General Chemi istry Nomenclature Polyatomic co chloride OH hydroxide F fluoride PO," phosphate Br bromide CN’ cyanide T iodide POs? phosphite oOo” oxide HCO;' bicarbonate Ss? sulfide HSOy __bisulfate hydride NOs" nitrate N° nitride NO; nitrite C* carbide MnO, permanganate CoHs07 acetate Oz" _ peroxide C20,? oxalate CO;? carbonate SO, sulfate SO;? sulfite CrO,? chromate Cr07* dichromate BrO™ hypobromite CIO" hypochlorite 10° hypoiodite BrO;” bromite ClO; chlorite 10x iodite BrO;s' bromate COs" chlorate 103" iodate BrO,” perbromate ClO, perchlorate 10." periodate Cations +1 Cations +2 Cations +3 Cations: H’ hydrogen Be™? beryllium AI® aluminum Lit lithium Mg"? magnesium sodium Ca? calcium potassium Sr? strontium rubidium Ba’? barium cesium Zn"? zinc silver Cd? cadmium ammoniumCations with multiple oxidation states Fe'* iron (II) oF ferrous Pb? lead (11) or plumbous Fe’? iron (II) or ferric Pb'* lead (IV) or plumbic Cr? chromium (II) or chromous Cu‘! copper (1) or cuprous Cr? chromium (IIT) or chromic Cu’? copper (II) or cupric sn’ tin (IT) or stannous Hg'?_ mercury (II) or mercuric Sn'4 tin (TV) or stannic Hgp"? mercury (1) or mercurous Acids HF hydrofluoric acid HNO? nitrous acid HCI hydrochloric acid HNOs nitric acid HBr hydrobromic acid HPOs phosphoric acid HI hydroiodic acid H,SO3 sulfurous acid HCN hydrocyanic acid HSOs sulfuric acid HS _ hydrosulfurie acid HCHO: acetic acid HyCOs carbonic acid HC:04 oxalic acid HClO hypochlorous acid HCIO2 chlorous acid HCIO, chloric acid HCIOs perchloric acid Rules for Naming Compounds ‘A. Binary Compounds Containing a Metal and a Nonmetal (ionic compounds) 1. Name of cation is given first (same as name of element) 2. Name of anion is given second i. Monoatomic anions end in ~ide ji, Polyatomic ion names do not change B. Binary Compounds between Two Nonmetals (molecular compounds) 1. Prefixes are used to specify the number of each atom present i.e, I-mono, 2=di, 3=tri, 4=tetra, S=penta, 6~hexa, 7=hepta, S=octa 2. If first atom is a single atom then prefix “mono” is omitted Bules for Writing Formulas ‘A. Ionic Compounds 1 Sunmof charges of all ions must equal zero i.e. total negative charge of ail anions must cancel the total positive charge of all cations 2. Use subscripts to indicate the presence of more than one ion 3. Polyatomic ions must be in parentheses if subscripts are used._ibreTexts: 4% Patterns of chemical reactions General types of chemical reactions “The are several ways to classify chemical reactions. The general types of chemical reactions fallin the categories of combination, eo 0CU™= eo: Oo => 00-00 ie i 5 ®:-°o eo: 0 00-00 @-O => 60 Oe. and combustion reactions, Source: p= icipait. cont fneesvane,.danqaidiw 0 Combination reactions ‘A compound is synthesized or formed from two or more substances, e.g. +0, > C0, 2H, +0, 21,0 2Mg-+0, —+ 2MgO 2Na+Cl, —> 2NaCl Ca0 +60, —+ CaCO, Fig. 4.4.2 shows an example of a hydrogen with oxygen combination reaction that is being developed for use as a fuel inthe future je Rn Figure 4.4.2: Berlin public bs using hydrogen asa fuel in an internal combustion engine (ICE), Hydrogen is stored inten pressure Cylinders of 50 kgf hydrogen at 360 bar, Reaction: \\ce(2H2 +02 > 2420} + hea. lundByeantion ! CC BY-SA ( jm Decomposition reactions ‘The decomposition reactions are the reverse of the combination reaction, i.e, one compound splits apart into two or more substances, usually by heating, e.g:a0,“ ca0-+.60, 2KCI0, “42KC1+30, Pelle 1) > 2H, (g) + 0,(g) illustrates the last reaction, i.e, decomposition of water through electrolysis, 2H,00) Pigs 4.4.2 recommen af ste Hog elermiyde 1,00) AM" a) sy.) Sanne: ApenSene 7 RY (ro crenivecommons. arg Replacement or substitution reactions “There are un suheelacers of thi eategary of teartinns, {single replarement an dele replacement reaeton ‘Single replacement reactions involve one substance replacing apart of another, e.g Anis) + CuCig (aq) —> ZnCi (ag) + Cus) 2 Al(s) +6 HCI(aq) —+ AIC (aa) +3 H1,(8) Fig. 4.44 shows an example of a single replacement reaction of magnesium resulting in hydrogen gas formation..ibreTexts Figure 44.4: Single replacement reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid producing hydrogen gs: Ma(s) +2HCl{aq) —> MgCl{aq) +H,(g)t Source: taken form NCSSM_ online. youtube video, “0/1800, Double replacement reactions or metathesis involve the mutual exchange of partners between two substances, e.g. the following precipitation reactions: NaCl(aq) + AgNO, (aq) —> AgCl(s)| +NaNO, (aq) Na,CO,(aq) + CaCl, (aq) —> CaCO, (s)} +2NaCl(aq) Combustion reactions Combustion isa reaction of a substance with oxygen, often with the formation of flame and release of much heat, ¢.g: (Hy, +120, —+ 8 CO, +8H,0 +Heat C+0, —+ CO, +Heat 2H, +0, —+ 2H,0+Heat 2Mg+0, —+ 2Mg0+Heat Fig. 4.45 shows the above reaction, .e., combustion of Mg in air rage of Ignited Magnesium burming in the air in normal conditions. Yannickcastal, CC BY SA3, Figure 4.45: An Usually, combustio Giuxide, water, fame, and ew, e., considered as the reaction of a substance containing carbon and hydrogen with oxygen resulting in c CH, 430, 6 00, 494,04 Hes Classification of chemical reaction The chemical reactions are generally classified based on what exchanges during the reaction. ‘These include 1. the transfer of electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions, 2Z. wansier of protons in acid-base reactions, and 3.a part of reactants mutually exchanges in precipitation reactions, as described belowx 6 ions Balance each of the following reactions and identify each type of reaction. 1 NaBr+ Ca(OH), CaBry + NaOH S 2.) ____NHst __H2(SO,) > __(NH)a(SO4) 3. CsHsO +__ O29 CO, + HO. 4. Pb +___Hs(POx) > He + Pba(PO.)2 5. LisN + NH, (NOs) > ___ LINO; + __(NH4)sN 6. HBr+___AI(OH)s > __H20 +_AIBra Identify each type of reaction: 7. Nas (POs) + 3 KOH > 3 NaOH + Ks (POs) 8. MgCh + Li2(COs) > Mg(COs) + 2 LiCl 9. CsH12 + 9 Or > 6 CO2 + 6 HO 140.Pb + Fe(SOs) > Pb(SOx) + Fe 11.CaCOs > CaO + COz 42.P4+ 302% 2P203 143.2 RbNOs + BeF2 > Be(NOs)2 + 2 RbF 44.2 AgNOs + Cu > Cu(NOs)2 + 2 Ag 45.CsHeO + 4 Or > 3 CO2 + 3 HO 46.2 (CsHs) + Fe > Fe(CsHs)2 47.SeCle + O2 > SeO2 + 3Cl2 48.2 Mgl2 + Mn(SOz)2 > 2 Mg(SOs) + Mnla 19.03 > O' + Oz 20.2 NOz > 2.02 + Ne