 60 [: 2(26.99)+ 36.00) famn = ME ame "60 imel A,05 domeiSit, = 4oL (abot )# 20 16.06)] ome = 2404 tom, s _ GUE ame AA CE ama AP Ee et TB Fir ii), om He bana of te wala of 52,4 multe HL Sade Sit,= 44 5[(at09 4 lets) Jamas #2674 Aenea 1” 53S: mullite = 55.5 xx [3(ae1s) + 3sXib-c0) 7 $2 (209) 4.2 (2)(6.00) Jamu m 4729 done et. S:0, ate BE % whtmalile = Saleen — neem 63.9% a hehe of H Wete Hat he wales of wollte in rarmalsel by Ys becanse 1 mullite Sorravle Consist e 5 moleol the Ind Componbnl (3 higty #25:0,). Tha Cmpetition Mee cin harmal EF EGaiye Sit) « /nole. ne 2sSection 10.1- Time - The Third Dimension In Sample Problem 10.1, he activation energy for crystal growth in a copper alloy is calculated, Using that result, calculate che temperature at which the growth rate would have dropped three orders of magninude relative to the rate at 900°C. PP 10.1 ~ Legon the fa sie sHemate Ty 4] _ 3 E 7 Section 10.2~ The TTT Diagram Pe In Sample Problem 102, we use Figure 10-7 to determine the 10.2 ime for $0% transformation to pearite and bainte a 600 and 300°C, respectively. Repeat these calculations for (a) 1% trans- formation and (b) 99% transformation. (a) S13 Gt bore) ~ bos (at 300%) SS SSS eee GQ) RTs Gt bore) 2/5003 25m Cot S00*e) eS B00 Se ‘A detailed thermal history is outlined in Sample Problem 10.3. PP 10.3 Answer all of the questions in that problem if only one change is made in the history; namely, step (i) is an instantaneous quench to 400°C (not 500°C). (a) 10% fre penlife + % (b) 210% bre porte + 90% bamite (a) 10% Lou pumlile + 90% merkesite (relning @ ‘Small omnut of hema ¥)PP 10.4 PP 10.5 In Sample Problem 10.4, we estimate quench rates necessary to retain austenite below the pearlite “knee.” What would be the percentage of martensite formed in each of the alloys if these quenches were continued to 200°C? Figuel0-lo indicate he prestige oP omontensite frmed wil be 290% for 0.5 Fyne 10- I gta 220% hr 0.720% KE. Figue 0-15 gace Ole fr 1.13 wh BC. The time necessary for austempering is calculated for three al loys in Sample Problem 10.5. In order to do martempering (Figure 10-19), it is necessary to cool the alloy before bainite formation begins. How long can the alloy be held at $* above ‘M, before bainite formation begins in (a) 0.5 wt % C steel, (b) 0.77 wt % Csteel, and (c) 1.13 wt % Csteel? (a) ZISs Cas mdicahd by Figure 10-16) (b) = is0s xImfos= 2% mm (frm Exe 10-11) (¢) & then Chom Figuce 10-15)Section 10.3- Hardenability In Sample Problem 10.6, we are able to estimate a quench rate that leads to a hardness of Rockwell C45 in a 4340 steel. What quench rate would be necessary to produce a hardness of (a) C50 and (b) C40? (a) Fore FrqunelO-24, C50 occue ot & 1b meh, Seng Dye spam 2S. Fam Aq, © 20.6 mr, PP 10.6 Figue 10-22, give Grewh sate. = &7'C/s Cat Too) ilenby, Co ccna at SH mk or (b) Sire 4 FP kistam = 50.Pam 9 ong Gt 700%) Book sates = InSample Problem 10,7, we find that the hardness ofa 4140steel PP 10.7 _ is lower than that for a 4340 steel (given equal quench rates). Determine the corresponding hardness for (a) 2 9840 steel, (b) an 8640 steel, and (c) a 5140 steel. (a) Azam sang 0 Dye *Hp meh, Figure (0-22 ines hanbesse = Rackunll C3E (h) For S540 steel: Iadosea = Kockwell C2S (c) For Sito steel: arbesse = Reckerll CALSSection 10.4 Precipitation Hardening ‘The nature of precipitation in a 95.5 Al-4.5 Cu alloy is consid- ered in Sample Problem 10.8. Repeat these calculations for a 96 Al-4 Cu alloy. (a) As bebre, eee oth Os (2) Apam, ot O= ZS PP 10.8 100% Section 10.5 — Annealing PP 10.9 Noting the result of Sample Problem 10.9, plot the estimated temperature range for recrystallization of Cu-Za alloys as a function of composition over the entire range from pure Cu to pure Zn, AE En Tap lalbe) £Tap bToy = ke © a isse 453 679 ie topo Bis 438 6ST ae ro 1253 4 6AT 30 q2o 143 398) 597 40 So es srt S82 So fm N43 38! 572 bo | Soe 369 SSH To Joo 415 Sad “ fo sme gu 240 436 40 a te 232 344 ae toe te foo 420 G43 381347 he BnSection 10.6 - The Kinetics of Phase Transformations for Nonmetals PP 10.10 Convert the 62 mol % from Sample Problem 10.10 to weight percent, PP 10.10 A mol Br, = (4142242 [ie] Jaman [23.23 dee Lmol GO = (40.08 $16.00) am = 56.00 dmmen L mal. of 15 mal % alloy 2 OPS mol. Bro, +a 1S mal OO ehG Oo = 21S CSboems ing a 242% [01S (séot)+ 085 C128,32)] amen L mol of Bra Galley % O49 mal Bre, #0.04 mel CaO 1% Cade 22226654) tomes A Ce Te (akon)? OIF aD amas OF O92 %Section11.1- Ferrous Alloys Forevery 100,000 atoms of an SAE J431 (F10009) gray castiron, PP 111 how many atoms of each main alloying element are present? (Use elemental compositions in the middle of the ranges given in Table 11.5.) (See Sample Problem 11.1 1th C2 3.40, hth Mus 0.75, [pp 11 | From Table (5, ot wh Sis 148. wh Pz 0.12, wh Se esd Fr a Looy leg , Hoe will be 2409 C,eFew Asseming balerce da Fe, Kane wail be 927hg Fe Wty = (iho + 0.75% 18S tonlas ova) Habis of otra m 04g oly oe: Negt 22% wasoatee ‘atee = [011 5 10** atone £25 x10* nar xo", BAT« IO ow 2.33 2107" 9 Fre (00, 000 atom alleg.y Mpg Chonan /ias 11034 a 108 atone * 82,136 a a a = 13,85 yen os ee = Dee . Vv "Section 11.2- Nonferrous Alloys PP 11.2 A common basis for selecting nonferrous alloys is their low : density as compared to structural steels. Alloy density can be approximated as a weighted average of the densities of the con- stituent elements. In this way, calculate the densities of the aluminum alloys given in Table 6.1. Rraast ONT fy + OBS fog, +O fgg =B4775 (2.70) + 0.025 (2.47) 0. Seid 74] My An? = 2.75 My Ln8 Ions? 0.448 f+ 0.004, + 2.0387, + Ob "Sng = [0.94802.70) # 0,00607.47) + 0.033 (8.98) $+ 00150.74)] My [v3 241 My Im?Section 11.3 - Processing of Metals PP 11.3 G1 (a) In Sample Problem 11.3, we determine a range of copper nickel alloy compositions that meet structural requirements for strength and ductility. Make a similar determination for the following specifications: hardness greater than 80 Rr and duc- tility less than 45%. (b) For the range of copper-nickel alloy compositions determined in part (a), which specific alloy would be preferred on a cost basis, given that the cost of copper is approximately $5,00/kg and of nickel $21.00/ks? (a) Ager ssaing Figure I-12, we obtam Prprty Manges : Hardnuse > 30Rp i 24 UNI l00 Elngation 45% 1 0 < UNIS TF Grong 0 net “ndats” of 342 GNIE7F (2) As Case He less costly coponty 1s One? shuld be wunnnsse ad, comrerashy, He Mi geniged, Thawte, He 34%K; ally 2s proboashe PP 11.4 In Sample Problem 11.4, we calculate the tensile strength and ductility for a cold-worked bar of 70 Cu-30 Zn brass. (a) What percent increase does that tensile strength represent compared to that for the annealed bar? (b) What percent decrease does that ductility represent compared to that for the annealed bar? (a) For He onnealal bar (0% coll work), Fiyeot 11-13 trdicatee Hat Heusile sheng th ae B20MPa, Thu fot, y $20-320 R= 63% % mousse = AAA? x00 % (4) Simialy, He chy of He annealed buy ta 65%, Thautort, Udurme = 43 apo = 86%Section 12.1- Ceramics - Crystalline Materials PP 12,1 What is the weight fraction of AlzOs in spinel (MgAl2O4)? (See Sample Problem 12.1.) mol. wt MyO® [24.314 16.00 ]amm = 40.3) ame mnal, wt Aly Og = [2026283 (ibse)] toa = 10h 1b domae ch Pachon Ala = —2L26 ——. = 0.717 201%+40.8) ———Section 12.2- Glasses - Nonerystalline Materials In Sample Problem 12.2 we calculated a batch formula for a PP 12.2 common soda-lime-silica glass. Toimprove chemical resistance and working properties, Al,O3 is often added to the glass. This can be done by adding soda feldspar (albite), Na(AISis)Os, to the batch formula, Calculate the formula of the glass produced ‘when 2000 kg of the batch formula is supplemented with 100 ke of this feldspar. 2000 bg of bath girte: 0.216 vaceody = 432 hy Ne, ©, J ee gine 8» Sods Coty 0.633" ° wis 4 Sia, Nok Kat Na (AIS; Jo, = Suh,0+ £AL 0,4 350, omelet: NalAlSi, 0, =[22.99 4.26.98 4 30.09) + B(kce Jamu = 262.26 amu drat ut £MaO 2 £ [2(22.19) + /o.00]tomu = 30.97 Anu inal wt ALO =F [202619 )¢ 3016.00) ] amu = 50. 92m mol ett 38:0, = 3 [aro 2016,00)] emu = M027 emn Than, 4 Ma CAS, Oy yields : Jot. too hg = MP dy M0 ee Bio dy ent ges Sw dy 3 bt. 7 hy Sid, sng Cbeatabine fren Sample Fra bloen 12-2, 432Ay M0, > eats x432ky= 2526by tho ste 1320 hy Ca 60, > SESE x socky = ht.) by GO For He foal Mao * We wasatrhs = a6t-4he “oo > Ueesdy,Maye? (244g Mm si9, = ORT + 1206) hy = 388 74g Mase = Qbd.de bbl e 2h 36 dys steeds. The aiaabtng gene i 264F oct, (4.2% wh 0 = MEL nog, = I4% “ LL 17866 Uh Ge Aids = 2S x 100% = 12866 wth SO,Section 12.3- Glass-Ceramics PP 12.3. Whatwould be the mole percentage of Liz0, Ala0s, SiOz, and ‘TiO. in the first commercial glass-ceramic composition of Table 12.72 (See Sample Problem 12.3) For a 100.9 of ghec-crremic, Tible 12-7 givee! 74g Si, + 4 Uz04 lbh g Ala + by Tit, Vimy cabatatna tom Samrol ParblintZ-3, Thy Styx tml ogg 9 = L23/ me! 4y ive « Lmel/an egy © 0.134 mel Mag baQx Lnat Jy, o Sinilanky, boleh Tid, © [47.40 # 2llb00)] Ome = 79,90 Crm 63 Ta,» Yates © 0075 mo/ Toth me. melee =(1,231 40.1344 0.1S 740.075 ine! LS17 mal 1S 7 sno!Section 12.4 - Processing of Ceramics and Glasses PP 12.4 Inscaling up the laboratory firing operation of Sample Problem 12.4 to a production level, 6.05 x 10° kg of Kaolinite are fired. How much HO is driven off in this case? As Sy Aslnite —> btey ho, cong, = 605K Shy Kaolin on 10° Shy Balne 9 . Paeweey = se hy PP 12.5 For the glass bottle production described in Sample Problem 12.5, calculate the melting range for this manufacturing process. Par He neti rae, = 50P p SwoP. Fr “Je SP, Hono? F/oel [2314 Fle YL (50/b.0810-"2) = (207K = 934°C For 4 = 500 P , T: 460 x0? T/mel © [7314 T[Cmol-kY] 2. (Goe/eurio?) = H4EIk = 876°C \ melty reyes £16 * 934tion Section 13.1- Polymeri PP 13.1 Whatwouldbe the degree of polymerization of a polyvinyl chlo- ride with an average molecular weight of 25,000 amu? (See Sample Problem 13.1.) mol wt Cats Ci)n ne mol wt Cy Hse! = 25/000 aman 400 (20/01) +30. 008) + 35.45 Jama => How much H;O7 must be added to ethylene to yield an average PP 13.2 Gepree of polymerization of (a) 500 and (b) 1000? (See Sample Problem 132.) A) eh of Ugo, = tlt Hale (ch td Hoty 500 (mel ut CHg) = Blloot)$ 20600) yyy % = 0.243 h-% Soo [aCia.01)+-4Q008)) xloo % b) et % Hd, = 24.008 + 2C1b.00) CP) ot thay» 2O0R: De cen ‘What would be the mole percent of ethylene and vinyl chlo- ride in an irregular copolymer that contains 50 wt % of each component? (See Sample Problem 133.) PP 13. mmol ut GHy= ROReD+ 4Ch00t)] mus 2605 amn polut O HyCl= [2Ca.0i)4 30.008) + 35. 45 Jamu PP 13.3 = ba df ee For He copolymer tm gausetion, = 500 9 My + S007 GHsC/ - ire jiol Gi, 17.83 mol. Ca Hy onl 500 = B00 wel Cy Hy! 62499 hal CaHyl oes 17283 = mebthetilees rrrappes 8 = SF af £20 ___ poo] a 310% molt, vyylehbile = (See rpo0PP 13.4 Calculate the degree of polymerization forapolyacctal molecule ° with a molecular weight of 25,000 amu, (See Sample Problem 134) eo rmeleert (CHa 0) mn PP 13.4 |" itor CHO = 25,000 aman, = 33 [2.014 2.28) + 16.00 Jamon Section 13.2- Structural Features of Polymers PP 13.5 _ InSample Problem 13.5, oiled and extended molecularlengths are calculated for a polyethylene with a degree of polymerize- tion of 750. If the degree of polymerization of this material is increased by one-third (to n = 1000), by what percentage is (a) the coiled length and (b) the extended length increased”? (a) As Lede, Ee: 1000s L155 or on 'mree off 15.5% 750 (0) As ee iP ill expenence (along wrth») an mernas of 33.3 PP 13,6 A fraction of crostink sites is calculated in Sample Problem 13.6. What actual number of sites does this represent in the 100 gof isoprene? Dneprctton of Figure 6-46 mdiaten one croe-lnk per min. Ysong Hert f Sng Problees 13, 6, Mite = 0485 Ni, = (0.429). (2.60280107* mal” [stands tQne)]y /mol 3. ex1028Section 13.3- Thermoplastic Polymers PP 13.7 Calculate the weight fractions for an ABS copolymer that has equal mole fractions of each component. (See Sample Problem 137) Fillouing the Calealations of Sangh Publem 13.7, 1 wule Ax [3(1a.01) + 301008) + 14.01] tenn = F5-06 amu A mule Be [4 (2.014 bCiv0t) Jamu = 54.09 aon Lele S= LP Ciaont E108 Yam = 104,14 domes 53.06 7 = 7 GLA = seat eaaa mae “0% = BEL z 2 E40 = F306 ¢ 54.094 (0414 xi0% = 25.6 (04.14 tUS = Fig; saoasionla = HS PP 13.8 What would be the molecular weight of ¢ PPO polymer with @ degree of polymerization of 700? (See Sample Problem 13.8.) nook ute n (mshut. PPOmn) = 700 [ Pli201)# PLL00F +1600] amas, = 84, (00 denSection 13.4~ Thermosetting Polymers PP 13,9 The molecular weight of a product of phenol-ormaldehyde “js calculated in Sample Problem 13.9. How much water by- product is produced in the polymerization of this product? As shmon inn Semple Prrblin 13-9, 1.5 maleculen F Hie are pruduud oblong wih me mer of phone! - Formaldehyde: 12.12. tmu phtoal- Pomablhyde along cov US Alueot) + UbcoJemu = 27.22 amu HO Thuetort, ir ig FUR ae "he piad ~ "plate % Tea ‘a108 faa PP 13,10 For anelastomer similar to the one in Sample Problem 13.10, calculate the molecular fraction of each component if there are equal weight fractions of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoro- propylene. log -> 509 vnghdent Pode + ae faze Moarepropglen€ Using He sell of Senple. Probleon 3.10; mol. vingliden Plowide = 525 G4. ne / = 0.78/ mol mol Aeartonpreleet = 529ml = 0.333 mol 1500, —e— L114 mol . ; = 0.78 oi mel Bre npgldene Plante = OTL O33 mel mol tone. herabloorprepdint = Tig pasSection 13.5- Additives PP 13.11 Semple Problem 13.11 describes a high-strength and -sifiness ‘engineering polymer. Strength and stiffness can be further in- creased by a greater “loading” of glass fibers. Calculate the density of a nylon 66 with 43 wt % glass fibers. | by product 2 0.43y gloss + (1-0. 43)Ag reylon BS auduct = Vagln + Valine Taylen 4 Pagleee Prgten — fg bee (o.S7hy 4, 0. 43h Gangs 25H 1h vonoky 3 = 6.69x0-* Geivng 0 danaity A: JA prea ey" = dt oylod 6.6980 Fn? Section 13.6 - Processing of Polymers PP 13.12 What would be the degree of polymerization for the polyethy- lene in Sample Problem 13.12 if the Hp addition is reduced to0.14 wt %? Far 0.14uth Had, y 2.008) + 21620) ot I HO, = «100 Or eh om (20130144 Cooe) | or nz 866Section 14.1 - Fiber-Reinforced Composites PP 14,1 InSample Problem 14.1 we found the density of atypical fiber- ‘glass composite, Repeat the calculations for (a) 50 vol % and (b) 75 vol % E-glass fibers in an epoxy matrix. (2) La compife gine ne 0500! Erglen tod 0-5 mF eer: me gaglne © BEAD oso te L7H apg = na A a GATE ES) y, | he? a aie 183M g fn (6) 1 m¥ composite gives: se 0.75 mF Ey lave ant 0.25 m > epory. ™, < 254M se Ez glane = PEE 075m i= 105 Mg ema = Lew oasnta C275 tig fe = 5 C1908 68.275) pg = 2.18 Mg ld Calculate the molecular weight of a hemicellulose molecule 14.2 al with a degree of polymerization (a) n = 150 and (b) m = 250. ‘See Sample Problem 14.2.) (15 0)[b 12.1) #10 Coot) + 5( 16.009] 9 /mal = 24,320 g/mol = (250)[6 (noid# 1alicee) #5 (16.00 1] 3 /mal = 40,540 glmol fa) mol.wt (b) mal. itsSection 14.2 - Aggregate Composites PP 14.3 Calculate the weight percent of CaO + AlzO3 + SiO in type Tif portiand cement. (See Sample Problem 14.3) Fallung te prcadict off Supls Pb 1.3, Looky Type tmnt yl shy GS 194 GS Lik Cy Aj and 14 GAF. Total mass CaO = (0.737NS244) 4 (0.651NiILy) + (0-633 Ni hg) + (0.462 Ag J=batds Te mace 4/042 ayia + a10)(P4y) = 6.0 = (0,263 N5349)4 0.341)74 ) = 206 4 Toth mesa SH Then tebl ot (Ca0+ AL Ot SiO, = (CG2.44 604 20.6) % PP 14,4 Calculate the density of a particulate composite containing $0 vol % W particles in a copper matrix. (See Sample Problem 144) From Appenbix L, Lut ltasiy hat and f= 1.93 Mg (me? Lond compusite yeelde 0. S063 W $0. 50m7 Ge or, Pt [0.5 012.254 0.506.93)] Mg AF = 14.10 fn?PP 14.6 Section 14.3 - Property Averaging Calculate the composite modulus for a composite with 50 vol % E-glass in a polyester matrix. (See Sample Problem 14.5.) Fat E+ Ue Ep 10.5)(6.9 103M Pat (0.5% 72.4 xtoMPa) 2.7, ‘The thermal conductivity of a particular fiberglass composite is calculated in Sample Problem 14.6, Repeat this caleulation for ‘composite with 50 vol % E-glass in a polyester matrix. A-t4n tub = (0.5)[017 Witm-K)] + C0.5)[0.97W/lm-k)] = 0.57 W/ln-K) 2ST wieCalculate the elastic modulus and thermal conductivity perpen dicular to continuous reinforcing fibers for a composite with 50 ‘vol % E-plassin a polyester matrix. See Sample Problem 14,7.) Bienen at Wet ye = CbAeta ln Pa (72.4 «102 MPa) (0.530724 2103 Pa) + C5)(T HOF MPR) PP 14.7 = 12.6 K(0 MPa 4 Ade Se uh yd, Lot WH Om KYL 2.97 Wome A), = 0.5 0.97 W mK] + (0.560.172 W/mK] = 0.29 Wiim-#) PP 14,8 InSemple Problem 14.8 thecase ofa modulus equation with n = O'is treated. Estimate the composite modulus fr areiprocal casein which Oval % Co aggregateis dspersedina WC matrix. For this case, the value of n canbe taken a8 | Sn Hin coat, % “uy, 8, = (0.5) (207 neo MPa) ie Co 5704 nto)! = 20.46 Co %mMA)”® ~ or Ege 419 x0 mPaSection 14.4 - Mechanical Properties of Composites PP 14.9 In Sample Problem 14.9 the isostrain modulus for a fiberglass ‘composite is shown to be close to a calculated value. Repeat this comparison for the isostrain modulus of B (70 vol % )/epoxy composite given in Table 14.12. La Table 142) we Pad Ey 210-200 % 109M, Using dat, eB ad epee Pen Tablea. 410 andl 1411: Eee, Em + YE 5 (0.306, 9xco3mPa) + (0.70410 x103 MPa) 2299 x0 MPa 319-210 era = ATF nice = 37%, b = EM 104% 23.2% Yemr + 255 or 3.2 & 32% eer In Sample Problem 14.10 we find that dispersion-strengthened ‘aluminum has a substantially higher specific strength than pure aluminum. Ina similar way, calculate the specifistrength of the E-glass/epoxy composite of Table 14.12 compared to the pure epoxy of Table 14.10. For density information, refer to Sample Probiem 14.1. (Youmay wish to compare your calculations with the values in Table 14.13.) PP 14.10 Un Table [4.10 andl Senple Prsblen hb: ‘th cpmcy, 2 EMP Mieway o~thg fram * VAP SPOTS Cats ld) Co gig Im Vitam?) = 6.46 x10 © same Cegnd He anlar in Table 14. “3)Fr 30h %, Bag see Ors ih Cables Sample Problem (41): ae ” = Celtel 8) (0. 267 m3) + 62.54 My hadYG.735.8) P = = 215 Myla? Table MIL gira Ts. letomPa. _ Ketones!) spire By dolores = Cares *) = TZP v0 am Cm Tbe 413 nhe ef 72.400 bam) Section 14.5 - Processing of Composites Fora non-air-entrained concrete using Type I cement, what % increase in compressive strength would youexpect 28 days ater pouring if you used a water/cement ratio of 0,60 rather than 0.50? (See Sample Problem 14.11.) (nape, ob He 28 day graph om the left side of Fig. /4-22b)y be fad fh mid-rorge. athe the Pu - Libeltimet- fate AttnaH (pai) 0.50 5,200 0.60 4,100 PP 14.11 x = 20~-4,)00 4100 68 2. «100%Section 15.1- Charge Carriers and Conduction PP 15.1 (a) Thewire described in Sample Problem 15.1 shows voltage Using the aualt off Sang le Prsblim 174, Put eaten? 50.0% 1077 ate /om? = saen0 lahat (K 201074 armel? 2 Table 172) PP 17.5 _InSample Problem 17.5, we calculate the probability of an elec- tron being thermally promoted to the conduction band in a P- doped silicon at 25°C. What isthe probability at 50°C? Ke)* ek ge ervAT, | 1 Fase ICP ARs WRYGBE) pL 44 x10" PP 17.6 ‘The conductivity of an n-type semiconductor at 25°C and 30°C can be found in Sample Problem 17.6. (a) Make a similar cal- ‘culation at 50°C and (b) plot the conductivity over the range of 25 to 50"C as an Arrhenius-type plot similar to Figure 17-8. (©) What important assumption underlies the validity of your results in parts (a) and (b)? PP 176 | (a) qe (BRAT Cyere, = (4.9 1003 12" on™ ee ‘ev/xX223 8) () ree) Tee) Vee) Clara) bo int At 3.360073 100 F.605 30 303 3.30xj073 LOT 4.673 SO 323 3.lonro3 135 4.4905Resoting plot: Tec) 5o___-30.a5 So ™T Ao ee (ate) 7 nen ° Bo 31 3.2 33 24 3. Yrx 103 (K-') Ce) The trtinsx behavior erbinde + 50°C. OMmwise Ha slepe of Kh plt a. Ct) Would hot be cmtat, PP 17.7 In Sample Problems 17.7-17.9, detailed calculations about a P-doped Ge semiconductor are made. Assume now that the “upper temperature limit of extrinsic behavior for an aluminum- doped germanium is also 100°C with an extrinsic conductivity at that point again being 6097?- mt, Calculate (a) the level of, aluminum doping in parts per billion (ppb) by weight, (b) the upper temperature for the saturation range, and (c) the extrinsic, ‘conductivity at 300 K; and (d) make a plot ofthe results similar to that in Sample Problem 17.9 and Figure 17-13. (a) y= 420m © (o.tbx10-1# 6) (0.190 = * V's") LAT R108 3 2 : [at]2 97 e0% yok e BEM AL La be, I onbeasai tuber Al 53296 0ht = lebron bily Ge Leabpph (8) This cbadation in tdenticnl te thet hr Sanple Problam 178). fyum, To 19500. (e) Table 73 gre E,= 2.0/e¥ fe Al in Ge, or or = ore tEN/AT = (hom) et eter )/Cte.aeie tevie)(s7s x) 2 PEF Aime!At 300K, 2 pe AAT SCHED Ltt) 7 OM te 2010-012 Yguee) = 5562-4 (d) Tre Aug dat one: Codacton Aype, Lebnsic (100 373 Rbasor? deine «7 300 33S SHE 4,02 inbrmare «(3S HOR 24SneS GO 4.09 intrnsig. 27 300 333K S 2.0% 0.713 Sha nang ertinste behave \, “exw? (K-1)PP 17.8 Asin Sample Problem 17.10, calculate (a) the photon wave- length (in nm) necessary to promote an electron to the con- duction band in intrinsic germanium and (b) the wavelength necessary to promote a donor electron to the conduction band in arsenic-doped germanium. is Sean th lowe 3ni Tis 32 nto aI) 5 yt * Coabevilaonio-#T hy) = LEGO nm (6) 2 = be Ey-Eg Wing Tbe 17.8, = Colac zamena) ig pe (0.013 ev) (oulexio”'& fay) SS = 15,600 nmSection 17.3 - Compound Semiconductors PP 17.9 Sample Problem 17.11 describes a GaAs semiconductor wit 100-ppb Se doping. What is the atomic density of Se atoms in this extrinsic semiconductor? (The density of GaAs is 5.32 ‘Mgim?,) Fenn Sample Prsblen 17-11, Hoe mt 1271077 atm Se / 100g GaAs. = lee 7 3,3 Vesas S.s2nutg fu = eee Thache, Ae 1274107 9-05mx 0.6 LPP K1O- Fo 423 «10** atom [9-220 4.07 «107! ate Son? PP 17.10 Calculate the intrinsicconductvity of InSb at 50°C, (See Sample Problem 17.12.) Gnct y tH = (13.513 )(oulea note Ne, ccosae4s) =~ 14 2104 a7." Ope oe ty VAT = (theta tee Abb x10 FB“ m=! Toee = (Abbr Scala) on COVA Ute 200-4erke 328 KD slotev)/2lH.20te~be rik (300%) = 2.200% 07!PP 17.11 For intrinsic InSb, calculate the fraction of the current carried by electrons and the fraction carried by electron holes (See Sample Problem 17.13.) : Bag GM. ses osose T fet, fc00+004 = 0.9944 Section 17.4 - Amorphous Semiconductors PP 17.12 1sSample Problem 17.14, we find that 20 mol % hydrogen has a minor effect on the final density of an amorphous silicon. Sup- pose that we make an amorphous silicon by the decomposition of silicon tetrachloride, SiCly, rather than silane, SiH. Using similar assumptions, calculate the effect of 20 mol % Cl on the final density of an amorphous silicon, As tn Samph Prob lim ITit, toda xy rf lak (ioo-x)g of Si. Now, KI3SAS | 0.2 Cio =~) /2n0F or Krad Cl lnoxs eg 5! ee ed Vo, = hd 2 330503 Bag lm a bon pe Bebag shige? chin a nome of 393-23? ying = 31.6 2.30Section 17.5 - Processing of Semiconductors PP 17.13 The purity of a 99 wt % Si bar after one zone refining pass is found in Sample Problem 17.15. What would be the purty after two passes? Note frm Jovple Roblin 1715 ata K of BbRxI0-# leads te a Comprsiton after one pass of 10°? Al x3.bawo4 (23.62 210-41) whut 109A! aepisle. the mith Cmnesrtraton of | at Ze Al. Similaly Fra stemd pace Al level = Bbaxt07 A) «3.62 x00-4 or 131 park per billins phd Al Lg) «totalSection 17.6 ~ Semiconductor Devices PP 17.14 In Sample Problem 17.16, we calculate, for a given transistor, the collector current produced by increasing the emitter voltage to $0 m¥. Make a continuous plot of collector current versus ‘emitter voltage for this device over the range of 5 to 50 mV. Diti fon Sh fable, [T: Zeta) Vlav) a 5 50 as P86 50 Addthonal dX samy I,2(2timale/PHn¥ : 7 a a) Vou) 14 Is SE 3s 499 45 Revthng pl: ‘000 Te (ma) 5° ° 0 10 28 30 40 So V tev)Section 18.1- Magnetism PP 18.1 In Sample Problem 18.1, we calculate the induction and mag- netization of a paramagnetic material under an applied field strength of 2.0 x 10° amperes/m. Repeat this calculation for the case of another paramagnetic material that has a relative permeability of 1.005. BAH © (100 S43 m0 hogy in (22 #2 Sapte Ju) = 0,253 athes fn? = 1B) Mz (,-NH = (4005-1 )C20 x00 Famgerts/m) = Loxw? bn lMSection 18.2- Ferromagnetism PP 18.2 In Sample Problem 18.2, we illustrate the electronic structure and resulting magnetic moments for the 4d orbitals ofa series of transition metals. Generate a similar illustration for the Sd orbitals of the series Lu to Au. PP 18.2 | Alemig Number Elanaat” Electric Strechurt of Sd Momact ty) a Le 2 + 7a HE ai(t rH a 73 ae Higie 3 ioe w AGE 4 75 Re at Lt 5 1 Os fra} (4) (4) 4 17 rw 6A AE ! 78 Pe (23) fea) (1g) ! 719 Aw +4) fea) Lt} (ts) ° PP 18,3 Aspointed out in the beginning of Section 182, magnetization rather than induction isthe quantity that saturates uring frro- ‘magnetic hysteresis. (a) For the case given in Sample Problem 18.3, what is the saturation induction? (b) What is the satura- tion magnetization at that point? (a) From He given dat, Box 0.6 Sueha/m* (3) Egeaton 1B gerne: Bap, Him) Atthe Sctuabon ports Bay, (Hem) z = HIM, gung boll, M,= 22-4 2 (0bSudeetn*) exit, Ve Cr 10 Thay bm) = 457K 10S anprte/oeSection 18.3 - Ferrimagnetism PP 18,4 Calculate the magnetic moment of a unit cell of copper ferrite. (See Sample Problem 18.4.) magnetic maniat frit cell = Con Ca? itell)Cnmict bu) ye He PP 18,5 Caloulate the saturation magnetization for the copper ferrite described in Practice Problem 18.4. (The lattice parameter for copper ferrite is 0.838 nm.) (See Sample Problem 18.5.) In,|= % el ‘oh of unt cell = LENG.IT4 410°*4 Am?) (Co.t3¢xi0- 4m) 1.26 £108 A/m Section 18.4 - Metallic Magnets PP 18,6 In Sample Problem 18.6, we analyze data for a hard magne) (Gunife). Use the similar data for a soft magnet (armco iron) given in Problem 1817 to calculate the energy loss A cue macsninet” of He arta. sim Prk 18:7 girest ones 44 Soette pte tony ss = 44 That Hate te shop contrat Semple Problaon 206 Bevhich He hand wagt gut tn botop bis of 2.2010 Tim?) PP 18.7. For the soft magnet referred to in Practice Problem 186, cal culate the power of the magnet, as done in Sample Problem 187 Titey the bt of Probl 18:8 and’ r0-tebabtng ? B Coabusln®) WA) (BH Conde « Tha?) e ae e oa 20 ae o.28 ote ae ° ° 0.36Pleing geese: (eal (ott) 7 . of a hg SAak/m :) or Bing, = 33 T/nt Comtrst Hin with the yaar of 107 TIa5 tm Sansple Poblioy 18:7.) Section 18.5- Ceramic Magnets PP 18.8 In Sample Problem 188, we use a radius ratio calculation to confirm the octahedral coordination of Fe** in y-Fe203. Do similar calculations for Ni?* and Fe in the inverse spinel, nickel ferrite, introduced in Sample Problem 18.4. From Apptuder a Mie ars 7 rete =, = 0.067% o = 0.078 Poe 2 R= els am ging 0 Me Padoua rachrs: TAR = (0,067rm)/(0-/320m) = 2.528 Y/R = (0.0ttam)/Lo- 132mm) > 2591 a rt— 1800 MPa and a % elongation of > 10%? 84 imapection of Tables 201 andl 202, te ace Hat feat] He Billing alloy [bast tent Cynbinetina sodld Ine apecitrtabios : Tope Condon 87 Fin coled fom Mo's ¢ single oapuahiad 540% $7 (Fao coed fan 0% 24h past 420% Section 20.2 — Selection of Structural Materials - Case Studies PP 20.2 ‘An annual fuel savings is calculated in Sample Problem 20.2. “ For this commercial airline, estimate the fuel savings that would have been provided by a fleet of 50 L-1011 aircraft. (See the cease study in Section 20.2.) Fil seongy = (sk senna are) Gele 250 raf = (366-44) Pelfges 50 = is.axiotlSection 20.3 - Selection of Electronic, Optical, and Magnetic Materials ~ Case Stu We calculate the cost savings due to more economical process- PP 20.3 ing of a thermoplastic in Sample Problem 20.3. The largest single factor isthe ability ofasingle operator to work with multi- ple fabrication machines for the thermoplastics. By what factor ‘Would this “machine operator” parameter have to be increased for thermosets before the two materials would be exactly equal in price? Fir relies, Orvidir te tereplaatic on Arch ata tbl cot of of /pote “Assome He thermaset cost could be rebacdl 4y a soyle opaater torkng anche. thon, phe hil Hirment cot will be : OS f/pate 244 J pot x Sethg His sped h the Hermaplate cot yitlte: os +242 46 * or x = 28 Section 20.4 - Materials and Our Environment PP 20.4 Asin Sample Problem 204, calculate the Ky photon energy that would be used in a PIXE analysis of iron-containing PM25 particles, ——L——C Exe lEg-Ep | [-t2ev- Cssev)|= 7057eV