MCDULE- 03 a | __ SrRip_ Lines eae TNTRODUCT LOl0:- The dovelopment af ploino, Honimiacirn Gre ano vaulted th mintohuntybbn of ore | Tow woe cents - These planes. hansen res axe flat having ftwoe@n) mee rau — cerdutae fearamp=2on lores having low porafile and Laght wept - By azong Hin folm Fechnolagy ond photoloHroges phoo technique Bu poze [to fabshote He complite torenween lone Theee one Pour bo.rwe type O pleroe Teanemo secon Unds whith are withely wel ty TACO Griegioted cee (MICS) - cence + i They are i W) Paroltel “atetp lanes: iB) Co-planar skip Wes. Bw) Shielded Step Wnes(Micro areiP LINES aa Sones : (Wire over (@) Minostetp: Lane gaurd lineeng ee torelth uw? Phocknese E? monteadl en ov dvelertae clab of thocknia "h" howng doclertue contant Gy as shown wh -foguree a} and a wore ovum guound Lone of Mameter PW wet te ak at a heaghb "h’ Ove qeourd ~ tone. a the space blw were and youd Pelle, woh a doeletwe materval haveng Rocket contant cai the eubshote CO, a1 th fay b) The charachecuistic trpelante af a wWOTe = OLLL qeounch tanemussdan Lime & qoven by Zo= 60 ln th = LE ee | Rfpertove, dwtlerte contant Exe, Cm = OUIG y+ O67 - © whee 6, 5 velatove dwelerttuc coretant Ew effetove relate Avelerkoo comtan’ foe momostip lone . We. expraicon Fee warm ker “a of the wore owe qoouud a goven hee d= 0-61W (0.84 + )} ~& w The aboue velactien hotde qed fou he wedso varying fom O21 #0 0-8. ‘Using “ey G) and GH (YD we Ge PiccecceBertee trapeance: Zo Of mouoetif tme as PSSEee4r4Zo2_ 60 inh ose 40-6) O-etw/o ep | aA eT a Sonne eal Gi ae Eno’ [C4 fost Outs ta | "i } a ete OB) bt lex 0-67 e 2 Zoz 61 in| _& 98h | fee h the yowostup lone t erg eo ro Ea gxid? ‘ — Aq = 30 > yeér= 30 fq (Ex 9 faa Paaginty Orta Ss ewegrr “whew , Pa > operartting b , dubstetuting (Er tn 20, wer Gv Zoe str Ag fa (43) 30 & Que AtS | BIT fs {[% 1 2) B-GBORs L BO od Ree are h \fatg when %& & — we teem * of 4B/Ag hen the pay parton Qe & expreeeedt by G5 S45[ Ia The surface ekch aeetstance G given hy Re = ie . aaa o = [rhe x10%% Gn x 10 *X] Ree 207 fae = 30s - T = Ge of ml where h: & rencuced th om, Poa Gite, and ou the Sere 5 rrusenoS ep(— the quattteg -foetou Ra due to coete. attenuation sorubant i qoven hy Qy = 21-3 phere bd ce expressed kad ch AB, Ag a gover By Od = 24-3/[ YEr \tan © dB/on Cerne J” Ag Od f expreaced urteerns of d8/Ag There Ody nena aes 4208: Eve 2 Gh= 27-3 (81-39 Yér \ tan © VEpw7 Gy = Exe : GErtdn © But ys Ex! = Eve . Egat Er = Above eqprakien reducer +o Bae ane ©(PARALLEL STeip LINES iw sa fp rates zi] “he pace bho The paatil-skipe G fled [we a doeledwe moatertal hawong unoferm | thocknis . The woctth Bh cach stip Loe & [w? ard te Pwcknus of the dveletwc | motel & Wand hos, -0 doletwc enbant | Sh Exd ; | | : 3 x | The “mode of, wove psopogateen & qpoet-TEM |mrode wh porated chip Wner whoch G somolac | ee two “conductor suck Te Woe, Hun the Pemging capawtante bevomer nega bl emo The dndiutance along he two a || ekeipe a qown hy | L=Med heney jr > I w | where, He > pumruobality of te cenductoe‘ I] atelps a “pan ee 3 — Eas ‘Gs 64w Fad [m >) 7 Ea & eT © “The 6eccer FUER i both oops ct oven | hy j R= 2's Lo [RE wn. -@ Ww w where Re aes oe an oor am eres bf the sleope wn ; “ulm. The shunt conductanw apie parallel skip tone t “qoven by Ga aw | vim 3@ a whee cao conductovit, of atl dtecleclire | mod-excal eo the two cheups. Chararctertetic LDmpedan| ce “the hawackersloe wppedance ope Useslexs parallel eteipline & qoven bey Zoz fk = ofe = 377 f[djnr WT tay bo Cet Veal © We phaue velocity ef the TEM vsave pevopopating Pou Me parallel etetp Lone a qoven ky Ve Ww = ls | = Cc Me P vio Hoe tnEet (Exel aitAttenuation Losse4 AE moc.owcLue, gain othe peepopak’, [comtant of a pacatted steip lune con be expreised cus | dale’ = [Cee] (artis) | Fee R<< Wh and @< Avescge pouee flowame Heoegh teco -plante okif eohoch te qouen ley Pawg= +t Re Ey x Hy® ) as du ta He 7 oe whem Ex > Efeetec fiela urteniit, un He > pecoteue x dodveretven , J Hy Moynetec field ‘intonsity th the pecoteve » 4 dlevectd.07) . Problern Ie) A = co-planag aleip ne caren an | aveccge power of 250mMW ond a peak | eement ef. 1OOMA. + Defecmine the | chawctettie wnpedante ef Me co-ploor | 2 * { | SB Zo @ Pong) 2 axasoxios = son i AS ox 168)(Sc Ee leitent. Preld Wreg ~ mapehey }— Penh loos” Lou) ee dilate ~ cubatcome ¢ oy a te The aboue Pogue shows The con fog al of a aletp lone eomeihg of a Then t ady Skip ah woth ww much qeotee than the trackers 47s THe step lone & placed at the comtre ewoeund hy a tow lor dpdeckic eubskate of Thorknce "6? bjeo +wo quot plate ao shown, The “mode ef poopagatoon & TE! where He electic “fuel (oner one pi orclcalle” to the elelp ord eoncenttobed ot the conkre of the ektip- ess Famgtne Pel Lones alo exit at the wget os shoven. when He domenwvon ‘p’ — ce arn hol wocure Long 5 Whe fee wpogate th canvewe dore ne a naated eporerialPage No fom 4% The encegey woll be confined) to the‘ lone, cxccee. sectoon, prevoded ar75Sb Por wide The charactetetic empedanco @kib (w77 0°35) 4 6 L Zo= Weis [ WK + Ce A [ee Lb easyer | whee k= 1 ac b E> skip -Puocknes Cpa 8-854 By Pak In( bt) —(k-1 In (k=1)] ToL it copouvternre vo ond ei Me feirge NBO? a persSLMS. Zi: Deelecteic Corutant® 6] Stup wikth We as mili, eleip te 140k. Shock dog th b=10 mil The hau labon 623.8, Hackna Coladate +t) the bk fades WZ) The Pung Copeitanie til) The chasadkonte einpedance ‘ef the Wne- i i+ Si) Kf ey. fie pers Gs b C FO. @) The “Penge capouobenn ve co Ce= 8-854 Er Fak tn (BH) — ae =U] Ww Ces 8-854 X2+56 [a xno ln (1-25+1)-(1-25-1) ; 7 Lc = ~ Inficr26y ane Op = 15-6! pe[M ‘w) choxacbentsbie ri clea Zoe ls [wh + Ce. Repos eyor Rergst so So! = ie 26 (1-26. IS* |——. as aes Se] 50:29 LE SS ety saibibuleahainie ae ZoeANTENWA BASICS Tntrodurtven Aniénna ti @ covee to feed the maxonim power ch the wagered, dorectven, @ Ta veceove ,@axormum pewer from the ~~ rregpord dorectoon+ Antenna @ mage few worelece cemmuundeatoen Wke ile Lemimunitatoen, buoad cast cyatenn, eUialax phones, mudcov0owe " Lonking , stitelite Umnking ete. Boqral eferatton “between Fanimottier and veceOver tch the form of elector 7 woulek, Dofpeent ankennou yadents maxon power ch doffaont “dovectoons dpen the shape, soe and ek eG ‘el The system. aren) The nomes ore spewfod bated bern ite shape and dome ver Ke opal, ole, Vantennas , bef antenna , — Pelocol 2 paraboue , heen antenna ete. ed _ Vienwpote Loop Antenna. orefe IL eT | i i | || g fleen antenna, | | i | 7 Pacabelect “eAntenna & aaa pra he | & feediong femmabl un a plane necmal sto { pe pores Hla oa Antenna |__| — [tel a aap al gq teansmedia aE poset ble atmesphae and foedong teamiral. | | E - E EB E : &E E b i I i z Antenna j Reise’ = Ardenna” corveakt electors Utto photons Ca a dovice whoch & moe ao que wave ond free y | vece veucr. I "[Baxto Antenna (Pacam ber : * The vactuatsen power a Hn tHe poem of porodecced by ciccelenateng ce dearumeclioe(Fhe bau eqpadeen , of vacleotoon a [gon by TL=O6V wheee, ft Tme claceyeng cunt (ampfsed) Lo Length of weuerth clement (tz) > chasi (oa hip of tony EET Pounevple ef Opecabsen The guided couiiy_ shape eerie FRanimos0en Lone conbonives after The Faroten agen: | The Puce’ paw OW, Spare acral uw 35 domeniwovu. The -kanwwen “wagion (bfw he tone ond Pee space a a - Franimaaney TGlee Ao [Pr \ !imei Ehod the fee space leckom agnetic Woke cena op fee component Ey and tty foura LUCE = pSLOp & un Oo dovectorn bask - Tho epoue tne relatdens ———— | plane WOUS RL: \ f Exlze] > Bosh] ange perp] Vert, schf w(t-2)+ 7] whee parr = Ww a hk Hy Zz Ye, Joep epee pepe pep te z NS = Fi [_Vibetrg He veloeity of The unwe, Hy (Bat) = Ho sh w(4- 2) FP c —I ] 1 pe | i fife basco parameters of an antenna | Syctem ate 3- [ Raduction patfeen wb Padnotien sodleteince G) Powes Lonadéy ~ vit) Beary wexcttiy (ii) Rodiodein Grensity tx) Ce aia Ey) Dorectoveby, “x)_ Tapeh um e i. Spin : xD) Polsatiatveny L) Doredhovtly_ gah Xit) Raclootien effoeoeney, Patterns 2 | Wath Lobe axci | , G0 Pens Ti AEG 3 Foul 7 nent Tau / =? barb @o \Mre Man b \ 3 E SRE 7 Nala =0 d=e5° B-D weprwcntatien A Peeld raddatoonhod | ae ~ shows the 3D -foeld pattern woth en ~adowt > propoddoral ta the at fet fold Onbentey wh the dovedten Ose prrsekeseenf has ta main (obe (maxemum I yodiedoOn) tn he 2-dovectven (8=0) [eed monet lobe (secle bak) th the | oltae dioveckoons Te wonpletely spemifg Hw einen pattern urd poold Ondendtty and pelartiatien reqpwres | Hree patterns: ne © cemporent of the Porpteng verter = Eo (Ot Eg (8. 4)] ‘ZoZOD, 2 maar valiin Sf 6(0,§) Wor Zo Trtemede dmpedane of space = Bb TUL |The Aecktet [emt & qoven ay La AB= 10 leq, Pa (0.9) | Problems CCN Se aR TOT CLOG | An antenna has a soll patter” qoven [by Ele)= core Pe O'<0<90 Pend PB UW r H ¢ “3 F(a) et HP=0-ToT o t | wos7O= O-10T He | ii cosO= O-10T ; Sansa They HPBU =20= 66° mw J An antenna ho a Poth Tagen E(o)= 80 09 28 Fee (0° 02.90%). Bd = (ay HPBW 5 (%) Fr Bud aq = @ ES) at Holt power =O-toT ces - Os 20 =] = cos 202 | fz wee“aos cor 1 ] | L Vyecae_] [ere yo. 4 2 L vecere J [recoding wah O=0 asa post quest Stas 1 setttng O'= 22-5° 4 O= 20-03 | when O20! =20.47" = 20-5° I HPBW= 2O= 2x 20-5" =41° (b) Elej= caro. cer2 8 O= core. cevr2.O | ws8205 0 _o tl cao | cog 20 = O | 20 = certo = 90 Q=4s5° FNBWs 20 = 2x45°=40° i (Fee, [ Beam Area Co Beam Srtod Angk 24 a in Rae 2-D wena an wacmental (aa dA onthe sueface Of a ephee othe | precluct of the. length vdeo wb the O _ deeen (totes) and wane Mp ei He | § deedven (lengtde) a2 shown ih Poywe ET eee eeei Page No. z : S 620° | “oy poor ong WW 3 rho dh Z dD en Lo Area. y . le Ss ¢ = an Awa Tu at /- ’ a: = tg SSS an Ome Hie + ae Toure ce Soe + Te «dp, , r Fi O— poke _ Potaw werdanclis ge ot Eqpovolint ©) WA eng ; ; Erthd awake vo 5 7 pose | otebadian = 2283° HP BW T ch sphere = 41253" CHP | CO ~ Artenras Pouses palieer | has [endian 2 Te paagr a) fe a Teay =iiso f° dog?) Ss = 3282+ 8064 sy. degree =i e r “therefor, Ton steradeane = 3222 -BO0bY X Fr ™ a 4/2 G2.Q6 2 = Gb753 sy Lageees = 419638 "a= enkd “ange wo «phere “The beam area en beam sotedt © ay Of an antenna Gage) & qoven_ by e eateqeal of fhe normalix persee | pate our speere (rsx) l] [ daz 6-7 3 | faz f =: E f P,(0.t) do. bi =0 @=0 [ond | I eetp Po(o.gjde Gr) Beam area Pr ime 4) what Aa S ano AAP or [The beans oxen f an anbenna, danabet - [oy suexosrotelig wh teuna of the ovqles sub [bythe hel; -power pointe of the main [tobe He too psuhet ple ploner- Thue, | Beam crea = figs One Ore. | 00) ee Sup & Pp awe hal paves boamwulth IFS th The fooe piuh Oph plana morose | lobes eth regard,[Rha he vo. of wqpicaw aegsees i Tho soled angte A pn a spherdeal seesferce Tho Gbps O=ne” and O= 40" (eo 1o'%® £0 Riot Cototedy and Hw hoa k Pato" (30'% TO" Fast lonpeka a ue? — © 0° ae fad anode \ Bo =4O an] -woo]” $7 SOO 5 a ~ a8 Py= a0 han sin W=U00° O-227XO-MMB =O« [21 Steadvan(Sr) ONIX 283 = BAT By. degrees = 397" a@|An aréenrme hua Poakel pakieen goven- by lee 870 fee 0's O] Tie Gueiape pou deat cae & Sphere & gouen On ae unr Pt OHas 1 f f PLOiG) th © Ho ts bo =I if [ PCS G)an roar) tr) TFD= P(9, db )oex ie; Fo Ppe(es pp a's Pe | an JT aed J festa and Deh Gm “= lr Doreclovitis ‘Poor boam awa An. ffn(s.djae an J [ hr whee, Po(0.6)=P(0,6) ~ Noemabied PCO, B) mag Peewee potlenn Thus, he dovectovety c The ratdo of The area | eho spheeo (@T_sr) 70 he beam ama VA anrfenna » of the’ x Sra oe Deamaoa, lager He Aorectevity D. ee a The tobe antenna (ane ae hay He Spee peepee eo amer erento memes ere Towext pesdbte dovectovity j ye Tha riloo eh the gain to Fe chives tthe ardenna effewoncyy Pa. Pactoe G= kD rie 2 ioheee nee Oo Factor (0252) Tp tre HPBW of an antonna ace known a dire dovely De 4253" epee pepe Cup due (hae Hass" > Mow ef sq dagie spate Spee ay gent |og [One > HPBW » one prrneople plone. =. HeBW & othee puoreaple pon. SCE morree (ober ,a better ceppacexomatven ao D= HOC, approxdrate Ole Fue 7 Tir 3 7 sicle coal — gee 7 4 [rare a Se = wall, Ap reap. ie Vane caae Tieelane 6 Saar GHEE Let 1G wabtr pee ay meber eying verkoe “@ pawet wy ep plane wore. Pp Ap sq) metro > cura | thycoral aperture @ the — chennet Abus ud rT Tro wore oven ta erttre plugoal afekure, Han Me total power P absovbed Fem We (WwOuwre ie : pe sh ©) O_| EE Ap =yi The Hpoeleceo Cees Ap) os The phasceat apocterre qeven b yf } Eop a _(dumensoon Leas ) = Apertcero P elhctwencs — cohece Fap = Apecteceo efpocden eye t Cornvodee an antenna ewolh an Ae whol vadoater “alt ef tte poiver Go A “canondal pe | poteeare of Beam cea Lp ar -feguee Na Fa | / x ppt Tee he } 3 ; Radeatoow over tie beam crea Ap fom ofertuve: Re, Alesumong a wnofoem Poel Ea Over the C wraducked et . Pe Eat e (wo) =) | Zo f whew. Zo > inbwriwe impedance of mandounr Catia fer ale (vy vacettm) # Resumong & cnePoem poeta "Er th The fax odd at a délance +, phe porwr wradoateh | ce alo an Tas Pe ey a tw) — ©) Zoi } | _ epactong +, Et Aes Ey 7 in st Zo E?’ = Ea*Ac {| py | Bur netting Hat, Ey - Bate BA 2 Be Aer = Bene A> Na 5 etal © Apetwe beam axa ~ Bub Dovectovcky D= ot IL. tA {i Rep (awry. “Aa by Ad | zi Ae A I { D= "un = veelo fu eer EES Du cf ern Deyn Ae ans o ytd A> v Fer cokeope antenna , D=| Bppetowe, Apts” Ae =a = 0107961 r carbelt I} [ Theeefece, efgekove heayht m. hp 25 Phiyweal Weaken Tay. owerape cecent A|For on antenna of wadaton Nae tants ROS | matched to (6 load ;-Fhe peeves deloveced ON [Toad Seqpat to ps] yt — Wes Ta) | a Ry er \Tn teen of the “ffedove obutue We same peveae SG qgoveh hey Pa She -E™Ace (Ww) i I Zo i | Compoure beth equocteen , 7 he 2 = 2 he 1 | WRy Zo hs ¥RrAen => hes 2 [| RvAe H ' ER” Vi 20 ! Ae= he 2 un) Be Thaw, the ¢ ue efehace [ cue. Tee ep ee yaduotoow so ats Fanta Bud foe FREES Echelon of Spee | Antenna. Bardvsvdth | Bardwit: can be peel matierndbecally, | os | Band wate Gaye awe WW, = We i g i { AU = Wo we Zaps i z tl fafa 4 tEo “whee fp >cente. Peegueencey (> wewonant — | frequency. = | [_G feckoc of antenna &r_qoven by | I Q= dn Ftal enctay stoud by antenna T Enetgy vadeated por cycle. | Radoc Commucnivectoen Lk en Frits teanmixen { formula “Transnetteng 7 Rervooveng, {| anna A andennal ee I | NN 7 Tr 7 5 TR il aay _ Tonmwiet Rercevver | Radi Loh b)w teansmoteee aud Receover {| [Whe Pris Kanimoswoon femula wos developed | by Pack HT Pos of tho Bell Tetphore Tabotabowetih Fab: TA fomela “a woeful th rblawning Hho power vreceoved by the oCOU VER. E 1] (Let two antennas be separoted by datane oF. Let Py be The powds valor © l i 7 j i F | kanmntied by the” kanmmoutig antenna - | Let Px? bo He power woceDved Ty the anceoviong arcenha .) 4 zLeanserivlchy” i? vtenra . 0 tlm Aer be [ferteve tfekeve ee 7 utca A to neeeuvevag. cutenna- be area — Mak the rears ng antenna t Sonn Assuming 1 Ge otcopie yon Fre power cleneety ato the pouoen ~ cote ama ot the mecedvong! wtenna =o qoun bu, ‘ Sy> he (w) =C | ero & Ty, the antenna how ene in Gy 5 the pouwwss per unit ater cwaitlabte ot Pre oNecevE NG antenna woul be inwessed ch i pouportoen cus goven by. [Pt See Pee (w) GC) i une 4 Let Ror & The ~ effector aferkaee , Hun Hae poe veceovedd ey the veceoverg antenna & TS Re a Aer = Peo Ae 3G) C Cree : Gain ef the Tranimetiing antenna ean be expres as : Dar Ae > @ Es =a : Ge sity a Substobuttng yn OR Pye Pe Aer 4 Aet Bree AP oeaoe a iT Pec ie Ag | unitkinenmet Pea ant Pa recoouecl powee Act? Effetbuie of eePene Py tanimelfed porvee Ka feanienotteng, ¢ anitnna, we diane b)w Aas Ae 4 sevobvord andenna_ anfennas 4 ve A> wavelength | Problem [A vatoo lnk ha a 15W qroromiller cornided to on antenna Dem Ae of Sate - The acepvony. anc Tor an” Ae Of 0-5 m™ and taoted at IsEm loner of sabe tance Por He skonumotieng antenna -Atuming Loulees , vriatched curkennast , fihd the porcee delovend 2 Me recover. Pye PpAcy Aer 18X25 XO-S RGA? oie 10 (159° x(0-06)~ 1 Pre 230 | ed = 2x10" ~SXIOT Ts Gm 215x107i Boundouy, 6 pheves spantorar Fa Fos Feel v RZTZN me Foawunhofie Lf ) reyan i fF pete ial 1 Fenga mal it sregeom || Antenna shah dediah bel, Fresnel —Praun hofee {| Boundary spheee. Didone megoon , Freanel mcjoon x Fsaunhofee' OREN, | The Poeldo around an- antenna mary be | hovered. into +w0 poeple meer, one [nest the ankenna called “He eae fool ie Frond One and ene ot a lange arene | called the fas Fuld eo Praunhofec zone. T I ad [ihe Boundary blow the two be =i oaboFeaxoley taken to be aia edb R=al* (m) lid calc ol tala A where | > Moar « dorvaniden. sf Hu anton aa wowclengihe GA) | | | i iTN ee Soo Tn the je @ Freeenhofes. agi F——| mena to foeld componentl are fea nau Fy The sactoat dlerectoon fiom Te antenna F Tand all pout fw cereclet wadtoatliz ? / crdtoard + a) Te the fae poeta Ate chape + The fold paticen 7 & akyendene ef The tatance | | PoLaRISATTION t f i yo i k [Lonear, Ettiptxal and, Chaclat Polariatoon | | yy a f r 7 > 7 I [es [ | = E [eat pot pre I | L l f | AR=c0 DR=1-8 [ @)_ Lenoae ((e) Ftuptoot t Pelactatcen Prtaxisctoorr c aA Pope e o [EEG ce) etecetlar E XN | OO Polacticctoer | 5 [ AR=I u IWe 0d to be [ (. The " donctoon) ne Asa functoon: of © oS Pool is qeven by i Ey= Fa sth (wk -B2) ; i + [Tn geneeat he eleedece Fuld 4, a Woe val | Tabeliong oy Zz doncvon may have both : Ay-wmponent and an x conyonet “4 = ( & FQ) work a prow diffuence 8 bw 1 [he conpontnty ,the “wacure saved +0 he ellap tecaily | | polosiret - | *) Ata forth value of 2 the clevtedc vector ~E relates asa feinctoon of tome Hu Tp | ! uettse dmaokengan ellipse Called the { pelaciiactoen eUofxe . 1 4) The ‘retoo of the mayee fo monoe axes of the | polactiattin “elspse called he Aecwal’ Radios (AB). Tun, for Phe wane Pe OD (ARS Eo. { Ei ; a {i use TL BO. 3 fee helan prted Eyam Ord ARE | | Tae exteamic asia 6f cupureal jalaatra Foor Fo ue uloe polartiation os RR= IL Ualiite Poe Uncae polietoon F)=0 and 4Rips cr a Foo m axenurn. _protnee teanmrnonown the prapeetal afer nl os a offer chatate anberint , Dd) = Gy - Aemi _ Po Sp Aemr [Puce What do the meaxdmeurr © apertuves fora beam antennat havong Half power pore of Bo ard 35° erpordodat blared mbleceddtng th the beam axer- Wtenee Toler ace anall and honw woplated. wy | Pem= A” = t SUA whee Nps 0! po = A>. = 30x 25xr OBIT 180 BO = = 0-319 8 sy tod. Perm = 3-31SOoK) foctereco, OF am \ | the Smaxonucne addcetove: a antenna wor phseetaed lo be 10 apm [at a feegeteney. of rooMHz » Calerclate ~ [ dovectovety of the antenna . | D= ur _Aem dz ¢ ~ 3x10% ig "f_Toox io! Az: o " ® 2 1s}