Product Description 304844a PDF

Product Description
Kongsberg - K-Chief 700

Integrated Control System
Product Description
Kongsberg - K-Chief 700
Integrated Control System
304844/A
January 2007
Note
The information contained in this document remains the sole property of Kongsberg
Maritime AS. No part of this document may be copied or reproduced in any form or by any
means, and the information contained within it is not to be communicated to a third party,
without the prior written consent of Kongsberg Maritime AS.
Copyright E 2007
All rights reserved
January 2007
Kongsberg Maritime AS endeavours to ensure that all information in this document is

correct and fairly stated, but does not accept liability for any errors or omissions.
Kongsberg Maritime AS Telephone: (47) 32 28 50 00

P.O. Box 483 http://www.kongsberg.com
N-3601 Kongsberg
Norway
Table of contents
SECTION 1
SYSTEM OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Distributed processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Integrated vessel control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Modular technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Safety and reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Cost optimisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
SECTION 2
GENERAL PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
K-Chief 700 concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Operator Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Field Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
History Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
The information management system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Open solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Third party applications / software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
SECTION 3
OPERATOR STATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Operator Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Human-machine interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Operator panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Alphanumeric keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Image navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
How processes are displayed and controlled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Event system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Trend system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Trend presentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Trend types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Time series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Report system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Report generation facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Control functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
304844/A 3
Version Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Command Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Online User Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Integration of 3rd party applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Integrated CCTV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
SECTION 4
HISTORY STATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
History Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Time series database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Event database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
History Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
SECTION 5
FIELD STATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Field Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Field Station layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
RIO function principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
RCU modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
RIO Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
SPBus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
System configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Hardware modules for hazardous areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
I/O system - concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Serial Process Bus (SPBUS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Profibus standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Main features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
SECTION 6
NETWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Network standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Network performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
The Network Distribution Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Cable and connector standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Network redundancy aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Network monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Operational experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
SECTION 7
ELECTRICAL POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Electrical Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Uninterruptible Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4 304844/A
Earth fault detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Power Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
SECTION 5
CONFIGURATION AND MAINTENANCE TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Configuration and maintenance tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
The concept of Function Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Function modules parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Function module terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Operator menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Configuration tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
SECTION 9
APPLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Watch Call system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Watch Call panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Power Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Diesel Driven Generator Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Turbine Driven Generator Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Shaft Generator Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Switchboard Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Overload prevention and Consumer Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Machinery Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Fuel Oil Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Lubrication Oil Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Cooling Water Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Potable and Fresh Water Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Compressed Air Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Bilge Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Boiler Control/Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
CARGO CONTROL - LNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Cargo Pump Load Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Stripping/Spray Pump Load and Pressure Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Emergency Cargo Pump Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
LD/HD Compressor Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Anti-surge Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Vaporizer Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Heater Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Gas Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Loading Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
304844/A 5
Unloading Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Tank Cool-down Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
CARGO CONTROL - OSV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Liquid products (example) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Dry bulk products (example) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Typical monitoring and control functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
CARGO CONTROL - FPSO and shuttel tankers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Ballast Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Ballast Control modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Ballast/De-ballast Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Ballast Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Vessel Performance Monitoring System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
On-line Sensor Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Manual Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Vessel Performance Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Engine Performance Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Accumulated Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Performance Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Vessel Mode control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Mode selection and verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Redundancy and Criticality Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Heating, Venting and Air Condition controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
SECTION 10
ADDITIONAL TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Remote diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Kongsberg K-Chief 700 I/O Data Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
List format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Kongsberg AUTOLOOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
SECTION 11
ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
SECTION 12
GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6 304844/A
SECTION 1
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
304844/A 7
Kongsberg K-Chief 700
Introduction
The Kongsberg Maritime Integrated Control System K-Chief 700,
is a distributed monitoring and control system built for marine
applications. Its flexible, unique architecture allows it to be used
for a wide range of tasks within the fields of offshore industry,
on-shore chemical industry, safety systems and vessel control
systems.
The K-Chief 700 is primarily a stand alone system that covers all
important functions onboard a vessel, such as:
• Power management
• Auxiliary machinery control
• Ballast/bunker monitoring and control
• Cargo monitoring and control
The K-Chief 700 system is built from modular hardware
components and modular application software. Any number of
these modules can be combined to provide an optimal solution for
a specific vessel’s requirements and specification. This philosophy
also makes the K-Chief 700 suitable for small vessels.
Distributed processing
The K-Chief 700 is the new automation system from Kongsberg.
It is based on a concept of totally distributed processing in which
the various processes are controlled by input/output (I/O) modules
located close to the processing units.
8 304844/A
System overview
The remote I/O modules, using Kongsberg RIO-400 technology,

may also be installed in cabinets supplied by others, such as
switchboards or valve control cabinets, in order to achieve
complete installation and pre-commissioning before actual
installation on the vessel. The K-Chief 700 remote I/O range
includes modules for installations in hazardous areas.
Integrated vessel control

The K-Chief 700 automation system may be integrated seamlessly
with the other Kongsberg K-range systems, such as:
• K-Pos
• K-Thrust
• K-Bridge
• K-Gauge
• K-Pro
These integrated solutions offer significant advantages over stand
alone systems:
• Well-proven solutions that focus on the complete vessel
operation
• Operational consistency
• Free information flow throughout the entire system
• Common technology
Integrating all the functions for monitoring and control of a vessel
provides a real benefit both technically and economically.
Functions can be integrated in order to reduce the overall need for
hardware and software functions and to reduce interface
requirements. The benefits of system integration are fully realised
when all the components of the system are based on the same
technology, both in hardware and software.
Modular technology
The use of common technology in the Kongsberg portfolio has
allowed us to develop modular products. The benefits of
modularity are passed on to our customers through:
• Same range of hardware modules as in the K-Pos (dynamic
positioning) and K-Chief systems
• Identical basic software platform in the K-Thrust (thruster
control), K-Pos and K-Chief systems
• Free flow of information between the K-Thrust, K-Pos and
K-Chief systems Process information
304844/A 9
• Consistent operation
• Reduced spare part and training requirements
Safety and reliability

The K-Chief 700 is designed to meet the most stringent safety and
reliability requirements. It supports redundancy at all levels
including communication, process controllers, remote I/O
modules and power supplies.
The built-in self-diagnostic facilities monitor the entire control
system and include extensive monitoring of field circuits as well
as earth-fault detection. Fail-to-safe philosophy is implemented by
pre-determination of system responses with respect to internal or
external faults.
Both the hardware and the software have been type approved by
major classification societies.
Cost optimisation
The K-Chief 700 concept allows significant reductions in cost and
time for installations compared with traditional solutions. These
savings result from:
• Extensive cabling reductions
• Reduced man-hours for engineering, installation,
commissioning and documentation
• Reduced vessel building time
• Improved quality of testing of control system
10 304844/A
SECTION 2
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
304844/A 11
K-Chief 700 concept

The Kongsberg Maritime distributed K-Chief 700 system is based
on the AIM-2000 software. The system architecture builds on
Operator Stations and Process Stations interconnected by a local
data network.
The Process Station (PS) is a logical name for processing and I/O
units. It can be placed inside a Field Station (FS) or in a third party
cabinet. A PS consists of RCU and RIO modules.
Each PS has a specific role and is configured to match the

operational requirements of the specific process area. Due to this
flexible architecture the K-Chief 700 system is scaleable. This
means that new Process Stations can be connected in the network
to control additional process areas or to extend functionality.
Sat Com Office computers/Maintenance system
Router/
Firewall
Admin
Network HUB/
Switch
Operator
Station
History
Printers Station
HUB/
Process
Switch
Network
Redundant RCU
HUB RCU
Serial Ex-barrier
communication/ SP-Bus
Field bus
Remote I/O for

Remote IO hazardous area
Operator Stations
The Operator Stations are the main interface between the operator
and the processes that are under the operator’s control. Normally
more than one OS will be installed as part of a automation system.
Operator Stations may be connected to an administrative data
network in addition to the network. This provides a connection
interface for other systems and devices.
12 304844/A
Systems
Field Stations
The Field Station (FS) is used to control and monitor individual
processes in Kongsberg automation systems. Field Stations may
contain Remote Controller Unit (RCU) in a single or redundant
configuration, and/or remote I/O (RIO) modules, configured to
meet the needs of the application.
The Kongsberg RIO system comprises a dual Serial Process Bus
(SPBus) with connected RIO modules. The serial bus is controlled
from an RCU controller computer in the process network.
The RIO system provides a cost-effective solution for connecting
any amount of I/O to a Kongsberg automation system independent
of distance between the I/O equipment and the controller
computer.
units inside a Field Station (FS). This means that a PS can consist
of an RCU mounted together with RIO modules.
History Stations
A History Station is a specific computer connected to the network
running operator station software. It also contains the historical
database that stores a historical time series of process variable
measurements (samples). History Stations may be connected to an
administrative data network in addition to the network. This
provides a connection interface for other systems and devices.
Network
The network is crucial for all communication between the stations,
therefore, it is made dual redundant. All communication between
the operator and the equipment being controlled takes place over
this network.
The information management system

The information management system enables exchange of
information between both onboard and onshore data systems using
industry standard interfaces. Real time data is accessible on the
administrative network. Reports generated in the automation
system can be mailed to the onboard office network and via the
ship’s mail system to shore.
Printers
Certain Operator Stations are connected direct to a dedicated
printer for printing out events and/or interfaced to one or more
network printers for event and report printing. Network colour
printers provide high quality colour print-outs of the current colour
monitor image on an Operator Station.
304844/A 13
Open solutions
Modern standards for communication allow data to be exchanged
between computer systems from different suppliers without
writing tailored software.
Intersystem Communication
K-Chief 700 uses several industry standard interfaces for export
and import of data.
ODBC: is used for export of historical time series and event data.
Specific ODBC drivers are included in the OSK installation that is
part of the AIM-2000 system installation.
TCP/IP: can be used to export ASCII streams of time series data
directly from the HS as they are received from the PS. This
mechanism is used in customer adapted applications for
post-processing of AIM-2000 data.
DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange): is used for subscription of
terminals and parameters to and from the PS.
OPC (OLE for Process Control): is used for subscription of
terminals and parameters to and from the PS.
Generic Field Interface Protocols

• Profibus
• DeviceNet
• Modbus
• NMEA 0183
• Foundation Fieldbus via OPC
Proprietary Interface Protocols (Ethernet or

serial)
• Fire centrals
• Level gauging systems
I/O-drives for proprietary protocols are easily implemented in the
K-Chief 700 system. The control applications are the same no
matter what kind of I/O-driver exists.
Third party applications / software

Stand-alone applications (e.g. load calculator, ship performance
system or other standard third party applications) may be
integrated on the Operator Station. The communication between
the K-Chief 700 process control and third party applications is
usually done by OPC.
14 304844/A
SECTION 3
OPERATOR STATION
304844/A 15
Operator Station
The Operator Stations (OSs) are process independent and are
connected to the communication networks process network and
administrative network. They collect and display data from the
individual process stations. In this way each operator station acts
as a back-up for the others and each process area can be controlled
and monitored from any operator station. For operational reasons,
the process area access of each operator station can be limited by
the use of key switches and/or passwords or deliberate restrictions
programmed into the system access software. The heart of the
operator station is an industrial graphic controller which runs on
Microsoft® Windows technology.
The OS is based on a PC satisfying requirements for marine use set

by classification societies (e.g. ABS, LR, DNV), and has the
following characteristics:
• Microsoft® Windows XP™ 32-bit operating system
• Kongsberg Maritime operator consoles with single or
multiple screens, and controlled from one operator panel and
keyboard
• Big screen or projector
• Low user threshold for system operation
• One operator station is an autonome, self-contained unit
16 304844/A
System Functions
• Two or more operator stations can be configured for

redundancy purposes
The Windows-based display interface provides a high degree of
flexibility in the presentation of information. Familiar Windows
features such as a Menu bar and Dialogue boxes are used.
Functions, which do not have dedicated panel buttons, are
controlled via the Menu bar.
Operator Stations can be installed in a number of different ways,
for example in a standard Kongsberg Maritime console or as
separate units for desktop operation. Normally more than one
Operator Station will be installed as part of a K-Chief 700 system.
For example, you will find them on the bridge, in cargo control
rooms and engine control rooms.
Each OS has a hard disc containing the software files for the actual
plant/vessel installation. Process variables and parameter values to
be displayed by the Operator Stations are generated in the Process
Stations and transferred to each Operator Station upon request. The
information displayed on an Operator Station screen is assembled
directly from all the Process Stations.
The system has capabilities for alarm handling, event handling,
time-series, trends, reports, decorations and interactive dialog with
dynamic elements.
The OSs are designed to be independent from the process areas,
which they monitor and control. The OSs can be located anywhere
on the plant or vessel. Parameter values to be displayed by the OSs,
are generated on the Process Station (PS) and are transferred to
each OS upon request by the operator.
304844/A 17
Human-machine interface
The Operator Stations are the main interface between the operator
and the processes that are under the operator’s control.
The human-machine interface (HMI) is an important feature,
which enables efficient and safe operation of the system by helping
the operator to make optimum operational decisions. During
normal operation this reduces the risk of human error. Emphasis
has been placed on logical operation, effective presentation of
relevant information and user-friendliness.
The K-Chief 700 concept for HMI is based on Microsoft®
Windows technology.
The HMI of the Operator Station has three main parts:
• A K-Chief 700 specific operator panel with buttons and
trackball
• An alphanumeric keyboard
• Colour monitor(s) for presentation of information
Operator panel
The operator panel is used to interact with the images on the colour
monitor, and control the process. This could be to display a new
image or to act upon an element within an image. This is normally
done using the trackball and its associated buttons to point at and
click on symbols and menus.
The layout of the push buttons, lamps and controls on the operator
panel are divided into five functional groups on three different
subpanels as shown in the following figures:
18 304844/A
System Functions
Views panel
The buttons of the Views panel are used to select and display
images representing the various process areas defined during
system configuration. The most important and commonly used
images are assigned to these buttons so that they are instantly
accessible from the operator panel.
Each button that has an image assigned to it is annotated with the
name of the image.
Navigator Panel is also configured with three View Selection
buttons: Next image, Previous image and Image navigator
304844/A 19
Input Panel
Keypad group
The Keypad group contains function, numeric, alfanumeric and
cursor control buttons.
Trackball group
The Trackball group comprises three blank buttons and a
movableball. The movable ball (trackball) is used to position the
cursor on the colour monitor screen. The buttons are used to select
symbols, open and operate menus, click buttons in the views and
dialog boxes displayed on the colour monitor screen and to open
pop-up shortcut menus.
20 304844/A
System Functions
Alarm & Command panel
Panel group
The following status lamps are provided: Power and Fault. Power
lamp is lit green when power is ON. Fault lamp is lit red when a
panel has lost communication with the host computer.
Command group
The Command group contains three buttons that allow you to
transfer control of the process from one Operator Station to
another. The TAKE and GIVE buttons allow the operator to
transfer command control between the Operator Stations.
Alarms group
The Alarms group contains three lamps and three buttons that are
used to indicate, acknowledge and handle alarms and events.
Alphanumeric keyboard
A standard alphanumeric keyboard is located in a compartment
below the Operator Panel.
304844/A 21
Images
A K-Chief 700 installation is made up of various types of images
which have different functionality, reflecting their individual
purposes. An image is contained in a window with associated
menu, tool and status bars.
A K-Chief 700 has the following types of images:
• Process image
• List image
• Trend image
• Event List image
• System Status image
• I/O System image
• PDF image
• Flow Sheet image
• Multiple images
These are described in the sections that follow.
22 304844/A
System Functions
Process image
The Process images offer enhanced graphical presentation of some
part of a process, compared to the graphical interface of the Flow
Sheet images (see this). Elements of the image can be linked to one
or several function modules.
An example of a Process image is shown in the following figure.
304844/A 23
List image
The List image provides the user with a simple way of setting up
tabular views containing selected information from the modules
(tags) in the system.
The following figure shows an example of motor status and
running hours.
24 304844/A
System Functions
Trend image
A Trend image fills the main view area. It may contain several
trends, which may be a mixture of XY Trends and Time Trends.
Each trend may in its turn contain several trend curves.
An example of a Trend image containing four trends is shown in
the following figure.
304844/A 25
Event List image

An event is a notification to the operator of some condition in the
system or the controlled process that may need attention. Which
events are to be notified to the operator, depends on which list is
displayed and which filter is selected.
An example of an Event image is shown in the following figure.
26 304844/A
System Functions
System Status image

The System Status images show operational status information
about the Process Stations (PS), the History Stations (HS) and the
Operator Stations (OS) in the automation system. They also show
information on communication with other equipment connected to
the communication network and connected via serial lines.
An example of an System Status image is shown in the following
figure.
304844/A 27
I/O System image

In normal operation, two different levels of information are
provided in PBUS I/O image: Overview and Detailed levels.
By toggling between Overview and Detailed, the RIO modules are
displayed with different levels of information:
• When Overview level is selected, the RIO modules are
shown. An example of the Overview level is shown in the
following figure.
28 304844/A
System Functions
• When Detailed level is selected, status for each RIO module

is shown. An example of the Detailed level is shown in the
following figure.
304844/A 29
• When I/O Terminal Block view is selected, status for each

I/O channel is shown. An example of the I/O Terminal Block
view is shown in the following figure.
30 304844/A
System Functions
PDF image
An example of a PDF image is shown in the following figure.
304844/A 31
Flow Sheet image

A Flow Sheet image is an image for advanced technical
maintenance and online system configuration.
An example of a Flow Sheet image is shown in the following
figure.
32 304844/A
System Functions
Multiple images
An example of a Multiple images is shown in the following figure.
304844/A 33
Image navigation
Image navigation is primarily done using the Image navigator or
hotspots. The navigator is a collection of predefined images and
hotspots, which are similar to hyperlinks in HTML. The Image
Navigator is configurable and can be set up groups of any of the
image types supported by the automation system. It is also possible
to dock the Image Navigator on the side of the screen view. In this
way, the Image Navigator available at all times and does not cover
any of the views.
34 304844/A
System Functions
How processes are displayed and

controlled
The number of images in a system depends on the amount of
equipment under K-Chief 700 control. The system is designed so
that images can be selected that give varying levels of detail about
a process.
When an image showing an overall process is selected (for
example, Power Management), there may not be enough room to
display all the detail on a single screen. The K-Chief 700 system
will then have a number of images linked to the main image, to
show this detail.
The following two pictures show firstly a screen example of a
vessel’s propulsion process and secondly a screen showing details
of one thruster.
304844/A 35
Normally not more than a maximum of two levels of images will

be used, although more can be used if required.
36 304844/A
System Functions
Event system
The Event system handles reporting, presentation and storing of
events within the automation system.
The Event system provides the following:
• Presentation of events
• Event list views
• Last alarm line
• Alarm indications in process views
• Alarm and message printing
• Audible alarm
• Alarm acknowledgement
• Alarm suppression
• Event filtering
An event reflects a change in the way a part of the process or the
system functions. Events can also provide information concerning
the history of events over a specified period of time, for example,
a shift.
All events are time stamped and logged when they occur. This time
stamping has the same time resolution as the inverse scan task
frequency of the process control unit from where the event was
generated.
304844/A 37
Events are divided into two categories as illustrated in the

following figure:
Event
Alarm Message
System Process System Process Operation

alarm alarm message message message
An Alarm is generated when a state change occurs that does not

keep within defined limits.
A Message is generated when a state change occurs that keeps
within defined limits.
Alarms are divided into the following types:
• Process alarms that indicate undesirable (illegal) process
conditions.
• System alarms that indicate system failure conditions.
Messages are divided into the following types:
• Process messages that indicate the occurrence of process
changes that are subject to logging.
• Operator messages that indicate user actions.
• System messages that:
- Give additional information for System alarms.
- Indicate a state change as a result of user actions.
- Indicate other events that are subject to logging, but
not related to the process or user actions.
Via button selections, it is also possible to view an event list as a
pop-up.
38 304844/A
System Functions
All alarms can be notified audible and alarm/event printing is

possible through dedicated Alarm/Event printers. If the system
contains a Network printer, all event views can be printed out via
the printer choices. All alarms and events are recorded and stored
for historical viewing. The event system handles the notification
of system and process alarms as well as messages.
Various filter functions are also available. Different attributes can
be applied to each filter in order to organize alarms/events based
on different parameters.
The Last Alarm line is continuously updated to display the event
record for the most recent unacknowledged alarm. It displays the
same record cells as shown by the Event List view and Event List
pop-up.
Alarms can be displayed in a view in various ways as shown below:
Background
indicator
Alarm
indicator
Status
indicator
Background
indicator
Bargraph
Status indicator
indicators
Numeric
(C D2356) value field
304844/A 39
Trend system
The Trend system is used for presentation of trends. It uses split
window mechanisms to create and present one or several trends as
separate panes in a trend image. Each trend may contain one or
several trend curves.
The AIM Trend System contains functions for controlling the
displaying, creation and appearance of trends.
A Trend is a presentation of one or several trend curves in a scaled
axis system. You can both configure the trend with its contents and
operate on the displayed trend by using a dedicated trend context
menu. This context menu applies to the trend from which it was
displayed (this is significant when two or more trends are
displayed simultaneously).
Trend presentations
There are two different types of trend presentations:
• Trend image, which fills the main view area and may
comprise several trends contained in separate panes. You can
add, split or merge trend panes by using splitter window
techniques.
40 304844/A
System Functions
• Trend Popup, which comprise a single trend in a re-sizeable

popup window. The popup remains displayed irrespective of
the view selected and can be positioned anywhere within the
main view area.
Both trend presentations have a context menu that you can use to
control their appearance.
Trend types
There are two trend types:
• Time Trend, which shows the development of single process
values with the progress of time.
• XY Trend, which shows the correlation between two process

values within a defined Timetrend.
304844/A 41
Time series
In short, a time series is a log of time-stamped values. It extracts
data from a single variable as input, performs a mathematical
transformation and stores resulting values according to the
selected time series attributes.
Data stored in time series are in turn input for trends and reports.
42 304844/A
System Functions
Report system
The report system allows reports to be designed and generated. It
provides report management, including report scheduling, storage,
printing and mailing.
The main purpose of the report system is to generate reports where
the data are:
• Fetched from the control system through ODBC, i.e.
information from any ODBC compatible data source can be
presented in AIM reports
• Presented according to a suitable layout
The Report system is used to present process variable values from
a PS, historical time series data from a History Station (HS) and
data from the historical event database.
The report formats define the layout of the report; the data that is
to be presented in the report and the time span for time series data.
The Report Manger allows the operator to generate, schedule and

view reports with previously prepared formats.
304844/A 43
Report generation facilities

The Report system is not bundled with K-Chief 700, but the
Operator Station includes the required run time files to produce the
reports.
The Report system has the following features:
• It generates dynamic and historic reports.
• The reports may be viewed, printed or stored as a file (e.g.
Excel).
• The reports can be generated cyclic (watch report, day report
etc.) or upon user request.
• Reports may be transferred or mailed to other computer
systems.
• It includes a set of predefined reports (report templates).
• AIM has built in reports that list modules with not normal
condition, e.g. alarm suppression, inhibit or override.
44 304844/A
System Functions
Control functions
Access Control
The system can be protected using the Access Control system. This
consists of a list of users with individual passwords and an
association with a user group. Each user group has a number of
access rights associated with it. User Groups can be associated
with Access gates which can control access to specified areas. The
access control system limits the number of functions that are
available to the user from the OS.
Restrictions on which modules the operator can operate are
handled by the Command Control system.
All operators use the access system as they log on and off the
K-Chief 700 system. All configuration tasks, such as adding,
editing or deleting user accounts and user groups are the
responsibility of the system administrator.
Users Mike Eve John
User High voltage

Operators
groups elec tric ians
Granted observe observe

operate observe operate
permissions
c onfigure c onfigure
Ac c ess
gates Ordinary High voltage
Objects
Version Control
The Version control system logs all PS configuration changes that
are made to all the modules/tags of the configuration. All back-ups
of the PS configuration changes (files) are stored in a dedicated
archive, allowing restoration of any of the previously made
back-ups.
304844/A 45
The illustration below shows the version control system and its
environment.
PS Configuration
Configuration event
Archive database(s)
Import from external souurce
Version
control
system
OS 1 OS2 OS3
AIM dual network
PS1
The PS configuration archive contains all previous back-ups of the

PS configuration files (.ps, .io etc.). The PS servers, which are
housed in the OSs, contain only the last back-up of the PS
configuration files.
The PSs contain information on the events concerning the PS
configuration changes. These events are also copied to the
configuration event database as they occur, and they can be viewed
by the user.
The import function lets you import PS configuration files from
external sources.
Command Control
The process sectioning and transfer of control functions is done by
the command control system. Each software module, representing
an instrument, equipment, logic and so on, will be assigned to a
command control group representing the process section. The
command control group will be given a descriptive name
identifying the process section. The command control system
provides mechanisms to manage and distribute responsibility
between OSs on a plant.
46 304844/A
System Functions
If concurrent operations are forbidden, command control ensures

that concurrent operations don’t take place.Using command
control assumes that the following are defined clearly: The fields
of responsibility (the command groups) The actors (OS groups)
that can claim, or be given, the responsibility over the command
groups.
Command Command Command

group P group Q group R
OS group M OS group N OS group O
Each OS will be assigned to an OS group. Every OS group will be

assigned privileges regarding the different command control
groups. These privileges control the right of each OS group to take
and be in control of the different command control groups. OSs
belonging to two different OS groups cannot hold the same
command control group unless this group is defined as a shared
one.
Transfer of control functions is by means of Give and Take

functions incorporated in the OS. The right to take control can be
limited to certain OS groups. Groups not permitted to take control
can own the right to request control.
304844/A 47
Online User Guide

The online User Guide is a complete reference for personnel
involved in operation and configuration of the AIM system. The
online User Guide provides several ways to locate the information
you are looking for - Table of Contents, Text Search with
advanced features, and Favourites.
The online help system has the following advantages:
• Quick access - always available (running continuously
together with the control system)
• Search possibilities - direct search for a particular piece of
information
• Quick cross references - e.g. to related topics
• Easy to use - familiar user interface
The following view is an example from the Online User Guide
showing Help function for an I/O Module Block.
48 304844/A
System Functions
Integration of 3rd party applications

All standalone applications that can be run on a PC can in general
be run in the automation system and be displayed on the different
Operator Stations. As an example, a load & stability program can
either be run locally on an Operator Station and be displayed
through the automation system, or run on an external computer and
communicate with the automation system through the
administrative network or serial lines.
An example of a Load and Stablity Calculator view is shown
below.
Integrated CCTV
Any Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) solution that provides its
own Windows application, ActiveX control components or any
external video sources using a free-floating window, can be
integrated in the system. The view may show live video, which
may be displayed:
• On command from the operator
• On demand from a procedure
• Upon an alarm in the area, where the camera is located
304844/A 49
The operator may choose which camera to display on the OS or a

defined view/camera is shown for a specific situation.
50 304844/A
System Functions
Advanced solutions exist, such as interface to Scan CCTV systems

for connecting of larger number of cameras. Functionality such as
pan, tilt, zoom and camera select will then be available.
304844/A 51
SECTION 4
HISTORY STATION
304844/A 53
History Station
The History Station (HS) provides facilities for long-term storage
of alarms, events and time-series. It may be a separate station, or
integrated with an OS. (Limitations may apply regarding amount
of data that shall be stored if OS and HS is integrated into one unit.)
The integrated unit is designated OSHS.
The dedicated storage media for history databases may be of the
types; Jaz drive, Tape unit, CD-RW, Optical station for back-up or
retrieval of the databases, as shown in the following figure:
Backup on another machine,

on either medium:
Jaz drive
Backup
HS
on HS CD-RW drive
databases
hard disc
Tape unit
Hard disc
The HS incorporates a database, which is divided into two different

parts: Time series database and Event database
If historical data is considered critical, it is possible to set up
several HS servers in a split configuration.
Time series database

This database receives time series data from the function modules
that are configured on the PS. The time series that come from the
PSs can be primary or secondary time series.
These stored time series are utilised by other AIM applications like
Trend images and Reports. The time series database has an Open
Database Connectivity (ODBC) interface. A separate export
function is also incorporated in the HS.
The time series database is of two types:
• Primary time series, which are process values as they are
logged in the PS
• Secondary time series, which are processed primary series,
for example mean values for a process value for a given
period
The databases contain data reduction (mean, max, min, hysteresis)
accumulation (hour counters, consumption, etc.).
54 304844/A
History Station
Event database
The event database consists of alarms and messages. These are
stored by setting up an Operator Station or a History Station as an
event server. This enables the user to go back in the event history.
Different filters can also be applied to narrow searches.
The event database receives event data from the event server.
Events are generated by the function modules running on the PS,
or by the surrounding system. These events are stored in this
database and are subsequently utilised by Event images, where
they are displayed as alarms and messages. The event database also
has an ODBC interface.
The database contains the export facilities to the following:
• Maintenance system
• Alarm Management database
• History Review station
• Information Management System
History Review
The History Review station is used to view and analyse history data
supplied by other sources, for example:
• DP Recorder
• History Station
It can be used in the following way, as:
• On-line tool, to access data from a running system
• Stand alone tool, to access exported data on any computer
connected to the administrative network
Off-line analysis of historic data is useful for a number of purposes:
• Analysis of data from abnormal states in the system
(hardware failure, faults) or process (drift-off, blackout,
shut-down)
• Capture of data for administrative purposes (running hours,
resource consumption)
• Analysis of performance during specific operations or
periods of time
304844/A 55
The DP Recorder and the History Station save two types of history
data:
• Time series which can be presented as graphical curves
(Trend image) or as a list (Time Series Table image).
• Events which can be presented in a chronological list (Event
image).
Access to all historical data is done through an ODBC interface.
This is an open standard, which uses SQL for database access. The
ODBC standard is supported by a large number of applications like
MS Excel, MS Access, Oracle and Seagate Crystal Reports.
56 304844/A
SECTION 5
FIELD STATION
304844/A 57
Field Station
The Field Station is used to control and monitor individual
processes in Kongsberg Maritime automation systems. Field
Stations may be located centrally, or distributed to save cable costs.
A Field Station is built up in a modular way so that it may be
extended at any time, this makes the system flexible. A Field
Station Cabinet contains the following modules:
• Remote I/O modules
• Net connection sockets
• Power supplies
• Circuit breakers
• Cable trays
• Field cable entry
• Protective earth (PE) bar for cable shield termination
• Instrument earth (IE) bar
• Earth bolt
A Field Station is available in various sizes:
FS-60 2 units, typically 60 I/O (wall mount)
FS-120 4 units, typically 120 I/O (wall mount)
FS-240 8 units, typically 240 I/O (floor mount
FS-400 16 units, typically 400 I/O (floor mount)
Field Stations may contain RCU controller computer(s) in a single

or redundant configuration, and/or remote I/O module(s),
configured to meet the needs of the application. They run on
24 VDC or 115/230 VAC, and redundancy for the power system
is available. Field Stations are built to enclosure protection
standard IP 44.
58 304844/A
Field Station
Field Station layout

The illustration below shows cabinet layout of the field station
models FS-60, FS-120, FS-240 and FS-400.
FS-400 differs from FS-240 by having a cabinet with increased
depth allowing RIO modules to be mounted also on the side walls.
FS-60 FS-120 FS-240/FS-400
304844/A 59
RIO function principles

The RIO system concept uses Remote Controller Units (RCUs) as
host for the RIO serial process bus interface (SPBus). The I/O
signals to and from field equipment run in a serial format between
the controller computer and the RIO modules. The RIO modules
act as termination boards and signal converters for the I/O signals
from the field. Kongsberg Maritime provides several models of the
RIO and RCU modules to handle different types of I/O and
applications.
Operator Station
Dual Lan
Field Station
Serial lines
Remote Controller Unit

(RCU)
R e m o t e I O m o d u l e
(RIO)
Field Devices Field Devices
SPBus
Remote IO module
(RIO)
Remote IO module
(RIO)
60 304844/A
Field Station
RCU modules
The RCUs are the real time controller computers in the RIO
concept. The RCU has interfaces to the field equipment (RIO) on
one side and to the Operator Station on the other side. The RCU
modules have interfaces to the dual Ethernet, multiple serial lines
Profibus and the I/O bus (SPBus). There is a version of the RCU
which has 32 I/O channels within the module; in addition to
SPBus, serial-lines and Ethernet interfaces.
units inside a Field Station (FS). This means that a PS can consist
of an RCU mounted together with RIO modules.
Typic al Sc an Sequence in an RCU
10 1
Udate of WatchDog Read Input Signals
9 2
Write Output Signals Read alarm status on
m odule input
8 3
Module State Run Module
reporting Algorithm
7 4
Update of Write alarm status on
Tim eseries buffer m odule output
6 5
Module Terminal Update of
Update Redundant m odule
param eter
The processing unit handles the fastest applications, while at the

same time maintaining general monitoring tasks. The process unit
keeps the process logic for a specific process area, while the RIO
modules provide signal connection between the field devices and
the automation system. A process unit communicates with the field
devices it controls by means of discrete I/O signals and serial lines.
304844/A 61
The automation system has a distributed database, and each PS

keeps the program, configuration and data that are associated with
the process area it controls. Both the program and the configuration
that run on a PS are regularly to be backed up to an OS or HS for
long-term storage. This is achieved by setting one or more
Operator Stations up as boot servers for the PS(s).
On the RCU500 it is possible to set up the PS to boot from the flash
memory. A download dialogue is available in order to download
a configuration to a PS. On the RCU500, a dedicated switch is
available to set the PS to boot from own flash memory.
RIO Modules
RIO modules interface between the field devices and the RCU.
There are RIO modules with digital input and output interfaces,
with analogue input and output interfaces and with a combination
of these. All RIO modules handle up to 32 channels. They all
contain advanced firmware that can be upgraded at any time during
the projects’ or deliveries’ lifetimes. All RIO400 modules have the
same SPBus interface with a 9-pin D-Sub connector. Field device
connections and power connections are also the same throughout
the RIO family. Different signal interface and self-diagnostic
options are available.
The first requirement of a fault-tolerant system is to discover the
fault. Extensive self-diagnostics are therefore built into the RIO
modules. Each module has a unique identification code (ID-code).
This ID-code identifies the type of module in the RIO concept
installed. The system can thus monitor that the correct module is
installed in the correct position.
A watchdog, controlled from the RCU, controls a two-colour LED
at the front of the module. A green light indicates that the RCU is
sending “module alive” messages to the module, and that the RCU
can detect no error with this module. A red light indicates that the
module is not running in the system. The I/O signals can be
examined for out-of-range values, and errors can be detected. The
RIO module also includes a support for earth-leak detection and
loop monitoring.
Various types of RIO modules are available. Most commonly used
are:
• RMP-400
- 32 channels, individually selectable from:
- analogue inputs (0-20 mA / 0-10 V)
- analogue outputs (0-20 mA / 0-10 V)
62 304844/A
Field Station
- analogue inputs (Pt100, 2- or 3-wire)

- analogue inputs (potentiometer, 2- or 3-wire)
- digital inputs (pot. free)
- digital inputs (PNP/NPN, Namur)
- digital outputs (24 VDC/max 1 A) (*)
- Pulse / frequency input (max 10 kHz) (ch. 31/32 only)
• RDIO-400
- 32 channels, individually selectable digital inputs
(potential free) or digital outputs (24 VDC/max 1 A)
• RDIO-REL-400
- 16 channels, individually selectable digital inputs (pot.
free) or digital outputs (24 VDC/max 1 A)
- 16 channels, digital outputs (changeover relay
contacts max 230 V/5 A)
304844/A 63
SPBus
The SPBus is a serial communication bus based on the RS-485
standard. The bus has a fixed communication speed of
approximately 2 Mbit/s. Repeaters (SPBusHUB) must be fitted for
distances greater than 200 meters or when segregation between
RIO modules is required.
The SPBus cable contains both signal and power wires for the
isolated bus interfaces on the RIO modules. Up to 31 RIO modules
can be connected to one SPBus.
System configurations
Single system
The basic topology for the RIO concept is single-system set-up
Dual Lan
with a single RCU, a single SPBus and a single RIO. Power
redundancy can be provided for the cabinet, but the actual modules
have no provision for power redundancy.
RCU
RIO
Hot Standby shared RIO (R1)

In this configuration, the two RCUs share a single RIO unit. Both
RCUs will read and evaluate the inputs separately and
independently of each other. For the output signals, Hot Standby
voting will be required to ensure that one,and only one RCU is in
RCU RCU control of the outputs at any given time.
This solution can handle both analog and digital output signals, and
a mixture of input and output signals can be handled on a single
RIO RIO pair.
64 304844/A
Field Station
Hot Standby, dual RIO (R2)

In this configuration, the RCUs are equipped with separate RIO
modules. Both RCUs will read and evaluate the input
independently. Output is controlled by the master RCU via an
external switch system.
RCU RCU
The external switch shall switch control from one RCU to the
other. In all other situations the switch shall remain in its previous
RIO RIO
position. The RCU that is not in control of output shall be
connected to a dummy load to avoid incorrect reporting of loop
faults.
This solution can handle both analog and digital output signals, and
TB
Field Device
a mixture of input and output signals can be handled on a single
RIO pair. A failure in one of the RIO modules will only affect one
of the RCUs.
Hardware modules for hazardous areas

The remote I/O modules for hazardous area use Profibus to
interface between the remote controller computer (RCU) and a
central processor module (CPM) and power module which in turn
interfaces to remote control devices such as valves, relays and
other field equipment. There are modules for analogue/digital
input or output. The modules are certified for installation in zone
1 or zone 2 / Division 2 or safe areas. Normal application is single
system with single controller. Redundant solutions are also
available on request.
Standard features for these modules are:
• Cenelec, FM, TÜF and DNV approved
• Standards: IEC 61131-2, 60945, IACS E10
• Galvanically isolated input / outputs
• Hart communication
• Module can be hot swapped with power on in a hazardous
area
• Open and short circuit monitoring of field signals
• Self test facility
• Profibus DP interface between process computer (RCU) and
Central processor and Power module (CPM)
Modules available are:
• CPM Zone 1 or 2 (Central processor and power module)
• AOM 08 (Eight intrinsically safe (IS) analogue output
channels)
304844/A 65
• AIM Hart 08 (Eight intrinsically safe (IS) analogue input

channels)
• DOM 08 (Eight intrinsically safe (IS) digital output
channels)
• DIM 16 (Sixteen intrinsically safe (IS) digital input
channels)
• TIMR 6480 (Eight channel PT100/resistor input for 2, 3 and
4 wire)
• Field bus isolating repeater (Intrinsically safe RS 422/,
RS485 fieldbus EEx ib IIC)
Typical topology:
Hazardous area FS Cabinet / Cubicle
RCU/Controller
IO modules CPM module Profibus termination

card
zone 2
IO modules CPM module
Fieldbus
zone 1 isolating repeater
66 304844/A
Field Station
I/O system - concept

The I/O system, interfacing one or more processes on the plant, is
used to configure and control the input and output devices in the
field.
The I/O system supports several I/O solutions, for example:
• Serial Process Bus (SPBUS) with Kongsberg proprietary
communication protocol
• Profibus standard
• Serial line protocols (e.g. RSxxx, Modbus, NMEA)
Serial Process Bus (SPBUS)

RIO modules are connected to the RCU via a serial process bus
(SPBus). The RIO modules, which are distributed modules,
communicate on this high speed serial line to the corresponding
RCU using the SPBUS communication protocol. On the field
instrumentation side, the RIO module types provide a various
number of discrete I/O channels.
The Process Station with Kongsberg proprietary software is used
for control and management of the field devices via discrete I/O
and serial lines. Discrete I/O provides separate channels assigned
to signals through K-Chief 700 I/O configuration. Dependent on
the signal types (analog, digital etc) required, suitable RIO
modules are used to implement the interface.
Using the SPBUS concept makes it easy to configure and control
the various field processes of the vessel/plant.
Profibus standard
Profibus is a widely accepted international networking standard
for automation in manufacturing and process control. It can handle
large amounts of data at high speed and serve the needs of large
installations.
Its great speed, covering distance and data handling capabilities,
makes it ideal for many process control and data intensive
applications. Profibus is a polling network, meaning that its
assigned master, periodically requests the status of each node. This
ensures that each device on the network is updated consistently and
reliable.
304844/A 67
Main features
The I/O system main features are as follows:
• During normal operation, the I/O system provides you with
necessary information and status indications for every
configured RIO module and status of the I/O channels,
located in the control system.
• The PS Configuration Mode is available for users with
appropriate access rights. In this mode, you can in addition
to normal operation, configure cabinets with RIO slots,
including the connections between the function module
tags/terminals and the I/O channels.
• All I/O connected to the same SPBus (from one RCU) are
displayed on the same main I/O image. Selection of a detail
image for each RIO module is done from this main image.
68 304844/A
SECTION 6
NETWORK
304844/A 69
Network
Kongsberg Maritime delivers a complete Local Area Network
(LAN) for the distributed control and monitoring system. This
covers network design/topology, specification of cables, delivery
of network control units and final testing.
The dual redundant process network connects all Field Stations
(PSs) and Operator Stations (OSs). Equipment located in one area
of the vessel is normally connected to a Network Distribution Unit
(NDU) which acts as a star coupler. NDUs are typically connected
with fibre cables. Shielded twisted pair (STP) are used where
feasible. The two process networks with connected NDUs are
located in physical different areas on the vessel to ensure
redundancy. A third network is used for separate communication
between OSs and for external communication through firewalls.
Administrative network / NET C
Router/ C-net
Shore Comunication
Printer OS 1 OS2 OS3 Client PC
NET A
Switch A NET B
Switch B
Process Network
FS 1 FS2 FS3 FS4
Field stations or Cubicles with inbuilt remote IO
Dual network example
Network standards
• The LAN is IEEE 802.3 and TCP/IP compliant.
• Switch management is based on SNMP and Telnet/Web
communication.
• 10/100 mbits/s connections are used.
Network performance
Safe communication in the network is essential. The first versions
delivered used the bus principle, i.e. all messages arrived to every
station on the network. Today, the situation is different.
70 304844/A
Network
• Star topology isolates error within the star cluster.

• Network switches have replaced the hubs of previous
generation, thus optimizing the internal traffic in each
segment.
• Fast Ethernet (100 mbits/sec) can be used seamlessly
together with 10 mbits/sec connections.
• Collisions can be avoided by use of full duplex
communication.
Network performance is evaluated through the engineering period,
FAT period and through the Commissioning tests. A separate
Network test procedure for the actual delivery is prepared.
The Network Distribution Unit

The Network Distribution Units (NDUs) are wall-mounted
cabinets containing converters, network switches and patch
panels. This gives simple and cost effective connections for both
fibre optic and STP types of network cables.
Cable and connector standards

Recommended specifications are available for STP cables and
Fibre optic cables with attached connectors.
304844/A 71
Network redundancy aspects

Authority requirements for essential functions (e.g. propulsion
control and generator / machinery control) are met by dual network
installation. Dual process networks are standard in all Kongsberg
Maritime systems.
NDU A1 NDU A2
Network A
OS 1 OS 2
PS1 PS2 PS3 PS4
Network B
NDU B1 NDU B2
Important aspects are:

• Identical information is sent on both networks.
• One network can fail (cabling, network switch or network
interface) without degradation of operation.
• No latency in data transmission when one network fails.
• Administrative data communication (e.g. print files) from
Operator Stations uses a third network, separate from the
dual process network.
Network monitoring
• The network traffic is monitored from all Operator Stations.
• Statistics are displayed, and alarms issued if network
interfaces are dead.
Operational experience
A statistic survey has been made, based on more than 100
Integrated Automation Systems delivered from Kongsberg.
Statistics based on reported problems and total running hours
shows that serious network problems (dual network failure) have
an MTBF of more than 50 years.
72 304844/A
SECTION 7
ELECTRICAL POWER
304844/A 73
Electrical Power
The system normally requires a 110/220 VAC supply for its field
stations, operator stations and network components. Field stations
may also be delivered with direct 24V DC input.
Uninterruptible Power Supply

An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) protects different types
of sensitive electrical equipment: computers, work stations,
critical instrumentation, process control systems, etc. The UPS
protects them from problems associated with utility power, poor
quality, or a complete loss of power. Sensitive electrical equipment
needs protection from electrical interference. Interference from
inside and outside the facility can create problems in the AC power.
The UPS cleans the utility AC power, maintains a constant voltage
and if needed isolates the output to the critical load. These actions
help to keep power line problems from reaching the critical
systems, where they can damage SW and HW and cause the
equipment to operate erratically.
A UPS with a 30-minute back-up is normally sufficient to keep the
system operational until power is restored. In integrated systems
when DP is a part of the delivery, a 30 minute UPS back-up is
normally a requirement from the class society.
Most commonly used are 2-3 kVA UPSs, but UPSs up to 60 kVA
are available.
Earth fault detection

All centralized 110/220 VAC or 24 VDC UPSs have earth fault
detection. Any detected earth fault is given as a common alarm to
the operator. The remote I/O modules in the field stations can also
monitor earth faults. The default is that one RIO module in each
field station is monitoring earth fault. The earth fault may also be
trended to see changes in leak current as a function of time. When
using centralized 24 VDC UPSs the earth fault monitoring will
only be from the UPS.
Power Distribution
Power distribution can be arranged in three basic configurations:
• Centralised 110/220 VAC UPS
• Centralised 24V DC UPS
• Decentralised 24 VDC UPS (Battery bank)
74 304844/A
Electrical Power
Centralised 110/220 VAC UPS

This is a self-contained and free-standing UPS cabinet that
provides both the operator stations, field stations and other
equipment with 110/220 VAC power. In this configuration,
AC/DC converters are required in each operator station and field
station to generate 24 VDC and other voltages required.
The followings figure shows centralised 220 VAC (110 VAC)
UPS.
UPS
110/220 VAC
Operator Station
110/220/440 VAC from

main power disitribution
24 VDC RCU/RIO
AC DC
Modules
Loop Power
Converters etc
Field Station
Field stations may also have redundant power input and redundant
power supplies internally. Typically, this is used in critical
applications such as power management and ballast control.
304844/A 75
Centralised 24 VDC UPS

This is a self-contained and free-standing UPS cabinet that
provides both the field stations and other equipment with 24 VDC.
With this configuration, there is no need for any AC/DC converter
in the field stations since all internal equipment uses 24 VDC as
power input.
The following figure shows centralised 24 VDC UPS.
UPS
24 VDC 24 VDC RCU/RIO

Modules
Loop Power
110/220 VAC from

Converters etc
Field Station
Decentralised 24 VDC UPS

This is a self-contained and free-standing UPS battery cabinet/box
that provides the field station with 24 VDC. The batteries are
charged from the internal power supply inside the FS station. This
charger’s input is 110/220 VAC ship supply.
The following figure shows decentralised 24 VDC UPS.
110/220 VAC from

24 VDC RCU/RIO
AC DC
Modules
Loop Power
24 VDC
Converters etc
UPS /Battery box Field Station
76 304844/A
Configuration and maintenance tools
SECTION 5
CONFIGURATION AND MAINTENANCE
TOOLS
304844/A 77

The K-Chief 700 system is designed for Online Configuration and
Hot Repair.
Online Configuration allows changing the Configuration in a PS
while the PS is running and controlling the process (no need for
stop and restart of the system with a new program).
Online Configuration includes adding new I/O signals on existing
RIO modules and adding new RIO modules in FS cabinets
prepared with spare RIO slots.
The K-Chief 700 system design allows Hot Repair. Hot Repair
facilitates replacing existing HW system modules such as RIO
modules and RCUs while the FS is powered up and running.
The concept of Function Modules

Function modules are main building blocks in K-Chief 700
configurations. The modules are self-contained automation
objects that represent field devices, process functions or system
specific functions. A module library with dedicated modules for
various purposes and project specific modules, if required, are
available for online configuration.
Function modules parameters

Function module parameters are a set of variables used to define
the characteristics and behavior of the module.
The functional capabilities of a module are defined in the module’s
algorithm. The algorithm-name is unique and reflects the main
function of the module.
In addition to the algorithm, the module has parameters that deal
with: Measurement, States, Set points and Configuration.
A few examples of function modules algorithms are: meas_av,
meas_dh, sbmotor1, sbmotor2, valved, valvec, tank1, tank2, cb.
Function modules of Flexi-module type behave like other modules
in the PS, except that their algorithm must be configured by
combining logic and arithmetic elements using a dedicated graphic
editor.
The operator interacts with the module parameters through the
operator menu and the parameter view. All parameters can be
changed using online configuration.
78 304844/A
Function module terminals

Function module terminals are communication channels towards
other modules and I/O channels. Terminals are used to transfer
operational values between modules and between the module and
the K-Chief 700 environment.
Terminals deal with measurement and control signals. Input
terminals provide input values to the algorithm while output
terminals provide values as a result of algorithm execution.
Terminals are classified as analog or digital terminals, according
to the type of value they carry. For analog terminals, it is possible
to assign an operational range with alarm limits. When the value
on the terminal exceeds a limit, an appropriate alarm is triggered.
Operator menu
The function module operator menus deal with:
• Setting of parameter values
• Setting of modes
• Initiating control commands
• Acknowledging alarms
Three types of operator command buttons are distinguished:
• Commands that set a digital value, independent of the
current value.
• Commands that set an analog value. These commands
invoke a dialog.
• Toggle buttons that change caption in a predefined order
(e.g. start, stop, on, off).
Configuration tools
Various configuration tools are available in the K-chief 700 system
(e.g. PS Configuration Tools, Operator Station Configuration
Tools).
The Configuration tools are available on any Operator Station in
a K-Chief 700 system.
Configuration Tool access is password protected. The operator
station logon level defines the allowed configuration level.
PS Configuration Tools provide online configuration facilities
such as:
• Adding new Function Modules
• Adding new I/O signals to existing RIO units
304844/A 79
• Configuring Alarms and Alarm levels

• Maintaining and configuring existing Function Modules
• Maintaining and configuring existing I/O signals
• Adding new RIO units
Configuration-help tools include functions for:
• Trending directly from any I/O signal in I/O images
• Searching for tag names (Find Tag search mechanism)
• Showing Function Module connections
• Showing connections between clusters of Function Modules
(Schematics)
• Editing various properties on Function Modules (clusters)
(e.g. changing command group, tag name etc.)
All changes to the system regarding adding new software function
modules and connecting new I/O points or change of configuration
for existing function modules is done online from the system.
Operator Station Configuration Tools include functions for:
• Configuring interactive reports made from predefined
templates
• Configuring trends from any Function Module tag in the
system
• Configuring Process images using a licensed editor
• Configuring List images
80 304844/A
SECTION 9
APPLICATIONS
304844/A 81
Introduction
The K-Chief 700 provides the following main applications:
• Alarm Monitoring
• Watch Call System
• Power Management
• Auxillary Machinery Control
• Cargo Control
• Ballast Control
Standard control functions are used within several of the main
management functions to provide standardised operator
interaction.
In addition to the main management applications a Vessel
Performance Monitoring system can be integrated into the
K-Chief 700. The system is dependent on vessel type and use.
For operator training a system with simulation of process events
and dynamics can be delivered.
Watch Call system

The Watch Call system is an extended alarm system for vessels.
The system monitors the cargo, engine machinery and navigation
alarms. Through this system, it is possible to keep the engine
control room unmanned during normal operation. Dedicated alarm
panels, which may be located in various places throughout the
vessel, display the alarms and information about the alarm
conditions. The system is an extension of the Event system
combined with an officer call facility.
The Watch Call system is made up from a number of self-contained
wall-mounted watch call panels. These are installed at selected
locations on the vessel. These panels give an alarm to the watch
responsible and the on duty personnel.
The alarm extension system is in accordance with classification
societies’ requirement for unmanned engine room operation:
• Selection and indication of duty engineer
• Group alarm indication
• LCD display for detailed alarm information
• Repeat alarm
• Built-in engineer call function
• Dead Man system
82 304844/A
Applications
The system maintains three qualifications:

• Cargo
• Engine
• Navigation
These are assigned on duty through the graphical user interface on
the operator stations in their respective associated locations.
Bridge Cabin Cabin

Bridge Unit Cabin Unit Cabin Unit
Junct. Junct. Junct.

Box Box Box
CANbus OS
multidrop i/f
Junct. Junct. Junct. Engine

Box Box Box Control
OS Room
Dual
Lan i/f
Public Area Public Area Cabin
Cabin Unit Cabin Unit Cabin Unit
The system can contain up to 30 Watch Call panels. This includes

cabin panels, public panels and the bridge panel.
The Watch Call panels are connected by the Controller Area
Network (CAN) bus. The panels are controlled by an operator
station (usually the two Engine Control Room operator stations for
redundancy). The other operator stations with watch call authority
communicates with the CAN controlling the OS(s) through dual
ethernet (usually the normal process net).
Watch Call panels

All panels are available in flush mounting and wall mounting. All
panels have duty indicators in a column to the left with alarm
indicators to the right. The bottom most alarm indicator serves as
a system fault indicator to indicate faulty communication.
Watch Bridge Unit
The Watch Bridge Unit (WBU) panel features buttons and
indicators for Engine and Cargo duty call functionality and watch
responsibility transfers for transition to Unmanned Machinery
Space. The WBU also has an indicator to display the status of the
dead man system and a repeat alarm indicator just above the system
fault indicator.
304844/A 83
Watch Cabin Unit

The Watch Cabin Unit (WCU) is used in Officer cabins and Public
areas. The panels feature three indicators to indicate where a call
is coming from (Bridge, ECR or CCR).
84 304844/A
Applications
Power Management
The Power Management system provides monitoring, control and
safety functions for the power generating systems. It covers
configurations ranging from a single switchboard up to a four-split
switchboard with up to sixteen generators.
The Power Management process image visualises the entire power
plant, generators and consumers. From this image you can monitor
the power network and operate the generators, switchboards and
circuit breakers. Major power consumers are also shown in the
graphic representation of the power network.
Depending on the configuration, one or more process images may
be configured and viewed, and are accessed by means of
navigation or hot spots, one for each process image of the system.
The process image visualises the sub-system of the Power
Management, and is accessed via the Power Management process
image.
A typical Power Management process image is shown in the
following figure:
The Power Management application comprises the following

basic functions:
304844/A 85
• Diesel generator control

• Turbine driven generator control
• Shaft generator control
• Switchboard control
• Overload prevention and consumer control
Only the basic functions with their associated sub-functions are
described in the following sections, but other functions can be
implemented for special applications.
All Power Management monitoring and control functions are
available to the operator at each K-Chief 700 OS. However,
operational control will normally be restricted to one specific
K-Chief 700 OS at a time, by means of the Command Transfer
function.
When switchboards are connected together, they will be handled
as one system with respect to load sharing, automatic start/stop and
consumer control.
The main input signals to the Power Management system will be
monitored for error conditions. In addition, external error signals
from governor systems can be used to prevent undesired
conditions.
If an error is detected on a generator load measurement, automatic
load control on this generator will be disabled and the
measurement will not be used in automatic start/stop and load
limitation functions. If the deviation between measured and
wanted load is too high in a predefined time, an error can be
generated and automatic load control will be disabled.
To prevent errors caused by inaccurate net frequency
measurements, the same measurements are used for frequency
control on all generators connected together. If no legal frequency
measurements are available, the frequency control will be
disabled.
Diesel Driven Generator Control

Diesel Generator Control covers the following:
• Manual Control Functions
• Automatic Control Functions
• Safety Functions
• Exhaust Gas Monitoring
• Alarm Suppression
A typical Diesel Generator Control image is shown in the
following figure:
86 304844/A
Applications
Manual control functions

The following control functions are available when the Diesel
Driven Generator Control function is in the manual mode:
• Diesel Start/Stop
• Generator Connect/Disconnect
• Manual Load Sharing
Diesel Start/Stop
A manual start will initiate a diesel engine start sequence if no
external “start block” signals are active. The start sequence
includes activation of necessary auxiliary systems and start of
diesel engine. Normally three engine start attempts can be
performed, and if a start is not successful after the third attempt a
“start failure” alarm will be given.
A manual stop will initiate a stop sequence by activating the diesel
engine’s stop coil provided that the generator is not connected to
a switchboard.
When the diesel engine has come to a complete stop, auxiliary
systems are stopped, and pre-heater and pre-lubrication are started.
304844/A 87
Generator Connect/Disconnect
When the operator gives a connect command, the Diesel Driven
Generator (DDG) function activates the synchronising unit that
controls the diesel engine’s pilot motor.
This synchronising unit, which is normally mounted in the
switchboard, checks frequency and voltage deviations between the
generator and the net and, when the phases are equal, closes the
generator circuit breaker. If the synchronising time exceeds a
predefined time, the synchronising unit will be de-activated and a
“synchronisation time out” alarm given.
If the automatic load sharing function is activated and the operator
gives a disconnect command, the generator will be loaded off to a
specified limit (typically 10 %) before the circuit breaker opens.
The system will however prevent disconnection if the result will
be overload on the remaining diesel engines.
If automatic load sharing is not activated, the load must be
manually reduced to less than the limit by use of the Manual Load
Sharing function.
Manual Load Sharing
Manual frequency/load sharing control is accomplished by giving
a DDG engine speed “increase” or “decrease” command. This will
cause the pilot motor of the selected DDG to run up or down as
appropriate and the net frequency/generator load to increase or
decrease accordingly.
Automatic Control Functions
The following Control Functions are available when the DDG
function is in the Automatic mode:
• Automatic Frequency Control
• Fixed Load
• Symmetric Load Sharing
• Asymmetric Load Sharing
• Load Dependent Start/Stop
• Load Limitation
• Blackout Restart
Selection of automatic load and frequency control is done by
selecting the wanted control mode. The automatic start and stop
functions requires that DDGs are given a standby number.
Automatic Frequency Control
Speed control of a DDG is primarily performed by the DDG’s
governor with secondary adjustments being performed by the
Automatic Frequency Control function.
88 304844/A
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Based on measurements of the net frequency, the Automatic

Frequency Control function will control the speed setpoint of the
running DDGs in order to compensate for changes in frequency
due to load variations and to maintain a steady net frequency.
Fixed Load
When fixed load is selected for a DDG, the load will be kept steady
for this engine. The load variations will then be shared by the other
engines. However, this selection can be overridden by the Load
Sharing system to prevent overload or reverse power on the other
connected engines. The operator can change the fixed load setpoint
by means of the “increase” and “decrease” commands.
Symmetric Load Sharing

Engines, which are selected for symmetric load sharing, will
automatically share the same percentage load.
Asymmetric Load Sharing

The selection of asymmetric load sharing can be made separately
for each DDG and independent of each of the other DDGs.
The purpose of using the asymmetric load sharing function is to
burn off accumulated carbon inside Diesel Engines by running
each of them as a main DDG with an optimum constant load
(typically 70-80 %) for a pre-defined period of time The other
running DDGs (with symmetric/-asymmetric load sharing
selected) are used as “topping up” DDGs and will share the
remaining load equally. If the load on the “topping up” DDGs
drops to a pre-defined minimum level, the load of the “main” DDG
will be reduced.
The function can be selected when two or more DDGs are running.
If a DDG has limitations in maximum allowable load due to a load
control limitation curve after start up, it will not be used as a “main”
DDG for asymmetric load sharing (see Load Limitation).
Load Dependent Start/Stop

The DDG Control function can automatically start and stop DDGs
based on the load and current measurements on the connected
DDGs.
A load dependent start can be initiated by one of the following
configurable conditions:
• The consumed power in percentage of available power
exceeds a predefined value (in %).
• The difference between the available power and the
consumed power is less than a predefined value (in kW).
304844/A 89
• The electric current level, delivered from one generator,

exceeds a predefined limit.
A load dependent start is delayed by a time filter in order not to be
activated by short load peaks. It has its triggering point defined by
a set of start limits (1 and 2) whose values depend on the number
of connected DDGs. Each limit in the set of limits can be given a
different delay time. This makes it possible to have a load
dependent start with a short time delay for large loads.
If a load dependent start is requested and none of the DDGs are
ready for starting, an alarm will be given.
A load dependent stop can be initiated by one of the following
configurable conditions:
• The consumed power as a percentage of the available power
from the remaining connected DDGs, is less than a
predefined value (in %).
• The difference between the available power from the
remaining connected DDGs and the consumed power
exceeds a predefined value (in kW).
A load dependent stop is delayed by a time filter in order to prevent
a stop based on short load variations. It has its triggering point
defined by a stop limit whose value depends on the number of
connected DDGs.
The load dependent stop can be blocked if the generator current
exceeds a predefined limit on one of the connected generators.
Because of the functional flexibility, DDGs with different nominal
power outputs can be used. The operator can select which DDG
should be the standby for a load dependent start/stop.
As an option, a value for a reserved extra load, based on the running
status of heavy consumers (thrusters, large pumps etc.), can be
calculated and added to the measured generator load within the
Load Dependent Start/Stop function.
Load Limitation
When the DDG with the optional Load Limitation function has
been started in the Automatic mode and connected to the main
switchboard, the DDG will be loaded the same as the other
connected DDGs but limited by the pre-programmed load
limitation curve. The load limitation curve will be defined in
accordance with the manufacturer’s specification and the intention
is to avoid too high load on a cold engine.
The load limitation function can be bypassed for conditions that
require a full load for reasons of operational safety. The DDG can
not be used as an “asymmetric main” DDG as long as the load
limitation is active.
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The load limitation function can also be used to limit the generator
load (load down) at defined error conditions. This function is
implemented in combination with an alarm start function (see
below).
Blackout Restart
The Diesel Generator Control function detects a blackout by
monitoring all the DDG circuit breakers, bus-ties and shore
connections as well as the status of the net.
When a blackout is detected, the DDGs with asymmetric load
sharing will be set to symmetric load sharing.
After a blackout situation has occurred, power is restored by
reconnection of either the first standby DDG or all standby DDGs
in numerical sequence.
Safety Functions
The Diesel Generator Control function supports the following
safety functions:
• Shut Down
• Alarm Start
Shut Down
If any of the following signals from a DDG enters an alarm state,
an immediate stop of the DDG will be initiated together with a
request for the start of the next standby DDG:
• Low lubrication oil pressure
• High cooling water temperature
• Over speed
• Customer specified
After a Shut Down, the DDG concerned is automatically blocked
for further use. This blocking status can be reset at an K-Chief 700
operator station provided that none of the shut down conditions is
in an alarm state.
The sensors for the shutdown signals will be equipped with loop
monitoring. This will detect both short circuit and open circuit, and
an alarm will be given if error is detected.
Alarm Start
Alarm Start can cause one of the following to occur:
• DDG change-over with stopping of the faulty DDG
• DDG change-over with a cooling stop of the faulty DDG
• Standby DDG start without stopping the faulty DDG
304844/A 91
When an Alarm Start is initiated, the Diesel Generator Control

function requests the first standby DDG to start up, connect to the
net and take the load. The DDG which initiated the alarm is then
unloaded, disconnected and stopped with or without a cooling
down period as defined by the changeover situation. All Alarm
Start initiated functions related to a changeover will result in a
mode block state which has to be reset before the DDG concerned
can be used normally again.
Exhaust Gas Monitoring

In order to monitor exhaust gas temperatures the following
functions, which can be used for both main and auxiliary engines,
are available:
• Exhaust gas measurements from each engine cylinder
• Mean value calculation
• Deviation alarm in case one cylinder temperature deviates
too much from the mean value. Dynamic or static alarm
limits can be selected.
A typical exhaust gas deviation image is shown in the following
figure:
Dynamic Deviation Alarm Limits

The dynamic deviation alarm limits are symmetric functions of the
calculated mean value. The shape depends on the engine type and
the measuring range. When the calculated mean value falls below
the deviation alarm suppression limit, the deviation alarms will be
suppressed.
Static Deviation Alarm Limits

The static deviation alarm limits are constant over the entire
measuring range. When the calculated mean value falls below the
deviation alarm suppression limit, the deviation alarms will be
suppressed.
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Alarm Suppression
State dependent alarm suppression has been implemented for the
DDGs such that when a DDG is detected as “stopped”, selected
alarms related to that DDG and its associated auxiliaries can be
suppressed.
The basic signals used for determining the stopping of a DDG are:
• Engine running (digital)
• Engine speed (analogue)
• Generator voltage
• Generator circuit breaker
If available, all of these signals must be indicating an engine stop,
otherwise the DDG will be regarded as running.
Turbine Driven Generator Control

If a vessel has Gas Turbine Driven Generators (GTDGs) they can
be included in the K-Chief 700 Power Management function and
controlled in the same way as described for a DDG. The DDG
functions that are applicable for a GTDG are as follows:
• Manual Control Functions
- Generator Connect/Disconnect
- Frequency/Load Sharing
• Automatic Control Functions
- Speed/Net Frequency Adjustment
- Fixed Load
- Symmetric Load Sharing
- Asymmetric Load Sharing
- Load Control
• Safety Functions
- Shut Down
As an option, control of the GTDG included start and stop
sequences can be included in the system. This is an application
which is dependent on the actual installation and must be designed
in each case.
Shaft Generator Control

Shaft Generators (SGs) can be included in the K-Chief 700 Power
Management function and used in parallel with normal
diesel/turbine driven generators or as stand-alone units.
304844/A 93
Shaft Generator Control can be implemented with and without

main engine speed control from the K-Chief 700 Power
Management function. This is because main engine speed control
is normally not used when the size of the SG is small compared
with that of the main engine. However, for both alternatives, the
main engine must be set to “fixed speed” (not “combinatory”)
before the SG can be connected to the net.
The following Shaft Generator Control description is based on a
SG with main engine speed control implemented.
Manual Control Functions

The Control Functions available at the K-Chief 700 operator
stations, when the Shaft Generator Control function is in the
Manual mode, are as follows.
• Generator Connect/Disconnect
• Manual Load Sharing
Automatic Control Functions

The Control Functions available at the K-Chief 700 operator
stations, when the Shaft Generator Control function is in the
Automatic mode, are as follows:
• Automatic Frequency Control
• Fixed Load
• Symmetric Load Sharing
• Maximum Shaft Generator Load
Switchboard Control
The Switchboard Control functions cover the following:
• Bus-tie Control
• Circuit Breaker Control
• Transformer Monitoring
94 304844/A
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Bus-tie Control
Bus-tie Connect
When an operator initiates the closing of a bus-tie breaker the
Switchboard Control function activates the synchronising unit
mounted in the appropriate switchboard. The Automatic
Frequency Control function will adjust the frequency of the two
switchboards to be slightly different from each other (in order to
have phase rotation). Then, when the voltage, frequency and phase
deviations between the two switchboards are acceptable, the
synchronising unit will close the bus-tie breaker. If the
synchronising time exceeds a predefined time, the synchronising
unit will be deactivated and a “synchronisation time-out” alarm
given.
Bus-tie Disconnect
The load on the generators will be distributed to minimise the
electric current flow in the bus-tie. A break open signal is given
when the bus-tie current flow is below a predefined limit. This
function requires measurement of bus-tie current flow.
Circuit Breaker Control

The switchboard circuit breakers can be controlled and their status
monitored via the K-Chief 700 operator stations.
Automatic reconnection of high and low voltage bus bars and
transformer circuit breakers can be implemented. An example of
this is when a bus bar or transformer becomes live after a blackout.
Input circuit breakers to emergency switchboards can be
monitored to provide tripped and fault status indications.
Control and monitoring of circuit breakers for synchronisation and
connection of shore and harbour generators to a low voltage bus
bar can be implemented.
An interlock system for the circuit breakers can be implemented to
avoid dangerous combinations. Tripping of circuit breakers at
special events can be implemented.
Transformer Monitoring
Normally the temperature of the transformer windings will be
monitored. If a high temperature is detected the input (primary)
and output (secondary) circuit breakers will be tripped and a
“transformer high temperature” alarm given. The switchboard
transformers can also be monitored for over-current, etc.
304844/A 95
Overload prevention and Consumer

Control
Overload prevention and Consumer Control covers the following:
• Non-essential Consumers
• Heavy Consumers
Non-essential Consumers
To protect the power generating system from overload and to
prevent blackout, the Load and Consumer Control function
generates a signal to trip non-essential consumers. This signal will
be given after the load percentage has been at a customer-defined
level for a configurable period of time.
Heavy Consumer Control
Start control
The power generating system may have an number of heavy
consumers connected by request/block signals to prevent a
blackout at start up. All heavy consumers that are not running are
automatically blocked.
When a “start” request is received, the required available power
and/or minimum number of generators connected to the net is
checked. If start condition is fulfilled, the state of the “start block”
signal changes to “non-block”.
If there is not sufficient power available, the standby generator will
automatically be started up. After the standby generator has been
connected to the net and sufficient power is available, the “start
block” signal changes to “non-block”.
Load limitation and reduction

The heavy consumer control function can also perform load
limitation on running consumers. Based on the load, current and
frequency measurements, a maximum load limit for each
consumer will be calculated. This will prevent overload and cause
load reduction on the consumers if a generator trips.
96 304844/A
Applications
Machinery Control
The Machinery Control application provides control and
monitoring of pumps, compressors, valves, reservoirs and tanks
that make up the various auxiliary sub-systems onboard a vessel.
Because these sub-systems depend on the vessel concerned, the
K-Chief 700 Machinery Control is divided into functional areas
which can be configured to suit most vessel requirements.
The K-Chief 700 Machinery Control covers the following
applications:
• Fuel Oil Control
• Lubrication Oil Control
• Cooling Water Control
• Potable and Fresh Water Control
• Compressed Air Control
• Bilge Control
• Boiler Control/Monitoring
Operation of these applications is normally performed at one of the
Operator Stations (OSs) in ECR. Operation may be performed
from one of the other OSs, provided it has control over the proper
command groups.
Depending on the configuration, one or more process images may
be configured and viewed, and accessed by means of navigation or
hot spots, one for each process image of the system.
Fuel Oil Control

The Fuel Oil Control application is a monitoring and control
facility, which covers:
• Fuel Oil Supply system
• Fuel Oil Transfer system
• Fuel Oil Purification system
The process image visualises the fuel oil, and is accessed via the
Fuel Oil process image, as shown in the figure that follows.
304844/A 97
Fuel Oil Supply

The Fuel Oil Supply system is normally represented by one or
more process images, covering all the generators and main
engines. The images cover the supply and distribution of heavy and
light fuel oil from day and service tanks to auxiliary and main
engines.
The Fuel Oil Supply system will usually provide functions for:
• Supply and circulation pump control
• Isolation and direction selection valve control
• Viscosity and temperature control
• Tank level and content monitoring
• Fuel oil pressure and temperature monitoring
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Fuel Oil Transfer

The Fuel Oil Transfer system will normally be represented by a
single process image that covers the complete vessel. The image
covers the transfer distribution of heavy and light fuel oil from
storage tanks to day and service tanks.
The Fuel Oil Transfer system will usually provide functions for:
• Transfer pump control
• Isolation valve control
• Tank level and status monitoring
• Fuel oil temperature monitoring
Fuel Oil Purification

The Fuel Oil Purification system will normally be represented by
a single process image that covers the circulation of heavy and light
fuel oil from the day- and service tanks through the purifiers.
The Fuel Oil Purification system will usually provide functions
for:
• Circulation pump control
• Purifier and purifier sludge tank status monitoring
• Fuel oil temperature monitoring
The image comprises measurement, tank valve and pump modules
together with various static symbols that are interconnected by
means of piping.
Lubrication Oil Control

The Lubrication Oil Control application is a monitoring and
control facility, controlled by the K-Chief 700 system and it
covers:
• Lubrication oil circulation system
• Lubrication oil purification system
Lubrication Oil Circulation

The Lubrication Oil Circulation system is normally represented by
a process image covering the circulation of lubrication oil from
sumps and gravity or seal tanks to generators, thrusters and main
engines. The Lubrication Oil Circulation system will usually
provide functions for:
• Pre-lubrication pump control
304844/A 99

• Lubrication oil temperature control
• Sump/tank level and status monitoring
• Lubrication oil pressure and temperature monitoring
Lubrication Oil Purification

The Lubrication Oil Purification system is normally represented
by a process image covering the circulation of lubrication oil from
the drain tanks and sumps, through the purifiers and back to the
main storage tanks. The Lubrication Oil Purification system will
usually provide functions for:
• Circulation pump control
• Purifier status monitoring
• Lubrication oil temperature monitoring
• Tank level and status monitoring
A typical Lubrication Oil process image is shown in the following
figure:
100 304844/A
Applications
The image comprises measurement, tank, valves and pump

modules together with various static symbols that are
interconnected by means of piping.
Cooling Water Control

Typical systems covered by the Cooling Water Control application
are:
• Sea Water Cooling system
• Fresh Water Cooling system
Normally these two systems will be represented separately, by
single process images that cover the complete vessel. However, for
complex installations, they may be covered by several images, e.g.
one for the fore and one for the aft part of the vessel. The process
image visualises the relevant Water cooling system, and is
accessed via the Cooling Water process image.
Sea Water Cooling system

The Sea Water Cooling system application is a monitoring and
control facility covering the onboard sea water system. The
application is controlled by the K-Chief 700 system. It will
normally cover the supply and distribution of sea water from the
sea chests to the coolers of the vessel machinery such as generators,
thrusters, main engine, scrubbers, steam condensers, deck services
etc.
The Sea Water Cooling system will usually provide functions for
the following:
• Sea chest selection and temperature control
• Sea water temperature control
• Supply and auxiliary pump control
• Sea chest and supply tank level monitoring
• Sea water pressure and temperature monitoring
A typical Sea Water Cooling process image is shown in the
following figure:
304844/A 101
The image comprises measurement, coolers, valves and pump

modules together various static symbols that are interconnected by
means of piping.
Fresh Water Cooling system

The Fresh Water Cooling system application is a monitoring and
control facility covering the onboard fresh water cooling system.
The application is controlled by the K-Chief 700 system. It will
normally cover the supply and distribution of freshwater from
supply tanks to the coolers of the vessel machinery such as
generators, thrusters, main engines, auxiliary systems etc.
The Fresh Water Cooling control will usually provide functions for
the following:
• Supply tank level monitoring
• Supply and auxiliary pump control
• Freshwater temperature control
• Freshwater pressure and temperature monitoring
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Applications
The image comprises measurement, tank, valves, motors and

pump modules together various static symbols that are
Potable and Fresh Water Control

The Potable and Fresh Water Control application is a monitoring
and control facility covering the onboard potable water system.
The application is controlled by the K-Chief 700 system. It will
normally cover the supply and distribution of potable and fresh
water from supply tanks to the hydrophore tanks for ship services
such as the gallery, toilets, showers and washing facilities. The
process image will also normally cover the supply, distribution and
circulation of warm water.
The process image visualises the Potable and Fresh Water system:
The Potable and Fresh Water Control system will usually provide
the functions for:
• Supply tank level monitoring
• Potable and fresh water hydrophore and hot water
circulation pump control
304844/A 103

• Hydrophore water pressure monitoring
• Warm water temperature monitoring
The image comprises measurement, tank and pump modules
together with action buttons and various static symbols that are
Compressed Air Control

The Compressed Air Control application is a monitoring and
control facility, controlled by the K-Chief 700 system, and it
covers:
• Starting air system
• Control air system
• Working air system
These systems may be represented separately, by single process
images that cover the complete vessel. However, for relatively
simple installations all three systems can be represented by a
single, common process image.
The process image shows the Compressed Air Control system, it
is accessed via the Compressed Air Control process image.
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Applications
The Starting Air system is normally represented by a process

image covering the production, storage and distribution of starting
air for the main and emergency generators.
The Starting Air system will usually provide functions for:
• Compressor control and status monitoring
• Pressure and reservoir status monitoring
The Control Air system is normally represented by a process image
covering the production, drying, storage and distribution of control
air for the vessel.
The Control Air system will usually provide functions for:
• Air dryer status monitoring
The Working Air system is normally represented by a process
image covering the production, drying, storage and distribution of
compressed air for the vessel’s store room, workshops, deck
services etc.
The Working Air system will usually provide functions for:
The image comprises measurement and compressor modules,
valves and pump modules together with various static symbols that
are interconnected by means of piping.
Bilge Control
The Bilge Control application is a monitor and control facility
covering the onboard bilge fluids of the bilge system. The
application is controlled by the K-Chief 700 system. The controls
may be located in the Engine Control Room, Pump Room or other
such places onboard the vessel. The configuration and functions of
any bilge control, will however depend on the vessel concerned,
and the design and specification of the actual Bilge system.
The Bilge system may be controlled in either Manual or Automatic
mode, which both may be selected from the Bilge process image.
304844/A 105
• In Manual mode, from the Bilge process image, the operator

can easily find and locate which bilge well initiated the
alarm. The operator can then take necessary action required
to empty the bilge well, i.e. manually open the appropriate
bilge valve and start the bilge pump.
• In Automatic mode, the Bilge Control function provides the
means for automatic emptying the bilge wells.
The figure below shows a typical Bilge process image.
The image comprises measurement, tank, valves and pump

modules together with various static symbols that are
106 304844/A
Applications
Boiler Control/Monitoring
The boiler is controlled from the K-Chief 700 system. Control is
performed from the OS in the ECR, but monitoring is available
from all the K-Chief 700 OSs.
The process image visualises the sub-system of the boiler control,
and is accessed via the Boiler Control process image.
Control
The Burner Operation Panel (BNP) contains buttons for control of
sequences and lamps for feedback, and the Manual Loader Panel
(MLP) is controlling the control valves manually.
The process image is divided into several areas, which describe
different sub-systems of the boiler control. The exact
configuration will depend on the type of boiler control.
The Boiler Control consists of a number of process
stations/cabinets, normally one station/cabinet for boiler no. 1, one
station/cabinet for boiler no. 2 and one common station/cabinet for
both boilers. These communicate via the dual network to make a
complete boiler management system. For security, normally each
boiler has its own shut-down cabinet.
304844/A 107
Some of the alarms and controls from the boiler auxiliary systems
are connected to a other process stations.
Boiler Control main functions are:
• Start / stop of burners
• Nitrogen purge of gas lines
• Fuel mode changeoverBurner automatic increase/decrease
according to boiler load
• Automatic Fuel Oil (FO) boost-up in case of gas supply
failure
• Drum water level control
• Steam temperature control
• Atomising steam pressure control
• FO pressure control
• Steam pressure control (including ratio control and
combustion controls)
• Steam dump control
• Local panels with operation.
Monitoring
In some projects, boiler control is performed by the boiler
manufacturer. In those cases, the K-Chief 700 system is interfaced
to the boiler control and will then perform monitoring and alarm
annunciation.
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CARGO CONTROL - LNG

K-Chief 700 features applications for control and monitoring of
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) tankers.
The Cargo Control application provides control and monitoring of
pumps, valves, compressors, heaters, vaporizers and tank level.
The K-Chief 700 Cargo Control covers the following basic

functions:
• Cargo Pump Load Control
• Stripping/Spray Pump Load and Pressure Control
• Emergency Cargo Pump Control
• LD/HD Compressor Control
• Anti Surge Control
• Vaporizer Control
• Heater Control System
• Gas Management System
• Tank Loading Sequence
• Tank Unloading Sequence
304844/A 109
• Tank Cool Down Sequence
Cargo Pump Load Control

Cargo Pumps are controlled to avoid over and under current due
to different loading conditions.
Stripping/Spray Pump Load and Pressure

Control
Each Stripping/Spray Pump load is controlled to avoid over and
under current. The pressure on the stripping / spray header is also
controlled.
Emergency Cargo Pump Control

The Emergency Cargo Pump load is controlled to avoid over and
under current.
LD/HD Compressor Control

HD Compressor
The HD compressors are fixed speed and the flow through the
compressor is regulated by varying the IGV (Inlet Guide Vane)
position. The operator can select the IGV position in Remote mode
to be controlled either from the flow controller or from the pressure
controller.
Surge protection is maintained by the Anti-surge Controller. The
Anti-surge Controller protects the compressor in both Local and
Remote mode. The compressor can be operated in Local or Remote
mode by the Local/Remote switch on the local control panel at the
compressor skid.
Local mode
In Local mode Start and Stop of the compressor can only be done
by the push buttons at the local control panel.
Remote mode
In Remote mode the Start and Stop button on the Local control
panel can not be operated. Start and Stop of the compressor can
only be done by the Start and Stop button on the screen.
LD Compressor
The LD compressors are fixed speed or variable speed. If fix speed
the flow through the compressor is regulated by varying the IGV
(Inlet Guide Vane) position. If variable speed, there is a small
overlap of IGV and speed control. The speed starts to increase
when IGV have reached a specific position.
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Applications
The compressor capacity can be controlled by boiler demand,

vapor header pressure (including high and low tank pressure
protection) or constant flow.
Surge protection is maintained by the Anti-surge Controller. The
Anti-surge Controller protects the compressor in both Local and
Remote mode.
The compressor can be operated in Local or Remote mode by the
Local/Remote switch on the local control panel at the compressor
skid.
• Local mode
In Local mode Start and stop of the compressor can only be
done by the push buttons at the local control panel.
• Remote mode
In Remote mode the Start and Stop button on the Local
control panel can not be operated. Start and stop of the
compressor can only be done by the Start and Stop button on
the screen.
Anti-surge Control
The Kongsberg Maritime standard Anti-surge Control application
is included on the same CPU that controls the compressors, heaters
and vaporisers.
The Anti-surge Control requires three measurements:
• flow, represented as a differential pressure measured across
an orifice flow element
• compressor inlet pressure
• compressor outlet pressure
Vaporizer Control
LNG Vaporizer is used for the following operations:
• Cargo tank pressurizing
• Gassing-up after inerting with inert gas
• Producing ”gas” to boiler
Cargo tank pressurizing

When cargo is discharged to shore and the terminal is unable to
supply sufficient vapour to replace the volume of discharged
cargo, LNG vaporizer has to produce vapour to maintain stable
pressure in the tank and vapour header.
304844/A 111
Gassing-up after inerting with inert gas

Before cool down of cargo tanks prior to loading of LNG it is
required to replace inert gas by natural gas.
LNG is supplied from the shore to the vaporizer through the
strip/spray line.
Producing gas to boiler

When boilers are running in Gas-only mode, the LNG vaporizer
controls production of “gas” in addition to the “available Boil-off
Gas” (from teh cargo tanks).
Heater Control System

The LD / HD heater outlet temperature is controlled by means of
a split range control by using the by-pass valve and inlet valve.
Gas Management System

The Gas Management System (GMS) shall protect the cargo tanks
from being over - and under - pressurized by keeping the vapour
header pressure stable at its set point and supply the boilers with
gas.
- The GMS is integrated in to the automation system and
consists of the following:
- Controllers for Ballast and Laden mode (tank pressure
control)
- LD compressor control
- Forcing vaporizer control
- Heater control
- Vent control
- Dump control
Loading Sequence
The Loading Sequence is a complete sequence for loading the
cargo tanks from the shore terminal and returning the vapour back
to shore terminal.
All pumps, valves, compressors and heaters are controlled by the
sequence.
Unloading Sequence
The Unloading Sequence is split into several sequences for each
cargo pump. An overall sequence will start and stop other
equipment like HD compressors, heaters etc. The operator initiates
the start of a pump, and the pump is stopped when the stop set-point
is reached.
112 304844/A
Applications
Tank Cool-down Sequence

The Tank Cool-down Sequence is a complete sequence for cool
down of the cargo tanks before loading. The spray pump in the tank
with remaining LNG is used, and the cargo tanks are cooled down
to the required (set) temperature.
304844/A 113
CARGO CONTROL - OSV

K-Chief 700 features standard applications for control and
monitoring of Offshore Support Vessels (OSV). The level of
automation may vary from basic semi-automatic operation to fully
automated systems.
KM Cargo Control is made for controlling and monitoring various
cargo systems such as:
• Liquid products (e.g. brine, mud, etc.)
• Dry bulk products (e.g. cement, etc.)
• Water products (e.g. fresh water, drill water, potable water,
etc.)
• Oil products (e.g. fuel oil, base oil, lubrication oil, etc.)
Liquid products (example)

A typical control and monitoring system for liquid products
provides functions for monitoring tank levels, pump pressure and
load, product flow, and control of remote operation of valves,
pumps and agitators.
The following mimic shows the main mimic for a mud cargo
system.
114 304844/A
Applications
Dry bulk products (example)

A typical control and monitoring system for dry bulk products
provides functions for monitoring tank levels and weight, pump
pressure and load, product flow, and control of remote operation
of valves and compressors.
The following mimic shows the main mimic for a dry bulk cargo
system.
304844/A 115
Typical monitoring and control functions

Typical cargo control and monitoring functions are:
• Remote control of cargo pumps
- Remote control of electric or hydraulic driven cargo
pumps
- Running hour counters
- Speed / capacity control of cargo pumps
- Safety protection of cargo pumps, tanks and pipes
- Remote control of cargo stripping pumps or vacuum
stripping system (crude oil/shuttle tanker)
• Remote control of valves
- Remote open / shut of on / off valves
- Remote control of positioning valves / throttle valves
- Remote start and stop of hydraulic power pack for
valve control
- Tank washing pump / valve control
- Cargo heating control
• Cargo tanks level gauging
- Tank level monitoring: From tank radar gauge system,
direct from pressure sensor in tank, or via air purge
system.
- Tank levels are low pass filtered at sea (no filter in
harbour)
- Fully integration with Kongsberg K-Gauge tank
gauging system
- Tank volume and / or weight calculation (density input
from keyboard)
- Tank temperature and inert gas pressure monitoring (if
applicable)
- High / HighHigh level alarms for alarm and stop of
loading
- Calculation of total cargo content (m3) (of different
types if applicable)
- Trim / list correction of tank level / volume
(trigonometric calculation)
- Display of corrected data (level / volume) from load
computer
116 304844/A
Applications
CARGO CONTROL - FPSO and shuttel tankers

K-Chief 700 features applications for control and monitoring of
Crude Oil Management for FPSO and shuttle tankers.
Typical cargo control and monitoring functions are:
• Remote control of cargo pumps
- Remote control of electric or hydraulic driven cargo
pumps
- Running hour counters
- Speed / capacity control of cargo pumps
- Safety protection of cargo pumps, tanks and pipes
- Remote control of cargo stripping pumps or vacuum
stripping system (crude oil/shuttle tanker)
• Remote control of valves
- Remote open / shut of on / off valves
- Remote control of positioning valves / throttle valves
- Remote start and stop of hydraulic power pack for
valve control
- Tank washing pump / valve control
- Cargo heating control
• Cargo tanks Level Gauging
- Tank level monitoring: From tank radar gauge system,
direct from pressure sensor in tank, or via air purge
system.
- Tank levels are low pass filtered at sea (no filter in
harbour)
- Fully integration with Kongsberg K-Gauge tank
gauging system
- Tank volume and / or weight calculation (density input
from keyboard)
- Tank temperature and inert gas pressure monitoring (if
applicable)
- High / HighHigh level alarms for alarm and stop of
loading
- Calculation of total cargo content (m3) (of different
types if applicable)
- Trim / list correction of tank level / volume
(trigonometric calculation)
- Display of corrected data (level / volume) from load
computer
304844/A 117
Ballast Control
The Ballast Control application provides control and monitoring
of pumps, valves and tank level.
The K-Chief 700 Ballast Control covers the following basic

functional areas:
• Ballast Control modes
• Ballast / DeBallast Control
• Ballast Exchange
Ballast Control modes

The Ballast Control mode can be selected by the operator from the
Ballast or Ballast Exchange mimic. There are two different modes
of operation:
• Manual Ballast Control
• Automatic Ballast Control
Manual Ballast Control
In manual mode the operator can start/stop pumps and open/close
valves by operating on the selected pump or valves from the
operator station.
118 304844/A
Applications
The ballast pump safety system and start interlock are also working
in manual mode.
Automatic Ballast Control

In automatic mode all valves and pumps will be set to automatic
control. The control of valves and pumps are then performed by
sequential logic.
Ballast/De-ballast Control
The automatic Ballast/De-ballast sequence can be initiated by;
• The operator selects a tank to be ballasted/de-ballasted and
activates the Ballast or De-ballast button from the tank
module menu.
• The automatic Ballast Tank Exchange Sequence
The corresponding line valves will automatically be set to the
required position, and the pumps are started. This operation is
controlled by the respective ballast/de-ballast start sequence. The
operator can then set the desired water level (m), volume (m3),
volume percent (percentage filling) or weight if the tank is not to
be completely filled or emptied. When the desired tank content is
reached, the pump stop sequence is started closing the valves and
stopping the pump automatically.
Ballast Exchange
The ballast water management is focused on to minimize the
introduction of unwanted organisms from discharge of ballast
water in their local jurisdictions in these days.
The ballast exchange at the deep ocean is the most practical
approach to minimizing the introduction of aquatic species from
ballast.
Ballast water exchange is currently considered the single most
practical method for ballast water management.
Ballast water exchange can be accomplished by sequential
empty-refill method.
This method is about 95 % effective in eliminating aquatic
organisms.
Automatic Ballast Exchange

The operator cannot start a Ballast Exchange operation unless the
system is in Automatic mode and the ships ballast condition is in
a predefined initial start condition.
304844/A 119
If a fault is detected, such as a pump failure, while the ballast

exchange is running, the operation is set to Hold mode, and a stop
sequence is executed for the duty pump so that both pumps are
stopped and all valves are closed. Once the fault is cleared the
operator selects Continue and the Ballast Exchange operation
restarts automatically from the held step in the sequence.
Any ballast pump can be used for Ballast Exchange mode
Semi-automatic Ballast Exchange

The system operates as described for the Automatic Ballast
Exchange with the exception that the operator has to give a
”Continue” command after each empty or fill operation during the
exchange sequence. While waiting for the Continue or Stop
command, the system will circulate water as described above.
120 304844/A
Applications
Vessel Performance Monitoring System

The Vessel Performance Monitoring system is an integrated
function group of the K-Chief 700 system that does not require any
extra hardware other than on-line sensors. These on-line sensors
will normally be available as part of the K-Chief 700 system which
uses the philosophy of interfacing each sensor at only one point
within the system and transferring measurement data to other
possible users via the Communication Network.
The Vessel Performance Monitoring system, which will be
available at all operator stations on-board the vessel, can be
re-configured on-line to include other parameters from the
K-Chief 700 system in addition to the minimum requirements.
A typical Vessel Performance Monitoring image is shown in the
following figure:
On-line Sensor Inputs

A number of the following sensors will be interfaced either directly
to the K-Chief 700 system or via the K-Pos or K-Thrust system.
• Vessel speed (from a Doppler Log)
• Vessel speed and position (from the GPS)
304844/A 121
• Wind speed and direction

• Diesel engines fuel oil consumption
• Fuel oil temperature (close to consumption flow meters)
• Generated electrical power (of each diesel driven generator)
• Propulsion motor power
• Shaft torque (of thruster and propulsion propeller)
• Shaft speed (RPM)
• Vessel trim and draught
Manual Input
The following data will normally be entered manually via an
K-Chief 700 OS:
• Fuel oil density at 15 °C
• Fuel oil water content
• Fuel oil sulphur content
The fuel oil density will be a calculated value that is based on the
measured fuel oil temperature. This means that there might be a
need for a separate fuel oil temperature sensor.
Fuel oil density, water content and sulphur content will be used to
calculate the calorific value of the fuel oil. The actual fuel oil
consumption will be corrected to the corresponding consumption
of a standard fuel oil in order to provide a meaningful comparison.
Vessel Performance Calculations

The following Vessel Performance data will be calculated and
displayed:
• Total fuel oil consumption (in l/hr. and kg/hr.)
• Propulsion motor fuel oil consumption (in tonnes/Nm)
• Propulsion motor fuel oil consumption in comparison with
standard fuel oil (in tonnes/Nm)
Calculations on the propulsion motor consumption of fuel oil is
based on the total fuel oil consumption and the electrical power
consumed by the propulsion motors when using diesel/electric
propulsion.
122 304844/A
Applications
Engine Performance Calculations

For diesel generators the Vessel Performance Monitoring system
calculates:
• Fuel oil consumption per engine or engine pair (in l/hr. and
kg/hr.)
• Corrected fuel oil consumption per engine or engine pair in
comparison with standard fuel oil (in kg/kWh).
Accumulated Data
Accumulation of the input signals and calculated values will be
performed.
From this accumulated data the following totalled data can be
made available:
• Total fuel oil consumption for the diesel engines (in tonnes)
• Total corrected fuel oil consumption for the diesel engines in
comparison with standard fuel oil (in tonnes)
• Total propulsion motor fuel oil consumption (in tonnes)
• Total corrected propulsion motor consumption of fuel oil in
comparison with standard fuel oil (in tonnes)
• Total distance
• Total generator power
• Total propulsion motor power
• Total shaft revolutions
Performance Display
Standard performance displays (X/Y graphs) will be provided for
the following:
• Generator power against generator fuel oil consumption
• Vessel speed against corrected propulsion motor fuel oil
consumption
• Vessel speed against total propulsion motor power
• Vessel speed against propulsion propeller rpm
304844/A 123
Vessel Mode control

Prior to and during Dynamic Positioning (DP)-operation, it is
required to verify whether the present set-up of the vessel
machinery is in accordance with the required DP class.
The Redundancy and Criticality Assessment (RCA) system is an
on-line system, which monitors the vessel’s station keeping
equipment, including propulsion / thruster units, electric power
generation system, auxiliary machinery systems and machinery
control system. The RCA system will inform the operator whether
the required mode of DP-operation is / can be obtained.
The RCA system can be combined with a Mode Control system for
optimum performance, enabling automatic set-up of different
DP-modes by controlling thrusters, electric generators,
switchboard configuration, etc.
Mode selection and verification

The operator will be allowed to select the desired mode of
operation from a dedicated display. If an automatic Mode Control
system is included, the machinery control system will
automatically establish the selected mode according to a
predefined sequence. If not, the operator will have to set up the
machinery configuration as required prior to selecting the new
mode.
In order to use the mode control sequences, it is required that the
related systems and subsystems are in remote operation and no
critical failures reported.
From a mode control page several modes can be selected (when
generators and thrusters etc., are combined in different ways, you
get different modes).
From the Mode Control image, the operators are able to select
operation modes. In addition, this image shows:
• The current operation mode
• Selected mode, (if a new mode has been selected)
• Status for each defined mode
Redundancy and Criticality Assessment

The Redundancy and Criticality Assessment (RCA) system is an
integrated on-line fault monitoring and criticality assessment tool
that monitors and confirms that the resources required for a
specific operational control mode are available.
124 304844/A
Applications
The RCA application software first verifies that the involved

equipment is correctly set up for the intended vessel control mode.
Then, when it is running, continuously checks that it is healthy and
functioning correctly. The software also monitors and reports the
status of all standby equipment to provide an overall redundancy
status. If a malfunction is detected, the software reports the
situation according to the criticality of the event.
The RCA system process image provides facilities for operational

mode control and visualises the status of the involved equipment.
This visualisation is achieved by means of Process Unit symbols
that represent machinery (such as thrusters, generators with power
buses and main engines) together with sub-system symbols that
represent the various auxiliary systems associated with each PU.
From this image you can select vessel control modes and monitor
the status of the involved equipment via the PU and SS status
indicators.
304844/A 125
Heating, Venting and Air Condition controls

The K-Chief 700 system provides Heating, Venting and Air
Condition (HVAC) control and monitoring including following
functionality:
• Supply and exhaust fans control
• Ventilation damper control
• Temperature control of hot and cold duct
• Humidity control
• Monitoring of chilled water compressors
Emergency shutdown of ventilation fans and closing of fire
dampers are typical functions within the K-Chief 700 ESD / Fire
& Gas systems.
The HVAC system is normally represented by process views
covering the supply and distribution of warm and cold air to the
working and living accommodation areas of the vessel.
126 304844/A
SECTION 10
ADDITIONAL TOOLS
304844/A 127
Remote diagnostics
System on-site
Diagnostic
Kongsberg Maritime software
Operation Centre
Earth satellite Satellite

station receiver
Telephone
connection
Kongsberg
Workstations Maritime
for Remote Router/firewall Network Operator
Diagnostics or modem Distribution Stations
service Unit
On-line support from Kongsberg Maritime is available through the

Remote Diagnostics service.
The user can get direct support for operational problems and other
assistance concerning the Kongsberg Maritime K-Pos and
K-Chief 700 systems.
The service is based on available telecommunication and for
offshore systems. This means the vessel’s satellite communication
system.
At the Kongsberg Maritime office, an Operation Centre is
equipped with computers and communication utilities for the
Remote Diagnostics service.
By using the Remote Diagnostics service, the system engineer at
the Operation Centre can view the same information on the
operator stations as the operator on site. Log files and databases
can be transferred to the Operation Centre for further analysis, and
updates may take place on the system on-site.
The Remote Diagnostics service is an addition to the 24 hours
on-call service and separate service contracts is required for this
service extension. Response time from request to connected
on-line is 2 to 4 hours.
128 304844/A
Additional tools
Kongsberg K-Chief 700 I/O Data Base

Kongsberg K-Chief 700 I/O Data Base is a tool for generating the
instrument list and is available for our customers.
The purpose of the instrument list is to identify all field instruments
as well as flow elements (pumps, valves, etc.) which are connected
to the K-Chief 700/K-Thrust systems, including signals received
on data communication links.
All input/output signals and their termination details are to be
specified in the instrument list, including signals connected via
serial communication lines and the data communication network.
List format
The Kongsberg database system consists of a MSt-Access
database. The data base can be implemented on a customer’s PC.
The instrument list is filled in by using MSt-Access or
MSt-Excel The data is entered into the program and stored in a
data base. You can display, change, find, rearrange and print any
data in your data base.
The database consists of one record for each signal, i.e. a unit
containing more than one signal (for instance an electric motor) is
represented by several records. Each record consists of several
fields where some are filled in by the customer and some by
Kongsberg.
The Database contains sorting and selection facilities. It also
allows you to design and produce reports using any combination
of fields on the instrument list. If required the instrument list can
be extended with customer defined fields. This instrument list can
also be used as the input device for the AUTOLOOP program for
making cable connection and loop drawings automatically.
304844/A 129
Kongsberg AUTOLOOP
The AUTOLOOP program is a tool for making cable connection
SVC
IO DB and loop drawings automatically based on the Kongsberg K-Chief
700 I/O Database and connection data from the yard.
The auto loop program read connection data from the K-Chief 700
AUTO LOOP
I/O database and draws Loops and Cable connection diagrams
automatically based on a user-selected scope.
Connection data are stored in the connection data table, in the
K-Chief 700 I/O database. Data can be entered directly in the
ACAD 2000i
K-Chief 700 I/O DB, or manually by using MSt-Excel; and then
OBJECT imported to the connection table in the K-Chief 700 I/O DB.
Drawings are produced by using the object model (VBA interface)
of ACAD 2000i applications. Drawings are made dynamically and
are not based on template drawings.
An example of an automatically generated cable drawing is shown
in the figure that follows:
130 304844/A
SECTION 11
ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONS
304844/A 131
General
Below is a summary of Kongsberg Maritime compliance with
environmental requirements.
For further details refer to the Kongsberg Maritime company
handbook/environmental specification (spec-001_v2).
Requirements
Kongsberg Maritime products fulfil the Kongsberg Maritime
company handbook/environmental specification requirements,
which are based on national, international authority and
classification societies.
References
In general Kongsberg Maritime fulfil the test requirements
according to the following table.
Test Reference Comments
Vibration and shock IEC 60945/E10/IEC 61131-2
Temperature IEC 60945/E10/IEC 61131-2 Locations 1, 2, 3, 5
and*
Humidity IEC 60945/E10/IEC 61131-2
High Voltage IACS E10
Insulation resistance IACS E10
Power supply variation IACS E10
Power supply failure IEC 60945/ IACS E10
Power supply harmonic IEC 60092-101
distortion
Salt mist IEC 60945/ IACS E10
Enclosure IEC 60945 (and class societies)
Inclination IACS E10
Acoustic noise IEC 60945
EMC IEC 60945
Compass Safe Distance IEC 60945
Locations
1 Inside cubicles and desks
2 Machinery spaces, control rooms, accommodation, bridge
and similar industrial environments
3 Open deck, mast and similar environments
132 304844/A
Environmental Specifications
4 Submerged
5 On machinery such as internal combustion engines,
compressors, pumps including piping on such machinery
* The temperature requirements may be altered due to other class
society requirements (i.e. DNV open deck is +70°C, IEC 60945
and E10 says +55°C)
304844/A 133
SECTION 12
GLOSSARY
304844/A 135
Abbreviations
.io file extension for input/output configuration files

.ps file extension for process station configuration files
AI Analog Input
AIM Advanced Integrated Multifunction
AI Analog Output
AOM Analog Output Module
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
BNP Burner Operation Panel
BOG Boil-off Gas
CAN Controller Area Network
CCR Cargo Control Room
CCTV Closed Circuit Television
CPM Central Processor Module
CPU Central Processor Unit
CSBD Cargo Switch Board
CTS Custody Transfer System
DCS Distributed Control System
DDE Dynamic Data Exchange
DDG Diesel Driven Generator
DI Digital Input
DNV Det Norske Veritas
DP Dynamic Positioning
DO Digital Output
ECR Engine Control Room
ESD Emergency Shutdown
F&G Fire & Gas
FDP Fire Detection and Protection
FDS Functional Design Specification
FO Fuel Oil
FOST Final Output Stage Test
FPSO Floating Production, Storage and Offloading
136 304844/A
Glossary
FS Field Station
GMS Gas Management System
GPS Global Positioning System
GTDG Gas Turbine Driven Generator
HD High Duty
HMI Human-Machine Interface
HTML Hyper Text Markup Language
HS History Station
HVAC Heating, Venting and Air Condition
HW Hardware
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IGV Inlet Guide Vane
IMS Information Management System
IO (I/O) Input/Output
LAN Local Area Network
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LD Low Duty
LED Light Emitting Diode
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas
MLP Manual Loader Panel
MPC Modular Panel Controller
MS Microsoft t
NDU Network Distribution Unit
NMEA National Marine Electronics Association
ODBC Open Database Connectivity
OLE Object Linking and Embedding
OPC OLE for Process Control
OS Operator Station
OSHS Operator Station and History Station
OSK Operator Station Kernel
OSV Offshore Support Vessel
PC Personal Computer
PCS Process Control System
304844/A 137
PID Proportional Integration Device

PMS Power Management System
PS Process Station
PSD Process Shutdown
PU Process Unit
RCA Redundancy and Criticality Assessment
RCU Remote Controller Unit
RIO Remote Input Output
SBC Single Board Computer
SDP Kongsberg Maritime Dynamic Positioning
SG Shaft Generator
SPBus Serial Process Bus
SPM Kongsberg Maritime Position Mooring
SQL Structured Query Language
STC Kongsberg Maritime Thruster Control
STP Shielded Twisted Pair
SVC Kongsberg Maritime Vessel Control
SW Software
TB Termination Board
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
URL Uniform Resource Locator
WBU Watch Bridge Unit
WCP Watch Call Panel
WCU Watch Cabin Unit
WD Watch Dog
138 304844/A

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Product Description

Kongsberg - K-Chief 700

Kongsberg Maritime AS endeavours to ensure that all information in this document is

Kongsberg Maritime AS Telephone: (47) 32 28 50 00

The remote I/O modules, using Kongsberg RIO-400 technology,

Integrated vessel control

Safety and reliability

K-Chief 700 concept

Each PS has a specific role and is configured to match the

Sat Com Office computers/Maintenance system

Remote I/O for

The information management system

Generic Field Interface Protocols

Proprietary Interface Protocols (Ethernet or

Third party applications / software

The OS is based on a PC satisfying requirements for marine use set

• Two or more operator stations can be configured for

Alarm & Command panel

Event List image

System Status image

I/O System image

• When Detailed level is selected, status for each RIO module

• When I/O Terminal Block view is selected, status for each

An example of a PDF image is shown in the following figure.

Flow Sheet image

How processes are displayed and

Normally not more than a maximum of two levels of images will

Events are divided into two categories as illustrated in the

System Process System Process Operation

An Alarm is generated when a state change occurs that does not

All alarms can be notified audible and alarm/event printing is

• Trend Popup, which comprise a single trend in a re-sizeable

• XY Trend, which shows the correlation between two process

The Report Manger allows the operator to generate, schedule and

Report generation facilities

Users Mike Eve John

User High voltage

Granted observe observe

Import from external souurce

AIM dual network

The PS configuration archive contains all previous back-ups of the

If concurrent operations are forbidden, command control ensures

Command Command Command

OS group M OS group N OS group O

Each OS will be assigned to an OS group. Every OS group will be

Transfer of control functions is by means of Give and Take

Online User Guide

Integration of 3rd party applications

The operator may choose which camera to display on the OS or a

Advanced solutions exist, such as interface to Scan CCTV systems

Backup on another machine,

The HS incorporates a database, which is divided into two different

Time series database

Field Stations may contain RCU controller computer(s) in a single

Field Station layout

RIO function principles

Remote Controller Unit

Field Devices Field Devices

Field Devices Field Devices

Typic al Sc an Sequence in an RCU

The processing unit handles the fastest applications, while at the

The automation system has a distributed database, and each PS

- analogue inputs (Pt100, 2- or 3-wire)