ASSN 9 Bl II clade THE KEY TO ARABIC Fast Track to Reading and Writing Arabic Dr. Imran Hamza AlawiyeIntroduction and Notes for Teachers ‘The Key to Arabic’ teaches students the skills they need to read and write Arabic. The letters of the alphabet are introduced one at a time, and the student is given the opportunity to read each letter with the various possible combinations of long and short vowels, as well as the ‘ay’ ‘and ‘ow’ dipthongs, sukoon and shadda, The use of colour coding in presenting the various vowel sounds helps the student to grasp them more quickly. Each letter is also shown in all its forms: initial, Medill, final and isolate so that the student can learn fo recognise the letter wherever it appears in the word, as well as how to write it. Clear arrowed diagrams show the student the correct pen direction when writing Arabic words are introduced from on early stage, but no word contains letters that the student has not already covered, This assimilative approach enables the student to learn the alphabet Ina gradual yet thorough manner, without feeling daunted by the prospect of having to learn the entire alphabet at one go. Each letter in the first half of the alphabet is covered on a double-page spread. As the students confidence in reading and writing increases, this is reduced to a single page per letter, and exercises are introduced to reinforce reading and writing skills and to encourage some basic vocabulary acquisition For the self-taught student, a quick reference guide to reading skill is provided at the outset to enable him or her to understand the various vowel sounds and gain an overview of the method of joining Arabic letters together to form words, before putting the skill nto practice An optional CD recording of the materials in this workbook is available to help students in Mastering correct Arabic pronunciation. After completing the alphabet, students have the chance to develop their skills further through a set of carefully designed exercises. The first of these (9.55) provides an opportunity for read- ing and dictation practice, oy presenting paits of similar sounding words. This encourages the student to listen carefully and distinguish between letters that might easily be confused by the non-Arabic-speaker, Pages 56-59 introduce simple non-verbal sentences using the masculine and feminine forms of “Thisis..", as well as a wide range of useful vocabulary. Page 40 teaches the allf al-magsura, with plenty of reading practice, The primary use of ‘al’ (‘the’) is taught on pages 61-64, with an explanation of how the following sun and moon letters affect the pronunciation of this word. Pages 65-68 employ passages of dialogue to teach the student simple useful expressions such as greetings, introducing oneself, asking someone their name and saying goodbye. These dialogues can form the basis for role playing within the classroom setting. The dialogues on Page 67 can easily be adapted as a classroom game whereby one student imagines another student to be in one of the places shown on the page. and the rest of the class take tums to ‘ask questions in Arabic to establish the imaginary person's identity and whereabouts, Having completed “The Key to Arabic” successfully, students should feel cornfortable in reading any passage of vocalised text presented to them, and will hopefully have gained the confidence needed to take their study of this challenging language further.The Arabic Alphabet tall yes . S| S| > : _ 4 { . » 5 : Doad Saad Sheen seen zea uw re) : bL L . (~ WaowQuick Reference Guide to Reading Skills aa 00.88 > & ij 6 $8 Y 6 2 3 a Rh BR - 2 e sukoon au __i_shadda_| Gon un un in a ° Tho vowe) (aoubled + Es fetter) “d = a y 1. The Short Vowels and Tanween There are three short vowels in Arabic. They ore written above oF below the Arabic letters. 2 9) Kasra This is a short diagonal stroke written below an Arabic letter, Its pronounced '’, as in the English word ‘lip’ eg 2 d ES , Z 2 DI Ro wi If kosra is doubled, it changes the sound from ‘ito ‘in’ asin the English word ‘tin’. This doubling of the vowel is known ) 2 9s anween kasa’. eg. = et 5 Din Rin Win 3 b) Damma __ This's shaped rather ke @ small version of the Arabic letter 2 a t waaw, and itis witten above an Arabic letter tis pronounced u', as in the English word ‘full og 2 JS we 38 Du Ru Wu of ___ If damma is doubled, it changes the sound from ‘u' to ‘un’ as in the English word ‘sun’, This doubling of the vowel s known * «om 98 “tanween damma’. The two dammas are usualy wiiten in & Jolned-up form, though they may also be written separately.e.g. 2 a Dun Run = Wun ¢)Fatha This is @ short diagonal stroke written above an Arabic letter A “a (So fenaty) tS PFONCUNCed o’, as in the English word ‘dao! og 2 4 4 2 Da Ras Wa IF fatha is doubled, it changes the sound ftom ‘a’ to ‘on’ as in the English word ‘man’. It is usually - though not always — 2 4 4 supported by an alif, This doubling of the vowel is known \ \ @s “tanween fatho eg 12 1) Vg Dan Ran Wan— 2, Joining up Arabic Letters Arabic is written from right to left across the page. Arabic words are written in a joined-up form. To Ochieve this, the letters within a word must be extended to join up with the following letter, unless they ore one of the six ‘naughty’ letters (see overieat). The letters that are being extended lose thei tails in the joining process. The last letter in the word is written in its final for, which usually resembles the isolate or “by itseit’ form of the letter, though it is attached to the letter just before it by a short joining line, You will eam the correct way of joining each letter during the course of this book, but for now, study the following examples to gain an overview of how letters are joined, ©) ‘Boat’ shaped letters eden ecapetapaesle kag hz GPE Se frstongtim 23 2.58 _ = ree, ie - TH a ae ey toopen ics z b) Letters with U-shaped tails wi fis-s— gba He _ftownarove on a & 4 cee fie Ho —jpiv~—liie tee - Co eA poe tbe eS tostck gual J Gt GeJHG ¢) Letters with trailing tails beter lenccs foveniy (fe 18thosea SO cL 4) Other letters, excluding the ‘naughty letters’ oe Sb bloc wong i fo fella s fertune és jovody “paa oo 6 $8 4 fw 2 3 a BS - @ sukoon ou i_shoddo |g ah Uh Tro vows) (doubled $$ = letter) - z Z @) The ‘Naughty’ Letters Thete are six ‘naughty’ lettets, which cannot be extended to the left and asa result should nat be connected to the letter in front of them. The six naughty letters are: 4 acek 5 3 \ balte Si=eti ] [x Se! ews Sag be Sy td Jg=dts 3. The Long Vowels Three lette's of the Arabic alphabet are used fo lengthen the sound of the short vowels. These letters cre: Woaw isused tolengthenthe Yous used tolengtnen | alitis used to lengthen the Z ‘u‘ sound of damma, so it ‘the ‘’ of kasra, so it sounds: ‘a’ sound of fatha, so it sounds like ‘00’ asin ‘moon’ like ‘ee’ as in ‘knee’. sounds like ‘aa’ (‘oardvark’)] » 4 ’ > « J \ JJ rH SS oF es y & & Roo Joo B00 Ree Jee Bee Raa Joa Bao ‘When allif itself is lengthened by an allf, it becomes an extra long ‘aa’ sound called alif al-madd, which is witortotic Tahoe on: Al ne smeaneamspeoweroyanatmiions kes, ga «pte 4, Sukoon Ghining) (peace) A is asmalicitcle placed on an Arabic letter to indicate the absence of a vowel upon the _— otter The letter on which a sukoon Is placed must be assimilates to (\.¢. sid together with) the sound of the last vowel before it, even if that vowelis at the end of the previous word, aD) 2 - eo & ten a Fe sh Ban at 5. Shadda 4 Shadidais a symbol written above a letter to show that the letter has been doubled, and therefore sounds stronger. The short vowels are written with a shadda like this: orHamza: ¢ and Allif: \ Hamza, known as a glottal stop in English, an Arable consonant that offen aecompanies tanween, sukoon, of shor! vowels, Hamza is Isai often accompo- nied by @ supporting letter or ‘chai’ which may take many forms, depending . on rather complex rules that we needin’t explore here. The various ways in L g Lz which harza may appear are shown below. For the purpose of teaging, itis Best foilgnore the ‘cha hamzo isting on and to concentrate on reading the ao vowel sound that the hamze ls supporting, Alt, when not supporting a hamza, is a weak letter that takes the sound of any vowel accompanying o preceding It. Sometimes all's a sient letter. Copy each 1ow twice onto the lines provided and practise reading the sounds. a a ee , se fi er (© § ji zee f e es pg mg 2 {| 6 i¢ fi + vf | =) a & \ nN x a a we G a | bs bn Aoa 4 # o a 0, er eae - a sukoon a ui shadda_| on un un in a Tho voweh (doubled letter) = # - Copy each tow twice onto the ines provided and practise reading the sounds.Copy each row onto the ines provided and practise reading the words. 7 my door door amy father a father oe 4 4 so 4 ot ek el wi C=> sea 2! ae « #@ sukoon_o uu __|_shodda on un un in gu Teva anced at letter) - * Copy each row twice onto the lines provided and practise reading the sounds. a - sa ’ 2 - 2 aut ewe | ow . * ” . # BS | | | am = © ay Toa Marboota (tied up taa) 2 ea # © | ones | de | leCopy each row onto the lines provided and practise reading the words. house mulberry tae oe Trepent repentance aC he repented definitely amulberny 2 3 dislike; pride he stayed overtiight Bes coe bell oe u she perished o be ioral a houseaa 6068 @o #@ 4 w i" 2 e om 8S a & sukoon_@__u_|_shadda on un un in og Tro vows) (doubled 6 letter) a - a. ‘Copy each row twice onto the lines provided and proctise reacing the sounds. ] a * * a Thaa = gs we ey cs hy)! # 2B {3 » etCopy each tow onto the lines provided and practise reading the words. establishment furniture garment; dress Bee a - “ay eu ols) arr out — es wndont grat: he sprnd,sntered he yond 2 ¢ Ge ee 2 2 ‘s ie ised aE my furniture 1B she withstood ‘stabilizationoa 00. eo > 6 4 * o 2 2 - sw ae oe 3 sukoon a ui shadda_| on un un in eee eased letter) . a Copy each row twice onto the lines provided and practise reading the sounds.Copy each row onto the lines provided and practise reading the words, he answered, replied my pocket a pocket a coward a a or Boos B59 oli ano a nagging, boasting Bg 15aa 6068 ao 8 Y 4 ? 2 e 8 33 - 8 sukoon au I_shodda_| gS on un un in a Tho vowehy (doubled = letten i Copy each row twice onto the lines provided and practise reading the saunds. a eer cog & 16‘Copy each row onto the lines provided and practise reading the words. a watermelon seeds hij, headscarf pilgrims Boe a ae Boe Bog ee cles > ‘whale . . mA" x. Se e635 ca == calamity suler protest ie looked for he researched hijab, Boo ee \ Ho headscarf - € co cae ~ at a ee a wntermeton oe ox ane ”aa 008s 68 ew we 2 9 3s x + sukoon_o ui shoddo_| 400 un un in ag Tio voweh ‘aoubied letter) - ¥ sal Copy each tow twice onto the tines provided and practise reading the sounds. ‘© aa | (i et anti ia e ge ae 18Ing the words. he hid, concealed peach Copy each row onto the lines provided and practise read |e wiket person amy sister Ud { vy brother my sister ; s Excellent! Bravo! a brother anozzle ‘my brother 4 we Ge 4 . ML a4 7 e Belen gt —— 19aa oo. 2 6 yw - 3 o 8 38 - # suioono ui _shaddo |g gon nn in {ho vowel) (doubled 7 7 letter) = ‘ - ‘Copy each row twice onto the lines provided and practise reading the sounds. - & + a 2535 oor See . - | “a a a5. | eS z t = rs 3 a als | 5 loa > Daal 20Copy each row onto the lines provided and practise reading the words. bear Ihe began riding animal amen 2 a fi we 8 4u)> $399 abear . a i - == my grandfather "a gransdndr ee 3 we B- By" 3399 Sto de Iu daleo ‘a chicken, hen ‘achicken 3 3B Be - wo doles sou of footsteps Be vy ae 2a oe a a a ae » i sukoon_ au __i_shodda_| <6 mn Tho vows (doubled 2 letter) # # Copy each row twice onto the lines provided and practise reacing the sounds é 44 x a » % 2 )! 208k, dn | ol = o - - Dhaal (sound as in the’) 22Copy each row onto the lines provided and practise reading the words. awolf fly ‘a Lock of hair dhe slaughtered woo. Be 8 Bens 4% fee As i$ ee shoe - * Bee side 7 4 ! eA gid afly Bet 405 23Find @ word on the tight that matches a picture on the left, then write It out in ts joined-up form next to the correct picture. a “2 @ 1 bh)e1 we - 2 we) wooo a a 4 eS3e vw - 5 ale Bw o a, 6 Yor we ° Pa ———* YY Se ‘ Weg 9. Se ew 6 8 “| CeeFind a word on the right that matches a picture on the lett, then write it out in ts joined-up form next to the correct picture. =n 25aa oo, 68 68 4 w r » mas 2 * kes ti a a Moo Tho vows ane oe letter) ' = 2 Copy each row twice onto the lines provided and practise reacing the sounds. 3 + - a a SOS p13 Boy. ty} get ty) gy) eo yt ny‘Copy each row onto the lines provided and practise reading the words. a chameleon ° cl ° oe we Qe >i abicycle corn, maize Rajab (name of month) | my Lord i< e Be ce ee 4 de\2 83 ey wy abicycle . Be se | 4e\> abull a, 4 fe ay 7 experiment a bal Tear pa aes 276 4 wR x @ sukoon_g__u i Y ef . eo un_un in og (no vowel) (doubled letter) * Copy each row twice onto the lines provided and praciise reading the sounds, : * at a a aI3—- ah =Copy each row onto the lines provided and practise 1eading the words. aie, falsehood | a drinking glass, tumbler oil woe a zoe & ez yoy ole S35 a butcher Bg Je = = carte rend a place of safely a buicher Bee ft am 2 ai breadGa 00,68 6 & Y ’ 2 was - & sukoon gu shaddo_| on un un in a Tho vowed ae letter) - 2 ” Copy each row twice onto the ines provided ond practise reading the sounds « Ss 2 3 7 3 bE L | ee “i o mee ce | gee ye | ge 4 a | o Bee ge a et ee ti 30Copy each row onto the lines provided and practise reading the words. abed mg some | we ’ 1 prayer mat a computer ais es st ee nee ta | oer teaching ‘slorfication of God a sum; an account 31aa 60,65 6 8 4 wo = a gm 33 sukoon gu _|_ shade a 4S an un un in Tho vowel) (doubled Z letter) ad ® Copy each row twice onto the lines provided and practise reading tne sounds. & b 32‘Copy each row onto the lines provided and proctise reading the words. insects wood old ages grey iair a tree ’ Bove Boo Bee ° eaa 65,66 6 & 4 6 7 2 a mR 3S - 8 sukoon au i_shoddo | ig Son un un in ig (no vowel) (doubled Y letter) # 2 - Copy each row twice onto the lines provided and practise reading the sounds. fs |e a 2 3 SANE fe alte a! YP og? SaadCopy each row onto the lines provided and practise reading the words. amat picture vice ] Be , Be 8 va picture me é pm bye mee particular, specific pests cheap a person, woof 2 ° 35aa 006 eo $ 4 4 C a a 8 3s » @ sukoon au _i_shadida on un un in y letter) Copy each row twice onto the lines provided and practise reading the sounds. - 8 a aa nel PF oeCopy each tow onto the lines provided and practise reading the words, civilisation 4 molar tooth light noise, dn ‘a molar tooth an egg Ey ale peeve Iowest pointFind a word on the right that matches a picture on the lett, then wite it out in its joined-up form next to | the correct picture, Bo - S| 48) Ni | W)< the missing letters in the box on the right to complete each word so that it matches its picture. ae r soe ee we wy 4 olsaa 00, 46 6 8 ¥ 6 i: 3 a 8 5B sukoon ou __i_shadda on un un Tho vows) Games 2 letter) af ‘an aeroplane apt, way duck sh hea duck Zaa (Like te Sound of the, ‘only hewier) : a) ai &aa 00, €8 6 8 ¢ wo 2 3 ef BS oem sukoon ou shadda_ | on un un in a Tho vowe ina letter) e # “< Copy each row twice onto the lines provided and practise reading the sounds. weet eie [28 ARE he ‘Ayn an arm a finger ‘olf zooman a} L. a clock hoppy vw - & fe Bee asly§ oy Copy each row twice onto the lines provided and practise reading the sounds.aa 00,68 6 8 4 ou c 3 a gas sukoon_ag ui shadda on un __un or ‘aout $F letter) > Copy each row twice onto the lines provided and practise reading the sounds. Ro ae 3 * a + . a) Leal Bo? | ae <| ez¢] oa? ; get ot | eo & 6 3 3 4 amenvelope a pavement, sides av00m | awhile abutterfy a we ii |eat a yellow whrstle a aes sla Hu triefense Copy each row twice onto the lines provided and practise reading the sounds. 25 GSS oy a butte bmg, rise a iv ’ ABreak up each word on the right inte its separate letters, then rewrite it in its joined form, Write the meaning of the word in English in the left hand column. The first one has been done for you - » 2 a a % doctor wen) ih np abo ape os Falb opie | Boo | Boo Seca gem | we — S 5 “ Bee | | dels BooBreak up each word on the tight into ifs separate Istters, then rewtite it in its joined form. Write the ‘meaning of the word in English in the left hand column. The first one has been done for you. Brod Belo # 43 5 beaa 00, ee 7 ao $$ 8 i a wae - 8 sukoon_o ui shodda on un un in ao ui The vowehy ee _ iette ¢ « z Copy each row twice onto the lines provided and practise reading the sounds. wks wis 44 8 eee ee esha aiemido=—=«|=SC, feeble sofa, couch aster a book wo Gs we - we 4 BS silos we ” Ms hs, | ai | ke 48an elephant al ho vgrateioos sof, © spiral (7 coucl ®) * §@ » oy Ges “Ky Copy each row twice onto the lines provided and practise reading me sounds. | Po iiss J = SR | | so Ww Sh J oveted 7) J ft : —T+4 arerigeato, icebox |e eupboard, closet Wy ke an elephant Be be ja 88 Boosie oyaa 60, 68 6 @ 4% ° a a 8 BB - & sukoon_g ui shad | $45 —on_un_ unin a ut Tho vowel, (doubled letter) z * # Copy each row twice onto the lines provided ond proctise reading the sounds, pepe tp ee cme a - fee a ce ‘an imam, prayer leader | teacher (m.) a moutiy nurse abanane wy, s Be or B Be or el le ss Aiea poe Bh ge 50onesrich os” aos emoteaa 00, 66 7 ao $$ 8 ow - 2 ce ae sukoon_a ui shagda_ | 46 on wn wn in gu (ho vowel) (doubled = letten) = € a Copy each row twice onto the lines provided and practise reading the sounds. “Gala alalils| © * Haa eee tl ea as | gc See \ + wt FF rs | lgge lw 0 : z | = | cesepaliapeapellanireat , 2 ’ - a @ | oO ct a) Lah gt aha 4 =, | aw | SS fc rea path ets: asunentaeteenisen ponent tips | amalarm clock = Ieworking —|=—=—_‘important telephone wes $a B alas dasa hgiace | ee Gils 3 . | ae 62a peacock black fite eflacer Tlepone as 5 jh dpet ag a) mi Copy each row twice onto he ines provided and race reacing ine sounds 7 ey lola lg| we . 3 tt oe fp le re ee 3—— 599 + tay a 5 | Le [a ee ‘a peacock peppy _groteth, progres black J$$ uy 2 6 a me a 3 sukoon__o u i__shodda — — nun un in a u as BS letter) 2 # - Cop acon ie Oo en ome On ea hewn gy ae 3 z 3 bs a LS stipe tS SS = Yaa 4 lal go ll eg grey gray) chair - akeitle | eae dey $ tt 3 B- a 4 Be ge ae soley ee S ANE al teSimilar Sounding Words The pais of words sted below demonstrate the importance of cortect pronunciation in Arabic, becouse the slightest ditference in sound can totally change the meaning of @ word. Each pai of words below contains similar sounding letters. Practise reading them several mes with your Arabic teacher untl you can tell them apart. Then osk your teacher to dictate them to you until you can write them down correctly ee * * * spacious cower Geewed || cov. so! creb ona os i ee Bee wee Psitis cugiemect 15 |] cot Lo tena 3 fost presige uv e a+ I> eo a0 a aes rt z cleverne oe discord, = desire FP inhentance Syl |] cleverness ascot, aad eo e a md - conect Shp e romaras 55 |] remecsuiea SIS ho sos Jd ao wo te + om datecton Spe ators ee || cc LAS aheor ob w v 4 | ae - z glossy rie heaw he nedeceved 1S hewected ald Seay ae | vee - a pyramid holy: after some J ti (2 FSBladen aad cas a see eee | woos woe he strove, Ager ne denies doer || apatn trai 33 beatin Z endeavoured : a 72° |Fag — aa Boe fo. eg over 1 oe stench, victon Je maw Pe |) oes Pe, eo ee ie e worker (rm) pele pregnant bee nevowed —-_ yeh he looked bs 5c (2s) aus eae ftession, GP) rotession, P| flowers } appearance 2 ee ae) Bes Lal jp} eee Bee ag ies a ebioin JAE too 1 |] newhited pve netravoled ple deem seek Fé +a strongeness AVE | in A> || repowed awe neinsutes es Bas tas we ae fee PE | emptiness PE || sonimiow gee sorcery peeThis is .. if you want to say “This is a (something)’ in Arabic, you need to know whether the thing you are Introducing is masculine or feminine, Many singular feminine nouns in Arabic end in a “tied tao’ (tao marbuta) and ore therefore easily recognisable. Most singular nouns that do not end in toa marbuta are masculine. In Arabic, the vero ‘to be" is not usually used in the present tense, so you dont need a seperate word for ‘is’ in the sentences that follow, because the idee of ‘is’ is implied in the word for ‘this’. The masculine word for Thisis'in Arabic is: 'US which is pronounced “haadho’, asi it has @ long ‘oo pe ace sound ater the has. For example: This s a (rmale) teacher: pie \Jus (naagna mu'atimun) The feminine word for “Thisis' in Arabic is: @ JUS which is pronounced *haadhin'’, again, as if it has a long “aa" sound alter the haa at the beginning ot the word eee For example: Thisis a (female) teacher: doles ous (hoadhhi mu'alimatun) Practise reading the following sentences and Ieain the words and their meanings ‘Copy each sentence out onto the line provided, This isa chair, This isa lock. This is @ drum. This isa (pair of) This isa book. alasses. wees Wal] 75 (Os |) EE ae |) 51S ois |) Das is This is a nie This isa fork This isa eup. This is a ball This is a desk acy Ss BS oda || bes oieWrite o sentence in Arabic under each picture using the correct form of “This is", following the examples ‘onthe opposite page. The words ending in taa marbuta are all feminine: the rest are masculine. This isa table. This isa cherry This is an apricot This isa lemon. This is a fridge (ice This isa rabbit. This isa squirrel. This is a prayer mat This is a candle. This isa (piece of) meat. $24 Bee, #e WI Ane ee This is afi This iva pe. This shore. This isa sake, 97Using the vocabulary you have learned duting the course of this book to help you, label the arrowed items in the following pictures, beginning each label with the corect form of “This is’. Two items have been done for you by way of example. This isa chair, This is a fork. This is @ candle © this iva table, L This isa fish This is 4 cup. This iva ball This isa bear, This isa pear. This isa horse.| This is a bull This is a bear. This is a wolf. } This isa rabbit. This is a chameleon, ‘This isa chicken This is a fridge (icebox). 4 This is a molar. This is an ege. 9Al-Alif al-Maqsura some Arabic words have a special kind of aif at the end of them, known as an alif al-magsura. It has the shape of the letter ‘yaa', but without any dots undemeath it. It always has @ fatha before it, and it is usually pronounced ‘aa’, Below are some examples of words ending in cl-alif a: magsura, Practise read- ing these words, and then copy them out in your exercise book. ae. ge ® hospital ae acaté en ‘building 5 alord, master ‘agonal range ashetter, place of refuge Mustafa Musa (Moses) ‘Isc (Jesus) Yahya Wohn) aw Soima saiwa GS css Layla sd ro 8 Yusra Con he strove, endeavoured a he intended Ss he came, arived dl he gave \ team) | jee sufficient ves sre yoonaen 5 pea (emining) larger, older (leminine) farther, more: cistant; maximum nearer; lower: minimum higher higher, superior stronger é i @ patient sr posture, grazing pee he built Cr he ran he told, related, reported he sow he bought, purchased he rebelled he spent time he forbade, banned he walked ~ he fulflea (a promise) were he ctied he gave someone acdrink he told, related Sa) ho etused JThe Sun and Moon Letters Indefinite. e.g. kitaabun - @ book damma). €.9. atkitaabu - the book. letters’ waitten on the sun letter, Study the examples below, and practise reading them aloud! The Fourteen Moon Letters So far, the words you have been reading in this book have been indefinite (e.g. a book, an eye etc., rather than the book, the eye), Tanween Is used on the last letter of a word fo snow that the word is ‘One of the ways of making an Arabic word definite is to attach the word ‘al" (meaning ‘the’) before it, The ailf in ‘al’ is a weak alif, meaning that it can only be pronounced if itis at the beginning of a sentence, (that is to say, when no other letter comes before it). When a word Is defined, it can no longer take tanween Instead, the last letter of the word takes a single vowel (2, a fotha, kasra or The Atabic alphabet, as you may already have realised, nas twenty-eight letters. These letters are divided Into two equal groups. One group is known as the ‘moon lette’s’, and the other as the ‘sun When the Iaam in ‘al’ is followed by one of the moon letters. i automatically takes a sukoon and is pronounced, However, when the laam of ‘al’ is followed by one of the sun letters, It becomes silent (in ‘other words, it isn't pronounced). When a sun letter comes immediately after tne ‘al’, c shadda must be mouth train Has the train the choir ili chair eet rr ae * the teacher peel ateacher bas | thesnoe tnetelesnone Laslgli otetephone Cails | the bread the room the oldman jaa) onotiman ") yews SAI room bread abeMoon letter reading practice When ‘al’ (the) is preceded by 0 word ending in a vowel, the allf becomes silent and the preceding vowel sound is ‘slid’ together with the laam of the ‘al’, so it sounds as if there is no space or pause between the words, Therefore, in the first example below, the sentence would read as follows: “Loa toils ‘alal-ardi.” Note that the ‘9’ sound of the alif. ck maqsura is shortened, so that it sounds like a fatha, Similarly, in sentence 14 below, the ‘ee’ sound of ‘fee’ is shortened as itis sid together with the following ‘word, thus: "Lad tadatll-yaca fijayb". It Is therefore necessary to look chead when reading Arabic to see if the sound at the end of one ward needs to be slid together with the next word. Practise 1eading the sentences below out loud, paying close attention to sliding the sounds together where necessary. 1, Don’t sit on the grounc. gaat we eee y 2, Ducks like [the] water. a a ee 3.1ke he} carols Pelt 4. Ths [the] shoe Is new J Sydecte ladle 65, This [the] bread ls delicious, steal Foul Vhs jelous est 6. ike hoping the old man ae a Baty 7th} rooms wie EA WAN ode 8. Don‘ put the penin the moutn 9. This [the] train is fast 10, This (the] chair is broken. 11. This [the] teacher is excellent. 84 26 bp ee ae 12. This [the] telephone is out of order. «jew ath a a) aga oe hs 13. This [the] boy is polite woe AS de 14, Don’t put the hendlin the pocket, aa>ell e ad es eyThe Fourteen Sun Letters When the loam in ‘al’ is followed by one of the sun tetters it becomes sient (not pronounced), and @ shadda is written on the sun letter, making the sound of the sun letter more intense. So, for example, ‘taolun’ (a crown), becomes ‘atfaglu' (the crown) study the examples below, and practise reading them aloud the tree ze Seasin Be oe 6 wa ore 4 . am the refrigerator 4-UL) areftigerator 42-6 2 thewhistie B ylae) whistle By ae #2 the bear WA) cbeat 3 a themolor (pp 2) amor pe joo - tooth 7 eG a at the doctor (f.) Sela! odoctor(t) Ayes | the wolt SL owort 4 - gee aoe a hs woe theenvelope fa) onenvelope 3 jb ente aeee the ostrich dalaz anostrich dale hog RG tne paining ph apaining Ay! 6 the bed py abed As withthe moon letter sentences. the ast vowel sound on any word before a word b beginning with “al is sic’ together with the sun latter, So the fist sentence below would read: “Yatbasu-malicu-tacjadh- ghohabiyya.” Practise reading the following sentences out lou. 1. the kingis weating thegotdencrown. gad! @L) Ebel! =e er re 2. put tne ice in the etigerato, EG gpl ons avg a Bye 3. ke the black bear, pe on) el a 8a FT Maree 4: The wo ate ne rabbit oh Su gst Bes bo 8 ae * 5. This [the] wis is broken wpe tee Ne te ee, ae 6. This [the] flower s beautitul yee Bay) ode 7. This [the] bed is comfortable.8. This [the] tree is old, 9. The yellow whistle is blocked, 10. This [the] molar tooth is rotten. 11, That [the] doctor (f.) is skifu. 12. This [the] envelope is open. 13. The ostiich is faster than the human. 14. This [the] painting is beautiful, Bogie ola) Hue wee ae oe stg ote! Nae This boy is siting on the table. This woman is typing on the computerk 1 ea Ne 6 AL EE Wh “ee . (x This boy is playing basketball 6 Eel) dl ola O55 This girl is riding the bieyele 8 aclesl Shall ode ts ge This wornan is drinking the milk 1 jects Sy) ae This boy is combing the hair.Dialogue 1: Who is this? Bae GSS) EUS oye Classroom Activity | ‘Nomabden ae on ay Practise introducing youset'10 | 2 yout lends in Arabic. Ask your wr So friend who another person inthe | asym) shed v Ble classroom is by saying either wWno | 00) g8 | matimy EUS Is this?’ oF Who Is hat boy/gi?”in Arabic. thst) ae shes) Cg® natty EUS 6Dialogue 2: What's your name? fin 3 1! (used to acta you (m: CA myname 5 Hond(m) —_Guske Ot used to adores b you(m) | Pacers a fiend (1) opportunity Les yout <5F your) name(s) Lt myfilondim’) ide) hooey Buyae hetoim) — AL LAY yourttyname (te) Abul my friend ( 242 | when ivealaees a s isname (is) cal W tiend | Woenuted Suga Seis netony tly his name (is) el “Ploased to Sie sie meet your welcome (m) By Mal | her name (s) Ugeeel | as i weicome(t) £L Saf) wnat? th 66Dialogue 3: Where is your friend? Vocabulary ; wk a all Peace be upon you el ks (Reply): And upon you be peace. pe Ses Spy He ret where (7? ot Bh today esl EEL io. | frourtenaioms whe in the library your fiend (1) in the playground in the mosque“ pel go. in the toitet | pt ES, in the headteacher’ office ithe classroomDialogue 4: Goodbye poate, Cail LE meet moetng al prose SS moming Ge your (mn, = row org ae LS | g00d morning el cor, ation aN) evening loca ¥ : c goodbye TSC 25 1opy gooa asl ce tocod all good, wel = © meming d 2 Go]ingod’s Lil of 10d evenini SVL neath “See ight ae Igaingoa's abi oUt 2 oo oT pie ot a unt we aL Sh) (op & how? Tas miaetGgon — $4Nl ce Gopya good & : howisyour(m) ¢tione Uns S254 yourconaition, CU health: - state (m.) how is your (f. aus age 1 Sut ut lition, als pomeyoutt) $tline LE protecton SLT youcenction etic prosebetoced a ASH to, untt A wet, gooa 68