JOHN B. LACSON FOUNDATION MARITIME UNIVERSITY-MOLO, INC.

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS

Learning Module
GMMW – Math in the Modern World

Name of Student:

Year and Section:

Contact Number & Email Address:

Instructor:

Prepared by:

RUDY PEREZ, M.A. Ed. (Math)

First Semester 2020

COURSE CODE and TITLE: GMMW- MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

COURSE DESCRIPTION: The course will provide opportunities for actually doing

mathematics in broad range of exercises that bring out the various dimensions

of Mathematics as a way of knowing, and test the students’ understanding and

capacity.

COURSE INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES: Upon completion of the course, the

students would be able to:

1. Discuss and argue the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is expressed,
represented, and used;
2. Use mathematics in other areas such as finance, voting, health and medicine,
business, environment, arts and design, and recreation; and
3. Affirm honesty and integrity in the application of mathematics to
various human endeavors.

COURSE OUTLINE:

Module I: MATHEMATICS IN OUR WORLD

A. The Nature of Mathematics

B. Patterns and Numbers in Nature
C. Fibonacci Numbers
D. The Golden Ratio

MODULE 2: MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS

A. The Language of Mathematics

B. Expressions and Sentences
C. Operations on Mathematical Expressions
D. Mathematical Logic

MODULE 3: PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING

A. Inductive Reasoning
B. Deductive Reasoning
C. Problem-Solving Strategies
MODULE 4: STATISTICS

A. Data Gathering
B. Presentation of Data
C. Interpretation of Data
D. Analyzing the Data
E. Statistical Tools

MODULE 5: MATHEMATICS OF FINANCE

A. Simple Interest
B. Compound Interest
C. Stocks, Bonds, and Mutual Funds
D. Consumer Loans and Home Ownership

INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE

The course discusses the nature and functionality of mathematics, with

emphasis on deeper and broader appreciation of its practical, intellectual, and
aesthetic dimensions. It aimed not only at providing students with the necessary
knowledge and skills as future professionals in their chosen fields but imbue upon
them the desired values that maybe demanded from them as members of the
community. Promoting and upholding honesty and integrity in the use of mathematics
to address issues and concerns in nature and in the world.
 MODULE I: MATHEMATICS IN OUR WORLD

Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the students must be able to:

1. Get acquainted with what Mathematics is;

2. Understand the nature of Mathematics; and
3. Understand how nature of Mathematics influences the learning of Math.

Lesson A: The Nature of Mathematics

WHAT is MATH?

1. Is it only counting?
2. Is it only measuring?
3. Is it only quantifying science?

NO, Math is more than all these even taken together.

ARISTOTLE defined Math as: Science which shows up quality forms and logical
motions, seeking figures, numbers, and magnitude and also place, time and similar
things ------

It can be conceived through senses and without senses.

ENCYCLOPEDIA of Math:

The science of structure, order, and relation that has evolved from element of
particles of counting, measuring, and describing the shapes of an object.

COMPREHENSIVELY Math is:

 A science
 More than just arithmetic
 Problem posing and problem solving both
 Can find and study patterns and relationship
 A language
  Path of independent thinking
 Way of and tool of thinking
 Changing and expanding body of knowledge
 Useful for everyone

Five Basic Qualifying Parameters which explain the Nature of Mathematics

A. Mathematics is Logical
Accepted as branch of Logic
 All concepts: Arithmetic, Algebra and analysis can be defined in terms of
concept of logic.
 Induction / Deduction as basic processes of math operates on logic.

Examples:

PROOF 1: Two even numbers when added together give another even number.

 Cannot be proved only through observations

 Requires to take several examples to prove generalization.

PROOF 2:

2+4=6 6 + 8 = 14

2+6=8 12 + 16 = 28

Specific examples, leading to generalization.

“Two even numbers when added together gives another even number”

B. Mathematics is Symbolic
Accords symbols for converting problems in clear and precise formats to
be solved and communicated.

Example 1: Simple to put: Two hundred when multiplied by ten gives two thousand.

In Math : 200 x 10 = 2,000

Example 2: Simple to put: Ten is greater than five but smaller than fifteen.

In Math : 5 ˂ 10 ˂ 15

C. Mathematics is Precise
Means accuracy and exactness

Example 1: Define circle: A two dimensional figure drawn through taking a center and
radius ( r ) diameter ( 2r ) circumference ( 2π ) and area ( π r2 ).

Example 2: Square: A pane figure with four equal straight sides ( a ) and four right
angles having a perimeter ( 4a ) and area ( a2 ).

Example 3: Pi ( π ): A mathematical constant equivalent to numerical value of 22/7.

 Precision in math concept enables understanding the objects in real life.

 Leaves no score for ambiguity and doubt.
 Implies objectivity, certainly, correctness and completeness.
 Comparison is best to make children discover the preciseness of math.

D. Mathematics is the Study of Structure

Means arrangement, compositions, configuration, order, form or
system. Or broadly arrangement of knowledge into different structure
sets to be used in pre-defined manners while carrying operations.

Example 1: Hierarchical Structure of Number System

Set of natural numbers

Set of whole numbers

Set of integers

Set of rational numbers

 E. Mathematics Aims Abstraction
 Refers to concept being apart from the material object.
 Aspires to symbolic representations to concise the problem to make it
comprehensive.
 Aspires to develop children’s observation to understand the phenomena around
them symbolically without control representations.

 You want to learn more? Visit the URL below to extend your knowledge.
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDLLS6DwS5A
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRPY81EMKT0
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ieg_cu6FWgk

Lesson B: Patterns and Numbers in Nature

Definition: Patterns are regular repeated or recurring forms of design. One thing must
be clear at this point, though. Mathematics is not all about numbers, rather it is more
about reasoning, making logical inferences and generalizations, and seeing
relationships in both the visible and invisible patterns in the natural world.

SEQUENCE – is an ordered list of numbers called terms that may have repeated values.
The term of the sequence could be generated by applying the rule to previous terms
of a sequence.

Mathematics is also known as the science of patterns.

Two types of pattern

1. Numeric patterns
2. Geometric pattern (patterns of shapes)

Examples of numeric patterns

A. What number or letter comes next?

𝒂. 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟗,
𝒃. 𝑨 𝐶, 𝐸, 𝐺, 𝐼,
𝒄. 𝟏𝟓, 10, 14, 10, 13,
𝒅. 𝟑, 6, 12, 24, 48,
𝒆. 𝟐𝟕, 30, 33, 36, 39,
𝒇. 𝟏, 4, 9, 16, 25,
Math Patterns in Nature

Have you ever thought about how nature likes to arrange itself in patterns to
act efficiently? Nothing in nature happens without a reason, all these patterns
have an important reason to exist and they also happen to be beautiful to
watch.

1. Fractals

 A fractal is a detailed pattern that looks similar at any scale and repeats
itself over time.
 A fractal's pattern gets more complex as you observe it at larger scales.
 Examples of fractals in nature are snowflakes, trees branching, lightning, and
ferns.
2. Spirals

 A spiral is a curved pattern that focuses on a center point and a series

of circular shapes that revolve around it.
 Examples of spirals are pine cones, pineapples, hurricanes.
 The reason for why plants use a spiral form like the leaf picture above is
because they are constantly trying to grow but stay secure.
  A spiral shape causes plants to condense themselves and not take up as
much space, causing it to be stronger and more durable against the
elements.
3. Voronoi

 A Voronoi pattern provides clues to nature’s tendency to favor efficiency: the

nearest neighbor, shortest path, and tightest fit.
 Each cell in a Voronoi pattern has a seed point.
 Everything inside a cell is closer to it than to any other seed.
 The lines between cells are always halfway between neighboring seeds.
 Examples of Voronoi patterns are the skin of a giraffe, corn on the cob,
honeycombs, foam bubbles, the cells in a leaf, and a head of garlic.

 You want to learn more? Visit the URL below to extend your knowledge.
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7An1mcFHBU
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o68FAFj04Vg
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ax8mLKp6ouU

Lesson C: Fibonacci Numbers

Italian mathematician Leonardo of Pisa (Leonardo Pisano Bigollo) (c. 1170 – 1250)
Fibonacci Sequence - is formed by adding the preceding two numbers beginning with 0
and 1. Perhaps this is the most popular and unifying numeric pattern known to man.

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21,- - - -- - - - - - - - -

Fibonacci the Man

Real Name: Leonardo Pisano Bigollo (1170 – 1250) – a great European mathematician

of the Middle Ages.

 The Fibonacci numbers started when Leonardo Pisano Bigollo, working under
the pseudo name Fibonacci, proposed a problem: “If a pair of rabbits is
placed in an enclosed area, how many rabbits will be born there if we assume
that every month a pair of rabbits produces another pair, and that rabbits
begin to bear young two months after their birth?,” in his book Liber Abaci.

(Rabbit breeding)

Fibonacci – is the shortened word for the Latin term “filius Bonacci,” which stands for

“son of Bonaccio.”

Fibonacci Day: November 23

 You want to learn more? Visit the URL below to extend your knowledge.
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jk_1d4mbVyQ

Lesson D: Golden Ratio

 The golden ratio, also known as the divine proportion, golden mean, or golden
section, is a number often encountered when taking the ratios of distances in
 simple geometric figures such as the pentagon, pentagram, decagon, and
dodecahedron.
 It is denoted 𝜑/𝜙/Φ.

The following table gives values of the ratio 𝐹𝑛

as n (𝑛 ≥ 3) approaches ∞.
𝐹𝑛−1

𝑭𝒏 𝑭𝒏
𝒏 𝒏
𝑭𝒏−𝟏 𝑭𝒏−𝟏
2 55
𝟑 =2 10 = 1.617647059
1 34
3 89
𝟒 = 1.5 11 = 1.618181818
2 55
5 144
𝟓 = 1.66666667 12 = 1.617977528
3 89
8 233
𝟔 = 1.6 13 = 1.61805556
5 144
13 377
𝟕 = 1.625 14 = 1.618025751
8 233
21 610
𝟖 = 1.615384615 15 = 1.618037135
13 377
34 987
𝟗 = 1.619047619 16 = 1.618032787
21 610

The ratio of two consecutive Fibonacci numbers as n becomes large, approaches the
𝐹𝑛
golden ratio; that is, lim = 1.6180339887 …
𝑛→∞ 𝐹𝑛−1

This can be verified by measuring some parts of the human body: the length of the
arm, height, the distance of the fingertips to the elbow. The ratio between the
forearm and the hand also yields a value close to the golden ratio.

(Ratio of hand to forearm)

 Another name for golden ratio is Divine Proportion. This must be so because
human beauty is based on the Divine Proportion.

The following golden ratio proportions found in the human face:

 Center of pupil : bottom of teeth : bottom of chin

 Outer and inner edge of eye : center of nose
 Outer edges of lips : upper ridges of lips
 Width of center tooth : width of second tooth
 Width of eye : width of iris

(Most handsome men according to the phi score)

1+√5
 𝜑= = 1.6180339887 …
2
 The golden ratio 𝜑 = 1.6180339887 … is a strange number. It is the only
number that if you subtract 1 from it, 𝜑 − 1 = 0.6180339887 …, you end up
with its own reciprocal 1 = 0.6180339887 …
𝜑

Golden Rectangle

 A rectangle can be drawn of such a shape that if it is cut into square and a
rectangle, the smaller rectangle will be similar in shape to the larger
rectangle.
  This is the golden rectangle whose sides are in the “golden ratio” of 1 + 𝑥: 1,
where 𝑥 is a non-ending decimal whose value can be calculated in a number of
ways, including the construction of a simple continued fraction. Since the two
rectangles are similar, their sides are in the same ratio as follows:

𝑥+1 1 1
= or =𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑥+1

Or simply 𝑥 can be replaced on the right-hand side by

1
𝑥= 1+𝑥 (1)

or
1
𝑥= 1
1+ (2)
1+𝑥

If we continue replacing 𝑥 by (1), we will get,

1
𝑥= 1 (3)
1 1+ 1
1+𝑥

 Iteration means repeating a process over and over again.

 In Mathematics, it means the repeated application of an operation on a
given function over and over again.
 The golden ratio is also given by the ratio of the two sides of the golden
rectangle.

(Golden Rectangle)

 You want to learn more? Visit the URL below to extend your knowledge.
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtsGK_ohNT0
REFERENCES:

1. Sobecki, D. Math in Our World, 4th Edition

2. Earnhart, R. et. al., (2018) Mathematics in the Modern World (Outcome
Based Module)
3. Baltazar, E.C. et. Al., (2018) Mathematics in the Modern World
4. Nocon and Nocon (2018) Essential Mathematics for the Modern World

Online Resources:

1. https://www.livescience.com/38936-mathematics.html
2. https://www.fi.edu/math-patterns-nature
3. https://www.google.com/search?q=divine+proportion+in+human+face&hl=e
n-
US&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwt9LA1dHrAhWCxosBHe6-
BTMQ_AUoAXoECA8QAw&biw=1366&bih=576#imgrc=DRYwcKSOyuNSCM
4. https://www.google.com/search?q=golden+rectangle&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUK
Ewi8tMzE1dHrAhXYzosBHZ0uAoAQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=golden+rectangle&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIFCAAQsQMyAggAMg
IIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAA6BAgAEEM6BwgAELEDEENQre
8PWMObEGDxoRBoAHAAeASAAZIBiAG5EpIBBDIuMTmYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l
6LWltZ7ABAMABAQ&sclient=img&ei=11VTX_zsDNidr7wPnd2IgAg&bih=576&bi
w=1366&hl=en-US#imgrc=K60nHbZRBJa_dM
5. https://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=AwrxgKCZmFFfYS
kAvhKzRwx.;_ylu=Y29sbwNzZzMEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3Nj?p=math+patt
ern+in+nature&fr=yfp- t#id=82&iurl=http%3A%2F
%2Fwww.roberterasmussen.com%2Fwp- content%2Fuploads
%2F2014%2F07%2Ffern-fractal- maxresdefault.jpg&action=click
6. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/GoldenRatio.html
7. https://www.google.com/search?q=divine+proportion+in+human+face&hl=e
n-
US&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwt9LA1dHrAhWCxosBHe6-
BTMQ_AUoAXoECA8QAw&biw=1366&bih=576
8. https://www.google.com/search?q=breeding+of+rabbits+by+fibonacci&tbm
=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiHk5WcztHrAhULAKYKHe06Db4Q2-
cCegQIABAA#imgrc=W8w5ThueSH4wYM