Recently, one of the most successful deep learning techniques is the deep

convolutional neural networks (CNN) that consists of series of convolutional

and pooling layers. These are followed by the fully-connected (FCC) and
softmax layers. The FCC and the softmax represent the neural networks
classifiers (Alzubi, 2022). CNN has the ability to extract the features from
images by parameter tuning of the convolutional and the pooling layers. Thus, it
achieves great success in many fields especially in medical image classifications
such as skin disease (Harangi, 2018), breast (Deniz et al., 2018) and colon
cancer classification (Ghosh et al., 2021). CNN is categorized into two
approaches: either training from scratch or pre-trained models (e.g., DenseNet
(Huang et al., 2017), MobileNet (Sandler et al., 2018), and InceptionV3
(Szegedy et al., 2016). The most effective approach in medical image
classification is the pretrained models due to the limited number of training
samples (Saini & Susan, 2020).
Deep learning ,based on CNN's, was revealed to excel in various computer
vision challenges [49]. Two of the main aspects driving the fame of CNN over
the last years are its automatic and outstanding performance. Fig.3 illustrates
this particular neural network. A CNN has convolution and classifier parts. The
convolution part is a pile of convolutional and pooling layers that aim to extract
features from the image [50]. The classification part is a fully-connected and
softmax layers. The features extracted from the first layers are general and can
be reused in different problem domains, while the features extracted from the
final layer are specific to the used dataset and task. The primary asset of deep
learning models is that they can automatically learn and extract hierarchical
feature representations..