at ales cv, B ove an examele where angle of contacts | St division oT more than 90°. For glass and mercury, angle of contact i more than 90°. ‘what is surface tension? tension always acts on the free surface of a liquid. The free surface behaves as if it | covered by a stretched membrane. This tension which acts in the free surface of liquid is called surface tension, 5 @ what are the unit and dimension of surface 3 tension? > titin st: Nm. Dimension: nar-2 i ymperature? © calcula le Yes, it does. If the temperature increases, | surface tension of a liquid decreases. At a specific temperature, the surface tension ofa liguid disappears. This temperature is called the critical temperature of the liquid, vater level aay ion. So then ibes are incl 7 nce wnat will be the effect on surface tension it water contains impurities? at the beg» surface tension will decrease these, avert > surface terse! @ what is angle of contact? ) The angle of contact between a liquid and solid in contact, is the angle enclosed | between the tangents to the liquid surface at the point of contact and the solid surface inside the liquid d correspond d. asurementsitl cut ends oft) > On what factors does the angle of contact 4 a > The angle of contact depends on—@ the BBY isos jot Viscosity is the property of a fluid isl layers. tis a general characteristics By Périments on General Properties of Matter the frictional force which acts between two solid surface a 101 I mature of the solid and liquid, @ the ‘medium adjacent to the free surface of the _ Haid, @ D watis capiiarity? > ‘tube with a fine and uniform bare is called 2 capillary tube. When a glass capillary tube {s dipped vertically in a liquid, the liquid level ether rises or falls down to a certain height in the tube depending on the liquid. This Phenomenon of rise and fall of a liquid in 2 tube is called capillarity. Do all liquids rise in a capillary tube? > No. The liquids (like water, alcohol) which wet glass, rise in the tubes. But the liquids (like mercury) which do not wet glass, get depressed inside the tube. @® wharissurin’s aw? ‘Ata certain temperature, the rise and fall of a liquid (h) in a capillary tube is inversely proportional to the radius of the tube (r) ie, hot What is the nature of the graph of height of. liquid in a capillary tube (h) vs. radius of the tube (r)? The graph of h-r is a rectangular hyperbola, ® What isthe nature of the graph of height of liquid in a capillary tube (h) vs. reciprocal of the radius of the tube (2) ? The graph h-} is a straight tine passing through the origin. by virtue of which it opposes the relative motion of its different ea moving fluid. Viscosity ofa fluid has alot of similarities with s. So, viscosity is called internal friction ofSEL 102 BY ctiave Practical Physics x! st, Whereas viscosity depends on the area of 2 2 ld Vos has me acon when he i 2 rent us ave eg & Was ero a liquid surface fictional force between sls ty etre velo values of viscosity. ad ter i be okes’ law hen ig ows slow over a iy hel oil plane fas en a the he eer ofthe i no ter above ws att fester thon the over ep | SORE ough 2 Velocity of different layers of liquid increases uniformly from bottom (zero velocity) to the topaye J APB reretdo motion ockerd vcs fre (acon every leer ofthe uid ange ; Newton proved, ‘ti APERIMENT uation is known as is eau wv Foca and Fax Se cn were A = rea fhe ld ier nd « ret ofthe vel. mae | where 7) is a constant. if a small spher viscosity 7 with ‘on the sphere ¢ F = 6mnn Let, the density It is called the coefficient of viscosity of a liquid. Its value depends upon the nature of the liquid and WY ax From this, the definition of coefficient of viscosity can be derived 1A then 7 © Definition of coefficient of viscosity: Coefficient of viscosity of 2 liquid is equal to the tangential force required to maintain a unit velocity gradient between two parallel layers of lil each of unit area Therefore, wei IF the density © Unit of coefficient of viscosity: The unit of coefficient of viscosity in CGS system: poise (P) sphere =4 rr Ifthe coefficient of viscosity of aliquid 1 pose, we understand tha to maintain a relative vod a of tem: between two layers ofthe iquld Lem apart and each having an area tem? | +. Resultant d required force is 1dyne Soe The unit of coefficient of viscosity in SI is pascal- second (Pa-s) Pu” Ifthe coefficient of viscosity of a liquid is 1 Pa~s, we understand that to maintain a relat a velocity of 1m-s~ between two layers of liquid 1 m apart and each having an area 1m? the =97e required force is 1 aa u 1Pa>s = 10 poise. ° so © Dimension of coefficient of viscosity: [7] = mi-1T-2 oxi QB) Terminal velocity When a body falls down through a viscous medium (liquid or gas), then the layers of the mediuf ‘touching the body are dragged along with it due to adhesion. But the layers of the medium away ram | the body remains at rest. This causes a relative motion between different layers of the medium Bit | the viscosity ofthe medium creates an opposing force agains the relative motion This opposing Ot |one © viscosity F acting e to fia medium of coeffciemo. 1 on 2 small spherical ball of radius r, tly, rm | sn throu! ‘Seffcient or viscosity 7 with a terminal velocty v is given by fe orn seqation is known 2s Stokes’ law of viscosity ~ e ¥ PERIMENT le mine t fficient of Viscosity of a Giver [ y Measuring Terminal Velocity of a ifa small sphere of radius falls through a medium of coofiient of j 'quid. viscosity 7 with a terminal velocity v, then the opposing force acting | lon the sphere due to viscosity ee, ee Let, the density of the material of the sphere =p { al to the rey ight of th =Snr3 : oft Therefore, weight of the sphere = 377309 if the density of the medium ar, then upward buoyant force on the . sphere =! 2Pog e velocity a cm?, the | #, Resultant downward force on the sphere ag oxic | =3tReg- 37 og relate | =$17 (0-09 oo pm? the | 2 ri If the sphere reaches the terminal velocity, then 42 A(p-0)9 ‘ Gravy = 3x70 } Sasa i a ee 4, P(e=a), i aa Fig 1.21 nediu™ or, 08 ‘and determining the values of r and v, the co-efficient of * ot Knowing the values of 0 and co ener be iscosit id can be cal mit viscosity of the liqui that the opposing force due tiics XI a ‘wide glass tube (diameter 2 5 cm), @ a long stand liquid, @ some small metalic balls of different diame, ) scale, @ thread, @ a stopwatch. @ A considerably long (> 50 cm) and with clamps, @) a transparent viscous ters, @ screw gauge, @ thermometer, @ The diameter (hence the radius) of each ball is measured with the help of screw ‘gauge. |@ The glass tube Is fixed vertically with the clamps of the stand (Fig. 1.22]. The glass tube is filled with the given transparent viscous liquid. _ lass tube ~ clamp. transparent ‘viscous liquid falling ® The temperature of the liquid is recorded stand metal ball with the help of thermometer. At the lower end of the tube (20-25 cm below the liquid surface), two loops of thread are attached parallel (let, 20 cm apart) to each other on the tube. ® A metallic ball is dropped very gently in the liquid. it starts to fall down through the liquid “1@ The stop watch is started as soon as the ball crosses the first loop. When it crosses the second loop the stop watch is Fig 1.22 stopped ‘Time taken by the ball to cross the distance between the two loops is noted. Dividing the distance between them here it is 20 cm) by noted time, the terminal velocity & thread calculated. In this way, for each ball, the steps B) are repeated. Least count of screw gauge (c) ie screw pich {otal number of divisions in the circular scale Zero error of the screw gauge (e) = ..mm g-cm=3 (given) Temperature of the liquid (8) = ...°C The distance between the loops (/)Fey ee: Neeley the diameter the linear scale (m) mm scale (n)_ First we) Perpendicular First Perpendicular First Perpendicular * For each given ball separate table (as of table 1), is to be made. & Table for determination of coefficient of viscosity: Table-2 Time taken Terminal Co tocrossthe velocity distance 2 betweenthe two loops (ts Radius of the metallic ball (r) em re cm’ {the motion of the ball can nsparent so thal ind spl jy after the vel be very small © tiguid should be tra ; a ® alls should be as much smor" ted on ® The necessary time is t not the liquid. For this, the nerical as possible. Jocity of the 10 be balls should be observed, ball becomes uniform in€ l 106 BR chhaya Practical Physics X! ki if. Viva Voce ats terminal velocity? D whats vise? @ whatiste Please see article 15. Please see article 15, on what factors does the terminal all ofa falling body depend? ~ | > Terminal velocity of a falling spherical bod Wires we ciancon oreesreem of a cea aan oeere) | its material, the density of the medium and thecoeffclentoftheviscosty ofthe eg ~ | eroush wich fal @ detinecoeticient of viscosity? © Gaeaan tice 15 > t= met @ wats iaminar tow? Flow, in which quid moves in ayers and the | @D) Why is » transparent liquid taken in the particles of different layers do not collide experiment of determination ta with one another is called laminar flow. > Itisso because, the motion of the ball inthe ey liquid must be visible. © wats cic velocity? > Upto a certain velocity of the flow, it (the @ ‘Why honey flows much slower than water? fo) remains amie (sveamine) Ts | > Alautot higher vscosy fowsmores | limi ofthe veloctyIscalledertical velocity. | Honey is more viscous thon water Pe honey flows slower than water. © Wat is the unit of coefficient of viscosity? ae aan > In CGS system, the unit of co-efficient of |B) How does the coefficient of viscosity o viscosity Is poise. In Si, the unit is | liquid change with temperature? | pascal second > The coefficient of viscosity of a ligué decreases with the increase in temperature @ Wat do you understand by 1 poise? — @® How does the coeficientofviscostyofags - change with temperature? } BD ie you wnsertont bypass? if > Please see article 1.5. The coefficient of viscosity of a gas increases with the increase in temperature. ——_.