Module + MESSAGE INTEGRITY AND AUTHENTICATION | Sylebous : | Haslo Tunedions ~ Secusisy wrequinenends y Secure tach Algaridnns CSHA~ 542. Message Avcthenticadton Code - (NMAC) ~ Reqyurremends , Uses, Hos. based NoAC (ttAcd, Cipher. - based Cetoacd, Digital. Seqradunes ~ Adlacks, Fangies, Reqyiremendss » Dirck Vs Ambinrated dani al Segnakures, RSA digida Scqnadure + ElGamat digidal Sdgnadunre > j Digtdad 4 nalusr sdandand Coss) | Hash tuncatons - A Couphognaphic hasiatuncdtor: dakes a message of |anbidrary lengils ard Cabates anrrussage digest of tiaed lengath AIL corypaog naps {nash funcdions need d° eoreod.e a IHixed Size message dg esd out of a Uaniable size& message The best way Wo Covate ‘geicls “Cunedion bs Us" and used a necessary no- of Atmes: so The fixed Sze troput fancifor és ee et i toropresstor fancitor ) coroprusses an 1 Amur Crgode an. m- bid Seung Vohene PM This Scheme (3 surtesvud yo as Couspio graphic hash (tenettor Valens srodusuned by & Ihash Ceunettorw hash Ualue Orv masseiqe gest ing thlenaion Bendler ts calledtoessaqe HC anbilrany lengin > H- spot + 7 |, Hash ualue b Cfixed length | Festuunaes of Hass tunestons © Fixed lengile Outport © Process of Conuemting Aota of anbidnary length to xed. lengils is called hashing sthedata- - © Since hash s mach Srriallen khan Cropek 4, ta-is gona Called Coroprusstor “luncdion e oie th ts a Smallew Supiresembition of. lacugedas tLesalso vufermud 30 as Anges: . 4 : Povoperrtics of Haste Runedtors - 4, Prretrnage Resisdanee * 5 Property means that th Shouta be oft hand to vurrerse a has Une Conopudadion' Thathenwands | : If a haste “fern. : has h dion h ~ vali Zaher id. Should be 6 de, ey \ ee) ines Malu x ae Recta, proces pro ys : gox only has a Beg eee Adpinsd a cddocken 0” andi trying vo “rid dhea, Second Poutrmage Resieance This properly means given i Be tbe ler oon crn ae th feta, ashe Pur Coit thy Th othenmonds ) Hf ahash -Cunction h fon an opus produces hash uatue hin), then cd should be difficult do 4 find any other input ualeus Y Sach that Cy= blo). This propery of hash funcdion parodeats againss an, gatackers vohe has an tnped Vale and ots houh and pounds 0 dubsldecte olifferut value as leqetomate valee in place of arrigtnal topo value { 3, Cotlistor Resestance - pth to ‘ | Ta shoutd be hand do find ‘Atttenund inputs of any Sormetim | lenge dak susult > Larne hash | Tn othamwwonds fon a Rash-tunedion bh» 3 ts hast | Jo tind Awe dittenunt inputs % andy suid that ge dan | hod “ty Ths ts ‘als Jutervud do as Colleton Cree hash function 4 4 2 Since asl functions Conoprussing -Cunction bith xed hash lengtts » €2. (8 trnpossible “ara hash “finction nat 4o haue coltésions. Thes property of coltiscon “Cree only Contos shar hese collision Should be hand do tina - seaional) Hea tuncston ts Collision ouststant than td oS Second fre image pusisdarat ° Sraroples. of hash fanedory exe ||P Msnge Dageas (1009 aoe petro” Secure tlash Alganithirn/Funciton é cao i) RACE Trtegnity Rrrimntaiverntoessage Pogest CR IPEMB) bo cos 0_madtdo deuainal “fle Tr hoeweren doeenit pros cat any ot any lenplosinto a “ftraddite, SAring. SHA Crrates % + ‘ _ Hashing » Conoprted, Agorithrn . Fast Hashing value | | } “ay Alganishr~ ; : | > ‘al Wo vsip | t Recetued —. + Rash wale ‘ 7 4 haute 4, The dragarity chede helps tusen to detect any chany asunance aloout originality. Thy attacker instaad of Proditying “Mle dada > Change dhs ensine ile and conopult AXl dogeithesy. new hash, anol Serd do, the recover. ‘ths toregruty Checkappticatton ff used only ie the cuer \s Suse about the aniginality of le. Secure Has Algosithno (SHA- 542 SHAS 622 Is a lansing algorvidlonn. used 20 convert tex! digest oF 51d. béds “from a roultiple block, Mesa ge- Each Vleck. is a 1084 locis tn lengile ; SHA~ 518. Insists that the lengtn of the onugeral mesiage bbe less tran atag beds Te aby lengaiv’et a message = ane ch Coll nok ba parocessccr }puerctiew of SHA ag Augmented enassage § roulriple of 10a4 bet _ Bleck Block * Block N _ foes bets Avad lod Avaa bets - Compression. Goropoussion. Gropnesct 4 Tang ‘function. ~fancdior a han - L Waliang, — Btdlocts Aan, a 3 Sala | tual 510 bas Ba bets | 550 bet a) nanges ny | 84a bels | oP | Noesrage Degest pede beng Fie, art, Padding The | | eal Can be ervated , SHA 512 Noqyaret Before a message Arg , ee dhe addition of a 48-bit unsiqnid - Wodeqen lenge “field Co-(al®® 19) 30 the rressage shat Aefirws the length pg en bias: Ts elles of dhe avuginal messages before p2dcting Ln ee ee ‘d Me a | a “Nauldiple of 4084 beats etd. coe ned 3 pad : the length of% roelip the » Addition of ane message Lo makeA can be Caleutortecd o, * oh 4024 4 Crp UP Brie tele {tol > length ot original aaah (pl > Leng’ othe Peace torimaeure length of padding eee of padding ts 1023: ee wwonds of 64 beds This roeany is anaes ON | POR Tt and the lerytion “fielol ane addy do the mesiages each block of dhe message Cons ist: Of Sinden OA bids WONAS - The massage digest also made of 64 bid wands, bull ts only tg words that namedas ArByCoD)F, Hi | andl ih masimun |;, A BAAN ht, Message Bleek, ee ae y ee | th wands) earhior 64 b&S = t0aq bide 1 Swarde, each of 64 bids = Deke Alslelo Tele [a [a Message Dajesk €alh J an piace Block rout be <1” ba wands“>i The 16 word blocks needs to bo sas Torn Alo 10 lta | tne 4084 bid vlocle become sthe Tins. 46 Sete. Panded 20 20 wang & the Br. wards Com “ons alneadiy made words ina do dhe Operation aucandina, Wine Weis ter Wing, Black of 16 wards = 1oa4 bids tes E- . I a : os | Ranthite «(ile-is) ae ae ; — &.. r = wi, ¥ | [Wo Ws ths| Wig + tle | Weal | 1a | | Radhich — (ad2 RedRe (xd © Rodkrn 2) © shh. p (209 | ater | | RatRe(x> $ Right Reladton of dhe anguruat x by ¢ bits F5G | Shhetad 3 Shatt lete of cthe dargurnunt x C as se | oo, cthe let by os Tresoge Digest Triatalexesion: Thu algowistoro uses ethos constant ar musiage digest tnidealization - We call dine tonsdands Ao do Ho to matels the wand naming used ton the digesh - SHA- G19 Crvades A 512 béLC eigid OF dupes, “Crom a rouldeple lock muusage hy - 84a (nweolvel dato. In SHA The processing of zach block of % rounds - be wands) message rene vach block ts piedin enddeal deg ent Sanuciune ok RRA VO Resalts of Sruprautous lek or Tale yen] LET peak joe ev epee “vi Round o e ye T ee Sdaucdune of LaLh nound eee OF SHA CS every Here 4? means Ad ditto, ™~ modulo 64fpuciant OF an rdtaiducl round fayucins m y Bee Gay yey ts APB ey? Prete ge Teg A B.C HEF J | a || a vy Ss f ¥ Majors Resale A Conditional ee) | ABC Cane Roedtes | Bee | 1h 5 ——s 1g + a 4 (30 A) eed epee jpeunstiors Toajarity (04, %2 = Cz ANDY) @ Cy AND 2) @ (xAno2) Rosacke Funediory wow wae Rolodo (1) = RatRp, (x) RotRag (4? BD RatRaa (Ad ferdisiongt Functor age 9 2) _ | Gndatonal (x q,1) = Ce AND 4) ® CNoT # AN| Constants Trane ant go constants Ko do Kr each ott bids. | Similan to dhe riaiab value tar the eeght oligent be |‘ ahese Ualues are calculated troro dhe (nsd £0 atin, nurobens (Bs 3)-+° 404) Message Avshunticadiory Coot CMAC) | Mac algardhns is a Syromoedoue heey Caypiognaphic | technique Jo prouide Passage audherdieation | | | uses a Sessionkkey 30 dasecd beth Acu'dunta lotentional moatittcattons or dada Basically (Ws a covyptogmaphwe chuckserm On dacta shy | ¥ hay Recolor ro] | Teal ———$§ (py ble ps vi ‘cates So I [Masrs| |S J NM+NAc | ‘ | [Hash »# pa! || | ae | apaatey S| PHOAC! > Gore? No ad o Senden has a hash tens: : Reject Concatenast dion. to Core | Ory of the key ake a NAC tert athe Message and dead gate o asec ACE Te | The theewre channt end 36 Reeeiven ove | | @ Receiver. Sepenates the | rea makes @ NAC -(romo the ~ “Crom pose. He lst!!! heatenadion of mess afi” > SSropared, seth one i PAecel veo message is adhere ¢ a St the AMACS match Ihe [Repeigements, laex None | pi Te are opporund ebsenues Mand C400)» Ch gheerld . | paertstoralty Inteastble to Consdoued TS) Seely shat Ce (ND = Ck (80) ( couse CK ETO) isthe fone Cate | by Sender oud of Key Kand message I9) tha} ‘ hat le (k (MD Should be envifanroliy Aistoibectec in Ahe Sease Bhat ee rrandonaty chesen mussaqess fo and Mo’ dhe provabiliay Bhat Ce (hod= CK CHD Is &P, vohene n U the number of bis fn the Mac fe hed to! be equal do Sere known daransfanmation on to. That ts tol='-f0h09 9 - may involve Imuerding one On more Specitic bids | Tp thal case » Pr[CKCt) = CKCho')J= a” - Basic Uses of NAC 7 Perera Meera” Dostinaisory& Aushuntteation | votile _ voile, Contiunstealedy (Acahuntteation ated do plaints) Ce, CE ke Cr0d.) inky) eID» > rD}o tole x ke r Ka t Ka sty Ext toll Certo) CCK; Cho) 3, Audhentécadion uti Contidentialisy SEN yaa oe | ( Avdruniteation, dled Ao Cipbertext 9 Ir Exetto> ‘ OPO ae Xb A py ree ka | ro, . | Ke as A a ata | i 1 ! | 4c) | 4 1Typy_of POAC ish - based NAC (HMAC) 4 Wa Ww Inoplernurdocion OC FIMOAC 1s muh |wanking of HPOAC is given belovs OM Conoples the Compa | ARS ; | 4, The mussager ts deeded tito Ni blocks 4 each of b bas | & The Secret key Chetane padding > is leth padded. wid a Gorsabe a b-bid. Key. Node that cA tt meconmended ect Chefone padding) be | thann be Where n ts athe Sgn ot rier 1 ee Ge. ig The nasuls of Sepals XoRed with a Constant called trad Cinpur padd cto cowale a b- bed loloele. The valir Of tpad ts Wig oupédidien oF the Sequence 00410110 (36 fn hexadecimal) 4 The pesutsing block ig appended (pruperded to athe Ni ~bloete. rrussage - The susatt ¢s N+ blocks - 5 he auseetd of $4ep 4.6 hashed vo covate n-ba digest: fle Colt trak digest dhe batermudiate tMAC 1 & The Trdenmsdiate Hore Is lett padded coith os Lo | make a b-bik block ! er Sos Land are peated by ao dite nerd Constant opad. (oupeck pad) The ual of opades are b/g Pepédtdtion of Ahe Sequence 04011100 (BC 1m huseaclecémak,) 8 The nosutt of Step Tis prepended do tine lock of rll Bap 6- : . 4, The usu of Ssep é ie bathed cold he em hashing alganihrs ao create da ral?” fIMAc-tot | boar boas bas bos tadilea 20 w bits t y | Has aes w on bas | | Tnterwnucictte Hhoac Padded to b bids wf ¥ | a b bas |b barr | | L Haste » bess ° HMAc ee [Stree Based. Tone Cetae) Heo the message } iar agels divided ¢ ce » The Site of the eAc 1a, s bo pest fs ned ro bide 13 is padded Pein. a a (OUD: A ; | by enough 0- bids Jo matte fy a, e N bleetes a"qhe “inst bleck is enc. eA volt + es eM ble Sains wed [yoked cvidle Newt block and tre susuthan 2 Peek is J again do Cale @ Keto no bi block The Pea. | popinies until the (oct block of sty, Rain 4 ead Then ' | ort letinoos& bid ‘Croro dhe lass block Ig 4 | Th addidion to Symmmedove key K> ctone alto wes anedloor Koy Ko which és Only applied only at the lant Sep This Kees if desuved Crom the enemy pdton, Bananite .Uoite plaindiext of nprbict~bids no ObaG * using Cipher key K. The susuld és roulaiplier by 2* _ifro padding ey applied and maldiplied by x® if | fea ts applied | Boe: Message block ¢ Ent lot Ma ne pag eed I ay | + Dw k ' >» Encnyphion | Encryption > It | ‘pele | | + nee FS: pan Foenyption ik = ne Ld alent | Algonistlone : ; \ | i v ! { Seleed 10 \ 1 Ll Jettrnost lod S . By res narnia é fon] J | f Heaton [Bei fhe Mig qenenation an last stepDiqidal: Sigrabortt © | Message aucthuntitatiore i SH MBATE FOC closing 4 | Friassag es froro ty dhind es i roderk dhe devo panties ag atnsh each en ae hard A digital Sqnaurt ts analogous do tthe Canis cignoluns and parouioles a Set of Security capalotlisieg Anat Loould be ditteth Jo roplemend in any adler oy Data Seq nada is an audhunkiealtor mechartsm Phat enables dhe Cruatory Of & mnussage to adacha Gods that acds as a Siqnodune The Seqncdere ts fasmed by daking, dhe hash’ of th massage and enenyphing dhe musage oid Crearon! poate ey Ségnatere’ qeanandaes sthe Sorcrce and Tndeqoitey of dhe massage ‘coq be Ta metsk Uenity the author and the date and Hin of dhe Scgnoduns- }° Wmusk Jo cuthentteade the Conte Of dh Segnacture. nitents A she time [9 Th musd be venitiable b diz puctes f thind panties do wo! Beagiowsnunds fan adigal. Seqrasure (F oush doo a. bi pasclenr | being Segred- © Musk use gome ner Aeperds or dhe messes! do pruverst beats “ogee i the tho athe Sendo © Mast be Pulottveley easy . | £ a (@ Nousd be metatively es, me a aaqcant ar, digital Scanaturs ° gnixe and werde Conppedationally {mteagi le re Pp 4 easible ado Tange a, |e foust be pracdscaltey #9 sudain a to Signore tn Stonage- ry Fhe, be Nessage Bob “4 ja Ftc Penpal ole cere ‘hae : pv z 2 ! ee iy ARS 1 tts) | | | tentyeng | | Algartthrs { \Algenithrs | Pee : 7 The Sonden user a 8c algaridlm so sgn the” nussage and dhe irda Segnateure 13) Ser cto athe | Necetues The suet vens applies dhe Uertying, algerithns Dathe Combination [¢ dhe wusuld es doo dhe mussag ¢ 1s Occephed otherwise Prujerted A duigitad Siqnodone nuds a public key System » where A SHnen SAPS vwolth thein wrtiole lee and uenitien uerrittes cxth Stqnen’s pa bl ey ees poculet. * Message Acthintieatior * Message Integrity] e Non supudiatton, © Contidensriali, £ Privacy Ut needed 2)| | Addatles on aigial Saqratorte Meccmuiieany Aae . 4)| Key Only Arsacke Ma a | AR ony Aas. j : , | Tn she Key-only, addacle, Eue has acces onty Jo che ply irtanmation Jubeas ed by Alore- To fange a musiage . by, eos to Covate Alice’s Segnakure do tonutnce Bab Ss athe mussagels Coming “tron Alte: Thus tothe Sarme 4, Cipherterk only attack: 2 Yoon Toesage, Aas Here, Eve has access to one Ormare message ségnaku | Thathen words, she has access $0 Sone doeumunrts pow | Signed, by Alice -Eue dnvies to Couale another massage ari Hooge Ales Ggnotsvue on ch This is sinilan to te Known plaintert adtacle ecco ee as | Here, Eve Somubrove malas Alder Stan ore on mar messages fon hen: Eve Moco has a chosers messages! Seqnater patr~- Exe later Corvates anothesv rusian twidn thw Content she toaras ardtanges Aice’s 4 on ch This 8 Servulany to the choger Plouiaresr atsact ! [argent and Fangeny TEypes fran. Hahe addack ts successtul, Ris Coa eta Tertans 2 Aypes of forgeney. 1] Feutentiah Farge tango" 4 | Th an Exissential, “Targeny, Ge Pe. me ont &| Sele or ahOLE. ously Ae = | valid mpestct7e Stgnakent Pairs beg, a. seally US Tn other wanols | Med one Shag hy 2 & decent’ ‘hay ye ery Hanged bet the Condens is mandoroly Gleeiladéa. thay ype of fangeny {5 probable, bur Toner ately Eve Cannas herve Coron é4 Ueny much Her TEA emt Ge su chiealtey On Sernanaicalty Unéndellig ble Bae fanqenye: “In Selective Torgeny » Eve may be able to lange Alice ?s Signature ON A Mussage with thr Content Seleccki ve ly chose by Eve Atthousts this is benetieval to Ewe? and may be | very deloimerdal to Alee, dhe probabilitey of sec bageny 15 low, bed nak neg ectyeble There are tevo apprwachis that has been proposed digtdos Seqnodiure - Diner Déqidat Scqnaiure ; Ty. inceoler athe Conomunicading pasties Td te assur ond, ator knows thy publee ley of stains A digixal Signature may be Commea by. enenypsing Saline massage std dhe Senden’s private ve rh Snenypding loach tode or the message with the Serdent oe , | Can be Proucded by funtoen enenuphro, meer ist @ Seqnadure wih, < ‘i Atteiuens pole key on @ shored eng a ie dhe Screne deperts 00 dhe ecurusty oF : Poivat e key .Bo, Message M0 Aa v No $ coyptogeapric ° pop oesiie _ | has hath (unedion y] cryptographic | Peewp ae S| hash tuned on Aucce?s "i iB ' : na private $ h b ua Eounyph| Comoe 27+. | eee | {6 Radu seqnatiins | Pat | CAieo’s Signadionfontod | Valid on not 2%, |Motoidinated. Dig tah Sranadurct ao | fn Ta inuiotues dart partied, Sender. » nwcelver and anbit'| ‘Here cuemy Sqned message Crom a Senden X too wureluen UL goes “(inshilo ar anbiten Aj volo Subjecds | the mussage and Ws Signature do a nuroben of secs | Yo chects. OB avugin and tondents Massage {s thin’ dotéd and sent doY voith ans indication Yet td has beer Ueniti@A to she Satie te” of are anbiden %) Groverttonal. Erxnuptlore Anite geet Sessa ge. § XPATMIER [Dx Ww HCrO)] pres Ye 7] i | ee 7\2 Fray { Txt MOM EG,, [ TOs I Herod JT e e oo bo Coeaig a 2g > Recipient TT ‘i Sa ima Sand:Ad anbider A Shane Bos, a Race enc key Wa Seed key a cts By consdnucds A message M and Conap cet es ry $_,Avcey | | fue Herod, X dnansmig, Bia Pebig | hase YA 4) messane plus a Key "signature so A > Lad Signahure tonsisls Of tdenktitien of XID» plerg a hash value, all encrypted using ere R A dasmapded she Signature and bucks the bash uglue to Vatidade She muysage. A daansmits the wussage toy Kreimy pied Welt Kay Bs Message Wreludes IDy, dhe Oniiginal Message from X , the are & slime Stamp. Y ean tery pd thie oe... : riessage and Signature Timesdano p anbits arms Y thar Init mussage ts dimely and nok suplay doo Be EUS prot ved massage 0 ‘Crom X pjecds og following mussage do A ad | Elkay CIDx{f Pol Ga (Tox Hem 19D ee ci | Anbider, ices Kay Jo wurouen ID x) and panied cated | os, ony Kya Jo deesuypa dhe Seqnaburr and veri fy | | bitte hash to ole : ? Rear Siaus have buys deqret of clvwist inA JP eeerstonak Erwcptto. + rbtan eee toe ees yt J B XA: Wy Eee Coll Exga (10x K Fem SUT J Baas ¥ Eka [1Px WE teag (rod IT Eka [tox IH (exq60) 3 ¢ . ; Doesn't See Mpeareas Dubus key Energy pasty fel, wl UXSAt Tx I Exex (IDy I Exoy (EmeeIT | Hal Sigresen, LaNbé den, MUI Akin, A Receive massage |< biter Z wit, rp and fore en PQ needed ao madsaqe ® maindai A robers. be Tu docks a processing Spe | tahile dof 16 totle proces In is troplernersteck using Paspoenry Pe clocks a Y Speed oe $444, Th te troplernented Using pede Key patvote lea [Paweteets Drraucbacks @ Trust & needed bodcveets Binder ard neceiser because ate Sender cauiha SER | Of dhe absense of anv a 1° ON | rotuth have dewet elhod the | trdyperdent Ueniticadior | anbidnatan won't onl paces ‘ j slernt SAtannp andl Send dhe \PRequsrement of pruuate | decument as directed s | fay dobe bald bey Sender | Lec also dake Cant ahat | and public key bey loth || dhere shouldn’t be ang kina | Serdere And gucetvesr | OF modification On the dada and tnease the Senden \o8d © Tere toa possibelises of dhe then he asserts biasing that an anbaer What the Siqnatev ts tonget voll be! beased th Tauary Hlawing dre private HAY oF ona party On 1 mae Molen andcther “aleityéng | trang dureretion es Saredunus 16 a pedooteat | feunisy oritk ache? | fe digi od | © Wher using an anbidnatonDigital Sequairs Schurnt RSA Degital Sgrakeurt ae bee Bean Digital Segnalo Degikal Séqgnakore Standard CDSS) & 3 1 RSA Deqital, Siqmakure Serer” The RSA algaruithrs can alsoe used to Sign and, Veni, & message: In this Case tid Called RSA digi ar Segnokusw Seherie- The digital Siqnaturw Scheme changes the sole Pf private and puble hey. The private and polblie keys of the Senden anu "fused (nod, of the pruceieend: The Senden vised hit | louurn, prvuate Key ap Sgn the document and Pe... Uses dhe kenden's publee key ao Werity (3 - The Seqning and uesying Sider Us Phasion, Unie ce indented, Ueruitions torcparat: dhe message and she oud pus Of the funetion tan. Congruence - Et the susuld « be athe message 8 accepted i bance Sener EI, | Key. qerenedton im REA dugital Signed aR i | Soc dhe Same ag emai > fl | OO cto hey ger ton [nh the RsA Alice chooses devo D=PX4,. Ace Caleelates tn) = Chooses ¢, the put i niche | i a ase BOSC. tee OeAuice Keeps key Asche penolictey ae Ace? S ~ ate 8 Scanake eats BES tsgoer Casnd oak 4 li | Cuesutien) > | | : . { ; fel \ | t Woe, } to! iad A rot rood nv ee ' i ¥s k 4 ! PS $19 émalok lets ‘ea I 1 ' i, e ri Brito! ae ae } Neste ¥ | Signs tet AY Nite Creates a Signature out of the message using ber priuade Caporenk , $= Pot mod Nand Sends dhe message | land the Signatur do Bal rest4ing., Bo Surtees NO and &. Bol applies Alite’s pesblce eocponent Ythe Signature to cowale A Copy Of the message Ile 8° mea n-Bob Coroparus ae ualue of fof woitin the value of No. 1f die awe valuur are Congres Poly accepts the rressanje- % Proue this we Sdart the uerutee. mets Mimedn) > S*= blrmedn) 7 tot4= Roered) | akion Criteria,‘“ i scheme, a, | Elgar Daa Soyetine Sehermts ElGarnab aigidad. Sa Scherr uses Same ff ue athe algosvtlorn » as excpecded, cs Aitterwos Tn the Signing process, uve funestions crvate y,,, Signodusus i in dhe uerulying process ae O dase functions ane toropared. fan Uentficakion. 4, dhak one tenetion ts used bod tary Sgr ing and tn, butshe funedion uses citterunt inpeds- Key generatinn, Key gerenaitore edie bere Cxacdly the Jamey dar one Uted to the Cryplney stern. Lex p bea prume number lange erecigh that ah, durerwie ‘log problero is tninaciable to Zp*. Let ¢ bea prumidive elensent bo Zp*®. Alice Selecss ler | Private key a Jobe less than P~ 1, Sie Calecilates | a= er%, Atcce?s “pulolee Koy Isthe duple (ea, e. >? (Alcce’s prrrate hey isd. (Sait Alice can Sign jIeludtng ee 4 A (74 Alice chooses a Serrud 2 co a ae aigest ot a message “Bs are} enti} | Wak alas wget i ean poutate Kays Lary be od 3 en S905 rews roessage Reus m each ate si & i Caleuladas tine tangs i 3, Alice Calentates a Gnadune = otra! nc Sa (Nd 8, x pI Samatuns Med, CP ~ 4) ME ne a4Ny 4, Alte Sends td5Si and sa 0 Bob ae Are | (si nerd dk e oF a foie | ity iy ae . 1 te ' ei rood P ea | | | *Cto-dsid Food cP -9 4 the | | e jt e 1a pie po Bete. Ap | be uenétied as Tolteoos uty 41, Bob checks Bo See if 06 51

the Second te ou Subgroup oF the tens 4%, Alte crates e Uo be dhe at moat ot 1 modulo P le = dood p) To do So, Alixe thooses @ prima Are elerrert fp, Zp to and talewlabes ¢,~ ¢, (P14 Mo 4 Alice chooses A as toe priuate Key and taleulates €g= 0% 6 Alice’s petolee Key is Corea, Ps 4,) ben private hey isa badeocers 512 ard 1oas. bids bes in p meud be os ee L Alice chooses 2% mando numben v (1££r<4,) Nede that alliouy!> public and private key tan be chosen onee andts used, do Sqn mM mussages Alice needs Jo Seleed a new » each time Shu needs do Sign a rece Mess * 8 Bsc dhe first Signature Sie (es'medP) Mod a5 Nake that ualue of she “out Si dovsrl.t depend on 9, dre moessage-Hiei toleitades she Setend Signa Saehtr4 dg) mod ay Node that the (alecitation &f Sg IS don, PP modulo q, arritomedic- 5, Aue Sends ', Siand Sg do Bob. eae Wier Mysjand Sa ane vucelued » tollocoing SAepr an, carried out for ueritging the mussaqe 4, Bob checks Jo See if 045124, & Bob chucks do See ff OX Sa¢q4 % Bob Calecilates a digest of fo using dhe Fen. heh algaruittern used by Aleve: by -! 4, Gob caleulater = [0 0S Senod p'Imod 4. ete Sta is Cong mur to Ve dhe message {s accepted Otnencwise ék vy Prefecd.ecl«