CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale of the Study

Data Management is the creation, implementation, and oversight of strategies,

plans, policies, programs and procedures that deliver, damage, safeguard, and improve

the value of data and information assets over course of their lifetimes.

Many businesses are aware that their data is a crucial business asset. Information

and data can provide their knowledge about their clients, goods, and services. It can be

helpful in innovating and achieving strategic goals. Despite this acknowledgement, few

businesses actively manage data as a benefit from which they can continue to benefit

from (Evans and Price, 2012).

The inspiration for this study is to assess the data management practices program

in the LGU of Palo. Data management practices are identified in different priority areas

and local authorities are invited to apply for best practice status. The obligation on

employees is to transform the data management practices into a training vehicle to benefit

all other local authorities. Some municipalities achieve high standards in their service

delivery; others do not. One reason of this difference may lay in the fact that successful

municipalities have understood the value of best practice as a way to prove their

effectiveness in service delivery and to sustain their demand for more decentralization.

Other factors that influence the success or the inefficiency of municipality is the Local

Government Unit's (LGU)’s role and the quality of staff. Another key factor in the

difference between them is the leadership. Hence, LGU, staff and leadership will be

analyzed as they constitute the background to best practice.

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This study provides Local Government Unit of Palo with ideas and guidance; it

focuses on ways in which best practice can be successfully shared. This can enhance a

municipality’s reputation as a leader in service delivery and as an organization committed

to quality. The practices will be especially useful to Local Government Unit of Palo that

they will have introduced data and want to use it to the utmost in order to raise standards

of leadership and performance in their Municipality. Data management practices enables

the Local Government Unit of Palo to demonstrate their efficiency and effectiveness and

proves they are competent organizations. By demonstrating what they can do at their

best, data management practices offer to municipality the means to respond to the

Government and certifies their readiness for greater responsibilities. Every municipality

has its own good practice, which is home-grown, springs from the quality of municipal

leadership, management and front-line staff, and from people that pride themselves in

giving their best to achieve high quality. Data management practices is about identifying

this good practice, celebrating it and transforming it into a training vehicle from which

every other municipality can learn. This should not be understood as the proof of

existence of a “golden rule”, meaning a general solution that can be straight away applied

elsewhere. Indeed, what produces excellent results in a municipality may not be

applicable in another one or may not lead to such positive outcomes. Nevertheless, it is

fundamental to learn from the experience of others and to share information, in order to

come up with different and more creative solutions.

The purpose of this research is to assess the data management practices and

challenges in the offices of LGU of Palo wherein we observed that most of the study

related to our research was commonly practiced in the business industry, that’s why we

conducted this research study.

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Theoretical and Conceptual Framework of the Study

The proposed theoretical and conceptual framework of the study:

DATA MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

AND CHALLENGES

 Data Collection

 Data Storage RECOMMENDATION OF

DATA MANAGEMENT
 Data Maintenance IMPROVEMENT ACTIVITIES

 Data Retrieval

 Data Transformation

 Data Distribution

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

The above framework shows that this study about the data management practices

and challenges is leading towards the recommendation improvements of data

management in the office of LGU of Palo, Leyte.

Hypothesis

The following are the hypothesis of this study:

H1: There is significant relationship between the practices and challenges of data

management in the office of Local Government Unit of Palo.

H1: There is no significant relationship between the practices and challenges of data

management in the office of Local Government Unit of Palo.

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Statement of the Problem

This study primarily will focus on the Data Management Practices and the

challenges encountered by the employee.

Specifically, this study will aim to answer the following questions:

1. What are the practices of the Office of Local Government Unit in

managing the data along the following:

1.1 Data Collection

1.2 Data Storage

1.3 Data Maintenance

1.4 Data Retrieval

1.5 Data Transformation

1.6 Data Distribution

2. What are the challenges commonly encountered of the office along the

following:

2.1 Data Collection

2.2 Data Storage

2.3 Data Maintenance

2.4 Data Retrieval

2.5 Data Transformation

2.6 Data Distribution

3. Is there a relationship on practices and challenges of data management?

4. What are the data management improvements activities?

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Significance of the Study

This study aims to know on how we acknowledge Data Management Practices

and Challenges in LGU of Palo, Leyte since they play a key role in making decisions that

would help serve people in the municipality. Given its importance, data requires proper

management to maintain its integrity and allow for effective problem-solving. The main

focus of this study, on the other hand, was to look into data management practices that

employees should use in order to keep the quality of their job high.

Thus, this research study will be beneficial to the following:

The Office Employees. It is necessary to say that not all of the employees are very aware

of the data management practices and challenges. For the help they might need, this

research will be abounded with sufficient knowledge in order to cease them from

unwanted irresponsibility in maintaining their data.

Local Government Unit of Palo. This research study will be beneficial to the Local

Government Unit of Palo for they will gain knowledge as to how far their office and

employees practice data management. This may help them improve data management and

help them as well to settle future problems or challenges they may encounter in managing

data.

Firms. This study will be beneficial to the firms as well for this will help them on how to

manage essential information in one place. It helps them saves a lot of time in looking for

some information for you can access it all in one place. It helps them what to do to

improve data access and how to improve data security.

Future Office Workers. This study will help future office workers to know on how to

organize information and what to do if there will be some errors or unexpected

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circumstances on their data management. For them to be aware as well that data

management helps them increase their productivity and to be effective and efficient. To

avoid redundancy as well in putting some data.

The Future Researchers. It is challenging for forthcoming Office Administrators, such

as researchers, to be a novice in this type of topic. As a result, this will be a tool that will

guide and navigate them in discovering credible, reliable, and crucial factors that are

known as indispensable data for further understanding the topic. Indeed, this research will

be the primary source of enlightenment that they will undoubtedly require in their future

studies.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study was focused on the assessment of data management practices and

challenges in the office of local government unit of Palo.

Due to the stringent guidelines required from the researchers, the data gatherings

will be delimited to the LGU Palo only, specifically to those who are in the office. And

its main purpose is to identify and assess the data management practices, challenges that

they encounter.

This study considers every aspect of employee's personal information such as

name, age, gender and marital status. Each of the respondents are given same

questionnaire to answer. Also due to time constraint, the gathered data will only be

limited and may not precisely cover all the scope of the study.
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The duration of this study will be conducted within the second semester of the

present school year 2022-2023.

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Definition of terms

The following terms were defined according to how they are being used in the

study:

Assessment. In this study assessment is defined as the evaluation of data management

practices and challenges (data collection, data storage, data maintenance, data retrieval,

data transformation and data distribution) in the office of Local Government Unit of Palo.

Challenges. It is the obstacles that employees encounter in managing data and must

overcome to achieve goals.

Data. Are the raw facts and statistics that are being collected for reference or analysis.

Data Collection. Is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted

variables in an established system, which then enables one to answer relevant questions

and evaluate outcomes. It is also one of the variables used in this study.

Data Distribution. Is a research variable that are ways of describing and specifying all

possible values for a variable and also quantifies the relative frequency.

Data Maintenance. Is a research variable that refers to the ongoing process of running

regular checks to identify and correct data that does not follow company standards.

Data Retrieval. Is the process of identifying and extracting data from a file cabinets or

database based on a query provided by the user or application. Data retrieval is used as

variable in this study.

Data Storage. Is a research variable which means that files and documents are recorded

and saved in a storage system for future use.

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Data Transformation. In this study, data transformation is defined as the process of

applying few or many changes to data to make it valuable.

Encountered. Refers to the challenges or difficulties faced by the LGU of Palo.

Management. Is a set of principles relating to the functions of planning, organizing,

directing, and controlling, and the application of these principles in harnessing physical,

financial, human, and informational resources efficiently and effectively to achieve

organizational goals.

Practices. Are the day-to-day clerical and administrative activities performed by office

professionals to support work related functions and organizational decision making

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter present the review of related literature, related studies and other

relevant concepts and ideas conducted by researchers from both national and

international.

Related Literature and Studies

International

Data has always been defined as the representation of facts about the world. Data

is also understood to be information that has been stored digitally in relation to

information technology (though data is not limited to digitized information and data

management principles apply to data captured on paper as well as in databases).

Moreover, according to Bhatti (2022), a company's data is one of its most

valuable assets and has a significant impact on its long-term success. The present

associations depend on their information resources for pursue more viable choices and to

work even more productively. Data is used by businesses to learn about their customers,

come up with new products and services, and cut costs and manage risks to make

operations run more smoothly. To guide their operational, tactical, and strategic

activities, educational institutions, not-for-profit organizations, and government agencies

all require high-quality data. As associations progressively rely upon information, the

worth of information resources can be even more plainly settled. Agresta (2023) also

state that it is really uncommon to find businesses of any size who don't realize the value

of data, he said, adding that the entire division or market has changed. There is a wide
 2

range of data consciousness within a firm or organization. The possibilities of what can

be done with such a vast amount

of readily available raw data is continuing and will continue to expand. Yet, businesses

must also be aware of what they can do with the most recent data and how much

influence they have over shaping future visions for their patrons, facilities, and inventory

of goods.

Data is the new oil, a reference to its value. However, in order for an organization

to make use of this wonderful resource, it must have a comprehensive strategy in place to

reap its benefits, and this is where data management comes in.

The process of securely, effectively, and economically collecting, storing, and

making use of data is known as data management. Data management aims to assist

individuals, organizations, and connected devices in maximizing the use of data within

ethical, policy, and regulatory parameters to produce actions that maximize the

organization's benefit and value.

Data management, according to Wittman and Aukema (2020), saves time and

resources by facilitating data reuse. Since a methodical plan makes the process of

managing data better, a number of funders have made it a requirement to submit a

comprehensive data management plan when applying for research grants (Stodden et al.,

2019).

The basic objective of data management is to help organizations make the most of

their data assets (Pereira,2022).

In relation to data management, majority of the studies identified data storage,

preservation, and sharing procedures as research data management practices. Only two

studies looked further into the methods used for managing research data, including data
 11

policies, data size, data organization, data processing, data storage, data sharing, and data

security (Vela and Shin, 2019; Vilar and Zabukovec, 2019.

 11

Creating, acquiring, moving, and storing data are all interconnected processes that

are part of data management. Also, there are procedures for using and discarding data as

well as for cleaning, transforming, combining, enhancing, and agglomerating it. The

junction of the data lifecycle with lineage presents the biggest issue; not the lifetime itself

(Pereira,2022).

Booth (2021) state that when individuals, in this case competitive intelligence

analysts, look for data sources, download datasets, and manually upload files to whatever

competitive intelligence or data analysis platform they use, this is known as manual data

collecting. Sometimes, all that is required to do this is to visit a website, download an

Excel file filled with data, and upload it to a shared workspace.

Data Quality is without a doubt, the most important of all data management best

practices. Data quality is a proportion of the state of data in light of elements, for

example, exactness, fulfillment, consistency, dependability and whether it's cutting-edge.

In order to assure correctness in the postal, email, and phone contact information stored

on each record. Data Services Inc. used many instances of contact data quality services as

part of the aforementioned procedure. Address records were formatted, updated, and

confirmed using DSI’s address hygiene services.

Databases are collection of an organized information that is easily accesses,

managed, and updated. This is important to your business because it communicate

information related to product inventory, sales transactions, customer profile and

marketing activities. You have no clue what is actually occurring on your business

without
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this kind of storing data. Knowing the actual details of your business helps you to know

facts and will not just be based on assumptions.

A database can strengthen your company and boost your capacity for profit

growth. Through reading on your business data, you can monitor how your sales increase.

You notice that your business is having trouble bringing in high in clients. Even if your

services are expressly targeted at this market, they are unaware of your existence. After

looking through your data, you see that your pricing reflects that you are focused on

lower end clients. You failed to reach the market you established your company for by

attempting to be economical. This market wants experiences, not just convenience.

Instead of emphasizing the advantages of your goods and services, you start expressing

the value your company offers and change your pricing strategy.

Being aware in your business data helps you to know what is going helps you to

correct issues before they escalate out of control. You can quickly input information in

data base and keep track of your daily activities and monitoring the progression of your

business as well.

Database administrator is very important because a business information is

sensitive, and it should be handled by the right person. Hiring professional data base

administrator helps you a lot in your business data information.

If you aren’t doing so now, become aware of your business’s data so that you can

know your business’s real health. Ensure that your business is positioned to make you

money, not cost you mone

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DSI was able to construct a centralized database based on a variety of

departmental and organizational sources by utilizing these data quality services. The

customer additionally tools regular steps to guarantee that new and current contact data in

their database were accurate as part of their continuous quality control. All new to file

records are run via both postal and email hygiene services before being added to the

database, and the National Change of Address (NCOA) services are done weekly.

Raw facts are data. Data are processed to expose its significance, resulting in

information. The key to successful decision making, and good decision making is the key

to organizational survival in a global setting is accurate, relevant, and timely information.

A database is used to keep track of information. A database management system is

required to set up and maintain a database and its contents (DBMS). A database

management system (DBMS) is a software program that connects the user to a database.

The database holds the information you’ve gathered as well as metadata about the

information you’ve gathered. The structure of the database is determined by database

design. A well-designed database makes data management easier while also producing

accurate and useful data.

File system data management has a number of drawbacks, including the need for

considerable programming, the complexity and difficulty of system administration, the

difficulty of making modifications to existing structures, and the likelihood of insufficient

security mechanisms. Furthermore, independent files are more likely to include redundant

data, resulting in structure and data dependency issues.

 13

In Business being aware on your Business Information is a must, and if you're not

then you are running a business that is not healthy. According to Rikvin Pte Ltd, the
 14

information gathered about your company serves as a check-up, letting you know what

has to be fixed right away. Data collecting that is consistent and conveys an

organization's continuous performance is essential. Based on the information being

obtained, the performances being tracked serve to show where a business is currently at

and where the business will be positioned in the future. For this information to be

gathered and known, your business needs to have a database system in place that

manages information related to your various business functions. A flawed database

design can lead to bad decisions, and bad decisions can lead to an organization’s

downfall. Databases are categorized by the number of users supported, the location of the

data, the type of data stored, the intended data use, and the degree of data structure.

Manual, then electronic, file systems gave way to databases. Data is kept in separate files

in a file system, each of which requires its own data management software. Despite the

fact that this approach of data administration is largely obsolete, understanding its

qualities helps database design more understandable.

In Ashiq (2020) systemic literature review on Research Data management

practices and services, he has discovered that according to all of the selected studies, the

most prevalent aspects of Research Data Management are the difficulties and issues.

Copyright concerns limited organizational support, a lack of skilled data staff, financial

constraints, complicated collaboration with various campus entities, concerns about data

sharing, misinterpretation, and data loss are the primary obstacles. Limited funding,

training, and policy issues are the primary causes of all of these difficulties, which

necessitate donor leadership and proactive data management.

 14

In addition, according to the State of Cybersecurity Report by the Ponemon

Institute, 66 percent of small and medium-sized firms have experienced a cyberattack in

 15

the last year, and 45 percent say their existing attack mitigation procedures are

ineffective. If you don't thoroughly evaluate any potential weaknesses, you're leaving

yourself vulnerable to a cyberattack, whether it's a data breach brought on by a protection

gap or an attack on malware because your staff aren't taught to spot potential phishing

emails. Data security and understanding the maintenance requirements have become

more difficult due to the surge in cyberattacks (Guenther, 2022).

However, recent virus outbreaks have demonstrated that a variety of sources can

be used to obtain data, including health data, in urban settings. In the current outbreak of

the coronavirus (COVID-19), smart sensors installed in airport infrastructures and airport

employees are being used to collect data from airport screening and monitoring

procedures. According to Buckley and May (2020), in addition to airports, data are also

being collected at bus terminals, marketplaces (in Wuhan), subways, and health facilities

where patients are taken for additional medical care. As data systems and hacking

techniques develop, data security continues to be a difficulty. Many outside sources, not

all of which can guarantee security or compliance with standards and rules, frequently

provide data to businesses. Inappropriate data retrieval can also occur as a result of

attacks or phishing attempts. To keep their integrity, data management systems frequently

need security audits and updates.

Other smart city data sources include the use of terminal tracking systems, which

are primarily emphasized in Safe City concepts and enable relevant data to be collected

and analyzed at the point of entry or departure. Yet, strong regulatory frameworks are

necessary to fully realize the promise of public sector data.

 16

Data gathering, storing, and use with the goal of protecting data security and

privacy. Considering the difficulty of the several governments struggle with the design

because to the subject and the quick advancements in digital technology frameworks for

data governance and management, respectively. Low level challenges are one of them

lack knowledge and comprehension of the necessary frameworks and standards,

insufficient funding, and human resources, and poor coordination between ministries and

organizations within the same nation.

The good news is that several governments in Asia and the Pacific have made

progress despite these obstacles started implementing regulatory and policy changes that

show a determination to aggressively manage their data, make sharing easier, and provide

crucial regulatory frameworks. With this publication been created to assist governments

in formulating comprehensive strategies for envisioning, creating and putting procedures

and policies for data management into action. Together with case studies, they include

three key sections are gathered together Governments place a high priority on effective

data management since it is crucial to releasing the value of data. Governments foster

innovation by making public sector data sets accessible and non-government actors'

entrepreneurship to recognize and address changing societal requirements that can

improve a person's quality of life (Aws Institute, 2022).

The International Economic Forum estimates that public sector data sharing will

between 0.1% and 1.5% of the GDP are allocated to social benefits. more information are

interconnected, the greater its worth and utility. When data are used effectively, positive
 17

ripple effects are coupled with other information, there are signs that expanding

access and data sharing will increase its value for all parties involved.

As they work to provide services, governments are among the world's greatest

producers and users of data improved and more effective government services. Data

analytics can be used to monitor, assess, and offer real-time information on the

movements of public resources (such as monitoring gender equality, trash, or resources,

or the spread of viral illnesses) may cause a public service provider to take action (for

example, if a crisis strikes or in response to a spike in demand for public transportation).

Using data can reduce improving public outcomes and reducing resource waste.

The greatest obstacle was regarded as gathering and securing ever-increasing

amounts of data. The data leaders noted a need for better technology to get data, make

sense of it, and make it relevant. They added that obtaining a comprehensive

understanding of the data landscape throughout the entire organization and identifying

sensitive data posed considerable difficulties. Finally, managing policy implementation

and audit became more challenging as there was more data to manage (Silverglate and

Jarvis, 2022).

Companies who have high-quality data and can manage it as an asset may make

better decisions and stay one step ahead of the competition.

Historically, clipboards, pens, whiteboards, stopwatches, and timers were used in

manual data collecting. They were used—and are still used—to keep track of production

data, downtime incidents, and scrap rates. They were also utilized in the workplace to

track movement and labor. These tools were subsequently supplanted by Excel
 17

spreadsheets and certain standalone computer software as computer technology

developed in order to
 18

produce data and analysis of higher quality. Nonetheless, the measurements and

recording were still done by hand and were subject to bias and human mistake. The actual

data was out of date, erroneous, and not very useful (Lauzier, 2022)

An important technique for effective big data processing and analysis in cluster

computing environments is distributed data management. Big data files must be

summarized by representative samples that have the same statistical qualities as the entire

dataset in contexts where the data volumes are greater than the capacity of the system

(Emara,and Huang, 2019).

This study examines how public sector data analytics are used in the Netherlands

with the goal of contextualizing the potential and difficulties found in earlier studies.

Based on a Web search, we discover that many applications that have been identified are

used for operational processes and are frequently used in inspection and enforcement

procedures for social services. In addition, many applications are pilots or experiments

rather than being used regularly, and they involve collaborations between various

stakeholders. As a result, we discover that advanced data processing is still in its infancy.

The illustrative examples also raise a number of concerns, such as third parties having

access to personal data, repeatedly targeting the same (groups of) people, accessibility

and transparency restrictions, and scope creep, especially in multi-actor settings. This

implies that the use of public data is problematic (Djafari et al., 2020)

Organizations can assess their priorities and put data security first as they attempt

to address this problem. Businesses can investigate and put into effect the security best

practices that suit their data systems the best, and they can make sure that their people for

data management and protection are trained on how to fix problems or stop system
 19

breaches. Companies can also utilize secure storage techniques and collaborate

with encryption solutions to help protect data. To guarantee that only the appropriate

users or programs have access to data, authentication services are available (Indeed

Editorial Team, 2022)

There is little doubt that firms would gain by keeping their data on hand for

longer. This has a number of advantages. If they could keep their data for a longer period

of time, over two-thirds (65%) of poll participants thought their organization would be

better able to recover from a cyberattack. Also, respondents concurred that lengthier data

retention would facilitate data monetization (60%) and enhance overall company

decision-making (58%).

Concerns about data sprawl, storage expenses, and data retention in general all

lead to the need for more complete and affordable enterprise data management solutions.

To get the most out of their data and maximize value, forward-thinking IT directors

should be open to exploring alternatives to the public cloud, such as tape and object

storage (Pawlowski, 2022)

As researchers take on greater duties to meet the demand for open and reusable

data, data management skills are becoming more and more important across all

disciplines (Borghi et al., 2021). Data management was described by Higman et al.

(2019) as "the stewardship of data from the point of conception forward," which reflects

the scope of the subject. Indeed, since funding organizations and publishers mandate a

demand for data management and data sharing in their policies, such extended

stewardship is becoming increasingly crucial (Chawinga & Zinn, 2019)

 20

Therefore, decisions taken by researchers about Data Management practices at the

beginning of a research project may be expensive in the long run and have an impact on

the sharing and reusing of their research data. According to Cherry Zin et al., (2021) this

complexity creates an institutional obstacle for enhancing researchers' Data Management

skills and advancing Data Management best practices.

Nearly 40% of survey respondents "responded that they follow general

procedures for organizing their data that are not standardized or recorded," (Borghi and

Van Gulick, 2021)

Surprisingly, the discussion of research data doesn't include a cross-disciplinary

analysis of the user behaviors involved in locating and assessing data. In order to find

patterns in how users in particular fields look for and assess observational research data,

this review examines the data retrieval literature. The first stage in creating a model

explaining data retrieval is to find major commonalities in practices using two analytical

frameworks with roots in information retrieval and science and technology studies

(Gregory, 2019).

Data repositories are frequently mistaken with the idea of data management;

however, data management is an umbrella word that may call for data repositories as a

storage unit for data preservation and access (Antonio et al., 2019). The goal of data

management is to maximize the utilization of data.

Baig (2022) claims that in 2021, 79 zettabytes of data were generated all over the

world based on the reports. The ever-increasing volume of data has presented a number

of challenges, the majority of which are related to access management, data security, and
 21

regulatory requirements. However, in order for organizations to streamline their

privacy management, data protection, and access governance frameworks, there must be

a particular set of practices, a system, or resources.

The decisions a researcher makes regarding RDM practices at the beginning of a

research project have the potential to be costly in the long run and have an effect on the

sharing and reusing of their research data. According to Cherry Zin et al., (2021) this

complexity makes it difficult for institutions to train researchers in RDM and promote

RDM best practices. The findings of their systematic review of the successful RDM

training features emphasize the significance of user-centrality in course design.

In order to frame RDM practices and research reproducibility, Lefebvre and

Spruit (2019) propose the concept of socio-technical models, which include structure,

tasks, technology, and actors. The several theoretical stances cited indicate that these

studies' evaluation of researchers' data techniques was both comprehensive and novel.

National

The LGU-Kalibo prepares for the implementation of the Community-Based

Monitoring System (CBMS), which includes a census of every family in the community,

through the Office of the Municipal Planning and Development Coordinator (MPDC).

During a meeting with the LGU-Kalibo Municipal Planning Officer, Mr. Marlo B.

Villanueva spoke about the significance of implementing CBMS, its advantages for the

LGU, and the organizations engaged in carrying it.

We can guarantee thorough analysis and needs prioritizing when developing

projects and policies to aid in the reduction of poverty by using CBMS. Also, the
 22

Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), the Department of

Information and Communications Technology (DICT), and the Philippine Statistical

Authority (PSA) are collaborators in this, according to Engineer, said Villanueva.

Engineer says on July 21, 2022, through July 28, 2022, Villanueva will host a

municipal level training for the national rollout of the Community Based Monitoring

System (CBMS).

The CBMS is an organized technology-based system for gathering, processing,

and validating necessary disaggregated data that may be used for planning, program

implementation, and impact monitoring at the local level, according to Republic Act

(RA) No. 11315, also known as the CBMS Act. According to the law, data collection

utilizing the CBMS must be coordinated, done on a regular basis, and done in each

municipality and city every three years (Rey and Cual,n.d.)

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, respondents of the study, locale of the

study, research instrument, data gathering procedures, methods of scoring and

interpretation and statistical treatment.

Research Design

This is a quantitative type of research. According to Creswell (2003), Quantitative

research involves the collection of data so that information can be quantified and subjected to

statistical treatment in order to support or refute “alternate knowledge claims”.

As the study focuses on the assessment of data management practices and

challenges in the office of LGU of Palo, Leyte researcher decides to use a descriptive

type of research design. The purpose of descriptive survey method is to describe the

characteristics of a certain issue or phenomena. According to International Journal of

Transformation in Business Management (2012), the descriptive survey method is

concerned not only with the characteristics of individuals but with the characteristics of

whole sample, it also provides information useful to the solution of local issues.

Respondents of the Study

In this research study, the respondents are the employees of Palo Local

Government Unit working in offices. Comprising of 61 respondents among the 154 office
workers with the used of Slovin’s Formula and computed it at ten percent (10%) margin

of error.
 24

Respondents were chosen through convenient sampling method. These

respondents came from different departments of the Local Government Unit of Palo.

Locale of the Study

The research study will be conducted in the office of Local Government Unit of

Palo located at F. Montejo St. Brgy. Buri Palo, Leyte. The Municipal Hall is composed of

twelve (12) departments with 438 total number of employees (72 permanents, 82 casuals,

272 job orders and 12 elected officials).

Figure 2. Map of Municipal Hall of Palo, Leyte

Source: Google Map

Research Instrument

A research instrument is a tool used to obtain, measure, and analyze data related to the

research topic. In this study, researchers used a survey questionnaire which consists of three parts.

Part I is the information about the respondents Name, Age, Gender, Marital status which is
 25

optional and considered as a dummy information. Part II of the research instrument is a

Likert type questionnaire on the Assessment of Data Management Practices which

consists of six variables (Data Collection, Data Storage, Data Maintenance, Data

Retrieval, Data Transformation and Data Distribution) and each variables have five

indicators. Lastly, Part III is also a Likert type questionnaire on the Data Management

Challenges which consists of the same variables and number of indicators on Part II.

Respondents have to rate each statement based on their agreement with following scale

and value:

5- Strongly Agree
4- Agree
3- Neutral
2- Disagree
1- Strongly Disagree
In addition, the reliability of this study instrument was evaluated using the SPSS

(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software. The results showed a Cronbach's

Alpha value of.895, which is higher than the generally accepted Cronbach's Alpha value

of.70 or higher.

Data Gathering Procedure

To gather data needed for this study, a letter of request to conduct a data gathering

was prepared where researchers must ask first for the approval of the research adviser,

campus director, municipal mayor that we will be conducting a survey. After the

approval, the researchers now come to the respondents by approaching in their respective

offices and show them the letter signed by their Municipal Mayor as a proof of approval
 25

to conduct a survey.  Then, researchers explained to the respondents what the survey is

all about and

 26

then proceeds to the distribution of the questionnaire. To give the respondents time to

answer the questionnaire, the researchers tell them that we will just go back to get the

questionnaire they answered while we proceed to the other offices to do the same process

of conducting the survey. After distributing all the questionnaire, the researchers go back

to the offices where we conducted first the survey to collect the questionnaire.  As the

researchers finished gathering data, we have now tallied the data for interpretation.

Methods of Scoring and Interpretation

To assess the data management practices and data management challenges in the

office of Local Government of Palo. The responses to questions in the given variables

were scaled using the weighted mean or Likert Scale System given weight as follows:

Table 1: Level of Data Management Practices

Scale Mean Range Adjectival Interpretation

5 4.51 – 5.00 Highly Practiced

4 3.51 – 4.50 Moderately Practiced

3 2.51 – 3.50 Neither Practiced nor Unpracticed

2 1.51 - 2.50 Poorly Practiced

1 1.0 – 1.50 Not at all Practiced

 27

Table 2: Level of Data Management Challenges

Scale Mean Range Adjectival Interpretation

5 4.51 – 5.00 Extremely Serious

4 3.51 – 4.50 Serious

3 2.51 – 3.50 Neither serious nor unserious

2 1.51 - 2.50 Not serious

1 1.0 – 1.50 Extremely Unserious

STATISTICAL TREATMENT

The responses to the items in the research-made questionnaire was analyzed and

interpreted using the appropriate statistical treatment as follows:

Sample size: To determine the number of respondents in the study, the

researchers used the following formula:

n= N/(1+Ne2)

Where:

n= Number of samples

N= Number of total populations

e= Margin of error
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Mean. The mean will be used to assess the level of data management practices and

challenges.

Σx
x=
n
Where:

Σx = total scores of the respondents

n = number of responde
 CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents, analyzes, and interpret the data from the respondents

of this study.

Table 4.1: Level of Data Management Practices- Data Collection

Data Collection

Indicators Mean Adjectival Interpretation

4.459
1. Data is collected through survey. Moderately Practiced
0
4.393
2. Interview is being used to collect data. Moderately Practiced
4
3. Data is often obtained under Barangay 3.786
Moderately Practiced
Captains. 9
4. Emails or printed documents is collected from 4.213
Moderately Practiced
different departments or offices. 1
5. Data is collected using electronic devices 3.868
Moderately Practiced
(iPad). 9
4.144
Total Mean Moderately Practiced
3

Data collection under Data Management Practices got a total mean of 4.1443,

which shows that collecting data is moderately practiced in the Local Government Unit

of Palo.
 30

Table 4.2: Level of Data Management Practices- Data Storage

Data Storage
Adjectival
Indicators Mean
Interpretation
1. Always make sure that files are organized for an Moderately
4.5410
easy access. Practiced
2. Ensures to have a hard copy of data in locked file Moderately
4.3770
cabinets. Practiced
3. Making sure to provide copies of confidential data Moderately
4.4098
on a separate and secure drawer. Practiced
4. Store related documents together whatever their Moderately
4.2623
type. Practiced
5. Ensuring to encrypt confidential data when storing Moderately
4.3443
it. Practiced
Moderately
Total Mean 4.3869
Practiced

As shown in the table, "Data Storage" under "Data Management Practices" got a

total mean of 4.3869, which is moderately practiced, showing that storing of data is being

practiced in the LGU of Palo.

Table 4.3: Level of Data Management Practices- Data Maintenance

Data Maintenance
Adjectival
Indicators Mean
Interpretation
Neither
1. Disposing data by burning it. 3.4918 Practiced nor
Unpracticed
2. Inventorying data to be aware of the different kinds Moderately
4.2295
and amount of data and on how to best manage it. Practiced
3. Securely disposing the data that reach the standard Moderately
4.0000
storage limitation (maximum of 10 years). Practiced
4. Separate data for ongoing work from completed Moderately
4.2459
work to avoid confusion of data. Practiced
5.Making sure to clean and check the quality of file
cabinet to ensure the safety of papers. 4.3607 Moderately
Practiced
Moderately
Total Mean 4.0656
Practiced

Based on the findings in this table, it can be concluded that data maintenance is

moderately practiced, with a mean total of 4.0656

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Table 4.4: Level of Data Management Practices- Data Retrieval

Data Retrieval
Adjectival
Indicators Mean
Interpretation
1. Putting labels on data. 4.5738 Highly Practiced
Moderately
2. Alphabetize file cabinets to find a file of data. 4.4754
Practiced
Moderately
3. Providing two copies of data for backup file. 4.3443
Practiced
4. Allowing only in the authorize person to retrieve Moderately
4.2459
data. Practiced
5.Before retrieving the desired data I always make
sure that the information of data is accurate. Moderately
4.4426
Practiced
Moderately
Total Mean 4.4164
Practiced

Data Retrieval under Data Management Practices got a total mean of 4.4164,

showing that the Local Government Unit of Palo moderately practiced retrieving data on

their municipality.

Table 4.5: Level of Data Management Practices- Data Transformation

Data Transformation
Adjectival
Indicators Mean
Interpretation
Moderately
1. Validating data before publishing. 4.3934
Practiced
2. Using software or office application on transforming Moderately
4.3934
the numerical data. Practiced
3. Transforming data by using mechanical or electronic Moderately
4.4098
device. Practiced
4. Making graphs to interpret the data that has been Moderately
4.3115
collected. Practiced
5. Conducted brainstorming when analyzing and
interpreting data. Moderately
4.4262
Practiced
Moderately
Total Mean 4.3869
Practiced
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Data transformation under Data Management Practices got a total mean of

4.3869, which shows that transforming data is moderately practiced in the Local

Government Unit of Palo

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Table 4.6: Level of Data Management Practices- Data Distribution

Data Distribution
Adjectival
Indicators Mean
Interpretation
Moderately
1. Data is distributed through meeting. 4.4262
Practiced
Moderately
2. Print media is used in distributing data. 4.3279
Practiced
3. Mass media is used to disseminate data and Moderately
4.3770
information. Practiced
4. Data and information is distributed through social Moderately
4.2623
media. Practiced
5. Data is distributed through the help of trusted and
Moderately
authorized personnel. 4.4754
Practiced
Moderately
Total Mean 4.3738
Practiced

Based on the findings in this table, it can be concluded that the data distribution is

generally accurate, with a mean total of 4.3738.

Table 5.1: Level of Data Management Challenges- Data Collection

Data Collection
Adjectival
Indicators Mean
Interpretation
1. Manual collection of data is expensive and time
4.0000 Serious
consuming.
Neither serious
2. Inappropriate source of data. 3.4918
nor unserious
Neither serious
3. No standard form used in collecting data. 3.3115
nor unserious
4. Inaccuracy of data being collected (e.g., occupation, Neither serious
3.5082
income). nor unserious
5. There is human error inputting the data. 3.6393 Serious
Total Mean 3.5902 Serious
 32

This table indicates that there is a serious Data management challenge in Data

collection with the total mean of 3.5902.

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Table 5.2: Level of Data Management Challenges- Data Storage

Data Storage
Adjectival
Indicators Mean
Interpretation
1. There is much redundancy in storing data or files. 3.8361 Serious
2. Sizes of files can cause storage problems. 4.0492 Serious
3. Storing data or files requires effort or staff hours. 3.6885 Serious
4. Massive data storage makes it more difficult to locate
3.8033 Serious
and access the truly important files.
5. One issue in running with data storage is data loss or
3.8689 Serious
corruption.
Total Mean 3.8492 Serious

As shown on this table, there is a serious data management challenges in Data

Storage for it has a total mean of 3.8492.

Table 5.3: Level of Data Management Challenges- Data Maintenance

Data Maintenance
Adjectival
Indicators Mean
Interpretation
1. Accidentally misplaced of data can lead to lost data
4.1148 Serious
or additional copies of files.
2. Having multiple copies of the data that are no longer
3.8525 Serious
relevant is challenging.
3. Lack of human and time resources is one of the
4.0820 Serious
challenges in checking the quality of the data.
4. No suitable tool for addressing validation and
3.7541 Serious
duplicate cleansing.
5. It’s hard to identify issues when you have a poor
4.0984 Serious
management of data maintenance.
Total Mean 3.9803 Serious

Data maintenance shows that there is a serious Data Management challenge for it

has a total mean of 3.9803.

 34

Table 5.4: Level of Data Management Challenges- Data Retrieval

Data Retrieval
Adjectival
Indicators Mean
Interpretation
1. Retrieving data manually is laborious. 4.1967 Serious
2. Loss of data due to vulnerability. 3.9836 Serious
3. Lack of accuracy of information due to data loss. 3.9344 Serious
4. Poor record retrieval results to poor clients’ service
4.0656 Serious
experience.
5. It can lower productivity and create a hassle for
3.8689 Serious
employees.
Total Mean 4.0098 Serious

Data retrieval got a total mean of 4.0098 in the table under "Data Management

Challenges," indicating that it is a serious challenge in the LGU of Palo

Table 5.5: Level of Data Management Challenges- Data Transformation

Data Transformation
Adjectival
Indicators Mean
Interpretation
1. Computational errors does not produce the expected
3.8525 Serious
results.
2. Misreading the data entry. 3.9344 Serious
3. It takes time to transform data. 4.0820 Serious
4. Requires a thorough evaluation of data. 4.0984 Serious
5. Lack of experience and carelessness can cause
4.2623 Serious
problems.
Total Mean 4.3869 Serious

Data transformation shows that there is a serious Data transformation challenge in

the Local government of Palo for it has a total mean of 4.3869

 35

Table 5.6: Level of Data Management Challenges- Data Distribution

Data Distribution
Adjectival
Indicators Mean
Interpretation
1. Misleading information because of the poor quality
4.0984 Serious
of tools being used.
2. Others can’t receive the data distributed. 4.0492 Serious
3. Some are unaware of the data information being
3.9672 Serious
received.
4. Data being distributed may not fully understand
4.1475 Serious
because of language barrier.
5. Potential data losses when moving to the target
4.0328 Serious
destination.
Total Mean 4.0590 Serious

Data distribution got a total mean of 4.0590 in the table under "Data Management

Challenges," indicating that it is a serious challenge in the LGU of Palo.

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