 The President shall/shall be:

- Ineligible for reelection

- serve for 6 years
- elected thru direct vote of the people
- serve for one term
 Pardon:
- Does NOT erase or obliterate the fact that one has committed a crime
- Can be granted CONDITIONALLY or ABSOLUTELY
- Granted if the person has already been convicted
 Amnesty:
- It obliterates or erase the crime committed as if the person has not committed a crime.
- granted absolutely
- granted even prior to conviction
 Martial Law and suspension of the writ of habeas corpus can be declared by the Pres. when
public safety requires it in cases of: INVASION and REBELLION
 Martial Law can be lifted in following instances:
1. Revocation by Congress
2. Lapse of the 60 days period
3. Withdrawn by the President himself
 If the President shall have died and is succeeded by the Vice-President:
Rule:
1. If the Vice-President shall have succeeded to serve for more than four years----- he is
NOT qualified to run in the next presidential election.
2. If the Vice-President shall have succeeded to serve for less than four years ------- he is
qualified to run in the next presidential election.
 Legislative power can be defined as the authority to make laws and to alter and repeal
them
 Legislative power is vested in Congress and to the people to the extent reserve to them by
the provision on initiative and referendum
 What will happen during the 3rd Reading of the Bill:
- Reading of the whole text of the Bill
- Voting for its final passage
 A bill becomes a law in the following instances:
- When the bill is APPROVED and SIGNED by the President
- When the Pres. fails to communicate his veto within 30 days from receipt of the bill
- when the vetoed bill is overridden by 2/3 votes of Congress
- when the Pres. APPROVED and SIGNED the bill within 30 days from receipt
 The principle of separation of power has its purpose to avoid abuse and concentration of
power into one branch of the government.
 Considered as Executive Power are the following:
- To implement and administer laws
- To enforce laws
- To execute laws
- To grant executive clemency (pardon and amnesty)
 Considered as Legislative Power
- To amend, alter, or modify laws
- Confirmation of Appointment
- Ratify the grant of executive clemency
 The age requirements for running for Senator------ 35 years of age on the day of the election
Member of the House of Representatives-------25 years of age on the day of the election

 General Rule: “no bill shall become a law unless it has passed three readings in separate
days”
Exception : when the President certify the bill as urgent or for immediate enactment to
meet public calamity or emergency

 The events that will happen in the first (1st) reading of a bill are the following:
- Reading of the title, bill number, and the name of the proponent of the bill
- Referral of the bill to the appropriate committee

 Initiative is the power of the people or electorate to PROPOSE and ENACT legislation
through an election

 If the enrolled bill is vetoed of rejected by the Pres. the same may still have the chance to
become a law when: the bill is reconsidered by Congress and override the veto by 2/3
votes

 Citizenship requirement is the common requirement for a person to be appointed or

elected either in the judiciary, executive, or legislative department

 Violations of anti- graft and corrupt practices act is cognizable or falls under the jurisdiction
of Sandiganbayan

 The Supreme Court is composed of 14 associate justices and one chief justice

 The powers that may be exercised by the Judiciary are:

- Adjudicatory
- Power of judicial review
- Incidental and disciplinary power

 To be eligible for appointment in Supreme Court and other collegiate courts, one must be:
40 years of age and at least 15 years more a judge in lower court or in the practice of law in
the Philippines

 The power of the courts to review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm on appeal final
judgment of lower courts is called POWER OF JUDICIAL REVIEW
 Judicial power is the power to hear and decide cases
 Decentralization means the transfer of authority, responsibility, and resources from central
government to the local government.

 The local government unit involves the following concept:

- LGU is the lowest level of elected territorial organization within the state
- LGU has a dual function of providing local public service and implementing national
welfare policies
- LGU enjoys fiscal autonomy

 The advantages of bicameralism:

- Makes legislation less susceptible to control by the executive
- To check the parochial tendency of representative elected by district
- Allows for a more careful study of legislation