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MBit Kim Boedigheimer, Romny French, John Fuller, Jessica Goldstein, Julie Nahil #l Debra Williams-Cauley, St, aiff Jill Hobbs ZEXX BEAT LSEGE T HA WL HAE « BG, BHERORAHRERKEMLERT USNS HR. AUR —PE. 43" I PAIRAS AT LLM, www.apuebook.com Lik, RAM MIDE RRM, RAF, WBN, WER. Stephen A. Rago sar@apuebook.com 2013 F1 AF REM TT 2 aS ale BLS Rich Stevens AML FAP ARSE, MATRA MRS HI — AHS CUNIX RRB) PAAR. (HEF RRURAB—TPARAABRRHA. Bi 1999 RELA, RNSHANHE-AMA, —RBREA TAWA MAAR. BANE USENIX SiS AIL, FSR, Rich ERM PRA RAAT. Rich Stevens RADA, THA ILAMRL AE. RH 1993 4S (UNIX RA V MRED Ay, GRABS AHA (UNIX RISER) ADRS V AR. Rich MENARD TLE, HAE RERKSMF, MAA -RSRNAH. RNBSRRABA ES A (TCPIP ERED BA STREAMS fi. RAFAH, RAR BARTER T APM. TT, Rich BAEZ, WT (UNIX FREER) RRARR LES BORALRM AK. 24 Addison-Wesley 27] MB RHRRAMBIT Rich HAAG, RB-RMRAA SDRKH. BH 13 FART, Rich MBBABIIL. HR, 5 HPA MRIRT RAL, 4 Hil UNIX FUERA TEAMS. © REV HST MMT Linux PR. REP EARS BO UNIX RAIL AE EV, BARKT Limx HBHMA, RARAKH Linux. 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SRRAG RA TRS AGEL, URRARER. RAE BY David Bausum. David Boreham. Keith Bostic, Mark Ellis. Phil Howard, Andrew Josey. Mukesh Kacker. Brian Kemighan, Bengt Kleberg. Ben Kuperman. Eric Raymond fil Andy Rudoff, RGEWW Andy Rudoff HRMSHX Solaris HA, Wie Dennis Ritchie AH 4E I fel Mik Bio neeaires 3 SEP HRIRAKH LAD ABNER. HRW Addison-Wesley AMAT, Sthiletey Athi, ‘#iif Tyrrell Albaugh, Mary Franz, John Fuller, Karen Gettman. Jessica Goldstein. Noreen Regina fil John Wait. #50818 Evelyn Pyle 1 Bthaie TAH. RR Rich SAGAMDY, RAKIM RAM, RAL, RMA, WIEBE. Stephen A. Rago sar@apuebook.com 2005 4 A PREM TH 21 AHR T UNIX RSME Rit — REE AE C PSE S BR. AHS ERT AULT BU A HAS MORE RAH UNIX WPS TRE T ARIS —AT FPS. EE. ABH AN ALTE. DRC FE RE UL ARG ATRL H.R BK ARAL ARO Csystem call interface). Bot, RHE C HEPAT ARIZA C BBP hI mae CR SCH ERO. HOR AFHBS). ASANO ME BRT SL CUNIX PF AFA 9B 2, 3 ABS. ABADI ARNE. FRPRACHSAREARE, WAM ELABT BAAS. 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Finclude “apue.h* Hinclude Ant main(int arge, char targy[]) ‘ DIR sep; struct dirent *dirp; if (argc != 2) err_quit("usage: 1s dizectory_name"); LE (dp © opendir(argv[i])) == NULL) erx_sys ("can't open ts", argv(1])7 while ((dirp = readdir(dp)) != NULL) printé("ts\n", dizp->d_name) ; closediz (dp) + exit (Os 1-3 WHT ERP TE Ls(IKHRARAEA UNIX RAMA, ALLSLA UNIX RAFAT ER Ls(1)3|IS—MS PAY 1s Bl. SAE 1~8 SS, ERE RT PS FERED. EATS eh te AT BCT UNIX AOA EMH UNIX Aehte 8 AAPA PA & CUNIX 4K FH) ( UNIX Programmer's Manual) ¥, MARKOM A, RAWHRAPARLLASSMRHARAOEM HP, Hie MP FM, APRFMAAARERAS HE, —# UNIX ARAAK EB FHRK HDF MR—PAREF AG, Ho, ATHT[19906] MATHER VO SAMARIA F 38 AP, He Lopen(3S). 3 —# UNIK MRA BMF HR AFEHEFHIREFRD, DACATESHSE, BA, ASBP ALF AER. RAE, ET at Sa 1s OFM: man 1 1s K man -s1 1s 13 RAD —-SARPSAAMLS, RERMAMS, MRAM A myls.c, UES ELD SGA Se OR SCTE, PTR RARE RAS a. out HATTA EH ec myls.c 14 SHRIBR 5 BRL, ccllRC MZ. AMLT GNU C ik RAM AMP, CHEB gol). 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EN -MRB, abe RET. ei, 42 Ubuntu 12.04 P, /usr/include/dirent.n PHT RHRS, HHA bits/dirent.h, B#HXT dirent its CRIEMGE/usr/include/x86_64- linux-gnu/bits F). © main RANA KEAT ISO C ARREST AOR CP —Se4$ 8 ISO C PHB RET RS RUD. © AFR STH 1 FSM argv(1) HORAK ARAN ARG 7 RT 6 $1 UNIX SAAR A main BROT R A, AF MER Mh OTT SRA RS © BASHAM UNK RAARTMXRBRER—AN, BLUMER BR opendir. readdir Ml closedir *{ HRRHTME. © opendir BSGRPIRE DIR BH MNEE, BUMS BIRE ERS readdir BH. RANI AA DIR AMPOA THA. Rik, EMA readdir RRP ARH. CH BI-MEA dirent AWN, MABRPCLA RAT LAMA nul Het. dirent HMPRWKRAST ARN (d_name). HARES, UERATAL stat BM (42 4) CRAM CAMA A BE. ° PANT AT ARN BRR OR: err_sys Merr_quit. MEHMET WUGS, err_sys BBITE—AWA (“Permission denied” He “Not a directory”), Bi GBI T Ht ARR. Pm ER BP, 1.7 AES MRR EE. SPRERM, CUSHOARRMexit. RMexit Rib. KR, SHO RBRERAR, SHA 1~255 WA. 8.5 RTE CU shell RRATGT RENBE) MARGE RMI MEFA exit KA. e 4. TBR SRM A—T I BR (working directory), AMAA 3 WL A RK (current working directory). BVA A BEES MBM HE BRE. MEREOT LL chdir BAHL PAR. PIM, ARBRE doc/memo/joe HHA 4H LEAR HM doc ARHM memo ARPA SH (RUE) joes MBMBA AEH, doc A memo MM 4RAR, CULAR joe EXER AR. MEH /urs/lib/lint LR-TOMNBES, CHNAHARPM usr HRP WY lib BaHA CH CRAR) Linte 5. RAR SRN, TP ARWE Weds BR (home directory), BRMARAOS LH C13 HP ANAM MHSRTPMA. 1.5 Fon 1. MPR SMBIAA (file descriptor) H#A—-PDNERBR, ARAL MEER EE UR. SA BATA AARNE CH, EBB PCR. ER. SCPERS, TEFL HR 2. FES), RHR BARB, ST NETRRAP ET. STATAN shell MBWATIF 3 PICHIA, BNR (standard input), ##8Mr (standard output) UIDe47ESHIR (standard error). MURATA, PUMA MHS 1s, MWK 3 MARR IAIN. KEM shell MHA, HI ERI — ARTA 3 MART RERE AMR, HG: ls > file.list WT 1s >, HREM MRE MBS file. list MX. 15 ARM 7 3. RAHA VO PRK open, read, write, lseek UR close HT PHBMHM VO. KH RHA PIR. A DRERUMRERA, FF RARER S, NUEE 1-4 PRTARAVRZAP RL ALF SLE — UNIX SHH. Hinclude “apue-h” fdefine BUFFSIZE 4096 int main(void) { int on char buf [BUFFS2E]; while ((n ~ read(STDIN_FILENO, buf, BUFFSIZE)) > 0) if (write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, n) != n) err_sys ("write error"); if in <0) err_sys("read error"); exit (0) 7 FA 1-4 eR MEM A SELLER kkCfe (apue.h PAE THI) RAR STOIN_FILENO Hi STDOUT_ FILENO #2 POSIX RYEH) BBS} CF HERR E SAR). KH AEP, CNET PRED ALSR EA EO HR. GE POSIX ARE, “ETM O11, ABATE fe, BAMA FARRAH 3.9 WHEAT BUFFSIZE Hi, RAE SAAR HERR. ELLE RAL, UbAEFE GES BEE— UNIX BEC HE. read RABAT TR, IMATE STR. ABARAT, read lO, AFR ILT. RET EMR, read KE-1. MHRASRRABAEEL-1. WO ALY SAE ORES BEA a cout SHE, IFUL ARATE: -/a.ovt > data ACR, PH TE EE data, BRAT RHAL A. on Ul aH CAE FEARAETE, MW shell SEN E. RAH MAM AT SBE, BASE RE GL FECriD) BY, HLA SE Hil. BUR AGRA BF: -/a.out < infile > cutfile 8 SLR UNIX Bea BEL intile LAMARAHMS % outfile MIA. Fe 3 RES PT AY VO BK. 4, REVO RHE VO BRN ABE ACHE Ob) VO ST —RRO. HURERME VO RRA LO ERE RI Ach, WA 1-4 PAY BUFFSIZE WRATAD. ARE VO BRT MT MA TTRORLEE CHM RATE UNIX MOM AEEP ). Glin, fgets BAIR —PERENNT, WG read AMIE TWH. TE 5.4 WRT TRH, ORME VO BBO T ERIE BZA TSF Ah BB Be 6 PUTA ME VO BSCE prints. 7H prints MAEP, MEMLA(# AT, BOCES TE apue.n Th), AAU T BTA ERE VO MCR. BL A 1-5 EERIE “MBA T read #l write RUREFF, 5.8 HERtMLARPET B it CBSA. CORREA SIRE, UAE SERIE — UNIX BETA. Vinelude “apue.h” int main (void) ‘ int oF while ((c = gete(stdin)) != EOF) if (pute(c, stdout) == EOF) err_sys(“output error"); if (ferror(stdin)) err_sys ("input error"); exit (0); PE 1-5 FEDSRME VO ps EA Sz a RE BR getc —KEM—TSH, MGB purtc HLF AS AME. VERA MG — AEH, getc REM EOF GAM ME iat main (void) ‘ char buf (MAXLINE]; /* from apue.h */ pidt pid int status; printf("88 "); /¥ print prompt (printf requires 8 to print $) */ while (fgets (but, MAXLINE, stdin) != NULL) { if (buf [strlen (buf) - 1] == "\n") buf[strlen(buf) - 1] = 0; /* replace newline with null */ 10 581% UNIX aR if (pid ~ fork) < 0) ¢ err_sys ("fork error"); ) else if (pid == 0) { 7* chile */ execlp (buf, buf, (char *)0); err_ret ("couldn't execute: 49", buf); exit (27); , /* parent */ Af ((pid = waitpid(pid, sstatus, 09) < 0) erz_sys ("waitpid error"); prints ("es"); ) exit (0): 1-7 ere ARa Ss EXT 320 THEET, ARSURBEGE. © FRSRE VO Pit fgets MPRA 2M AT. ARRAS GALE JE Cerl+D) fe ATMOR—TF HH, fgets El null Het, PARP ILL, BERRARAIE. O18 PART ARRAS OCR. BE. MTR), URNA E MN. © AA fgets BERS —ATRUBT ITIL, Jae null 4%, AULA RE C BM strlen TRS ERIK, GRIP null SEB. BPAY execlp RIE RAFAL null ARAMA BAT RN» 0 WA fork HR ASE. SBA MAM TA, RAR SEE, PUR ORBATUR. fork MSHA RMT UE PER ID (—MER RHO, x FRAME 0. AW tork ETRE, UR ERI CREE), (UR FAK SHELTER). © TUE, WA execlp UAUTAMREMARAM GS. ROR ALR AVERT FRE EAT RFRESCH. fork AURMEIGH exec PERMA SH EMER HE REET BREUP4E (spawn) —‘SaieERE. ZE UNIX ROCF, RRP. SHEER UTES. ° FRA execlp MIREFKH, MLUABASATUBAL, RRB waitpid SRN, RSME RAMA (HM pid SRA TM ID). waitpid H SCRIPT RRO IPRA (status EH). ERMA MANET, RAMA. MUR ARBEIT UA AL OL me TEP df AR A © GRFHRERMAAAER HATS EBSM. HME BW Ht BRA RA, RAM LAR 1s tS. AT RES, TMA, BGR SRO CTREASA RHR), PETMAN E TEMBER execlp MR. K OUI, ALAR OG AT ALR RAA UNIX BERLE HDD BE 6 WGA, HEATHER. ER, BATRA T PRT Ce), DRT shell RUSEA 8 -/a.out & date 17 geebt 11 Sat Jan 21 19:42:07 est 2012 & wo sar console Jan 1 14:59 gar ttys000 gan 1 24:59 sar ttys001 Jan 15 15:28 & ped /none/sar/bk/apue/3e eae Makefile aout shelll.c ry ACHR $ “HRA shell Ba “ DAME EH, RAFAH RE, RMR AA: Ot ERT EE AGL Control & Ctrl, AMRF, CHHD AAD ARAM LRA, AH 1 EP HH VO Ht, SPBRS HATH, 4, SARA ID H, —TEEELR A —MEHIERT (thread) —Jt—R AIT IN ABLES. PSE WG, MRASMEMRED MENT ENTABS, MARRERRERES. BI, BME IRAE TT LL FE SP AFB ANDAR REM IEFT AED) ERE UTA REIS el), ATT. BUR SURE. Be AVA FF — A aR 5 BA RRR] Se IN BE TH A Ss BE SUBAIA, SAMBA LD IR. , REID ACER RNRA RE. — SE RED EA-NMERPRARL. MEAP MEAT AEA, RATT MEK BAH ID SHE. PHAR SEN RBM, (AAR. SRN CUBR ZA BIAS] UNIX REIN, TAPAS PEARSE, CE 12 Bp, RANE A. 1.7 HER 4 UNIX RSS, HRS — MOE, i LE NAER errno HMBREAAAE AEH. PIM, open RRO ROUT MBE MERIT, ANH HETUSEII—-1. 7 open HBR, BAGS 15 BAILY errno (i COCA. RES). TTR FH aA PARMAR. Gin, KS ACRPHHARSISE RA, EMR SF null HFt. MP PENT errno URAURGSECMS HH. KARAS EPL. Bos, UNIX RAF ABS 2 MALT, intro WHT MARL Rt. Hi, A errno SPM EACCES, BAP ET RRMA Ain, SR MT IARI. A Linux ?, RMP errnoG)FH RPA POSIX MISO C# errno EXA—-MES, EP RMA TA AME AML Clvalue). LTT LAE 7H SA AY A St LS DAF 8 HE: extern int errno; 1291 UNIX RR MEER RARTSED, SHAT AMES, MERA TS A Che errno UR TRARTRA—TRE PIM, Linux KE SRAAM errno, ELH: extern int *_errno_location(vold) ; #define errno (*_errno_location(}) MT errno MER ARI. WARM: MURAI, SRS REAP. Be, PRR MET, AROSE. BOI: HERR AH errno RENO, WAe PEUNHACRMAA 0. CERT ATAK, CAV TITER. ‘include char *strerror (int errmum) ; SUBNET strerror POMC ermum GER errno fi) RAAT REE, 3 ELE Fe. perror GET errno MIL, TER Lee, EEL. ‘include void perroz (const char ‘msg): CHI me HANS, RGL-TAS, TE, BAM errno fii HERG, BE —TBAT TF. peck B18 AGAR Ti eR ¥include “apue.h” #include int main(int argc, char *argvil) ‘ fprint£ (stderr, *ERCCES: ts\n", strerror(EACCES)); errno = ENOENT; perror(argv[0]}+ exit (0); B18 PAR strerror M perror DOPE aout, AEIMTE, WAT $3 ./a.ont FACCES: Permission denied -/a.out: No such file or directory HER, RAMBEES (argv(0]., HMR. /a.out) (ENBRHEBS perror. XE~MEREMN UNIX REI. EAR, ERE BM TT, i: progi < inputfile | prog? | prog3 > outputfile 18 ALPHA 13 BUT AE SPT 3 REA RB AST — A eH EI . AAS PTA SEA LARA strerror & perror, MEKAWR B PAM FC AERP A A ERAN 2 C BADR AT AVAL ISO C YT SES REI fe EH AH HE BY HE AP RE KAA HS SD PBS o Bi PE A AE HE 0 RF HEB SR FEET SLE TE . BB He LE A EST ED — 2 RA — Ae SA SOC, RUGIB. STARE, AMATO RR AUT AE. AS BABE RAN FRE), RAPD, RAR AT AERA RAE. 15 EWR AA KO AEB a EUS: EAGAIN. ENFILE, ENOBUFS, ENOLCK. ENOSPC, EWOULDBLOCK, #f{ ENOMEM thaPSerHE Hi. “4 EBUSY FHUIFARMLIE EGER, tHe “EE WARS OEM A, “4 EINTR "PI MER RSA, PDE TE IER er te aE CHE 10.5 HMM AMT BS RA). YP BERATED JE EIR BI), ROR. BROAD TRAGER. IH, BR ERE ED, OAT A RAD, AMM GEIRG, BRE. HEAR OME SE, ERUGE Ty ATT. BH, HLA RARE ERA FPO PRS. MRR AS BASEN, IRA TT LE ER ek, ETT RE HE. 1.8 FPR 41. FAR ID OSX ER GERI PID Cuser ID) BMA, CARARRETEA MH. RB SRALM- TAMERS OR, BEIALP ID. AAA OCA ID. HET PRE ANE EL P D B TRD ESP EP A SAF FY PD RAR FY AT IAT JE MRR. FIP ID WO MHP HARA? Coot) BAA PY (superuser). ASHES, MAT ERT, HERZ root, RUTRXAA PARA P RAR. RATHER 4 PBB, WR-THBA TRAP, WKS BOHR UREA AET . ERIE RSEUAER FE BAP, BBA P RSH A noe RCAR. Mac OS X $7 3M AR PARAL, A PE, MRA TAR EP Apple #) 3b TARA RM, CS sede ot HERA? KIL http: //support. apple.com/kb/HT15284 2. #1D OAR ERITH LISA P Wée ID (group ID), Et —-TH. AID hh RS RERZHPERANGRN. RRR, CAOLAPHS TERRA AA ID. A RIFT APRA BRASH. RHEL CH ALS TZ US ER Cn SCPE 6 4.5 SAE Sp AAT DASH ER BE ES TR AEE OE, AL AREY fl » HSC PEELS BUN b BUHL ID. ACHE AE /etc/qroup. 14 1 UNIX BRHITIR EASA M ID ARAN ID REE EER. PRR EAE TO EE, CFE KGB IN ASG ID AID. FERMI 4 AS REE BRET AYA AERO. WRVATEM ASCH ERAAAY, ESO. Ab, TERME SAT, LRP AF RZ He Be AB HEA i. CANTATA, CASSLERRAE, FALOSLHAS TERA ID Zia RHR, MALHMLAT ASMA ID ZARA. Glin, 1s -1 HORA S cH FRCAAVA PY ID BN ERR. TATED AA ERS 5 PIA UNIX AAR A 16 ASEH KAP ID foie ID, BLAH) UNIX AeA A 32 SE SA AP AD fos ID, 3A PA 1-9 RAFAT EAP ID AAD. #include “apue.h” int main (void) ‘ Print£ ("uid = 8d, gid = td\n", getuid(), getoid(n): exit (0); 81-9 TEVA 1D Ase ID AUF getuid Ml getgid LUEIAL? ID AA ID. BTR INR: § -fa.out uid * 205, gid = 105 . 3. AID BRT EOS SHR — MER BIB “MA ID Sb, KB UNIX RSILAIE SCT FAT Ad —-AL, R—-THERMA 4.2BSD FG. EH —-TA PRT SS 16 TIA. BR BL, HR/etc/group, PRAABWANHAHRAHAT 16 Ma sO AT LG BAP ne 4%4$2.1D (supplementary group ID). ¢E F HRA, POSIX BRABBDV XH 8 THRE, LAS RRRBD EA 16 MEAL. 1.9 f&S 45S (signal) LFS T SAR. It, BH REE AUT RABE, JRE 0, WHS SIGRPE GEAR) MS SRI. BALE 3 AMES IR CL) RARE. EATS RAE TE HE. AIT, PRA O BR Uh (a) SUE RAR HE = Fe LS BF BE I S, BRERA EAM, ATLA sk (2) RRARMVAARE. NRA 0, RRU ABER ERIE. 3) R-AK, (SREB, HAS. EAN, BART AN REE TSS, FEMME. 19 fF 15 REM RMA ES. SOME LAA Ee SAAT, SHRI $F MOE Cinterrupt key, JHA A Delete BAL Ctrl+C) AIBA (quitkey, HMA Celt), CAB FH MATT AEE Fi EARS EE i 11 SL. EE RTT 18 ERE S. SRA: TR SL, RARE TA AP. eo BIZ — FARAH shell Se) CIL2Y 1-7 BAAR). SUR AUGRERP, ARGH RPI, UDR ATIL AUP RERAIL. PEREGRINA: MTIES (SIGINT) MRSA ER IER. REBT SERA ah REA SP REAR RA ATER ELIS, BUPA signal BK, MPR T 4 sicintT ASM RGAMRHNSS. BBA sigint, SHMBAM, RETA-AHR, Weg EAN. ZEB 1-7 BER PRINT 1 AT, AT 1-10 EE I 1 TT Sm. #include “apue.h" Hinclude + static void sig int(int); /* our signal-catching function */ int main (void) 4 char buf{MAXLINE]; /* from apue.h */ pid_t pid; int status; + df (signal (srGINt, sig_int) == SzG_ERR) + err_sys ("signal error"); printf ("se "); /* print prompt (printf requires %% to print §) */ while (fgets (buf, MAXLINE, stdin) != NULL) { if (buf{strlen(buf) - 1] == "\n") buf {strlen (buf) - 1) = 0; /* replace newline with null */ Af (pid © fork()) < 0) { err_sys ("fork error"); } else if (pid == 0) ( /* child */ execlp (buf, buf, (char *)0}; erz_ret ("couldn't execute: &s", buf); exit (127); 1 7+ parent */ if (pid = waitpia(pia, astatus, 0)) <0) err_sys ("waitpid error"); printe ("se ")z 1 exit (0)7 16 81 UNIX SRA void sig_int (int signo) fl print (interrupt \nt8 ") ) FB 1-10 ARES A Et SIFT AAAS SHB CE ABE SEAT AE, TATE 10 REHM “ 1.10 Bye BGS, UNIX RSL A BY aE fet. C1) ASGRTAl. BAA A BMALLIRA (Coordinated Universal Time, UTC) 19704F 1H 18 00:00:00 IK MEAIB ARORA CRSAM FATES UTC HAR ea ERE AL). 3 Aen Ta {HC FP TR BCA AE — Oe A IT LD ROBARH A time_t APRA AN EL. (2) MERRITT). HBR 9 CPU BYTE, FALL BERR BEPR AE FA itch sh Gh SR. ERA fe) CL At eb AUS. PEPIN 50, 60 BK 100 THEA. RGUABBRD clock_t REANIM. 2.5.4 WHT syecont HAG HE PHO PSH. GRE —MEPLIOETIN TELAT CL 3.9 4), UNIX ASEAN EERRSEP T 3 “ERR TMI: © BYERS fal: © FUP CPU Btls © ASCPU BLA. REPEL AK a Lat spat fe] Cwall clock time), CARA TMA EMR, SSR "PST RRB. PAPE BIS SPAT MAT, ARAL E RR Se AT He AT ET BERN. FA CPU Be fa) SAAT FPS SFA AS DR. FRBE CPU BRD Dy RI AT A Fie). Gin, EA—TMIMT—TRARBSM, WM read Kwrite, EMRADMTARA AE UI TTA EB AE CPU BTA FY CPU BY TANASE CPU IY TAZ ANA BRAK AY CPU fey fa. BAA — AAT PPE Tm]. LP) AR SS TARA — RAAT > time), HEALS a>, in: $ ed /usr/include $ time -p grep _POSTX SOURCE */#.h > /dav/nuli real on0.818 user om0.115 ays om0,075 time Mr (Mi tS ATALRY shell AX, FMA RIK shell EAGT /usr/bin/time. Ti SEALE — PP BE SE ir 3 FB ET TT 6 8.17 SORE BLA MEAT HEREIN TR AL 3 LTE). KF ALATA I) — AAR AL 6.10 WF. LL ASA 17 1.11 RSA FARE RAB RAS PRS AT, HURRY Fd ARIS. Se BLAN AN UNIX 3¢ LABSR GE BLES. BORAT BL. BEE A BEA CLR, EA OBR A LIA (system call, JUG 1-1). Research UNIX RY 7 MARGE T 4 50 SRAIIA, 4.4BSD EET #9 110 PARSE Al, iff SVR4 URGE 4 120 FRSA. APE RARAP SARE, SAAS BRAAKI T RF ASAT. Linux 3.2.0 426% F380 PRAIA, FreeBSD 8.0 s(t SR SEA AL 450 4+. AGBHRO BRE (UNK RFR PH) OB 2 BPR, RACHRENM, SAK KGAA WAT RAB ERRAEA. ASRS AMR RATA, MERGED ALR ANC RIES € MNBAOR, UNIX PEA NRA ET ASE ERE CREP RE TRAE FOB. FP UE BME CHARA, RG, BALA ERR ARS. PAM, BRT TRE TD C SRILAMID RTE, RIG T RAT EK PEA LAE A ASAE SE, WRAY CBR. UNIX FEF AF AED RUSE 3 BB SD RET REAE AT CAC FP = BR HR EH ES WA-+*ARES TARR, EREMFREARMAO A. Gli, printe BRSWA write RAAA UB —-TEEH, (RR strepy (Mil—-TFAR) Matoi (% ASCH RARE IAA AE ARMS RACH AERA ERE, AGA AZ AI A, TU BER, SCR BIE FEE. HABE, RAGA RMBA CBRACANR, AABA MARRS. 1 AL, BAIA AE, MURA ANTE, PRATHT CLS. (BL RETR FI ER a. DAFFAR ENS} CEB mal Loc AB. AH RAAB AMAT FF A IA PS SABA (BRR HE CRETE OL. AEE), HAN ELEM ITA EN AAR. UNIX RSE PRESS ACOVE sbrkQ2), CRE MANES EE. CHE THUG MR AD SERA Ua]. a4 EEE cd AMIN Ok FER. FPA TAS} ALA mal Loc(3) EPL — AF EAMG. MRRMTEKEMEAR, WATE LACM malloc BR, ERA A sbrk AAA. WIL, ARERR, CAMA sbrk RAMA CME DAO wk. W1- ERT A, malloc MMU sbrk RAMAZ MMR. MPR, BARRA, AB PNAS A REE, TBR malloc ME AP Rees “efi. FPO RAD AE ZEN AE, UNIX ABER EA PLT Sm FA AB WS. HERE RSE HEAT — 7B PLS TASER — El AR. PET PAROLE, AGERE 2 AR, BARRERA ATH. UNIX REEMA Fl, ERR TARSA, VOR SILER Apa At 1970 4 1 A 1 Se ES A CLR AM. MALIA, UME RATT ERY. 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ANSI 23 EXAM (American National Standards Institute) 4) 485, CHEER GERMELAILA (International Organization for Standardization, ISO) P4t#RA AM Re IEC REG RFRABAZ (international Electrotechnical Commission) (Hi « ISO C tRYEDRAE cH ISO/TEC 89 CRF BR iH i FA DS REL HELE ALI AR, HL PEALE ISO/ TEC STCV/SC22/WG14, {Fk WG14. ISO C PREM RRO C RUF A BHITE, TEI AT KEAAMMERR. TARR ILIEA UNIX RE. TEA DUET C RAP BIE A Xs WENT HER (SL ISO 1999 8 7 Hs Plauger[1992]; Kernighan #1 Ritchie[1988}*P (9 ht SRB). AAPTPARLS HN UNIX AYE CARTES ALAS UNIX RSE) ABEEHE C SRE SE RAE PR, PUREE EE. 1999 4E, ISO C tat BESE RT, IFLHLME 2 ISO/IEC 9899:1999, ESE Heke T MEAT AA ah me POOR SHE. BRT ES RAI IN TRF restrict H, RAAB MASP HBAS POSIX HMO. restrict RMF AVE, MAES ARATE, HE FRETS FAR A Bh a as AT HA. 1999 EUR, BEAM T 3 MEARBIDORIBIE ISO C HRHEP ADAIR, ZrH1ZE 2001 4. 2004 EAI 2007 EAA. UAE BRM AL, CEMERR MEAIB HIE GRETA ZBL YT). 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WAS, AEBS AE BR HE AA BF A Ht TOA SAFE POSIX CUE BT SHRED. HAF 1003.1 #RMETEHAT—4E 7 Cinterface) iiA—HER (implementation), HLlI eA RARRAAAE BR. FAERIE ERR A BR. PREACHER, 1003.1 SRE ABISE. BREN 1988 ME, Bll IEBE BRME 1003.1-1988 & BOUaBRA 180, CRAM NRT AED Rohe, BT TCA. BAAISUIE A IBEE baie 1003.1-1990 TERUHME[IEEE 1990], XtStJRIMNRERE ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990. Bib HES API POSIX.1, ASHER FALE AR PBR Ze 7S TAA HE TEEE 1003.1 CfPMLi MOE MX AMER T WSR. 1996 4, HAREM, E L4H T 10031-1990, 1003.1b-1993 KAT ARMED MARA pthreads MBM ALRO (POS SFE), HR ALIN RERIE ISO/IEC 9945-1:1996. 1999 4EHNART IEEE prt 1003.1d-1999, Fed 0 TRSEMRO. EG, MALT IEEE bRAE 1003.1j-2000 #1 1003.1q-2000, Hiaaa J Ba seat FEO, aes T eee ee AR. 2001 449 1003.1 MASUWECAARKNBH, EMATST 1003.1 KBIE. 1003.2 te Y#ELLDE Single UNIX Specificaiton (SUS) %2MHHFAT ONT SUS, HMBMTES RAD, JXUMT IEEE HRME 1003.1-2001, CALE FAL ARE. © ISO/IEC 9945-1 (IEEE #82 1003.1-1996), 045 IEEE 57ft 1003.1-1990 4 IBEE #578 1003.1b-1993 (Seta HE) ¢ IEEE $#HE 1003.1¢-1995 (pthreads) © IEEE #8E 1003.11-1995 (SEBT EAR BRR) IEEE P1003.1a #3 (RSEOBIED IBEE $i 1003.1d-1999 (FEBS T HE) IEEE #R2E 1003.1j-2000 (34> RSET HR) IEEE #82 1003.1q-2000 (#BRK) #83} IEEE bRYE 1003.1g-2000 (PNXAKEA) ISOMEC 9945-2 (IEEE $28 1003.2-1993) IBEE P1003.2b #3 (shell RSCAUFEFF AMEE) TBE @R2%E 1003.2d-1994 (HHAbABS" AE) Single UNIX Specification # 2 RAW, IE © RIO, BS RTM © ROMS AE, BS RAT © RRROMALIA, FS RAT © FIRUAB RARE, BURG, 5.2 RAT ¢ ISOMEC 9899-1999, C RFRA 2004 4E, POSIX.1 RMA RMR BIER, 2008 EO T SRE IEE HOR 7 RATMARA, ISO ZE 2008 TFARHEME TAT RAIFZE 2009 TERE RA, BN BR ARE ISO/IEC9945:2009. iAARHERE T HALL Matt» © IEEE #5HE 1003.1, 2004 4F/K. eee eee ewe 2.2 UNIX SRE 23 © FRASARAIHE, 2006, RE APISE, FH 1~4 BGP. * ISOMEC 9899:1999, AHIR. 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Sh A ea TG BE HE SCEMUIG SE VO. DPRK. I PHASE. FERMI. ATER. RSH. MTS. POSIX {7S HA ERE, ARSE. BAR. RITHM EL RE OE. ATE CH ERR AZ AE ALA AS 7 471%, t4BN POSIX. 1-2008. Open Group #83K MRAM X/OPEN Curses MICAS MATE, FFT 2010 48469 Single UNIX Specification 98 4 AURA. BALHEIK-S MARA SUSV4. 2.2.4 FIPS FIPS (RRA LIRIME SB REPARME (Federal Information Processing Standard), iX—éxMEAL HR PABA, Ff BAF URAL. FIPSISI-1 (1989 4 4] eT LEEE bat 1003.1-1988 2 ANSI C bRYE!S SR. Hei JE FIPS 151-2(1993 48 5 A), BRET IEEE #77 1003.1-1990. FE POSIX.1 PFA AT BGM SCLETIAE, ZE FIPS 151-2 PALL AY. ATA IK MET Hy MELE POSIX. 1-2001 FAL aR HE ER POSIX.1 FIPS A (EFDA, SER AE (AS 2B 8 BUT A TF POSIX. HREM PLAY JH ABIES POSIX.1 AOSLME AT METAR. E12) POSIX.1 FIPS RBH], AFCA TEP RAIA -DeBE. 2.3 UNIX RSS LA BLWAT 3 ASH % Br A AAT HSE ATE: ISO C. IEEE POSIX U2 Single UNIX 2.3 UNIX REEKBL 27 Specification. (HJ, PME R ROMS. ASR On fal SCH EINE? ILE BRERA, HMA. ARR, EAR, BX. 46 McKusick 9 [1996]89 1.1 Web srt SUNIX BEACH IH PEM DG 32. UNIX BOS AAA BEG MEME ZE PDP-11 RH _EBAT NS UNIX SHALE 6 A (1976 4) BIS 7 A (1979 4) Gil WH V6 BVT). IPRA LE TURE ISP EAE BU FEAR BY UNIX RSE. ASKER EGE LEE 3 hb CL) AT&T AX, GSI T RHE ARSE V CHAKA UNIX BTR FAR). (2) MAZDA RAD RAS, MultSlith 4.xBSD BL. (3) BY ATR DUAR Me Se AY SRE ETE Hy A FF BRAN UNIX EFA, ICSI Ht UND ARAB 8 ML. HONK, HLF 1990 HEIR 10 Ee 2.3.1 SVR4 SVR4 (UNIX System V Release 4) # AT&T ff) UNIX KHIM (UNIX System Laboratories, USL, #4 AT&T ff} UNIX Software Operation) fF ih, CHEF ARSENE A FAT —BUSRE RB: AT&T UNIX AE V 3.2 ME (SVR3.2). Sun Microsystems “7 ff] SunOS #8/F RE. IMM KFA SEA BLAY 4.3BSD VAR GKH Xenix REE (Xenix AE V7 MR LIRA, BRURAT RE RR V TINE). FOES 1989 ABBAS. 2 1990 FEAR RR Tae PR Go SVR4 $4 POSIX 1003.1 45HEHI X/Open XPG3 HRHE. AT&T iT RV HAN (SVID) [AT&T 1989]. SVID HF 3 WRT UNIX RAB ISB) SVR4 MERLE. Ml] POSIX.1 —FE, SVID EXT —MEO, MARA SR. SVD HKEP ARAMARK. 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