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EN -MRB, abe RET. ei, 42 Ubuntu 12.04 P, /usr/include/dirent.n PHT RHRS, HHA bits/dirent.h, B#HXT dirent its CRIEMGE/usr/include/x86_64- linux-gnu/bits F). © main RANA KEAT ISO C ARREST AOR CP —Se4$ 8 ISO C PHB RET RS RUD. © AFR STH 1 FSM argv(1) HORAK ARAN ARG 7 RT6 $1 UNIX SAAR A main BROT R A, AF MER Mh OTT SRA RS © BASHAM UNK RAARTMXRBRER—AN, BLUMER BR opendir. readdir Ml closedir *{ HRRHTME. © opendir BSGRPIRE DIR BH MNEE, BUMS BIRE ERS readdir BH. RANI AA DIR AMPOA THA. Rik, EMA readdir RRP ARH. CH BI-MEA dirent AWN, MABRPCLA RAT LAMA nul Het. dirent HMPRWKRAST ARN (d_name). HARES, UERATAL stat BM (42 4) CRAM CAMA A BE. ° PANT AT ARN BRR OR: err_sys Merr_quit. MEHMET WUGS, err_sys BBITE—AWA (“Permission denied” He “Not a directory”), Bi GBI T Ht ARR. Pm ER BP, 1.7 AES MRR EE. SPRERM, CUSHOARRMexit. RMexit Rib. KR, SHO RBRERAR, SHA 1~255 WA. 8.5 RTE CU shell RRATGT RENBE) MARGE RMI MEFA exit KA. e 4. TBR SRM A—T I BR (working directory), AMAA 3 WL A RK (current working directory). BVA A BEES MBM HE BRE. MEREOT LL chdir BAHL PAR. PIM, ARBRE doc/memo/joe HHA 4H LEAR HM doc ARHM memo ARPA SH (RUE) joes MBMBA AEH, doc A memo MM 4RAR, CULAR joe EXER AR. MEH /urs/lib/lint LR-TOMNBES, CHNAHARPM usr HRP WY lib BaHA CH CRAR) Linte 5. RAR SRN, TP ARWE Weds BR (home directory), BRMARAOS LH C13 HP ANAM MHSRTPMA. 1.5 Fon 1. MPR SMBIAA (file descriptor) H#A—-PDNERBR, ARAL MEER EE UR. SA BATA AARNE CH, EBB PCR. ER. SCPERS, TEFL HR 2. FES), RHR BARB, ST NETRRAP ET. STATAN shell MBWATIF 3 PICHIA, BNR (standard input), ##8Mr (standard output) UIDe47ESHIR (standard error). MURATA, PUMA MHS 1s, MWK 3 MARR IAIN. KEM shell MHA, HI ERI — ARTA 3 MART RERE AMR, HG: ls > file.list WT 1s >, HREM MRE MBS file. list MX.15 ARM 7 3. RAHA VO PRK open, read, write, lseek UR close HT PHBMHM VO. KH RHA PIR. A DRERUMRERA, FF RARER S, NUEE 1-4 PRTARAVRZAP RL ALF SLE — UNIX SHH. Hinclude “apue-h” fdefine BUFFSIZE 4096 int main(void) { int on char buf [BUFFS2E]; while ((n ~ read(STDIN_FILENO, buf, BUFFSIZE)) > 0) if (write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, n) != n) err_sys ("write error"); if in <0) err_sys("read error"); exit (0) 7 FA 1-4 eR MEM A SELLER kkCfe (apue.h PAE THI) RAR STOIN_FILENO Hi STDOUT_ FILENO #2 POSIX RYEH) BBS} CF HERR E SAR). KH AEP, CNET PRED ALSR EA EO HR. GE POSIX ARE, “ETM O11, ABATE fe, BAMA FARRAH 3.9 WHEAT BUFFSIZE Hi, RAE SAAR HERR. ELLE RAL, UbAEFE GES BEE— UNIX BEC HE. read RABAT TR, IMATE STR. ABARAT, read lO, AFR ILT. RET EMR, read KE-1. MHRASRRABAEEL-1. WO ALY SAE ORES BEA a cout SHE, IFUL ARATE: -/a.ovt > data ACR, PH TE EE data, BRAT RHAL A. on Ul aH CAE FEARAETE, MW shell SEN E. RAH MAM AT SBE, BASE RE GL FECriD) BY, HLA SE Hil. BUR AGRA BF: -/a.out < infile > cutfile8 SLR UNIX Bea BEL intile LAMARAHMS % outfile MIA. Fe 3 RES PT AY VO BK. 4, REVO RHE VO BRN ABE ACHE Ob) VO ST —RRO. HURERME VO RRA LO ERE RI Ach, WA 1-4 PAY BUFFSIZE WRATAD. ARE VO BRT MT MA TTRORLEE CHM RATE UNIX MOM AEEP ). Glin, fgets BAIR —PERENNT, WG read AMIE TWH. TE 5.4 WRT TRH, ORME VO BBO T ERIE BZA TSF Ah BB Be 6 PUTA ME VO BSCE prints. 7H prints MAEP, MEMLA(# AT, BOCES TE apue.n Th), AAU T BTA ERE VO MCR. BL A 1-5 EERIE “MBA T read #l write RUREFF, 5.8 HERtMLARPET B it CBSA. CORREA SIRE, UAE SERIE — UNIX BETA. Vinelude “apue.h” int main (void) ‘ int oF while ((c = gete(stdin)) != EOF) if (pute(c, stdout) == EOF) err_sys(“output error"); if (ferror(stdin)) err_sys ("input error"); exit (0); PE 1-5 FEDSRME VO ps EA Sz a RE BR getc —KEM—TSH, MGB purtc HLF AS AME. VERA MG — AEH, getc REM EOF GAM ME iat main (void) ‘ char buf (MAXLINE]; /* from apue.h */ pidt pid int status; printf("88 "); /¥ print prompt (printf requires 8 to print $) */ while (fgets (but, MAXLINE, stdin) != NULL) { if (buf [strlen (buf) - 1] == "\n") buf[strlen(buf) - 1] = 0; /* replace newline with null */10 581% UNIX aR if (pid ~ fork) < 0) ¢ err_sys ("fork error"); ) else if (pid == 0) { 7* chile */ execlp (buf, buf, (char *)0); err_ret ("couldn't execute: 49", buf); exit (27); , /* parent */ Af ((pid = waitpid(pid, sstatus, 09) < 0) erz_sys ("waitpid error"); prints ("es"); ) exit (0): 1-7 ere ARa Ss EXT 320 THEET, ARSURBEGE. © FRSRE VO Pit fgets MPRA 2M AT. ARRAS GALE JE Cerl+D) fe ATMOR—TF HH, fgets El null Het, PARP ILL, BERRARAIE. O18 PART ARRAS OCR. BE. MTR), URNA E MN. © AA fgets BERS —ATRUBT ITIL, Jae null 4%, AULA RE C BM strlen TRS ERIK, GRIP null SEB. BPAY execlp RIE RAFAL null ARAMA BAT RN» 0 WA fork HR ASE. SBA MAM TA, RAR SEE, PUR ORBATUR. fork MSHA RMT UE PER ID (—MER RHO, x FRAME 0. AW tork ETRE, UR ERI CREE), (UR FAK SHELTER). © TUE, WA execlp UAUTAMREMARAM GS. ROR ALR AVERT FRE EAT RFRESCH. fork AURMEIGH exec PERMA SH EMER HE REET BREUP4E (spawn) —‘SaieERE. ZE UNIX ROCF, RRP. SHEER UTES. ° FRA execlp MIREFKH, MLUABASATUBAL, RRB waitpid SRN, RSME RAMA (HM pid SRA TM ID). waitpid H SCRIPT RRO IPRA (status EH). ERMA MANET, RAMA. MUR ARBEIT UA AL OL me TEP df AR A © GRFHRERMAAAER HATS EBSM. HME BW Ht BRA RA, RAM LAR 1s tS. AT RES, TMA, BGR SRO CTREASA RHR), PETMAN E TEMBER execlp MR. K OUI, ALAR OG AT ALR RAA UNIX BERLE HDD BE 6 WGA, HEATHER. ER, BATRA T PRT Ce), DRT shell RUSEA 8 -/a.out & date17 geebt 11 Sat Jan 21 19:42:07 est 2012 & wo sar console Jan 1 14:59 gar ttys000 gan 1 24:59 sar ttys001 Jan 15 15:28 & ped /none/sar/bk/apue/3e eae Makefile aout shelll.c ry ACHR $ “HRA shell Ba “ DAME EH, RAFAH RE, RMR AA: Ot ERT EE AGL Control & Ctrl, AMRF, CHHD AAD ARAM LRA, AH 1 EP HH VO Ht, SPBRS HATH, 4, SARA ID H, —TEEELR A —MEHIERT (thread) —Jt—R AIT IN ABLES. PSE WG, MRASMEMRED MENT ENTABS, MARRERRERES. BI, BME IRAE TT LL FE SP AFB ANDAR REM IEFT AED) ERE UTA REIS el), ATT. BUR SURE. Be AVA FF — A aR 5 BA RRR] Se IN BE TH A Ss BE SUBAIA, SAMBA LD IR. , REID ACER RNRA RE. — SE RED EA-NMERPRARL. MEAP MEAT AEA, RATT MEK BAH ID SHE. PHAR SEN RBM, (AAR. SRN CUBR ZA BIAS] UNIX REIN, TAPAS PEARSE, CE 12 Bp, RANE A. 1.7 HER 4 UNIX RSS, HRS — MOE, i LE NAER errno HMBREAAAE AEH. PIM, open RRO ROUT MBE MERIT, ANH HETUSEII—-1. 7 open HBR, BAGS 15 BAILY errno (i COCA. RES). TTR FH aA PARMAR. Gin, KS ACRPHHARSISE RA, EMR SF null HFt. MP PENT errno URAURGSECMS HH. KARAS EPL. Bos, UNIX RAF ABS 2 MALT, intro WHT MARL Rt. Hi, A errno SPM EACCES, BAP ET RRMA Ain, SR MT IARI. A Linux ?, RMP errnoG)FH RPA POSIX MISO C# errno EXA—-MES, EP RMA TA AME AML Clvalue). LTT LAE 7H SA AY A St LS DAF 8 HE: extern int errno;1291 UNIX RR MEER RARTSED, SHAT AMES, MERA TS A Che errno UR TRARTRA—TRE PIM, Linux KE SRAAM errno, ELH: extern int *_errno_location(vold) ; #define errno (*_errno_location(}) MT errno MER ARI. WARM: MURAI, SRS REAP. Be, PRR MET, AROSE. BOI: HERR AH errno RENO, WAe PEUNHACRMAA 0. CERT ATAK, CAV TITER. ‘include char *strerror (int errmum) ; SUBNET strerror POMC ermum GER errno fi) RAAT REE, 3 ELE Fe. perror GET errno MIL, TER Lee, EEL. ‘include void perroz (const char ‘msg): CHI me HANS, RGL-TAS, TE, BAM errno fii HERG, BE —TBAT TF. peck B18 AGAR Ti eR ¥include “apue.h” #include int main(int argc, char *argvil) ‘ fprint£ (stderr, *ERCCES: ts\n", strerror(EACCES)); errno = ENOENT; perror(argv[0]}+ exit (0); B18 PAR strerror M perror DOPE aout, AEIMTE, WAT $3 ./a.ont FACCES: Permission denied -/a.out: No such file or directory HER, RAMBEES (argv(0]., HMR. /a.out) (ENBRHEBS perror. XE~MEREMN UNIX REI. EAR, ERE BM TT, i: progi < inputfile | prog? | prog3 > outputfile18 ALPHA 13 BUT AE SPT 3 REA RB AST — A eH EI . AAS PTA SEA LARA strerror & perror, MEKAWR B PAM FC AERP A A ERAN 2 C BADR AT AVAL ISO C YT SES REI fe EH AH HE BY HE AP RE KAA HS SD PBS o Bi PE A AE HE 0 RF HEB SR FEET SLE TE . BB He LE A EST ED — 2 RA — Ae SA SOC, RUGIB. STARE, AMATO RR AUT AE. AS BABE RAN FRE), RAPD, RAR AT AERA RAE. 15 EWR AA KO AEB a EUS: EAGAIN. ENFILE, ENOBUFS, ENOLCK. ENOSPC, EWOULDBLOCK, #f{ ENOMEM thaPSerHE Hi. “4 EBUSY FHUIFARMLIE EGER, tHe “EE WARS OEM A, “4 EINTR "PI MER RSA, PDE TE IER er te aE CHE 10.5 HMM AMT BS RA). YP BERATED JE EIR BI), ROR. BROAD TRAGER. IH, BR ERE ED, OAT A RAD, AMM GEIRG, BRE. HEAR OME SE, ERUGE Ty ATT. BH, HLA RARE ERA FPO PRS. MRR AS BASEN, IRA TT LE ER ek, ETT RE HE. 1.8 FPR 41. FAR ID OSX ER GERI PID Cuser ID) BMA, CARARRETEA MH. RB SRALM- TAMERS OR, BEIALP ID. AAA OCA ID. HET PRE ANE EL P D B TRD ESP EP A SAF FY PD RAR FY AT IAT JE MRR. FIP ID WO MHP HARA? Coot) BAA PY (superuser). ASHES, MAT ERT, HERZ root, RUTRXAA PARA P RAR. RATHER 4 PBB, WR-THBA TRAP, WKS BOHR UREA AET . ERIE RSEUAER FE BAP, BBA P RSH A noe RCAR. Mac OS X $7 3M AR PARAL, A PE, MRA TAR EP Apple #) 3b TARA RM, CS sede ot HERA? KIL http: //support. apple.com/kb/HT15284 2. #1D OAR ERITH LISA P Wée ID (group ID), Et —-TH. AID hh RS RERZHPERANGRN. RRR, CAOLAPHS TERRA AA ID. A RIFT APRA BRASH. RHEL CH ALS TZ US ER Cn SCPE 6 4.5 SAE Sp AAT DASH ER BE ES TR AEE OE, AL AREY fl » HSC PEELS BUN b BUHL ID. ACHE AE /etc/qroup.14 1 UNIX BRHITIR EASA M ID ARAN ID REE EER. PRR EAE TO EE, CFE KGB IN ASG ID AID. FERMI 4 AS REE BRET AYA AERO. WRVATEM ASCH ERAAAY, ESO. Ab, TERME SAT, LRP AF RZ He Be AB HEA i. CANTATA, CASSLERRAE, FALOSLHAS TERA ID Zia RHR, MALHMLAT ASMA ID ZARA. Glin, 1s -1 HORA S cH FRCAAVA PY ID BN ERR. TATED AA ERS 5 PIA UNIX AAR A 16 ASEH KAP ID foie ID, BLAH) UNIX AeA A 32 SE SA AP AD fos ID, 3A PA 1-9 RAFAT EAP ID AAD. #include “apue.h” int main (void) ‘ Print£ ("uid = 8d, gid = td\n", getuid(), getoid(n): exit (0); 81-9 TEVA 1D Ase ID AUF getuid Ml getgid LUEIAL? ID AA ID. BTR INR: § -fa.out uid * 205, gid = 105 . 3. AID BRT EOS SHR — MER BIB “MA ID Sb, KB UNIX RSILAIE SCT FAT Ad —-AL, R—-THERMA 4.2BSD FG. EH —-TA PRT SS 16 TIA. BR BL, HR/etc/group, PRAABWANHAHRAHAT 16 Ma sO AT LG BAP ne 4%4$2.1D (supplementary group ID). ¢E F HRA, POSIX BRABBDV XH 8 THRE, LAS RRRBD EA 16 MEAL. 1.9 f&S 45S (signal) LFS T SAR. It, BH REE AUT RABE, JRE 0, WHS SIGRPE GEAR) MS SRI. BALE 3 AMES IR CL) RARE. EATS RAE TE HE. AIT, PRA O BR Uh (a) SUE RAR HE = Fe LS BF BE I S, BRERA EAM, ATLA sk (2) RRARMVAARE. NRA 0, RRU ABER ERIE. 3) R-AK, (SREB, HAS. EAN, BART AN REE TSS, FEMME.19 fF 15 REM RMA ES. SOME LAA Ee SAAT, SHRI $F MOE Cinterrupt key, JHA A Delete BAL Ctrl+C) AIBA (quitkey, HMA Celt), CAB FH MATT AEE Fi EARS EE i 11 SL. EE RTT 18 ERE S. SRA: TR SL, RARE TA AP. eo BIZ — FARAH shell Se) CIL2Y 1-7 BAAR). SUR AUGRERP, ARGH RPI, UDR ATIL AUP RERAIL. PEREGRINA: MTIES (SIGINT) MRSA ER IER. REBT SERA ah REA SP REAR RA ATER ELIS, BUPA signal BK, MPR T 4 sicintT ASM RGAMRHNSS. BBA sigint, SHMBAM, RETA-AHR, Weg EAN. ZEB 1-7 BER PRINT 1 AT, AT 1-10 EE I 1 TT Sm. #include “apue.h" Hinclude + static void sig int(int); /* our signal-catching function */ int main (void) 4 char buf{MAXLINE]; /* from apue.h */ pid_t pid; int status; + df (signal (srGINt, sig_int) == SzG_ERR) + err_sys ("signal error"); printf ("se "); /* print prompt (printf requires %% to print §) */ while (fgets (buf, MAXLINE, stdin) != NULL) { if (buf{strlen(buf) - 1] == "\n") buf {strlen (buf) - 1) = 0; /* replace newline with null */ Af (pid © fork()) < 0) { err_sys ("fork error"); } else if (pid == 0) ( /* child */ execlp (buf, buf, (char *)0}; erz_ret ("couldn't execute: &s", buf); exit (127); 1 7+ parent */ if (pid = waitpia(pia, astatus, 0)) <0) err_sys ("waitpid error"); printe ("se ")z 1 exit (0)716 81 UNIX SRA void sig_int (int signo) fl print (interrupt \nt8 ") ) FB 1-10 ARES A Et SIFT AAAS SHB CE ABE SEAT AE, TATE 10 REHM “ 1.10 Bye BGS, UNIX RSL A BY aE fet. C1) ASGRTAl. BAA A BMALLIRA (Coordinated Universal Time, UTC) 19704F 1H 18 00:00:00 IK MEAIB ARORA CRSAM FATES UTC HAR ea ERE AL). 3 Aen Ta {HC FP TR BCA AE — Oe A IT LD ROBARH A time_t APRA AN EL. (2) MERRITT). HBR 9 CPU BYTE, FALL BERR BEPR AE FA itch sh Gh SR. ERA fe) CL At eb AUS. PEPIN 50, 60 BK 100 THEA. RGUABBRD clock_t REANIM. 2.5.4 WHT syecont HAG HE PHO PSH. GRE —MEPLIOETIN TELAT CL 3.9 4), UNIX ASEAN EERRSEP T 3 “ERR TMI: © BYERS fal: © FUP CPU Btls © ASCPU BLA. REPEL AK a Lat spat fe] Cwall clock time), CARA TMA EMR, SSR "PST RRB. PAPE BIS SPAT MAT, ARAL E RR Se AT He AT ET BERN. FA CPU Be fa) SAAT FPS SFA AS DR. FRBE CPU BRD Dy RI AT A Fie). Gin, EA—TMIMT—TRARBSM, WM read Kwrite, EMRADMTARA AE UI TTA EB AE CPU BTA FY CPU BY TANASE CPU IY TAZ ANA BRAK AY CPU fey fa. BAA — AAT PPE Tm]. 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