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Bill of lading as evidence of contract of carriage

In the hands of the shipper a bill of lading serves as evidence of the contract of carriage though
it contains the terms of carriage. The contract with the shipper is likely to have been concluded
orally long before the issue of the bill of lading. The document may vary some of the agreed
terms or contains terms that have not been agreed to by the parties.
In the case of Crooks v/s Allan (1879) according to Lush J, a bill of lading is not a contract, only
evidence of the contract. If a shipper of goods is not aware when he ships them or is not informed
in the course of the shipment, that the bill of lading which will be tendered to him which will
contain such a clause, he has a right to suppose that his goods are received on the usual terms.

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