Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELE13/23 Module 2 2A: Single Phase Circuits: Analysis, with phasor diagram, of circuits with R, L, C, Re L. RC, R-L-C for series and parallel configurations. Real power, reactive power, apparent power and power factor. 2B: Three Phase circuits: Advantages of 3-phase power, Generation of 3-phase power, Three-phase balanced circuits, and voltage and current relations in star and delta connections. Measurements of three phase power using two wattmeter methods. Dept. of EEE , CiTech 33 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23 MODULE 2 2 A: SINGLE PHASE CIRCUITS tals show that current through the resistance is in phase with voltage across it From fundame and also prove that power consumed by resistance is given by P= Watts Fig Consider an AC circuit with a pure resistance R as shown in the figure 2.1. The alternating voltage v=V,, sin ar —~ (1) ‘The current flowing in the circuit is i. The voltage across the resistors given as Ve which is the same as v. Using ohms law, Where Dept. of BEE, CiTech 34 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23 From equation (1) and (2) it is clear that in a pure resistive circuit, the voltage and current are in phase. Hence the voltage and current waveforms and phasor can be drawn as shown in the fig.2.2. Instantaneous power pevi p=, sin@yc, sinary p=V,1, sin’ @ ‘The instantaneous power consists of two terms. The first term is called as the constant power term and the second term is called as the fluctuating power term. Average power TV, VAL tin Vat cos eon \deor 9 2 P st cos 2or lo P ‘nln = 2 Pav As seen above the average power is the product of the rms voltage and the rms current. ‘The voltage, current and power waveforms of a purely resistive circuit is as shown in the figure?.3 ———— Dept. of BEE, CiTech 35 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electricul Engineering ISELE13/23. Fig23 As seen from the waveform, the instantaneous power is always positive meaning that the power always flows from the source to the load. From fundamentals show that current through the inductance is lagging by an angle x / 2 radians (i € 90° ) war.t. the voltage across it. Also prove that power consumed by pure juctance is zero. Fig24 Consider an AC circuit with a pure inductance L as shown in the figure.2.4. The alternating supply voltage, v=V,, sin ar m “ The current flowing in the cireuit is i, The voltage across the inductor is given as V), which is the Dept. of EEE, CiTech 36 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23. same as V i= sine — 2/2) al. i=T,,siner = 27/2) 2 Inductive reactance From equation (1) and (2) we observe that in a pure inductive circuit, the current lags behind the voltage by 90” as shown in the fig.2.5 Figs Instantaneous power Dept. of EEE, CiTech 37 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)8 of Electrical Engineering ISELE13/23. vi Bas p p=(V,,sin avd, sin ea =22/2)) p=V,1, sinarcosar sin 2er Average Power I VL, P=0 Hence the power absorbed in a pure induetive circuit is zero. As seen from fig.2.6 in the power waveform, the instantaneous power is alternately positive and negative, When the power is positive, the power flows from the source to the inductor and when the power in negative, the power flows from the inductor to the source. The positive power is equal to the negative power and hence the average power in the circuit is equal to zero, The power just flows between the source and the inductor, but the inductor does not consume any power. From fundamentals show that current through the capacitance is leading by an angle x / 2 radians (i e 90° ) w.r.t. the voltage across it. Also prove that power consumed by pure capacitance is zero. — i —}— Les, w= sinear Dept. of EEE, CiTech 38 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELE13/23 Consider an AC circuit with a pure capacitance C as shown in the figure.2.7. The alternating voltage vis given by =V,, sin @r ‘The current flowing in the circuit is i, The voltage across the capacitor is given as VC which is the same as v, The current through the capacitor as follows a= CV, sine ly a 1=CV,ecoser i= CV, sien + 2/2) i= 1, simer+z/2) wie 1, OLY, From equation (1) and (2) we observe that in a pure capacitive circuit, the current leads the voltage by 90° . Hence the voltage and current waveforms and phasors can be drawn as below in the fig. 2.8 Dept. of BEE, CiTech 39 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23 Capacitive reactance ‘The capacitive reactance Xeis given as It is equivalent to resistance in a resistive circuit, The unit is ohms v xe Instantaneous power ‘The instantaneous power in the above circuit can be derived as follows pei p=lV,, sin and, sinvar+2/2)) p=V,1,, Sin @rcosor As seen from the above equation, the instantaneous power is fluctuating in nature, Average power From the instantaneous power we can find the average power over one cycle as follows sin 2eonter ‘The average power in a pure capacitive circuit is zero. Or in other words, the power consumed by pure capacitance is zero ‘The voltage, current and power waveforms of a purely capacitive circuit is as shown in the ure? 9. Dept. of BEE, CiTech 40 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELE13/23 Fig29 As seen from the power waveform in fig.2.9, the instantaneous power is alternately positive and negative. When the power is positive, the power flows from the source to the capacitor and when the power in negative, the power flows from the capacitor to the source. The positive power is equal to the negative power and hence the average power in the circuit is equal to zero, The power just flows between the source and the capacitor, but the capacitor does not consume any power From fundamentals show that power in series RL circuit when excited by alternating voltage is given by P=VICos® Watts = . : (AAV wy eet -| ‘ Ln _| we Fig2.10 Consider an ac. circuit containing a pure resistance R ohms and a pure inductance of L henrys as shown in fig 2.10 Dept. of EE , CiTech 41 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23. The alternating voltage v is given by v=V, sin@r The current flowing in the circuit is I, The voltage across the resistor is Vr and that across the inductor is Vj, VreiR is in phase with 1 Vi=IXt leads current by 90 degrees The phasor diagram is shown in figure2.11. The current I is taken as the reference phasor. The voltage Vr is in phase with I and the voltage V;, leads the current by 90°. The resultant voltage V can be drawn as shown in the figure. From the phasor diagram we observe that the voltage leads the current by an angle g or in other words the current lags behind the voltage by an angle 6 vi v i A L__. VR ' Fig211 v= Where impedance 7 = JR NS The impedance in an AC circuit is similar to a resistance in a DC cixcuit. The unit for impedance is ohms (2, NN eee Dept. of EEE, CiTech 42 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23 V=V sing siniar-@) Fig2.12 Instantaneous power pei p=, sina, sinvar =) Vi VL p= ttt cose — Hale cos. 20-4) Average power From the instantaneous power we can find the average power over one cycle as follows \ cose) dar Power Factor ‘The power factor in an AC circuit is defined as the cosine of the angle between voltage and current ie ee Dept. of EEE, CiTech 43 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23 P=Vicosd PauZixixe Zz P=PR Classify the types of power in AC circuit In an AC circuit, the various powers can be classified as 1. Real or Active power 2. Reactive power 3. Apparent power Real or active power in an AC circuit is the power that does useful work in the circuit. Reactive power flows n an AC circuit but does not do any usefull work. Apparent power is the total power in an AC circuit Real Power The power due to the active component of current is called as the active power or real power. It is denoted by P. P=VICos@=FR Real power is the power that does usefull power. It is the power that is consumed by the resistance. The unit for real power in Watt(W), Reactive Power The power due to the reactive component of current is called as the reactive power. It is denoted by Q Q=VISino = PX: Reactive power does not do any useful work. It is the circulating power in the Land C components. ‘The unit for reactive power is Volt Amperes Reactive (VAR) eee Dept. of EEE, CiTech Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELE13/23 Apparent Power ‘The apparent power is the total power in the circuit, It is denoted by S. S=VI=PZ ‘The unit for apparent power is Volt Amperes (VA). Power Triangle ‘The power triangle is right angled triangle with P and Q as two sides and S as the hypotenuse, The angle between the base and hypotenuse is as shown in the fig,2.13 z x vz Px, s G R PR P Fig23 Apparent power S =P? +Q° P__RealPower Rona Corb =—neeeower_ S- ApparentPower From fundamentals show that power in series RC circuit when excited by alternating voltage is given by P = VI Cos® Watts. 2 < aM AS v Fig2.4 Consider an ac. circuit containing a pure resistance R ohms and a pure capacitance of C Farad as shown in fig 2.14 The alternating voltage v is given by v= Vp sinwt ‘The current flowing in the cireuit is 1. The voltage across the resistor is Vx and that across the capacitoris Ve Dept. of EE, CiTech 45 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23 phase Ve=IXe lags current by 90 degrees ‘The phasor diagram is shown in figure.2.15 Fig.2.15 ‘The current 1 is taken as the reference phasor. The voltage Ve is in phase with I and the voltage Ve lags the current by 90". The resultant voltage V can be drawn as shown in the figure.2.15. From the phasor diagram we observe that the voltage lags the current by an angle ® or in other words the current leads the voltage by an angle ©. VeVpVe V,=IR Vo =IX, V=yURP+UX.y VeEIVR +X? Vel Where impede 72 The waveform for an RC series circuit is shown below in the fig.2.16. £\ VV sina nel 1=1, sinla+) Fig 26 e-Bsiner P°# I=Lsin(cr+0) Dept. of EEE, CiTech 46 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23 Instantaneous power pevi p=, sina, sina) we Cos =" cos ar —D) pe Average power From the instantaneous power we can find the average power over one cycle as follows \ sto conten repel =ER Explain the series RLC circuit for the following cases when (a) Xi.> Xe, (b) Xu Ve and ViVe, the voltage leads the current by an angle ® or n other words the current lags behind the voltage by an angle . When Vi< Vc, the voltage lags behind the current by an angle ® or in other words the current leads the voltage by an angle ®. From the phasor diagram, the expressions for the resultant voltage V and the angle can be derived as follows. Dept. of EEE, CiTech Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23 VetyR Valz Whete impedance 7= RAN, =X Phase angle From the expression for phase angle, we can derive the following three cases Case (i): When Xi>Xe ‘The phase angle ® is positive and the circuit is inductive. The circuit behaves like a series RL circuit. Case (ii): When Xi z Toss = 0.947 (leading). (QX¢ > X,) Power consumed, P = VI cos® = 200 x 10.55 x 0.947 1998 Watts Important Problems: 1. An inductive coil takes 10A and dissipates 1000W , when connected to a supply of 250V , S0Hz, Calculate the inductance of the choke coil 2. Acoil of resistance 802 and inductance 1SmH is connected in series with a capacitor of capacitance 1SOuF , across a supply of 200v, SOHz. Calculate i) the impedance of the circuit ii) the current and iii) power consumed. Two impedances (4+)10)0 and (6+4) Q are connected in parallel across an ac supply and dissipates 600 W. Calculate the power taken when the impedances are connected in series across the same supply Dept. of EEE, CiTech Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23. 2B-THREE PHASE CIRCUITS Phase is a winding or cireuit. Single phase system is a system with one phase A System with more than one phase are called Poly phase systems. A Poly phase system contains nwo or more AC voltage sourees of the same frequeney. The source voltages have a fixed phase angle difference between them. The most widely used poly phase system is the 3 three phase system, Three phase systems are commonly used for the generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of electric energy Advantages of Three Phase System > A three-phase AC system consists of three-phase generators, transmission lines, and loads > Itis also used to power large motors and other heavy loads, > A throe-wire three-phase circuit is usually more economical than an equivalent two-wire single-phase circuit > This is because it uses less conductor material to transmit a given amount of electrical power. > The output of three phase machine is always greater than single phase machine of same size. approximately 1.5 times. So for a given size and voltage a three phase altemator occupies less space and has less cost than single phase winding having same rating > I is possible to produce rotating magnetic field with stationary coils by using three phase system. Hence three phase motors are self starting > Three phase system give steady output The system is said to be balanced when the various voltages are equal in magnitude. the various currents are equal in magnitude and the phase angles are the same for each phase An m phase system consists of voltage sources which conventionally consists of m voltages substantially equal in magnitude and successively displaced by a phase angle of 360°/ m, For 3 phase system, m = 3, Phase angk Three Phase EMF Generation: - A 3 phase system has voltage sources which conventionally consists of three voltages equal in magnitude and displaced by phase angle of 120° eee Dept. of EEE, CiTech 55 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)ISELE13/23 Fee, 20" 120" Tae fe FO Fob ©) © Fig219 When three identical coils are placed with their axes at 120 " apart from each and rotated in a uniform magnetic field, a sinusoidal voltage is generated across each coil. Electrical displacement = 360 /m = 360) °5 = 120 ‘where m = number of phases. Consider a 3 phase. 2 Pole Alternator as shown in the fig.2.19. Tt has three sets of coils aa’, bb’ and oc” symmetrically spaced such that their axes are 120 0 apart from each other, When the rotor is rotated in the anticlockwise direction at a constant angular velocity @ rad/sec at a sinusoidal voltage is generated across each coil. Generated emf have the same frequency ‘The coils are identical: the generated voltages have the same magnitudes. The generated voltages in the coils are given by > Voltage vaa’ = V,Si wt > Voltage vob’ = V., Singwt— 120") > Voltage vee’= V,, Sin(wt — 240") OR Voltage vee" = Vi Sin(ot + 120") In a balanced 3 phase system, vaa’-vbb’+vec" In Polar form, Vaa’ = V LO” ——— Dept. of EE, CiTech 56 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23. ‘Vb? = VL-120 Veo! = V L240" V L120" Phase Sequence Fig2.20 From the waveforms shown in the fig.2.20, Vaa’ leads Vbb’ by 120’Also Vbb’ leads Vec’ by 120°.Also the three voltages reach their positive maximum values in the order Va’, Vbb’, Vee’. The order in which the phase voltages reach their maximum values is called the phase sequence. Phase rotation, or phase sequence, is the order in which the voltage waveforms of a polyphase AC source reach their respective peaks. For a three-phase system, there are only two possible phase sequences: abc and cb a. If the three coils are rotated in the anticlockwise direction, the phase sequence is abe, f the rotor is rotated in the clockwise direction; the voltages reach their positive maximum values in the order Vec’ Vbb’ Vaa’. Therefore the phase sequence is cba or acb ‘Thus the phase sequence is determined by the direction of rotation, In practice, the three phases are represented by the three colors Red, Yellow and Blue. The two possible phase sequences are RYB or RBY. By convention RYB phase sequence (ABC) is taken as positive RBY phase sequence(ACB) is, taken as negative. Types of Three phase Systems ‘The number of connecting wires maybe reduced by the interconnection of the three phases to form a single 3 phase AC source. This results in saving of copper. —— Dept. of EEE, CiTech 57 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELE13/23 The general methods of Interconnection are 1. Star(Wye or Y) Connection 2. Delta(Mesh) Connection Star(Y) Connection In this type of interconnection, similar ends(Starting ends or Finish) ends are connected together to form the neutral point Star connection is obtained by connecting similar ends of the three coils either “starting or finishing.The other ends are joined to the line wires. The common point is called the neutral or Star Point, which is represented by N. Star connection is also called Three Phase 4 wires (3-Phase, 4-Wires) system as shown in the fig.2.21 3 phase, 4 wire system (a) o Star Connection (1): 3 Phane Power, Voltage & Curront Values Fig221 3 phase, 3 wire Star Connected System Voltage, Curront and Power Vaties In Siar (¥) Connvctton Dept. of EE, CiTech Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23. Relation between Line Voltage and Phase Voltage For a 3phase, 3 wire system This is a balanced 3 phase system with its phase and Line voltages as shown in the fig.2.22. The potential difference between any line terms that is the line voltage is the phasor difference between the phasor voltages of these terminals, > VRY=VR-VY > VYB=VY-VB > VBR=VB-VR Fig2.23 From the phasor diagram in fig.2.23, Vey = 2 X Vr X Cos 30 =2X Vph X V3 /2 =\3 Vph yn = EY — EB = 13 Vph ‘Ver = EB-ER = V3 Vph For a balanced 3 phase system, VRY = VYB = VBR = VL VL = 3 Vph Hence in a Y — connected system, line voltage is V3 times the phase voltage. ee Dept. of EEE, CiTech 59 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23. Line Currents and Phase Currents in Star Connet n Each line is in series with individual phase winding, therefore, the value of line current is same as in Phase windings to which the line is connected. i.e; > Current in Line 1 = Ix > Current in Line 2 =Iy > Current in Line 3 =p, > Since, the flowing currents in all three lines are same, and the individual current in each line is equal to the corresponding phase current, therefore; > In=ty= = Inu -... The phase current > Line Current = Phase Current > = Inn Therefore, the value of Line Current and Phase Current is same in Star Connection. Power in Star Connection In a three phase AC circuit, the total True or Active power is the sum of the three phase power. The sum of the all three phase powers is the Total Active or True Power Total True or Active Power = 3 Phase Power Power, P= 3x Ven lnux Cost where Cost = power factor, = Phase angle between Vou and Ten Here VL= V3 Vph iL = Iph Power, P = V3 x Vix It. x Cos Delta Connection In this system of interconnection, the starting ends of the three phases or coils are connected to the finishing ends of the coil, The starting end of the first coil is connected to the finishing end of the NN ee Dept. of BEE, CiTech 60 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23. second coil and so on. All three coils are connected in series to form a closed mesh or shown in the fir.2.24 ——— . ar Delta Connection (4): 3 Phase Power, Vollage & Current Values Fig 2.24 Relation between Line Voltage and Phase Voltage in Delta Connection There is only one phase winding between two terminals (i.e. there is one phase winding between two wires). Therefore, in Delta Connection, the voltage between (any pair of) two lines is equal to the phase voltage of the phase winding which is connected between two lines, If the line voltage between Line 1 and Line 2 = Vv Line 2 and Line 3 = Vn Line 3 and Line 1 = Var Then, we see that Vey leads Vvn by 120° and Vv leads Vie by 120°. Let’s suppose, Vey = Vyn= Var =Vi (Line Voltage) Then Vi = Vew ——— Dept. of EEE, CiTech 61 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23. Relation between Line Current and Phase Current in Delta Conne The total current of each Line is equal to the vector difference between two phase currents flowing, through that line, ie; Current in Line I= Ty = Ty =I Current in Line 2 =h = ly -Ik Current in Line 3 = =In-ly [Vector Difference} Voltage in Delta (4) connection Fig.2.25 From the fig,2.25 the current of Line 1 can be found by determining the vector difference between Ik and Iyyand we can do that by increasing the In Vector in reverse, so that, Ix and y makes a parallelogram. The diagonal of that parallelogram shows the vector difference of Ix and Ip which is equal to Current in Line I= h, By reversing the vector of Ip, it may indicate as (-In), therefore, the angle between Ix and -Ix (Ip, when reversed = -Ip) is 60°. If,Ix = 1y = Ip = pn .... The phase currents The current flowing in Line | would be I of by =2 x Inn x Cos (60/2) =2 x Inns x Cos 30° = 2x lou x (V3/2)= V3 Ten (Since Cos 30° = V3/2) In Delta Connection, The Line current is V3 times of Phase Current eee Dept. of BEE, CiTech 62 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23 ‘Similarly, we can find the remai 1g two Line currents as same as above. i.e., In= ly In... Vector Difference = V3 Inn Iy=In- ly... Vector difference = V3 Inn As, all the Line current are equal in magnitude h=h Hence IL = ¥3 In Power in Delta Connection Power of each phase, Power / Phase = Veit fon x Cos Total Power 3x Von lon. x Cos® ..... (1) We know that the values of Phase Current and Phase Voltage in Delta Connection; Jon = h/N3- ..... (From IL = ¥3 Ion), Ven = Vi Putting these values in power eq....... (I) P=3x Vix (I/V3) x Cosh (lpn = 1./N3), P=3 xV3 x Vix ( 1/V3) x Cos® ...{ 3 = V3xV3 } P=%3 x Vix Ix Cos® Power in Delta Connection, P = 3 x Veuxlru x Cos® .... oF P=\3x Vix Lx Cosb Power measurement Wattmeter The device used for Power measurement in any circuit is called a Wattmeter.A single phase watimeter consists of two coils, Fixed coil (current coil) and Movable coil or pressure coil{potential coil). The current coil is of low resistance and is inserted in series with the line so that it carries the line current. The movable coil is of high resistance and is connected like a voltmeter across the line. eee Dept. of EE, CiTech 63 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23 ‘Current through its current coil x Voltage across pressure coil x Bas Power read by the wattmeter, Cosine of the angle between the two. Wattmeter reading, P = VI Cos @ Power measurement in a Single phase system Current coil ico La Pressure coil oy Fig.2.26 Power measurement in a 3 phase load: Two wattmeter method of power measurement Two Wattmeter Method can be employed to measure the power in a3 phase, three wire star or delta connected the balanced or unbalanced load. In Two wattmeter method the current coils of the wattmeter are connected with any two lines, say R and Y and the potential coil of each wattmeter is joined on the same line, the third line i.e. B as shown below in figure (A). Dept. of EE, CiTech Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23 we Fig2.27 The total instantaneous power absorbed by the three loads Z1, Z2 and Zs, are equal to the sum of the powers measured by the two wattmeters, Wi and Wo. Considering the above figure2.27 in which Two Wattmeter W; and W2 are connected, the instantaneous current through the current coil of Wattmeter, W: is given by the equation shown below wi = tis Instantaneous potential difference across the potential coil of Wattmeter, W) is given as Wi = ern BN Instantaneous power measured by the Wattmeter, Wi Wi ig (ern — €Bn) © The Instantaneous current through the current coil of Wattmeter, W? is given by the equation we = iv eee Dept. of EE, CiTech 65 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23 Instantaneous potential difference across the potential coil of Wattmeter, W2 is given as, We = €yn — Bn Instantaneous power4 measured by the Wattmeter, W2 is, W2 = iy (evn ~ pn) Therefore, the Total Power Measured by the Two Wattmeter Wand W2 will be obtained by adding the equation a and ©). Wi + We = in (ern — enn) + iy Ceyn — eB) Wi + Wz = igern + ivyeyn — een Cig + iy) or W, + Wo = irérn + iveyn + ipean G.e.ig + iy + ip = 0) W, + W, =P Where P- the total power absorbed in the three loads at any instant vo Wattmeter Method — Balanced Load Condition Referring Fig.2.27, the load is considered as an inductive load, and thus, the phasor diagram of the inductive load is shown in the fig.2.28. Dept. of EE, CiTech 66 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23 The three voltages Vix, Vow and "are displaced by an angle of 120 degrees electrical as shown in the phasor diagram. The phase current lag behind their respective phase voltages by an angle 6. Now, the current flowing through the current coil of the Wattmeter, W; will be given as wy, Potential difference across the pressure or potential coil of the Wattmeter, W; will be Wi = Vra ~ Van — Ven To obtain the value ob VYB, reverse Phasor VBN and add it to the phasor VYN as shown in the phasor diagram above, The phase difference between VRE and IR is (300-) Therefore, the power measured by the Wattmeter, WI is Wi = Vanta cos (30° — ~) Current through the current coil of the Wattmeter, W2 is given as Potential difference across the Wattmeter, W2 is The phase difference VYB and IY (300 +). Therefore, the power measured by the Wattmeter, W2 is given by the equation shown below Dept. of EEE, CiTech 67 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electrical Engineering ISELEI3/23 We = Wely cos (30° + ») ‘Therefore, the Wattmeter readings will be W, = Vil cos(30° — @) and W, = Vik, cos(30° + ) Now, the sum of two Wattmeter readings will be given as W, + Wz = Vib, cos(30" — p) + Vit, cos(30 + ) W, + Ws = Vib, [eos(30' — ) + cos(30" + )] or Wi + We = Vile, [cos30° cos + sin3O™ sing + cos30° cosp ~ sin30" sing ] oF + Ws = Vi.(2 c0s30' cosp) or we= wi(2 2 + We = Wi(2 cose Wi + We = V8 Vb cos Wit We = Poe GD ‘The above equation (1) gives the total power absorbed by a 3 phase balanced load Thus, the sum of the readings of two Wattmeter is equal to the power absorbed load. 3 phase balance Determination of Power Factor from wattmeter Reai Dept. of BEE, CiTech 68 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electricul Engineering ISELEI3/23 ‘As we know that, Wi Wa = VB Vit C080 eee C2 W, = Wp = Vil, [cos(30° — ) — cos(30" + )] or Wy — Wy = Vil, [cos30° cosip + sin30° sin — cos30° cos + sin30° sin ] or Wy — Wy = 2 VI sin30° sing Wy = We = VI sing ws ween (3) Dividing equation (3) by equation (2) we get W, - W, Vil sing wow - eS Or W,+ Wz V3 VI cose tang — vz Wi We any = V3 Ww. Power factor of the load is given as W, - We 3 wow, cosp = costan™! y Problems: 2.6 A balanced star connected load of (6+j8)Q per phase is connected to a balanced 3-phase 440 V supply. Find the line current, power factor, power consumed by the load, Soln: Zp= 6+I8=10/_53.13° Von= ViN3=440/N3=254.03V_ ee Dept. of BEE, CiTech 69 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)Basics of Electricul Engineering ISELEI3/23 Tp Vpn/Zpn=254.03/10=25.404 T= hn=25.40A Cos-R/Z=6/10=0.6 lagging P=%3Vil.Cosd P= ¥3*440*25.40°0.6 P=11615.9watts 2.7 Three resistors are connected in delta across 3-phase 415V, 50 Hz supply. Find the line and phase current, power consumed by the load Soln: Vpi= Vir415, Zon=Ryn=1002 p= Vpn/Zpn=415/100=4.15A 1, =V3Iy=V3*4.15=7.188A P= V3Vili Cos P= ¥3*415*7.188*1 (Cosd =I as load is resistive) P=5166, 74watts. 2.8 Three similar coils each having resistance 10 and reactance 10 Qconnected in star across 440 V, 3 phase supply. Find line current and reading of each of two wattmeters connected to measure power. Soln: Vp= VW3=440/V3=254.03V 11=Ipn (for star connection) Zim 1OHI1O=14.14/_45" Ip Vpn/Zi=254.03/14.14/ 45° oe, Dept. of EEE, CiTech 70 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)ISELE13/23. L=hu-17.96A =45" W, = Vil cos(30° — @) and Wy = Vil, cos(30" + «) W1=440"17.96 Cos(30-45)= 633kw W2=440" 17.96 Cos(30*45)=2,04kw Cross check: W1+W2=P= V3Vih Cos=9.67kw Dept. of BEE, CiTech m1 Available At: VTU HUB (Android App)