0] IGRAMMAR FOCUS Conditionals | conditional linking words > GRAMMAR REFERENCE p.| 60 [Bl Look at the examples from the recording and answer the questions. Unless we're very organised, it can be hard to arrange togoout 1 Do they need to be organised in order to see each other? As long as we plan ahead, it’s fine. 2 _Isit essential for them to plan ahead? Even if we haven't seen each other for a few months, we can catch up really easily. 3 Doesit matter if they don't see each other often? We never go to football matches together. Otherwise we end up arguing. 4. Dothey argue if they go toa football match together? [Dl Do the following pairs of sentences have the same meaning? 1A Even it you phone him, he'll be upset. B_ Unless you phone him, he'll be upset. 2. A There should be time to eat before the film provided that you get there early. B_ Aslong as you get there early, there : ‘should be ‘time to eat before the film. 3 A Ican'tdecide whether to buy ticket for the match. BI can't decide if | should buy a ticket for ‘the match. ‘Complete the sentences with the linking words/phrases in the box. More than one answer may be possible. ns SNR aslongas evenif otherwise unless provided that whether 1 ccm yOu make an effort it’s too easy to lose touch with old friends. 2. I message my boyfriend every day. ssn ME gets upset. 3. Iwant to invite all my friends, . come to the party. 4 ocsuutknow some people who are going, | don't mind going to parties on my own, 5 [don't know... OF NOt to talk to him about the problem. they can‘tall 104 Unit 10Friends for life | LANGUAGE TIP. | Ifthe conditional linking word comes at the b ginning of sentence, this clause is followed by a comma, When the | main clause begins the sentence, there is no comma. Unless were very organised, it can be hard to arrange to go out Icon be hard to arrange to go out unless we're very organised [Ey complete the sentences with information about your friends. Then compare with a partner. 1 It'susually. who decides whether or not WO nen 2. Myfriends are always fun to be with unless, 3. Aslong as!don’tmention ,...nnn.+! geton fine with... 4 | ywould never tell about evenif [For questions 1-6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. 11 lphone you tonight ifit isn’t too late when | get home. UNLESS iphone you tonight toolate. 2 He'll geta ticket for the match whether he has ‘enough money or not. EVEN He'll geta ticket for the match .. have enough money. 3. Unlessits raining, lwait for you outside the cinema. LONG As smu fining, Ill wait for you ‘outside the cinema. 4. Wecouldn't go tothe party because ofthe snow. HAVE ifithadn’t been snowing, we tothe party. 5 Weshould finish by four o'clock but it means we can't take a break for lunch. PROVIDED We should finish by four o'clock... take a break fr lunch. 6 Depending on the amount of traffic, might be a bit late. WHETHER {I mightbe abit late traffic or not, much Scanned with CamScannerUSE OF ENGLISH FOCUS) Easily confused adjectives ‘Complete the sentences with the adjectives in the box. More than one answer may be possible. actual current present 1, Wehaveno more information at he ate te. 2. {know she's in her early twenties but don't know her age. 3. He's very interested in affairs. common typical_usual He's not as lively as 5 Ona.......... Saturday night ‘we would stay uplate and watch amovie Itsvery. to meet your future husband or wife at work. individual particular unique She doesn’t get much. attention from the teacher on the art course she's doing. 8. We decided to drive to the coast for N10 reason. 9 Itsaln) opportunity tomake ‘new friends. Multiple-choice cloze (Part I) EXAM FOCUS p.186 For questions 1-8, decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). 110) B,errange to meet my frond Andy in café. ver a cottee we ‘chat about music (2) affairs and the ups and downs of ‘our working lives. We don't (2) alot of time talking about ‘out feelings or our relationship, or the past. I's jut not that kind of friendship. 1(2)......itthat way, and Tknow Andy doesn't mind because I'm paying him to be my fiend for afew hours. Not so long ago, a friend was one (4) that money couldn't buy. Friendships were special. But not anymore. You can hire someone to show you around town, hang out atthe gym or (6)... You company while you shop. My friend Andy is an actor He has never been paid to be someone's friend before but he understands why someone might (6) ............ buying companionship. ‘When he fst came to London from Scotland a year and a half ago, he (1). Boeing difficult But ‘Andy thinks t could be the desire for undemanding companionship, rather than loneliness, that is diving the growth in friond-hire: "The average petson doesn't want to have loads of (8) von fronds Secale fo cocomplnted ( 0 Acrganise —B arrange _C book D fix 1 Acommon Buswal Current D actual 2 Abave Brake — C lose D spend 3. A choose Bwish —€ select D prefer 4 Afact B matter C thing —_D point 5 Astay Bkeep Cgive D provide 6 A decide B think — C consider encourage 7 A-experienced B realised C discovered D found 8 Areal Bright C present certain EX work in pairs. Do you agree with what Andy says about making friends? [Ei Discuss where itis easiest to make friends and why. Use the ideas in the box to help you. atcollege atthe gym ataparty atwork inthe park Unit 10 Friendstorle 108 Scanned with CamScanner| ea asset = Exercise 4 Put the words into the correct order to make sentences. The first word is given. 1 school years my many used take sister to For Ito little (For...) 2 during were What use to doa when the did holidays you child you ? (What ...) 3 tickets me often parents concert give would My for money (My . 4 photos Ito my stick musicians on walls my bedroom used of favourite (I...) 5 very loften use out when go! to was didn't younger (.) 6 see Every grandparents my weekend we to went (Every...) Unit 2 | Adverbs and adjectives 1.1 Form 11 Many adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the adjective form of the word, eg. clear — clearly. For adjectives ending in-y, drop they and add -il, 9. happy — happily. For adjectives ending in-le, drop the e and add -y, eg. gentle gently. For adjectives ending in -c, add -ally, eg automatic —* automatically. 2 Some words ending in -y are adjectives only, not adverbs, 9. cowardly, friendly, lonely, sily. an adverb is needed, a phrase must be used: © They greeted usin a friendly way/manner. 3 Some words ending in -ly can be used both as adjectives and adverbs, eg. hourly, daily nightly. Take the medicine twice daily (adv). There isa daily (ad) fight to the island. 4 Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives, e9 ‘early, fast hard still straight, better, best, worse, worst. He's got a fast (adj) car and he drives it fast (adv). She has straight (adi) hair. He looked straight (adv) atme 5 Some adverbs have two forms, one lke the adjective and the other form ending in-ly, eg, clear, close, direct, free, hard, high, late, wrong. There is usually a difference in meaning. Stand clear of the doors. (keep away) Try to speak more clearly. (so we can understand) He works very hard, (He makes alot of effort.) He had hardly any petrol eft. (almost none) The balloon was high up in the sky. (a long way up) They think very highly of you. (have 2 good opinion) Children under twelve travel free. (don't have to pay) You can walk freely in the hotel grounds. (without restrictions) The train atved late. (after the time it was expected) He's not been very well lately. (recently) Watch out! Wrongly and wrong have the sare ‘meaning but wrongly is used before the main verb {but after the auxiliary, f present), while wrongs used after the verb (and object if present). ‘She wrongly advised me to accept the money. His name was wrongly spelt. He went wrong at the turning. He got the answer wrong. 2 Extreme adjectives, modifiers and intensifiers ‘We can use adverbs to make adjectives, other adverbs and ‘verbs stronger (intensifiers) or weaker (modifiers). 4 Some intensifiersand modifiers can only be used before gradable adjectives (adjectives that can be used in the comparative form, e.g. big, fast good). These include: ‘very, extremely, really, particularly, terribly (emphatic) © quite, pretty, fairly, rather (weaker than very) © abit Ielt terribly upset when | heard the news He drives rather fast. Ithought the story was a bit silly. 2. Some intensifiers can only be used before non-gradable adjectives (extreme or absolute adjectives that cannot be used in the comparative form, e.g. amazing, boiling, disastrous, fantastic freezing, impossible, marvellous, superb, wonderful). These include: ‘© absolutely, really, completely The special effects were absolutely amazing. ‘'vejust ead a really superb new book about Egypt. h out! quite has two meanings The picture was quite good. (modifier with gradable adjective, meaning good but not very good) Her cooking was quite wonderful. (intensifier with non-gredable adjective, meaning very, very good) 3 We can use some adverbs to emphasise both adjectives and verbs. * just, completely, totaly (= in every way) You look just fantastic. 1's completely impossible to finish in time. | totally forgot about your birthday. 142. Grammar reference ete Scanned with CamScannerGRAMMAR REFERENCE exercise 1 Exercise 2 complete the sentences with the adverbs in the box. Match 1-5 to A-E to make sentences. pd hardly high highly lyfe Jately wrofg wrofgly 1 It’s not just bad <2 I's not al that simple 4 pauls parents were surprised his teacher thought so 3 Ithought she'd be surprised fii Eee ee. 4 [thought I might be a bittred 2 susie used to get on well with her brother, but they've ‘d expected his Seema er ely 5 He'd expected his results tobe bad 3 assure hie the answer to that quesn bul ‘A but actually | was completely exhausted a a “ Fee sit atisk B itsabsolutel awl 1 au yur dass who knows hee C but they were absolutely disastrous D infactit’s abit dificult, home (Are... and hi 5 tgothomel. my dad was furious with me, iededaruae {6 Olver tries #:/£2.. but he never gets very good marks. 7 You might see eagles flying fi; cH. overhead, {The student was ! nd ¥accused of cheating y 3 Verb patterns: -ing or infinitive 3.1 Ver. followed by -ing or infinitive form —_| Common verbs Examples A erb+-°g | admit, appreciate, consider, delay, deny, detest, ve considered giving up coffe. dislike, enjoy, escape, feellke, finish, iveup, | don't recommend going to that restaurant. imagine involve, mention, mind, mss, postpone ; op practise, put off, recommend, resent, risk, suggest Has Peter finished putting up the te verb + « afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, begin, ‘happened to see Susie in the market. infinitiv | choose, consent, decide, expect. fail, ape Jcan‘t afford to eat in that restaurant. hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, lear, lke, love, | pia car expect to.see us here? ‘manage, offer, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, BE | __ reuse, seer, sve, try. want. wish, | verb + object | advise allow, ask couse, encourage, expect, _| He asked me to phone him. toinfinitive | forbid, force, get, help, instruct, intend, invite, |r prefer him to gonow. leave, ike, mean, need, order, persuade, prefer, remind, request, teach, tel, tempt, want, warn THe made me repeat the exercise. let, make, hear, help, see | Her parents won't let her stay out late Zia Ne ‘Watch outi Help can be used with or without to. There isn difference in meaning Can you help me (to) fix the bike? 3.2 Verbs/Expressions followed by both ing 2 fereribes forget regret ston ty or infinitive with a difference in meaning Lillian bale ore TSS tcl hake Mi bve prefer whether they re folowed by ing othe infnitve When these verbs are used with the infinitive, they tend eee meshing tench 0 be lated to refer to more specific situations, When they are used ‘© remember/forget + ing refers to an action that | with -ing, they often refer to more general situations. happened before the moment of remembering However the difference in meaning is very ight. (The orforgeting infinitive is more commonly used with these verbs by remember seeing you somewhere before. speakers of American English) (that have seen you) We sometimes like to go out for a meal on Fridays. ‘She had completely forgotten telling him about her cat. We lke going out for a meal on Fridays Grammarreference 143